Executor photos on Flickr

Missão Marabala - Marabá (PA) by Mídia NINJA

Laísa Santos Sampaio, irmã da vítima Maria dos Espírito Santo. Laísa continua recebendo ameaças de morte frequentes.

Julgamento do assassinato dos ativistas José Cláudio e Maria dos Espírito Santo, que foram mortos em março de 2011 em Nova Ipixuna. O resultado do júri, que aconteceu nos dias 03 e 04 de abril, foi a condenação dos executores Alberto Lopes e Lindonjonson Silva, e absolvição de José Rodrigues, acusado de ser o mandante do crime. A ação provocou revolta nos familiares e movimentos agrários que acompanhavam o caso em vigília no Fórum de Marabá (PA).

(CC BY-SA) NINJA

Todas as imagens estão sob licença Creative Commons 3.0 e podem ser utilizadas livremente desde que disponibilizadas nas mesmas condições com o uso do código acima. Imagens em alta resolução estão disponíveis através de requerimento no email fotografia@foradoeixo.org.br

“PUNCH IT!” Simplethinker Desk-Scale Millennium Falcon by simplethinker

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It’s been since 2018 when I first built the Simplethinker Desk-Scale Millennium Falcon.

Just like last year with LEGO’s Executor and mine, when they released the Starship Collection Millennium Falcon, I decided mine needed some TLC, including borrowing some parts and techniques from the official one. I’m keeping it the same style so it’s different than most Falcons, but I’m still really proud of how it looks.

What do you think?

Layer Marney tower by jpotto

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Started by for Henry, 1st Lord Marney and Lord Privy Seal, who died in 1523 and continued by his son John who died in 1525, leaving no male heirs to continue the work

John’s daughters became wards of the Duke of Norfolk, who eventually sold the house to Sir Brian Tuke, Treasurer to the Royal Household and Governor of the King’s Posts.

In 1667 Nicholas Corsellis bought the estate who gave it to his old headmaster, the Rev. William Drake. They lived here for 6 generations, until the tower was sold by Mathew Corsellis’ executors in 1835 to Quintin Dick, MP for Maldon.

The buildings suffered damage from the Great Earthquake of 1884 but they were restored. In 1901 stockbroker Walter de Zoete bought the house and modernisation it. It was then sold to Dr and Mrs Campbell who sold to the Charrington family, the current owners in 1959.

Berry Belyeu by Ian Swart

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Berry Belyeu of the Talbot Co., Georgia Belyeus. I'm not a direct descendant of him, but of his brother Colson.

Talbot County, GA Wills Volume A, 1827 - 1856

29 Apr 1854 L W & T of BERRY BELLYEU of Talbot Co, weak in body. To my beloved wife Caroline and my children, Wesley Freeman, Berry Ellison, John Brazeldam, Osborn Sims, Daniel Collendon, Mary Ann Eliza and James Harvey, my whole estate of all description, consisting of 300 acres in Talbot Co and 10 slaves: Enoch, Bob, Henry, Ambrose, Eli, Amy, Susy. Milly, Mary & Sarah, one horse, 5 mules, stock, sheep, 1 road wagon, 1 pleasure carriage & harness, etc. All my property should be kept together until the children arrive at age 21 or my daughters marry, if earlier than that. My wife to receive an equal portion with my children. Executors: beloved wife Caroline and worth friend, Frederick J. H. Terry. Signed: Berry Bellyeu Wit: Simeon Deloach, A. Sanderson, Elijah Wells Caroline Bellyeu qualified as executrix 5 June 1854 before Marion Bethune, Ordinary. Rec: 8 June 1854, pgs 339-341

230117-N-ZU404-1176 by United States Naval Academy Photo Archive

ANNAPOLIS, Md. (Jan. 17, 2023) U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen give a presentation to Fabien Cousteau, executor and founder of Proteus Ocean Group (POG), and members of his team on their capstone project. The midshipmen are working with Proteus as part of their final capstone project. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Jordyn Diomede)

FUREIGN CORRESPONDENT - CHEETAHS NEVER CROSS FUR by ROB JAN

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HEY, A LITTLE CAT CAN DREAM, CAN'T HE?

Going through my cat photographs now that both

Sirocco and Montana are no longer alive, makes me feel a bit like the executor of their digital estate....

I'm finding a large number of especially neat piccys that I shall post as time goes by.

Rocky was always game to be photographed; he was a real Rock-star!

I like to fancy that when we washed these curtains that the cheetahs would run....

The Relentless escorting The Executor by TK-3906 501st Legion

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Star Wars Imperial Fleet

51 Yours truly with The Imperial Death Squadron 49 by TK-3906 501st Legion

LEGO Star Wars Imperial Star Destroyer Fleet

Draft Will of George Burges, 28 Hardres Street, Ramsgate, Kent. 1861 p4 by North West Kent Family History Society

Draft Will of George Burges, 28 Hardres Street, Ramsgate, Kent dated 22nd March 1861.

Executors: Rev’d Henry Richards Luard, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and Charles Thomas Hill of 51, Beaumont Square, Mile End, London.

Beneficiaries: Wife Jane Burges, daughters, Maria Burges, Anne Burges, infant, Fanny Burges, infant.

Property: 28 Hardres Street, Ramsgate, 2, St. Augustine Place, Ramsgate.

The Relentless and The Executor by TK-3906 501st Legion

Star Wars Imperial Fleet

Montefiore Windmill, Jerusalem, Israel. by PHOTOGRAPHY by DM & DBM.

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The Montefiore Windmill is a landmark windmill in Jerusalem. Designed as a flour mill, it was built in 1857 on a slope opposite the western city walls of Jerusalem, where three years later the new Jewish neighbourhood of Mishkenot Sha'ananim was erected, both by the efforts of British Jewish banker and philanthropist Moses Montefiore. Jerusalem at the time was part of Ottoman-ruled Palestine. Today the windmill serves as a small museum dedicated to the achievements of Montefiore. It was restored in 2012 with a new cap and sails in the style of the originals. The mill can turn in the wind.

History

Ottoman era

The windmill and the neighbourhood of Mishkenot Sha'ananim were both funded by the British Jewish banker and philanthropist Moses Montefiore, who devoted his life to promoting industry, education and health in the Land of Israel. Montefiore built the windmill with funding from the estate of an American Jew, Judah Touro, who appointed Montefiore executor of his will. Montefiore mentions the windmill in his diaries (1875), noting that he had built it 18 years earlier on the estate of Kerem-Moshe-ve-Yehoodit (lit. "the orchard of Moses and Judith"), and that it had since been joined by two other windmills nearby, owned by Greeks. The project, bearing the hallmarks of nineteenth-century artisan revival, aimed to promote productive enterprise in the yishuv.

The mill was designed by Messrs Holman Brothers, the Canterbury, Kent millwrights. The stone for the tower was quarried locally. The tower walls were 3 feet (0.91 m) thick at the base and almost 50 feet (15.24 m) high. Parts were shipped to Jaffa, where there were no suitable facilities for landing the heavy machinery. Transport of the machinery to Jerusalem had to be carried out by camel. In its original form, the mill had a Kentish-style cap and four patent sails. It was turned to face into the wind by a fantail. The mill drove two pairs of millstones, flour dressers, wheat cleaners and other machinery.

The construction of the mill was part of a broader program to enable the Jews of Palestine to become self-supporting. Montefiore also built a printing press and a textile factory, and helped to finance several agricultural colonies. He attempted to acquire land for Jewish cultivation, but was hampered by Ottoman restrictions on land sale to non-Muslims.

On the night of 1 January 1873, Aaron Hershler was standing guard at the windmill, when a group of Arab Muslims from Silwan attempted to rob his family's home in Mishkenot Sha'ananim, the first Jewish neighborhood outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. Hershler took chase and was shot 12 times. He died in the hospital on 5 January and was buried on the Mount of Olives. Seventy-five years after his death, Hershler was recognized by the Israel Defense Forces as the first "national martyr" in the Jewish-Arab conflict. He is one of approximately three dozen Jews killed during Ottoman-ruled Palestine, who are commemorated as part of Israeli's annual Yom Hazikaron memorial day.

The mill was not a success due to a lack of wind. Wind conditions in Jerusalem could not guarantee its continued operation. There were probably no more than 20 days a year with strong enough breezes. Another reason for the mill's failure was technological. The machinery was designed for soft European wheat, which required less wind power than the local wheat. Nevertheless, the mill operated for nearly two decades until the first steam-powered mill was completed in Jerusalem in 1878. In the late 19th century the mill became neglected and abandoned.

British Mandate

It was not until the 1930s that the mill was cosmetically restored by British Mandate authorities together with the Pro-Jerusalem Society. During this restoration decorative, non-functional fixed sails were placed at the top of the structure.

1947–48 civil war

During the 1948 blockade of Jerusalem the Jewish Haganah fighters built an observation post at the top of the tower. In an attempt to impede their activities, the British authorities ordered the windmill be blown up in an operation mockingly dubbed by the population "Operation Don Quixote." By chance however, the unit tasked with destroying the windmill happened to be from Ramsgate, home to Montefiore's long-time residence. When the soldiers observed the name of their hometown next to Montefiore's on a plaque displayed on the building, they "re-interpreted" their orders and blew up only the observation post at the top of the tower, rather than the entire structure.

State of Israel

Over the years the building's condition had deteriorated again and following the reunification of Jerusalem in the Six-Day War another cosmetic restoration was carried out, as part of which a decorative bronze cap was added to the structure.

Restoration

In 2012 the mill was completely restored to full working order using the original 1850s plans (which were located in the British Library) as a guide. The restoration was part of Israel's 60th anniversary celebrations.

A Dutch organisation, "Christians for Israel" (Dutch: Stichting Christenen voor Israël) promoted the scheme. A model of Stelling Minnis windmill, built by Tom Holman, was taken to the Netherlands to raise funds for the restoration. None of the original machinery survives. Millwright Willem Dijkstra rebuilt the floors, sails, cap and machinery in his workshop in Sloten in cooperation with Dutch construction company Lont and British millwright Vincent Pargeter. The windshaft was cast and machined at Sanders IJzergieterij en Machinefabriek B.V. (Sanders’ foundry and machines factory) in Goor. The parts were then shipped to Israel and reassembled on site. Dijkstra, his family and employee temporarily moved to Israel to help with the restoration. The cap and sails were lifted into place on July 25, 2012, and the mill was turning for the first time again on August 6. The first bag of flour was ground in May 2013.

Anecdotes

Two anecdotes about the windmill appear in a 1933 book, which refers to it as the Jaffa Gate Mill. The first is that there was much opposition from among the local millers to the windmill, who looked upon it with the evil eye and sent their head man to curse it. Predictions were made that the mill would be washed away during the rainy season; after it survived intact, it was declared to be the work of Satan. The second is that the Arabs developed a taste for the lubricating oil on the bearings and would lick them, prompting fear the mill would burn down from the resulting friction. The solution was said to be placing a leg of pork in the oil barrel, whereafter the Arabs lost a taste for the oil.

Montefiore carriage

In a glassed-in room at the windmill is a replica of the famous carriage Sir Moses Montefiore used in his travels. The original carriage was brought to Palestine in 1906 by Boris Schatz, the founder of the Bezalel Academy of Art, but was destroyed in a fire in 1986. The carriage was part of the collection of the Bezalel Museum which became the basis of the Israel Museum.

Jerusalem is an ancient city in West Asia, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital; Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there, and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Neither claim, however, is widely recognized internationally.

Throughout its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times. The part of Jerusalem called the City of David shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds. During the Canaanite period (14th century BCE), Jerusalem was named as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets, probably meaning "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity. During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 10th century BCE (Iron Age II), and by the 9th century BCE, the city had developed into the religious and administrative centre of the Kingdom of Judah. In 1538, the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire. Today those walls define the Old City, which since the 19th century has been divided into four quarters – the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Since 1860, Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2022, Jerusalem had a population of some 971,800 residents, of which almost 60% were Jews and almost 40% Palestinians. In 2020, the population was 951,100, of which Jews comprised 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353,800 (37.2%), Christians 16,300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).

According to the Hebrew Bible, King David conquered the city from the Jebusites and established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel, and his son, King Solomon, commissioned the building of the First Temple. Modern scholars argue that Jews branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrous—and later monotheistic—religion centred on El/Yahweh. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic importance for the Jewish people. The sobriquet of holy city (Hebrew: עיר הקודש, romanized: 'Ir ha-Qodesh) was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times. The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, which Christians adopted as their own "Old Testament", was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesus's crucifixion and resurrection there. In Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. The city was the first qibla, the standard direction for Muslim prayers (salah), and in Islamic tradition, Muhammad made his Night Journey there in 621, ascending to heaven where he speaks to God, according to the Quran. As a result, despite having an area of only 0.9 km2 (3⁄8 sq mi), the Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance, among them the Temple Mount with its Western Wall, Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed by Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently effectively annexed it into Jerusalem, together with additional surrounding territory.[note 6] One of Israel's Basic Laws, the 1980 Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the country's undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister (Beit Aghion) and President (Beit HaNassi), and the Supreme Court. The international community rejects the annexation as illegal and regards East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory occupied by Israel.

Etymology

The name "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation (Semitic yry' 'to found, to lay a cornerstone') of the pagan god Shalem"; the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city.

Shalim or Shalem was the name of the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion, whose name is based on the same root S-L-M from which the Hebrew word for "peace" is derived (Shalom in Hebrew, cognate with Arabic Salam). The name thus offered itself to etymologizations such as "The City of Peace", "Abode of Peace", "Dwelling of Peace" ("founded in safety"), or "Vision of Peace" in some Christian authors.

The ending -ayim indicates the dual, thus leading to the suggestion that the name Yerushalayim refers to the fact that the city initially sat on two hills.

Ancient Egyptian sources

The Execration Texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 19th century BCE), which refer to a city called rwšꜣlmm or ꜣwšꜣmm, variously transcribed as Rušalimum, or Urušalimum, may indicate Jerusalem. Alternatively, the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba (1330s BCE), which reference an Úrušalim, may be the earliest mention of the city.

Hebrew Bible and Jewish sources

The form Yerushalem or Yerushalayim first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua. According to a Midrash, the name is a combination of two names united by God, Yireh ("the abiding place", the name given by Abraham to the place where he planned to sacrifice his son) and Shalem ("Place of Peace", the name given by high priest Shem).

Oldest written mention of Jerusalem

One of the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states: "I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem", or as other scholars suggest: "Yahweh is the God of the whole earth. The mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem". An older example on papyrus is known from the previous century.

In extra-biblical inscriptions, the earliest known example of the -ayim ending was discovered on a column about 3 km west of ancient Jerusalem, dated to the first century BCE.

Jebus, Zion, City of David

An ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above the Gihon Spring, was, according to the Bible, named Jebus. Called the "Fortress of Zion" (metsudat Zion), it was renamed as the "City of David", and was known by this name in antiquity. Another name, "Zion", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole, and afterwards to represent the whole biblical Land of Israel.

Greek, Roman and Byzantine names

In Greek and Latin, the city's name was transliterated Hierosolyma (Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greek hieròs, ἱερός, means holy), although the city was renamed Aelia Capitolina for part of the Roman period of its history.

Salem

The Aramaic Apocryphon of Genesis of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1QapGen 22:13) equates Jerusalem with the earlier "Salem" (שלם), said to be the kingdom of Melchizedek in Genesis 14. Other early Hebrew sources, early Christian renderings of the verse and targumim, however, put Salem in Northern Israel near Shechem (Sichem), now Nablus, a city of some importance in early sacred Hebrew writing. Possibly the redactor of the Apocryphon of Genesis wanted to dissociate Melchizedek from the area of Shechem, which at the time was in possession of the Samaritans. However that may be, later Rabbinic sources also equate Salem with Jerusalem, mainly to link Melchizedek to later Temple traditions.

Arabic names

In Arabic, Jerusalem is most commonly known as القُدس, transliterated as al-Quds and meaning "the holy" or "the holy sanctuary", cognate with Hebrew: הקדש, romanized: ha-qodesh. The name is possibly a shortened form of مدينة القُدس Madīnat al-Quds "city of the holy sanctuary" after the Hebrew nickname with the same meaning, Ir ha-Qodesh (עיר הקדש). The ق (Q) is pronounced either with a voiceless uvular plosive (/q/), as in Classical Arabic, or with a glottal stop (ʔ) as in Levantine Arabic. Official Israeli government policy mandates that أُورُشَلِيمَ, transliterated as Ūrušalīm, which is the name frequently used in Christian translations of the Bible into Arabic, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with القُدس, giving أُورُشَلِيمَ-القُدس, Ūrušalīm-al-Quds. Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "Qudsi" (قُدسي) or "Maqdasi" (مقدسي), while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.

Given the city's central position in both Jewish nationalism (Zionism) and Palestinian nationalism, the selectivity required to summarize some 5,000 years of inhabited history is often influenced by ideological bias or background. Israeli or Jewish nationalists claim a right to the city based on Jewish indigeneity to the land, particularly their origins in and descent from the Israelites, for whom Jerusalem is their capital, and their yearning for return. In contrast, Palestinian nationalists claim the right to the city based on modern Palestinians' longstanding presence and descent from many different peoples who have settled or lived in the region over the centuries. Both sides claim the history of the city has been politicized by the other in order to strengthen their relative claims to the city, and that this is borne out by the different focuses the different writers place on the various events and eras in the city's history.

Prehistory

The first archaeological evidence of human presence in the area comes in the form of flints dated to between 6000 and 7000 years ago, with ceramic remains appearing during the Chalcolithic period, and the first signs of permanent settlement appearing in the Early Bronze Age in 3000–2800 BCE.

Bronze and Iron Ages

The earliest evidence of city fortifications appear in the Mid to Late Bronze Age and could date to around the 18th century BCE. By around 1550–1200 BCE, Jerusalem was the capital of an Egyptian vassal city-state, a modest settlement governing a few outlying villages and pastoral areas, with a small Egyptian garrison and ruled by appointees such as king Abdi-Heba. At the time of Seti I (r. 1290–1279 BCE) and Ramesses II (r. 1279–1213 BCE), major construction took place as prosperity increased. The city's inhabitants at this time were Canaanites, who are believed by scholars to have evolved into the Israelites via the development of a distinct Yahweh-centric monotheistic belief system.

Archaeological remains from the ancient Israelite period include the Siloam Tunnel, an aqueduct built by Judahite king Hezekiah and once containing an ancient Hebrew inscription, known as the Siloam Inscription; the so-called Broad Wall, a defensive fortification built in the 8th century BCE, also by Hezekiah; the Silwan necropolis (9th–7th c. BCE) with the Monolith of Silwan and the Tomb of the Royal Steward, which were decorated with monumental Hebrew inscriptions; and the so-called Israelite Tower, remnants of ancient fortifications, built from large, sturdy rocks with carved cornerstones. A huge water reservoir dating from this period was discovered in 2012 near Robinson's Arch, indicating the existence of a densely built-up quarter across the area west of the Temple Mount during the Kingdom of Judah.

When the Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. When Hezekiah ruled, Jerusalem had no fewer than 25,000 inhabitants and covered 25 acres (10 hectares).

In 587–586 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered Jerusalem after a prolonged siege, and then systematically destroyed the city, including Solomon's Temple. The Kingdom of Judah was abolished and many were exiled to Babylon. These events mark the end of the First Temple period.

Biblical account

This period, when Canaan formed part of the Egyptian empire, corresponds in biblical accounts to Joshua's invasion, but almost all scholars agree that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value for early Israel.

In the Bible, Jerusalem is defined as lying within territory allocated to the tribe of Benjamin though still inhabited by Jebusites. David is said to have conquered these in the siege of Jebus, and transferred his capital from Hebron to Jerusalem which then became the capital of a United Kingdom of Israel, and one of its several religious centres. The choice was perhaps dictated by the fact that Jerusalem did not form part of Israel's tribal system, and was thus suited to serve as the centre of its confederation. Opinion is divided over whether the so-called Large Stone Structure and the nearby Stepped Stone Structure may be identified with King David's palace, or dates to a later period.

According to the Bible, King David reigned for 40 years and was succeeded by his son Solomon, who built the Holy Temple on Mount Moriah. Solomon's Temple (later known as the First Temple), went on to play a pivotal role in Jewish religion as the repository of the Ark of the Covenant. On Solomon's death, ten of the northern tribes of Israel broke with the United Monarchy to form their own nation, with its kings, prophets, priests, traditions relating to religion, capitals and temples in northern Israel. The southern tribes, together with the Aaronid priesthood, remained in Jerusalem, with the city becoming the capital of the Kingdom of Judah.

Classical antiquity

In 538 BCE, the Achaemenid King Cyrus the Great invited the Jews of Babylon to return to Judah to rebuild the Temple. Construction of the Second Temple was completed in 516 BCE, during the reign of Darius the Great, 70 years after the destruction of the First Temple.

Sometime soon after 485 BCE Jerusalem was besieged, conquered and largely destroyed by a coalition of neighbouring states. In about 445 BCE, King Artaxerxes I of Persia issued a decree allowing the city (including its walls) to be rebuilt. Jerusalem resumed its role as capital of Judah and centre of Jewish worship.

Many Jewish tombs from the Second Temple period have been unearthed in Jerusalem. One example, discovered north of the Old City, contains human remains in a 1st-century CE ossuary decorated with the Aramaic inscription "Simon the Temple Builder". The Tomb of Abba, also located north of the Old City, bears an Aramaic inscription with Paleo-Hebrew letters reading: "I, Abba, son of the priest Eleaz(ar), son of Aaron the high (priest), Abba, the oppressed and the persecuted, who was born in Jerusalem, and went into exile into Babylonia and brought (back to Jerusalem) Mattathi(ah), son of Jud(ah), and buried him in a cave which I bought by deed." The Tomb of Benei Hezir located in Kidron Valley is decorated by monumental Doric columns and Hebrew inscription, identifying it as the burial site of Second Temple priests. The Tombs of the Sanhedrin, an underground complex of 63 rock-cut tombs, is located in a public park in the northern Jerusalem neighbourhood of Sanhedria. These tombs, probably reserved for members of the Sanhedrin and inscribed by ancient Hebrew and Aramaic writings, are dated to between 100 BCE and 100 CE.

When Alexander the Great conquered the Achaemenid Empire, Jerusalem and Judea came under Macedonian control, eventually falling to the Ptolemaic dynasty under Ptolemy I. In 198 BCE, Ptolemy V Epiphanes lost Jerusalem and Judea to the Seleucids under Antiochus III. The Seleucid attempt to recast Jerusalem as a Hellenized city-state came to a head in 168 BCE with the successful Maccabean revolt of Mattathias and his five sons against Antiochus IV Epiphanes, and their establishment of the Hasmonean Kingdom in 152 BCE with Jerusalem as its capital.

In 63 BCE, Pompey the Great intervened in a struggle for the Hasmonean throne and captured Jerusalem, extending the influence of the Roman Republic over Judea. Following a short invasion by Parthians, backing the rival Hasmonean rulers, Judea became a scene of struggle between pro-Roman and pro-Parthian forces, eventually leading to the emergence of an Edomite named Herod. As Rome became stronger, it installed Herod as a client king of the Jews. Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. He built walls, towers and palaces, and expanded the Temple Mount, buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size. Shortly after Herod's death, in 6 CE Judea came under direct Roman rule as the Iudaea Province, although the Herodian dynasty through Agrippa II remained client kings of neighbouring territories until 96 CE.

Roman rule over Jerusalem and Judea was challenged in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), which ended with a Roman victory. Early on, the city was devastated by a brutal civil war between several Jewish factions fighting for control of the city. In 70 CE, the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and the Second Temple. The contemporary Jewish historian Josephus wrote that the city "was so thoroughly razed to the ground by those that demolished it to its foundations, that nothing was left that could ever persuade visitors that it had once been a place of habitation." Of the 600,000 (Tacitus) or 1,000,000 (Josephus) Jews of Jerusalem, all of them either died of starvation, were killed or were sold into slavery. Roman rule was again challenged during the Bar Kokhba revolt, beginning in 132 CE and suppressed by the Romans in 135 CE. More recent research indicates that the Romans had founded Aelia Capitolina before the outbreak of the revolt, and found no evidence for Bar Kokhba ever managing to hold the city.

Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period, when the city covered two km2 (3⁄4 sq mi) and had a population of 200,000.

Late Antiquity

Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian combined Iudaea Province with neighbouring provinces under the new name of Syria Palaestina, replacing the name of Judea. The city was renamed Aelia Capitolina, and rebuilt it in the style of a typical Roman town. Jews were prohibited from entering the city on pain of death, except for one day each year, during the holiday of Tisha B'Av. Taken together, these measures (which also affected Jewish Christians) essentially "secularized" the city. Historical sources and archaeological evidence indicate that the rebuilt city was now inhabited by veterans of the Roman military and immigrants from the western parts of the empire.

The ban against Jews was maintained until the 7th century, though Christians would soon be granted an exemption: during the 4th century, the Roman emperor Constantine I ordered the construction of Christian holy sites in the city, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Burial remains from the Byzantine period are exclusively Christian, suggesting that the population of Jerusalem in Byzantine times probably consisted only of Christians.

Jerusalem.

In the 5th century, the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, ruled from the recently renamed Constantinople, maintained control of the city. Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Byzantine to Persian rule, then back to Roman-Byzantine dominion. Following Sassanid Khosrau II's early 7th century push through Syria, his generals Shahrbaraz and Shahin attacked Jerusalem (Persian: Dej Houdkh) aided by the Jews of Palaestina Prima, who had risen up against the Byzantines.

In the Siege of Jerusalem of 614, after 21 days of relentless siege warfare, Jerusalem was captured. Byzantine chronicles relate that the Sassanids and Jews slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians in the city, many at the Mamilla Pool, and destroyed their monuments and churches, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This episode has been the subject of much debate between historians. The conquered city would remain in Sassanid hands for some fifteen years until the Byzantine emperor Heraclius reconquered it in 629.

Middle Ages

After the Muslim conquest of the Levant, Byzantine Jerusalem was taken by Umar ibn al-Khattab in 638 CE. Among the first Muslims, it was referred to as Madinat bayt al-Maqdis ("City of the Temple"), a name restricted to the Temple Mount. The rest of the city "was called Iliya, reflecting the Roman name given the city following the destruction of 70 CE: Aelia Capitolina". Later the Temple Mount became known as al-Haram al-Sharif, "The Noble Sanctuary", while the city around it became known as Bayt al-Maqdis, and later still, al-Quds al-Sharif "The Holy, Noble". The Islamization of Jerusalem began in the first year A.H. (623 CE), when Muslims were instructed to face the city while performing their daily prostrations and, according to Muslim religious tradition, Muhammad's night journey and ascension to heaven took place. After 13 years, the direction of prayer was changed to Mecca. In 638 CE the Islamic Caliphate extended its dominion to Jerusalem. With the Muslim conquest, Jews were allowed back into the city. The Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab signed a treaty with Christian Patriarch of Jerusalem Sophronius, assuring him that Jerusalem's Christian holy places and population would be protected under Muslim rule. Christian-Arab tradition records that, when led to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, one of the holiest sites for Christians, the caliph Umar refused to pray in the church so that Muslims would not request conversion of the church to a mosque. He prayed outside the church, where the Mosque of Umar (Omar) stands to this day, opposite the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. According to the Gaullic bishop Arculf, who lived in Jerusalem from 679 to 688, the Mosque of Umar was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins which could accommodate 3,000 worshipers.

When the Arab armies under Umar went to Bayt Al-Maqdes in 637 CE, they searched for the site of al-masjid al-aqsa, "the farthest place of prayer/mosque", that was mentioned in the Quran and Hadith according to Islamic beliefs. Contemporary Arabic and Hebrew sources say the site was full of rubbish, and that Arabs and Jews cleaned it. The Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik commissioned the construction of a shrine on the Temple Mount, now known as the Dome of the Rock, in the late 7th century. Two of the city's most-distinguished Arab citizens of the 10th-century were Al-Muqaddasi, the geographer, and Al-Tamimi, the physician. Al-Muqaddasi writes that Abd al-Malik built the edifice on the Temple Mount in order to compete in grandeur with Jerusalem's monumental churches.

Over the next four hundred years, Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region vied for control of the city. Jerusalem was captured in 1073 by the Seljuk Turkish commander Atsız. After Atsız was killed, the Seljuk prince Tutush I granted the city to Artuk Bey, another Seljuk commander. After Artuk's death in 1091 his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi governed in the city up to 1098 when the Fatimids recaptured the city.

A messianic Karaite movement to gather in Jerusalem took place at the turn of the millennium, leading to a "Golden Age" of Karaite scholarship there, which was only terminated by the Crusades.

Crusader/Ayyubid period

In 1099, the Fatimid ruler expelled the native Christian population before Jerusalem was besieged by the soldiers of the First Crusade. After taking the solidly defended city by assault, the Crusaders massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants, and made it the capital of their Kingdom of Jerusalem. The city, which had been virtually emptied, was recolonized by a variegated inflow of Greeks, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Georgians, Armenians, Syrians, Egyptians, Nestorians, Maronites, Jacobite Miaphysites, Copts and others, to block the return of the surviving Muslims and Jews. The north-eastern quarter was repopulated with Eastern Christians from the Transjordan. As a result, by 1099 Jerusalem's population had climbed back to some 30,000.

In 1187, the city was wrested from the Crusaders by Saladin who permitted Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city. Under the terms of surrender, once ransomed, 60,000 Franks were expelled. The Eastern Christian populace was permitted to stay. Under the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin, a period of huge investment began in the construction of houses, markets, public baths, and pilgrim hostels as well as the establishment of religious endowments. However, for most of the 13th century, Jerusalem declined to the status of a village due to city's fall of strategic value and Ayyubid internecine struggles.

From 1229 to 1244, Jerusalem peacefully reverted to Christian control as a result of a 1229 treaty agreed between the crusading Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and al-Kamil, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, that ended the Sixth Crusade. The Ayyubids retained control of the Muslim holy places, and Arab sources suggest that Frederick was not permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications.

In 1244, Jerusalem was sacked by the Khwarezmian Tatars, who decimated the city's Christian population and drove out the Jews. The Khwarezmian Tatars were driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247.

Mamluk period

From 1260 to 1516/17, Jerusalem was ruled by the Mamluks. In the wider region and until around 1300, many clashes occurred between the Mamluks on one side, and the crusaders and the Mongols, on the other side. The area also suffered from many earthquakes and black plague. When Nachmanides visited in 1267 he found only two Jewish families, in a population of 2,000, 300 of whom were Christians, in the city. The well-known and far-traveled lexicographer Fairuzabadi (1329–1414) spent ten years in Jerusalem.

The 13th to 15th centuries was a period of frequent building activity in the city, as evidenced by the 90 remaining structures from this time. The city was also a significant site of Mamluk architectural patronage. The types of structures built included madrasas, libraries, hospitals, caravanserais, fountains (or sabils), and public baths. Much of the building activity was concentrated around the edges of the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif. Old gates to the Haram lost importance and new gates were built, while significant parts of the northern and western porticoes along the edge of the Temple Mount plaza were built or rebuilt in this period. Tankiz, the Mamluk amir in charge of Syria during the reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, built a new market called Suq al-Qattatin (Cotton Market) in 1336–7, along with the gate known as Bab al-Qattanin (Cotton Gate), which gave access to the Temple Mount from this market. The late Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay also took interest in the city. He commissioned the building of the Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya, completed in 1482, and the nearby Sabil of Qaytbay, built shortly after in 1482; both were located on the Temple Mount. Qaytbay's monuments were the last major Mamluk constructions in the city.

Modern era

In 1517, Jerusalem and its environs fell to the Ottoman Turks, who generally remained in control until 1917.[180] Jerusalem enjoyed a prosperous period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent—including the rebuilding of magnificent walls around the Old City. Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a provincial, if religiously important centre, and did not straddle the main trade route between Damascus and Cairo. The English reference book Modern history or the present state of all nations, written in 1744, stated that "Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine, though much fallen from its ancient grandeaur".

The Ottomans brought many innovations: modern postal systems run by the various consulates and regular stagecoach and carriage services were among the first signs of modernization in the city. In the mid 19th century, the Ottomans constructed the first paved road from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and by 1892 the railroad had reached the city.

With the annexation of Jerusalem by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1831, foreign missions and consulates began to establish a foothold in the city. In 1836, Ibrahim Pasha allowed Jerusalem's Jewish residents to restore four major synagogues, among them the Hurva. In the countrywide Peasants' Revolt, Qasim al-Ahmad led his forces from Nablus and attacked Jerusalem, aided by the Abu Ghosh clan, and entered the city on 31 May 1834. The Christians and Jews of Jerusalem were subjected to attacks. Ibrahim's Egyptian army routed Qasim's forces in Jerusalem the following month.

Ottoman rule was reinstated in 1840, but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem and Jews from Algiers and North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers. In the 1840s and 1850s, the international powers began a tug-of-war in Palestine as they sought to extend their protection over the region's religious minorities, a struggle carried out mainly through consular representatives in Jerusalem. According to the Prussian consul, the population in 1845 was 16,410, with 7,120 Jews, 5,000 Muslims, 3,390 Christians, 800 Turkish soldiers and 100 Europeans. The volume of Christian pilgrims increased under the Ottomans, doubling the city's population around Easter time.

In the 1860s, new neighbourhoods began to develop outside the Old City walls to house pilgrims and relieve the intense overcrowding and poor sanitation inside the city. The Russian Compound and Mishkenot Sha'ananim were founded in 1860, followed by many others that included Mahane Israel (1868), Nahalat Shiv'a (1869), German Colony (1872), Beit David (1873), Mea Shearim (1874), Shimon HaZadiq (1876), Beit Ya'aqov (1877), Abu Tor (1880s), American-Swedish Colony (1882), Yemin Moshe (1891), and Mamilla, Wadi al-Joz around the turn of the century. In 1867 an American Missionary reports an estimated population of Jerusalem of 'above' 15,000, with 4,000 to 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims. Every year there were 5,000 to 6,000 Russian Christian Pilgrims. In 1872 Jerusalem became the centre of a special administrative district, independent of the Syria Vilayet and under the direct authority of Istanbul called the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem.

The great number of Christian orphans resulting from the 1860 civil war in Mount Lebanon and the Damascus massacre led in the same year to the opening of the German Protestant Syrian Orphanage, better known as the Schneller Orphanage after its founder. Until the 1880s there were no formal Jewish orphanages in Jerusalem, as families generally took care of each other. In 1881 the Diskin Orphanage was founded in Jerusalem with the arrival of Jewish children orphaned by a Russian pogrom. Other orphanages founded in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 20th century were Zion Blumenthal Orphanage (1900) and General Israel Orphan's Home for Girls (1902).

2º - Gen Bda Ignacio José Verissimo by AD/5

Referência Elogiosa consignada ao deixar o Comando da AD5.

Por ter sido designado para frequenta a escola superior de guerra deixa o Comando da AD/5 o Exmo Gen Bda IGNÁCIO JÓSE VERISSIMO. A permanência dês te ilustre e digno camarada nesta Região Militar, durante mais de um ano, serviu para pôr em evidência mais uma vêz suas comprovadas qualidades de chefe, dedicado desde cedo a todos os problemas da segurança nacional e da instrução do exército e que, por sua cultura, por atitudes retas e por notável “savoir favore” , impor-se à admiração de seus camaradas e da sociedade civil.

Independente de sua atuação privativa de comandante de arma, o Gen VERISSIMO foi, como já se assinalou, eficiente e consciencioso Cooperador deste Comando, que nele sempre teve um amigo, um conselheiro um executor vigilante da orientação adotada no quadro geral da vida da 5ª Região Militar.

Este Comando com os seus louvores e agradecimentos pela maneira por que o Gen VERISSIMO desempenhou sua função augura-lhe o melhor êxito no curso que vai empreender, consolidando os pontos de vista com que tem encarrado os problemas da segurança e da sobrevivências da Nação

Certificate of Identity of Joseph Springall for Norwich Insurance Society by Robert Reyner, Wymondham, Norfolk 1919 by North West Kent Family History Society

Certificate of Identity of Joseph Springall for Norwich Union and Life Insurance Society signed by Robert Reyner, Wymondham, Norfolk 7th August 1919.

Joseph Springall born 1835, Swanton Morley, Norfolk was the son of Charles and Ann Springall. A Builder and Contractor he was married twice. On 9th August 1857 he married Maria Milk at Swanton Morley. Following her death he then married Alice Mary Dennis on 4th August 1884 at St John, Upper Holloway, Islington. Joseph Springall died 6th December 1918.

Robert Violet Reyner born circa 1860, Litcham, Norfolk was a House Painter. The 1911 census shows him living at 18 Standard Road, Great Yarmouth with wife Edith Jane, nee Bowgen, Reyner and family.

Letter to Joseph Springall, of Swanton Morley, East Dereham, Norfolk, receipt for £20 Deposit of £270 paid for Property belonging to Mrs Esther Williams. 21st June 1901 by North West Kent Family History Society

Letter to Joseph Springall, of Swanton Morley, East Dereham, Norfolk, receipt for £20 Deposit of £270 paid for Property belonging to Mrs Esther Williams. Letter from Jesse Larwood, Gressenhall, East Dereham Executor of late Daynes Williams. 21st June 1901

Joseph Springall born 1836, Swanton Morley, son of Charles Springall and Ann Hammond, A Builder and Contractor the 1911 census shows him living at Greengate, Swanton Morley, East Dereham with his second wife Alice Mary Dennis.

Esther Wright born1851, Hockering, Norfolk, was the daughter of William Wright and Mary Ann Walpole. She married Daynes Williams in 1877 at East Dereham. Daynes died in 1899.

The 1891 census shows them living at Commercial Road, East Dereham

Letter to Joseph Springall, of Swanton Morley, East Dereham, Norfolk, naming the tenants and rent of Property belonging to Mrs Esther Williams offered for £300. 28th May 1901 by North West Kent Family History Society

Letter to Joseph Springall, of Swanton Morley, East Dereham, Norfolk, naming the tenants and rent of Property consisting of 10 Cottages and the Old Chapel belonging to Mrs Ester Williams, widow of Daynes Williams for £300. Letter from Jesse Larwood, Gressenhall, East Dereham Executor of late Daynes Williams. Dated 28th May 1901.

Joseph Springall born 1836, Swanton Morley, son of Charles Springall and Ann Hammond, A Builder and Contractor the 1911 census shows him living at Greengate, Swanton Morley, East Dereham with his second wife Alice Mary Dennis.

Esther Wright born1851, Hockering, Norfolk, was the daughter of William Wright and Mary Ann Walpole. She married Daynes Williams in 1877 at East Dereham. Daynes died in 1899.

The 1891 census shows them living at Commercial Road, East Dereham

Missão Marabala - Marabá (PA) by Mídia NINJA

Dados periciais foram definitivos na acusação dos executores do crime, a partir de um gorro com fios de cabelo deixado na cena do crime.

Julgamento do assassinato dos ativistas José Cláudio e Maria dos Espírito Santo, que foram mortos em março de 2011 em Nova Ipixuna. O resultado do júri, que aconteceu nos dias 03 e 04 de abril, foi a condenação dos executores Alberto Lopes e Lindonjonson Silva, e absolvição de José Rodrigues, acusado de ser o mandante do crime. A ação provocou revolta nos familiares e movimentos agrários que acompanhavam o caso em vigília no Fórum de Marabá (PA).

(CC BY-SA) NINJA

Todas as imagens estão sob licença Creative Commons 3.0 e podem ser utilizadas livremente desde que disponibilizadas nas mesmas condições com o uso do código acima. Imagens em alta resolução estão disponíveis através de requerimento no email fotografia@foradoeixo.org.br

Letterpress - Albion printing press by platen-printer

The Albion press invented in 1820 by Richard W. Cope an assistant of George Clymer.

Mr Cope died in 1828. This spring operated example was made in about 1830 by J & J Barrett, executors of Copes estate, by Mr John Hopkinson, Richard Copes' factory manager.

On eBay at the moment

ebayUK-2013May

LEGO Executor Star Destroyer Crash MOC by Codyaner.bricks

7

Portrait of a Gentleman by Alec Frazier

Portrait of a Gentleman

West Building, Main Floor—Gallery 59

•Date: c. 1770-1773

•Medium: Oil on Canvas

•Dimensions:

oOverall: 128 × 102 cm (50⅜ × 40 3/16 in.)

•Credit Line: Andrew W. Mellon Collection

•Accession Number: 1940.1.11

•Artists/Makers:

oPainter: Joseph Wright, British, 1734-1797

Provenance

William Curzon [1836-1916], Lockington Hall, Derbyshire; purchased 1916, at the dispersal of the Curzon estate, by Mrs. Claire Marion Cox, London, as Richard, Earl Howe, by John Singleton Copley; consigned 1932 by Mrs. Cox to (The Hackett Galleries, New York); returned to Mrs. Cox and later consigned to (Mrs. Chambers Wood, New York), who sold it 1932 to (M. Knoedler & Co., New York);[1] purchased May 1936 by The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, Pittsburgh; gift 1940 to NGA.

[1]Knoedler’s records give the early provenance (letter from Elizabeth Clare to NGA curator William Campbell, 5 November 1963, in NGA curatorial files). Clare quotes a letter from Mrs. Cox to Mrs. Wood, undated but presumably 1932, in which Mrs. Cox states that the 1916 dispersal “was a hurried executors’ sale and few persons attended it.”

Associated Names

•Cox, Claire Marion, Mrs.

•Curzon, William

•Hackett Galleries, The

•Knoedler & Company, M.

•Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, The A.W.

•Wood, Chambers, Mrs.

Exhibition History

•1932—Inaugural exhibition, Museum of the City of New York, 1932, no catalogue, as by Copley.

•1933—The Opening Exhibition, Museum of Fine Arts, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1933, no. 1, as by Copley.

Technical Summary

The medium-to-heavyweight canvas is twill woven; it has been lined. The ground is off-white, thinly applied. The painting is mostly executed in thin, opaque layers; the costume is rendered in thicker paint applied in small strokes, the furry texture of the lapels being created by means of a stiff white paint covered with a transparent blue glaze; there is a low impasto in the leaves and highlights. The background is extensively abraded, but otherwise there is minimal paint loss. The moderately thick natural resin varnish has discolored yellow to a moderate degree.

Bibliography

•1941—Preliminary Catalogue of Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1941: 43, no. 497, as Richard, Earl Howe by John Singleton Copley.

•1942—Book of Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1942: 249, repro. 7, as Richard, Earl Howe by John Singleton Copley.

•1949—Paintings and Sculpture from the Mellon Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1949 (reprinted 1953 and 1958): 130, repro., as Richard, Earl Howe, by John Singleton Copley.

•1965—Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 140, as Richard, Earl Howe.

•1968—European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1968: 127, repro., as Richard, Earl Howe.

•1968—Nicolson, Benedict. Joseph Wright of Derby: Painter of Light. 2 vols. London, 1968: 1:36, 207; 2:pl. 90.

•1970—American Paintings and Sculpture: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1970: 166, repro., as Richard, Earl Howe (?).

•1975—European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 376, repro., as Richard, Earl Howe (?).

•1975—Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1975: no. 530, color repro.

•1980—American Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1980: 307, as Richard, Earl Howe (?).

•1985—European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 439, repro., as Richard, Earl Howe (?).

•1992—Hayes, John. British Paintings of the Sixteenth through Nineteenth Centuries. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, D.C., 1992: 342-344, repro. 343.

From British Paintings of the Sixteenth through Nineteenth Centuries:

1940.1.11 (497)

Portrait of a Gentleman

•c.1770-1773

•Oil on canvas, 128 × 102 (50⅜ × 40⅛)

•Andrew W. Mellon Collection

Technical Notes

The medium-to-heavyweight canvas is twill woven; it has been lined. The ground is off-white, thinly applied. The painting is mostly executed in thin, opaque layers; the costume is rendered in thicker paint applied in small strokes, the furry texture of the lapels being created by means of a stiff white paint covered with a transparent blue glaze; there is a low impasto in the leaves and highlights. The background is extensively abraded, but otherwise there is minimal paint loss. The moderately thick natural resin varnish has discolored yellow to a moderate degree.

Provenance

William Curzon [1836-1916], Lockington Hall, Derbyshire. Purchased 1916, at the dispersal of the Curzon estate, by Mrs. Claire Marion Cox, London, as Richard, Earl Howe, by John Singleton Copley; consigned by Mrs. Cox 1932 to (Hackett Galleries), New York; returned to Mrs. Cox and later consigned to (Mrs. Chambers Wood), New York, who sold it 1932 to (M. Knoedler & Co.), New York,1 from whom it was purchased May 1936 by The A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, Pittsburgh.

Exhibitions

Inaugural exhibition, Museum of the City of New York, 1932, no cat., as by Copley. The Opening Exhibition, Museum of Fine Arts, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1933, no. 1, as by Copley.

The traditional identification of the sitter as Admiral Earl Howe (1726-1799), plausible solely on account of a Curzon provenance,2 is now discounted.3 The sitter is not portrayed in naval uniform, and, unlike Howe, he has a cleft chin. He is elegantly dressed, with a felt hat and a waistcoat lined with pale blue velvet.

The traditional attribution to Copley (whose style in the 17608 had affinities with that of Wright) was first corrected in 1965 by Charles Buckley, with the support of Benedict Nicolson.4 The use of an unconventional pose, the delight in materials—notably the furry lapels and the soft leather gloves—the contrived lighting, and the rocky background with trailing vines are all characteristic of Wright’s style. Nicolson described the portrait as a typical work of the early 17705, the period immediately preceding the artist’s Italian years (1773-1775).5 The doublebreasted waistcoat with large pointed lapels worn by the sitter was characteristic of fashion in the 1760s.

A version, rather inferior in quality and differing slightly in the arrangement of the background but identical in pose, costume, and lighting, was formerly owned by Captain R. T. Hinckes, of Foxley, Herefordshire. This portrait was then attributed to Zoffany and identified as representing the Marquis de Rinneau, sometime French ambassador in London.6

Notes

1.Knoedler’s records give the early provenance (Elizabeth Clare to William P. Campbell, 5 November 1963, in NGA curatorial files). Clare quotes a letter from Mrs. Cox to Mrs. Wood, undated but presumably 1932, in which she states that the 1916 dispersal “was a hurried executors’ sale and few persons attended it.”

2.Lord Howe’s eldest daughter, who became Baroness Howe after her father’s death (there were no sons), married in 1787 the Hon. Penn Assheton Curzon. Their son, Richard, who succeeded his paternal grandfather as Viscount Curzon of Penn, took the name of Howe after that of Curzon and in 1821 became the ist Earl Howe of the second creation. The portrait was said to have come from the collection of Baroness Howe, but this cannot be verified.

3.Nicolson 1968; 1 : 207.

4.William P. Campbell, memorandum, 14 June 1965, noting Buckley’s verbal opinions, in NGA curatorial files. The portrait was catalogued as Wright by Campbell in NGA 1970, 166, and by Wilmerding in NGA 1980,307.

5.Nicolson 1968 (see biography), i: 207; compare, for example, the portrait of Sir George Cooke in Kansas City of about 1770-1771 (Nicolson 1968, 2: pl. 86).

6.Hinckes sale, Christie, Manson & Woods, London, 16 April 1937, no. 132, bought in. The evidence for this identification is unknown. No other portraits of anyone named Rinneau seem to be extant, so that the identification cannot be substantiated visually. Moreover, no one bearing the name of Rinneau, or a name remotely similar to it, is listed as ambassador, minister, or chargé d’affaires in London at any time in the eighteenth century (the official list was kindly communicated to me by Anne Lewis-Loubignac, French Embassy, London).

References

•1968—Nicolson 1968, 1: 36,207;2: pi. 90.

•1970—NGA 1970:166, repro. 167.

•1976—Walker 1976: no. 530, color repro.

•1980—NGA 1980: 307.

6º Diálogos Governo-Sociedade Civil Brasil Sem Miséria by Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome

Brasília, 10/12/2014 - O secretário da Sesep, Tiago Falcão, modera o painel Relatos de executores de políticas públicas. Foto: Ana Nascimento/MDS