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Richard Artschwager
Locations, 1969
Formica on wood, with redwood, glass, Plexiglas, mirror and rubberized horsehair with Formica; published by Brooke Alexander, Inc., New York and Castelli Graphics, ed.: 90
Estate of Richard Artschwager, Paul M. Freeman, Executor
Photograph courtesy of Brooke Alexander, Inc., New York
Rio Tocantins na cidade de Marabá.
Julgamento do assassinato dos ativistas José Cláudio e Maria dos Espírito Santo, que foram mortos em março de 2011 em Nova Ipixuna. O resultado do júri, que aconteceu nos dias 03 e 04 de abril, foi a condenação dos executores Alberto Lopes e Lindonjonson Silva, e absolvição de José Rodrigues, acusado de ser o mandante do crime. A ação provocou revolta nos familiares e movimentos agrários que acompanhavam o caso em vigília no Fórum de Marabá (PA).
(CC BY-SA) NINJA
Todas as imagens estão sob licença Creative Commons 3.0 e podem ser utilizadas livremente desde que disponibilizadas nas mesmas condições com o uso do código acima. Imagens em alta resolução estão disponíveis através de requerimento no email fotografia@foradoeixo.org.br
The A-Wing is the fastest Starfighter in Starwars (in the time it was used anyway)
In Return of The Jedi you saw an Green Leader's A-Wing crash into the bridge of the Executor (AKA the Super Star Destroyer), which caused it to lose control, and crash into the second Death Star, both destroying the Executor and causing massive damage to the Death Star.
On this LEGO model I tried my best to get the shape as close to the original as possible. When i was finished I noticed that there was a small gap in the front of the nose, which i haven't included, so this meant i had to redesign the entire red part of the nose to get it right.
I'm really happy with this model, I feel I really nailed the shape of the A-Wing. :-)
I hope you guys like it!
Chelsea, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
The two stables at Nos. 130 and 132 West 18th Street — units of an original row of thirteen brick-fronted stables erected in 1864-66 of which nine survive — were joined in 1907 to create the present building. Though joined at the ground story, the two facades retain their individual identity at the second story and remain largely intact. Designed in a round-arched utilitarian style related to the German Rundbogenstil. they feature a mix of Romanesque and Renaissance Revival details.
Each unit of the 130-132 West 18th Street building has a tripartite triumphal arch composition which focuses on a central bifurcated Renaissance arch at the second story. Originally built for wealthy businessmen, the two stables had several prominent owners, among them Civil War hero, Major Theodore K. Gibbs, and Nathaniel McCready, founder of the Old Dominion Steamship Line. As a component of one of the two uniformly designed mid-nineteenth-century private carriage house groups remaining in Manhattan, the 130-132 West 18th Street Stables Building is a rare survivor.
These stable rows reflect a period in the city's developmental history when private carriage houses began to be erected some blocks away from their owners' homes, on streets devoted almost exclusively to private stables and commercial liveries. An early manifestation of this trend, which became common practice during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the West 18th Street row was one of the most extensive of the period and contained unusually large and handsomely decorated stables.
The Tonnele Estate and the Development of the Private Stables on West 18th Street
Once part of the eighteenth-century farm of Peter Warren, the lots on the south side of West 18th Street between Sixth Avenue and the old Warren Road to the west were acquired by John Tonnele around 1817.
Senior partner in the firm of Tonnele & Hall, the country's leading dealer in wool, Tonnele had extensive real estate holdings in Manhattan including large tracts on Sixth Avenue, 14th and 15th, and 17th and 18th Streets.
In his will of 1846, Tonnele divided his real estate among his family, giving them the option of selling the property and investing the proceeds in trust for their heirs. A total of thirty-two lots on West 17th and 18th Streets were left to his daughter Susan G. Hall. In March of 1863, she and the executors of the estate, her husband Valentine G. Hall and his brother George Hall, began selling her lots which were then occupied by small dwellings and wood shanties.
As the area was semi-industrial in character, with a brewery located on the north side of 18th Street and the Weber piano factory occupying the northeast corner of Seventh Avenue and 17th Street, the Halls must have regarded the lots as unsuitable for first-class residential or commercial development. However, the lots' proximity to the fashionable Fifth Avenue residential district north of Union Square must have made them seem ideal for private stables and apparently they were offered for sale as such. By 1867, all the former Tonnele Estate lots on 17th and 18th Streets were occupied by private stables with restrictive covenants on the properties prohibiting their conversion to factories or commercial livery stables.
Stables were a necessity during the period when private urban transportation was limited to horses and carriages.3 While the majority of New Yorkers rented or boarded their horses in large commercial stables, the very wealthy maintained private stables.
Traditionally, these were located directly behind their owners' houses, sometimes facing onto the less desirable street front of a through-the-block lot. By the mid-nineteenth century, carriage-house rows developed to serve a few of the city's most exclusive streets.
Remnants of these stable rows survive at 127 and 129 East 19th Street, originally part of a group of stables serving the houses on Gramercy Park South and Irving Place, * and at 57 Great Jones Street, the sole survivor of a long row of stables which once backed onto the mansions on the north side of Bond Street between Broadway and Lafayette Street.
Around 1860, carriage houses began to be erected a few blocks from their owners' homes, on convenient but less fashionable streets, where land costs were lower and where the noises and smells associated with stables would not mar the character of a residential neighborhood. Eventually a number of streets in Manhattan were devoted almost exclusively to private and livery stables.
These included East 35th and East 36th Streets between Lexington and Third Avenues , East 73rd Street between Lexington and Third Avenues , and West 58th Street between Broadway and Seventh Avenue
The twenty-nine stables erected on the former Tonnele Estate in the 1860s, extending from 121 to 143 West 17th Street and from 112 to 146 West 18th Street, were an early example of this type of development and together formed one of the most extensive groups of private stables built in Manhattan in the 1860s.
It should be noted that throughout the 1860s, most of the private carriage houses on these "stable streets" were commissioned on an individual basis and that speculatively built rows were a rarity.
Perhaps the most extensive speculative development was Sniffen court, a group of ten private carriage houses on a blind alley off East 36th Street, erected in 1864 for four investors by local builder John Sniff in, and subsequently sold to wealthy residents of Murray Hill.
Although uniform in design, the row from 122 to 146 West 18th Street was created through a combination of small-scale speculative development and individual commissions. in May and June of 1864, Elisha Brooks, a partner in the successful Brooks Brothers clothing firm, purchased the lots from 122 to 126 West 18th Street and had three identical stables erected on the site.
As work was proceeding on the Brooks stables, Susan Hall and her children agreed to use part of the proceeds from the sale of the lots on 18th Street to build a stable at 128 West 18th Street which would be retained for the family's use.
Though commissioned by a different client, this stable was identical in plan and design to the recently completed Brooks stables. By 1866, the nine remaining lots extending from 130 to 146 West 18th Street had been sold. Their new owners also had stables erected which followed the articulation established by the Brooks stables creating a uniform row of thirteen stables.
This would suggest that Brooks had made the plans for his stables available to the other owners and/or that the same builder or architect was commissioned for all thirteen buildings. The result was one of the most extensive stable rows in the city, containing unusually large and handsomely decorated buildings whose owners included a number of New York's wealthiest and most prominent citizens, among them Samuel F.B. Morse who was the original owner of the stable at 144 West 18th Street .
The stable at 130 West 18th Street was constructed in 1864-65 for Wilmot Johnson, a resident of Albany, who owned a coal company with offices in New York at 111 Broadway.
Soon after its completion Johnson sold the stable to Walter S. Gurnee, a midwesterner who had made a fortune in the tannery business and railroads in Chicago before moving to New York in 1863 where he operated an investment banking firm and served on the board of several mining and metal processing companies.
Gurnee retained the 18th Street stable for three years while he was living at 33 West 20th Street. The stable was then purchased by Henry T. Helmbold, described by nineteenth-century diarist George Templeton Strong as a "sporting druggist [who] is said to have acquired a vast fortune by pictorial advertisements."14 Helmbold also retained the stable for about three years, selling it in 1871 to Major Theodore K. Gibbs, who resided nearby at 62 West 21st Street.
A descendent of a prominent and wealthy Rhode Island family, Theodore Kane Gibbs was born in Newport in 1840. His father William Charming Gibbs was a leader in the public affairs of the state who had served as a member of the state assembly, chief magistrate, and governor from 1820 to 1824.
Theodore K. Gibbs was raised in Newport and entered the army as a young man during the Civil War. He served with distinction, was twice wounded, and twice decorated for bravery. Following the war, he enlisted in the regular army and while stationed on Staten Island married Virginia Barrett. The Gibbses maintained homes in New York and on Gibbs Avenue in Newport.
They were active in society and were known for "giving liberally of their large means."
The stable at 132 West 18th Street was built in 1864-65 for John R. Garland, a broker who headed his own firm on William Street and resided at 28 West 21st Street.
In 1868, the building was acquired by Nathaniel L'Hommedieu McCready, president of the Old Dominion Steamship Line, who lived at 10 West 22nd Street.
A leader in the shipping industry in New York, McCready had entered the business in 1840 at the age of nineteen, organizing his cwn firm, the N.L. McCready Company, which he ran successfully until 1865. He then formed a partnership with Livingston, Fox & Company, owners of several steamship lines. In 1867, he organized the Old Dominion Line which operated a fleet of steamships between New York and the Virginia ports of Norfolk, Newport News, Richmond, and West Point. McCready served as president of the line until his death in 1887; he was also president of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad for fourteen years.
Following her husband's death Caroline Waldron McCready retained ownership of 132 West 18th Street which continued to function as a private stable. In 1895, the building was remodeled to accommodate horses on the second floor. Four years later Mrs. McCready sold the building to Theodore K. Gibbs who retained ownership of both 130 and 132 West 18th Street until his death in 1906.
The Design of the 130 and 132 West 18th Street Stables
Originally units of a stable row, the stables at 130 and 132 West 18th Street are characteristic of nineteenth carriage house design as adapted to a narrow urban lot. Typically, such stables would have been divided into two major ground-floor spaces — a front room for carriages and a rear room with stalls for horses.
The front portion of the second floor would have contained quarters for the coachman or grocsn, while the rear would have been used as a hayloft. Windows were restricted to the front of the building to spare neighbors the sights and smells associated with horses, but two large skylights provided additional light to the second-floor roams.
The facades of the two buildings were designed in a round-arched utilitarian style derived from the German Rundbogenstil . The Rundbogenstil evolved in Germany in the 1820s among a group of progressive architects who sought to create a synthesis of classical and medieval architecture by drawing on historic precedents in the round-arched Byzantine, Romanesque, and Renaissance styles.
Transmitted to this country through the immigration of German and Central European architects in the 1840s, as well as through architectural publications, the Rundbogenstil tended to be conflated with other mid-nineteenth century round-arched styles such as the Romanesque and Renaissance Revivals.
Among the major American examples of the round-arched style are Charles Blesch and Leopold Eidlitz's St. George's Church on Stuyvesant Square at 16th Street, Alexander Saeltzer's Astor Library , at 425 Lafayette Street, and Thomas Tefft's Union Depot, Providence, R.I. . The style is reflected in the design of the West 18th Street stables by the choice of materials , by the emphasis on flat wall surfaces, and by the clear definition of architectural elements.
The meshing of classical and medieval motifs is apparent in the tripartite composition for each unit, which recalls both a Roman triumphal arch and the elevation of a medieval nave arcade, and in the incorporation of such details as the Renaissance-inspired cornice and diamond-pointed keystones and the Romanesque-inspired arcades and rusticated bands.
The chief feature of each facade is a large central arch containing a pair of inscribed arches and a bull's-eye tympanum. This motif, which was thought by nineteenth-century theorists to have originated in northern Italy during the Romanesque period and was widely used during the Renaissance, became a hallmark of the nineteenth-century round-arched styles, both here and in Germany.
Interestingly, the only other remaining group of mid-nineteenth century carriage houses in Manhattan, located at Sniffen Court, is also designed in a round-arched style and features a triumphal arch composition with arched windows and doors flanking a central two-story arch. At 18th Street, the stables are larger and more elaborate in design.
In addition to its ties to the round-arched style, the design of the stables at 130 and 132 West 18th Street is distinguished by its skillful super imposition of recessed and projected planes. The double-height arcade of each facade, carried on slender projected piers, is on a forward plane, while the wall membrane with its door and window openings is recessed. A series of horizontal moldings break forward over the piers to unite the two planes.
The moldings at the arches' imposts at the second story form the capitals for two pilaster orders . In addition to their function in the design of these individual units, the repeated use of horizontal elements and the alternation of large and small arches are important elements in creating a strong sense of rhythm and harmony within the row.
Description
Two components of a uniformly designed stable row were joined in 1907 to create the building at 130-132 West 18th Street which has a frontage of forty-three feet on West 18th Street and has been extended from its original depth of eighty-one feet to occupy the entire length of its ninety-two-foot-deep lot. Though joined on the ground story, the two facades retain much of their individual identity. Faced with brick and brownstone they are designed in a round-arched style that incorporates Romanesque and Renaissance details.
Each facade is organized in a tripartite triumphal arch composition that focuses on a double-width center bay. At the ground story, the bays are articulated by projected piers. Originally, the wide center bay of each building contained a pair of wood carriage doors, the eastern bay had an arched entrance, and the western bays had an arched window.
The arches were ornamented by diamond-pointed keystones and stone bands ran across the facade at the sill, watertable, impost, and cornice lines. Today, the eastern bay remains relatively intact, although the entrance has been enlarged somewhat to accommodate a metal door. In the center bay of No. 130 the paired carriage doors have been replaced by two arched windows with metal grilles; the windows are supported by a wood bulkhead and surmounted by multipane transoms. At watertable level the stone bands ornamenting the piers have been cut flush with the brickwork.
When No. 130 and No. 132 were joined in 1907, the end piers in the west bay at No. 130 and the east bay of No. 132 were removed to create a vehicle entrance. At that time cast-iron supports were installed next to the brick piers and steel girders were inserted above the old center bay at No. 130 and new vehicle entrance . ,The girders are currently covered with stucco, as are the rusticated blocks above the piers. The cornice that separated the two stories has been removed.
On the western portion of the facade the ground story has been extensively altered. In addition to the changes in the east bay, the piers flanking the original vehicle entrance have been replaced and a steel beam has been inserted above the entrance.
This necessitated the removal of the stone cornice which once capped the first story; the area above the vehicle entrance is now stuccoed. In the west bay, the arched surround has been removed and the window opening has been enlarged to create a doorway. The Weill surface is covered with sheet metal. The opening contains a metal and glass door surmounted by narrow transom. The paired carriage doors in the center bay have also been replaced by a garage door.
The second story of the facade at 130 West 18th Street remains virtually intact. Here the piers carry an arcade in which the center arch is both wider and taller than the flanking arches. The arches are set-off by stone diamond-pointed keystones and stone sills beneath the windows. Stone bands, which break forward over the piers at the impost line of the arches, form the capitals for two pilaster orders — a major order articulating the arcade and a minor order framing the windows.
A small pilaster bisects the center bay into a pair of arched windows which are topped by a molded wood surround that features a central bull's-eye. All of the window openings contain original wood frames and four-over-four double-hung sash. This section of the facade is crowned by a simple molded brick entablature.
On the second story of the portion of the facade at No. 132 the articulation of the facade at No. 130 is repeated. The facade remains largely intact; however, only the east window bay retains its original sash and a fire escape has been added at the west window.
Subsequent History
In the 1870s and 1880s, the neighborhood to the east of the stables on 18th Street, which had once been exclusively residential, became the heart of New York's chief shopping district as the retail trade expanded along Broadway, Sixth Avenue, and 14th and 23rd Streets. At least two of the stables were sold to neighboring businesses in the 1880s and by the first decade of the twentieth century all were being used for commercial or manufacturing purposes. This change in the character of the neighborhood was coupled with the advent of the automobile.
The forerunners of the modern automobile had developed in Europe in the last decades of the of the nineteenth century.
By the 1890s horseless carriages were being manufactured in the United States, and in the first decade of the twentieth century they became a major means of transport for the rich. In 1907, the year following the death of Theodore K. Gibbs, the buildings at 130 and 132 West 18th Street were acquired by the Metropolis Security Company and leased to T.J. Gerome for conversion to an automobile repair garage.
At that time the buildings were joined and a portion of the front wall was taken dcwn and supported on steel beams. The inclusion of a drafting room on the second floor gives some indication of how very specialized auto repair must have been during this period. From documents filed with the Department of Buildings,23 it would appear that the building remained in use as a garage through the mid-twentieth century.
Fires in 1914 and 1946 made alterations to the ground story necessary; however, the second story is largely intact. Today, the 130-132 West 18th Street stables building is a component of one of the two remaining mid-nineteenth century carriage house groups in Manhattan and is distinguished by its design which provides a notable example of the round-arched style as applied to a utilitarian building type.
- From the 1990 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report
Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
The stable building at 140 West 18th Street is one of nine remaining brick-fronted stables from an original row of thirteen erected in 1864-66. Designed in a round-arched utilitarian style related to the German Rundbogenstil, it still features a mix of Romanesque and Renaissance Revival details. No. 140 West 18th Street has an asymmetrical arcaded composition which focuses on a pair of bifurcated Renaissance arches at the second story.
Erected for merchant Henry Rice, the stable has had several notable owners, among them Catherine Lorillard Spencer, daughter of Peter A. Lorillard, one of the founders of the Lorillard Tobacco Company; her nephew Alfred R. Conkling, a prominent attorney and author; and merchant Malcolm Graham. As a component of one of the two uniformly designed mid-nineteenth-century private carriage house groups remaining in Manhattan, it is a rare survivor.
These stable rows reflect a period in the city's developmental history when private carriage houses began to be erected some blocks away from their owners' homes, on streets devoted almost exclusively to private stables and commercial liveries. An early manifestation of this trend, which became common practice during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the West 18th Street rcw was one of the most extensive of the period and contained unusually large and handsomely decorated stables.
The Tonnele Estate and the Development of the Private Stables on West 18th Street
Once part of the eigthteenth-century farm of Peter Warren, the lots on the south side of West 18th Street between Sixth Avenue and the old Warren Road to the west were acquired by John Tonnele around 1817.
Senior partner in the firm of Tonnele & Hall, the country's leading dealer in wool, Tonnele had extensive real estate holdings in Manhattan including large tracts on Sixth Avenue, 14th and 15th, and 17th and 18th Streets. In his will of 1846, Tonnele divided his real estate among his family, giving them the option of selling the property and investing the proceeds in trust for their heirs.
A total of thirty-two lots on West 17th and 18th Streets were left to his daughter Susan G. Hall. In March of 1863, she and the executors of the estate, her husband Valentine G. Hall and his brother George Hall, began selling her lots which were then occupied by snail dwellings and wood shanties. As the area was semi-industrial in character, with a brewery located on the north side of 18th Street and the Weber piano factory occupying the northeast corner of Seventh Avenue and 17th Street, the Halls must have regarded the lots as unsuitable for first-class residential or commercial development. However, the lots' proximity to the fashionable Fifth Avenue residential district north of Union Square must have made them seem ideal for private stables and apparently they were offered for sale as such.
By 1867, all the former Tonnele Estate lots on 17th and 18th Streets were occupied by small private stables with restrictive covenants on the properties prohibiting their conversion to factories or commercial livery stables.
Stables were a necessity during the period when private urban -transportation was limited to horses and carriages.3 While the majority of New Yorkers rented or boarded their horses in large commercial stables, the very wealthy maintained private stables. (Since private stables invariably provided storage space for carriages, the terms carriage house and private stable are used interchangeably hereafter.)
Traditionally, these were located directly behind their owners' houses, sometimes facing onto the less desirable street front of a through-the-block lot.
By the mid-nineteenth century/ carriage-house rews developed to serve a few of the city's most exclusive streets. Remnants of these stable rows survive at 127 and 129 East 19th Street, originally part of a group of stables serving the houses on Gramercy Park South and Irving Place, and at 57 Great Jones Street, the sole survivor of a long row of stables backing onto the mansions on the north side of Bond Street between Broadway and Lafayette Street.
Around 1860, carriage houses began to be erected a few blocks from their owners' homes, on convenient but less fashionable streets, where land costs were lower and where the noises and smells associated with stables would not mar the character of a residential neighborhood.
Eventually a number of streets in Manhattan were devoted almost exclusively to private and livery stables. These included East 35th and East 36th Streets between Lexington and Third Avenues (developed largely in the 1860s and 1870s), East 73rd Street between Lexington and Third Avenues (stables erected between 1883 and 1904), and West 58th Street between Broadway and Seventh Avenue (stables erected c. 1885-1905) The twenty-nine stables erected on the former Tonnele Estate in the 1860s, extending from 121 to 143 West 17th Street and from 112 to 146 West 18th Street, were an early example of this type of development and together formed one of the most extensive groups of private stables built in Manhattan in the 1860s.
It should be noted that throughout the 1860s, most of the private carriage houses on these "stable streets" were commissioned on an individual basis and that speculatively-built rows were a rarity.7 Perhaps the most extensive speculative development was Sniffen Court, a group of ten private carriage houses on a blind alley off East 36th Street, erected in 1864 for four investors by local builder John Sniffin, and subsequently sold to wealthy residents of Murray Hill.
Although uniform in design, the row from 122 to 146 West 18th Street was created through a combination of small-scale speculative development and individual commissions. In May and June of 1864, Elisha Brooks, a partner in the successful Brooks Brothers clothing firm, purchased the lots from 122 to 126 West 18th Street and had three identical stables erected on the site.^
As work was proceeding on the Brooks stables, Susan Hall and her children agreed to use part of the proceeds £ran the sale of the lots on 18th Street to build a stable at 128 West 18th Street which would be retained for the family's use.10 Though commissioned by a different client, this stable was identical in plan and design to the previously completed Brooks stables. By 1866, the nine remaining lots extending frcan 130 to 146 West 18th Street had been sold. Their new owners also had stables erected which followed the articulation established by the Brooks stables, creating a uniform row of thirteen stables.
This would suggest that Brooks had made the plans for his stables available to the other owners and/or that the same builder or architect was commissioned for all thirteen buildings. The result was one of the most extensive stable rows in the city, containing unusually large and handsomely decorated buildings whose owners included a number of New York's wealthiest and most prominent citizens, among them Samuel F.B. Morse who was the original owner of the stable at 144 West 18th Street (demolished).
The stable at 140 West 18th Street was constructed for Henry G. Rice, senior partner in the drygoods firm of Rice, Chase & Company located at 47 Worth Street, who resided at 21 East 15th Street. Following his death in 1868 the stable was purchased by Catherine lorillard Spencer. Daughter of Peter A. Lorillard, one of the founders of the P. & G. Lorillard Tobacco Company, Catherine Lorillard inherited a considerable fortune from her father at his death in 1843.
At the age of fifty she married Lieutenant William Spencer (U.S.N.), widower of her late sister Eleanora. The Spencers occupied a large mansion at the northeast corner of Fifth Avenue and East 16th Street during the 1860s and the 18th Street stable was probably purchased for their personal use. The property remained in Catherine Spencer's possession until her death in 1882, when her extensive land holdings were sold at auction.
At the sale many of Catherine Spencer's properties were purchased by her heirs. Howard Conkling, son of her niece Eleonora Ronalds Conkling, bought the 18th Street stable which was then being leased at a rental of $1,000 per year.
He kept the stable for only a year before selling it to his brother Alfred R. Conkling. A lawyer and author, Conkling studied at Yale, Harvard, the University of Berlin, and Columbia College where he earned his law degree. As a young man he was attached with the U.S. Geological Survey and traveled extensively in the West. He specialized in real estate law and was president of the Realty league of New York City. He also served as a member of the New York City Board of Aldermen (1887-88) and New York State Assembly (1892-93, 1895-96) and was actively involved in the reform wing of the Republican Party.
His books included Appleton's Guide to Mexico, Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling, and City Government in the United States. Conkling retained the 18th Street stable for about three years before selling it in April, 1887 to Malcolm Graham.
The son of John Lordmer Graham, a prominent attorney and Post Master of New York City, Malcolm Graham (1832-1899) began his career as a clerk in the firm of Smith, Young & Company. After a few years, he became affiliated with the firm of Schuyler, Hartley & Graham (later Hartley & Graham), dealers in guns and ammunition. Malcolm Graham and his partner Marcellus Hartley were also part-owners and officers of the Union Metallic Cartridge Company, the Remington Arms Company, and the Bridgeport Gun Implement Company.
Graham served on the Board of Trustees of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church for many years and was a member of the Century, Metropolitan, Union, Union League, and New York Yacht Clubs. During the 1880s and 1890s he maintained homes in Seabright, New Jersey and at 13 West 17th Street in New York — thus, it seems likely that the 18th Street stable remained a private stable during his lifetime.
The Design of the 140 West 18th Street Stable
The stable at 140 West 18th Street is characteristic of contemporary carriage house design as adapted to a narrow urban lot. Typically, the stable would have been divided into two major ground-floor spaces — a front room for carriages and a rear roam with stalls for horses.
The front portion of the second floor would have contained quarters for the coachman or groom, while the rear would have been used as a hayloft. Windows were restricted to the front of the building to spare neighbors the sights and smells associated with horses, but two large skylights provided additional light to the second-floor rooms.
The facade is designed in a round-arched utilitarian style derived from the German Rundbogenstil (round-arch style). The Rundbogenstil evolved in Germany in the 1820s among a group of progressive architects who sought to create a synthesis of classical and medieval architecture by drawing on historic precedents in the round-arched Byzantine, Romanesque, and Renaissance styles.
Transmitted to this country through the immigration of German and Central European architects in the 1840s as well as through architectural publications, the Rundbogenstil tended to be conflated with other mid-nineteenth century round-arched styles such as the Romanesque and Renaissance Revivals.
Among the major American examples of the round-arched style are Charles Blesch and Leopold Eidlitz's St. George's Church (1846-56) on Stuyvesant Square at 16th Street, Alexander Saeltzer's Astor Library (1849-53, later additions 1859, 1881), at 425 Lafayette Street, and Thomas Tefft's Union Depot, Providence, R.I. (1847, demolished). The style is reflected in the design of the stable at 140 West 18th Street by the choice of materials (unstuccoed brick and locally available sandstone), an emphasis on flat wall surfaces, and a clear definition of architectural elements.
The meshing of classical and medieval motifs is apparent in the incorporation of such details as the Renaissance-inspired cornice and diamond-pointed keystones and the Romanesque-inspired arcades and rusticated bands. Especially noteworthy are the large second-story arches each containing a pair of inscribed arches and a bull's-eye tympanum. This motif, which was thought by nineteenth-century theorists to have originated in northern Italy during the Romanesque period and was widely used during the Renaissance, became a hallmark of the nineteenth-century round-arched styles, both here and in Germany.
Interestingly, the only other remaining group of mid-nineteenth century carriage houses in Manhattan, located at Sniff en Court, is also designed in the round-arched style. At 18th Street, the stables are larger and more elaborate in design.
In addition to its ties to the round-arched style, the design of the 140 West 18th Street stable is distinguished by its skillful superimposition of recessed and projected planes. The double-height arches, carried on slender projected piers, are on a forward plane, while the wall membrane with its door and window openings is recessed. A series of horizontal moldings break forward over the piers to unite the two planes.
The moldings at the arches' imposts at the second story form the capitals for two pilaster orders (a major order which articulates the piers, and a minor order which frames the windows). In addition to their function in this individual design, the repeated use of horizontal elements and the alternation of large and small arches are important elements in creating a strong sense of rhythm and harmony within the row.
While the same decorative treatment is employed for all the buildings in the 18th Street row, this is the only surviving building in which the center and western bays are the same width and the bifurcated arch motif is repeated.
Description
The two-story stable structure at 140 West 18th Street has a frontage of twenty-three feet on West 18th Street, and has been extended from its original depth of eighty-one feet to occupy the entire length of its ninety-two-foot-deep lot. Its painted brick and stone facade is designed in the round-arched style and incorporates Romanesque and Renaissance details.
The facade is organized in an asymmetrical arcaded composition comprising a narrow eastern bay and double-width center and western bays. At the ground story, the bays are articulated by projected piers. Originally, the wide center bay contained a pair of wood carriage doors, the eastern bay an arched entrance, and the western bay a window; the arches were ornamented by diamond-pointed keystones and stone bands ran across the facade at the sill, watertable, impost, and cornice lines.
Today, the ground story has been extensively altered. The corner pier in the eastern bay retains some original ornament but the arched surround has been removed and the door opening reduced in height. There is a metal door topped by stuccoed brick.
A metal roll-down gate spans the entire center bay. In the western bay the stone sill and watertable survive, but the original window surround was removed in 1933 and the window opening enlarged to contain a large multipane-steel-sash window. That window was subsequently removed and the opening has been sealed with brick and stucco. The cornice that originally separated the first and second stories has also been removed.
On the second story the piers carry an arcade in which the center and western arches are both wider and taller than the eastern arch, The arches are set-off by stone keystones. Stone bands mark the impost line of the arches and stone sills are set beneath the winders. (The stone bands have been cut flush with the brickwork and the keystone above the western arch has lost its original profile due to weathering.)
The center and western bays are bisected by small brick pilasters. Each of these bays contains a pair of arched windows which is topped by a molded wood surround that features a central bull's-eye. The windows retain their original wood four-over-four top sash but the lower sash has been replaced. The building is crowned by a simple molded brick entablature.
Subsequent History
In the 1870s and 1880s, the neighborhood to the east of the stables on 18th Street, which had once been exclusively residential, became the heart of New York's chief shopping district as the retail trade expanded along Broadway, Sixth Avenue, and 14th and 23rd Streets.
Several of the original owners of the stables on 18th Street responded to the change in the character of the neighborhood by moving uptown or to the suburbs. At least two of the stables were sold to neighboring businesses. Other owners retained their stables as investments, property values on Sixth Avenue having skyrocketed with the opening of such department stores as B. Altman's at 19th Street (begun 1876) and Hugh O'Neill's near 20th Street (original store opened 1870, present building 1887) , and the completion of the Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway in 1878.
The stable at 140 West 18th Street was retained by the Estate of Malcolm Graham until 1915 when the building was purchased by Margaret Kielev who owned the adjacent former stable building at 142 West 18th Street. In 1933 the two buildings were joined and altered for use as a garage and auto repair shop on the ground floor and manufacturing on the upper floors.
Today, the 140 West 18th Street stable building is a component of one of the two remaining mid-nineteenth century carriage house groups in Manhattan. While the ground story has been altered, the second story is generally well preserved and distinguishes the building as a notable example of the round-arched style as applied to a utilitarian building type.
- From the 1990 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report
On this day in 1960, firefighters fought to stop a fire that spread through Marton Hall. It is said that the nearby lake, in Stewart Park, was pumped dry to dowse the flames but the efforts of the firefighters were not enough to save the grand building. Sixty years on, we look at the history of Marton Hall and ask what remains of it now?
Marton Hall was built in 1853 as a stately home for the industrialist, Henry Bolckow. As the first mayor of Middlesbrough and a member of parliarment, Bolckow needed a home to match his status. The hall was very grand with ornate fireplaces and many statues decorating the dome roof of the tower. During the visit of Prince Arthur of Connaught (son of Queen Victoria) in August 1868, Bolckow held a ball in honour of his royal guest.
Bolckow died in 1878 with no sons to inherit the property. It was left to his nephew, Carl H. Bolckow with the provision it should stay in the family for 4 generations. This was not to be with family members choosing to live elsewhere. For many years the hall remained unoccupied until during the First World War when 19 soldiers were billeted there. In 1928 the building housed an exhibition to celebrate the Captain Cook Bicentenary. The exhibition was organised by the Curator of the Dorman Museum, Dr Frank Elgee.
After the Second World War, the building fell into a state of disrepair. The executors of Carl H. Bolckows estate attempted to sell the building on several occasions but no buyers were interested. A deal was eventually stuck with Middlesbrough Council to buy the surrounding land (now Stewart Park) and the hall itself. In January 1959, the Borough engineer, J A Kenyon, stated in a report that Marton Hall “was of no wider historic or architectural value” and that renovations would cost in the region of £25,000. The council decided to demolish the building and began the work of dismantling it in May 1960.
On 4th June 1960, a fire broke out and ravaged the building. The authorities put the cause down to a discarded cigarette but many rumours have spread regarding other theories including a deathbed confession. Nevertheless the demolition of the building continued – made easier by the fire. All that remains of Marton Hall today is a stone loggia next to the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum and archive photos of the building in our collections and on the My Town, My Future website.
Stewart Park is a 120-acre public park in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, in the suburb and former village of Marton, England.
It holds a Green Flag Award from the Civic Trust. The Middlesbrough campus of Askham Bryan College and the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum are within its grounds.
The park was the estate of Henry Bolckow one of Middlesbrough's ironmasters and the borough's first mayor. Bolckow landscaped the estate and in 1858 built Marton Hall in the estate. To indicate the site of the cottage where Captain James Cook was born he had erected a pink granite vase still present today.
The estate was eventually bought by Councillor Thomas Dormand Stewart, in 1924, for the people of Middlesbrough. Stewart intended it to be "a public possession, open and accessible to all the people, at all times".[citation needed] Stewart's Park was officially opened to the public on 23 May 1928.
After the Second World War, Marton Hall stood empty for many years in a state of disrepair. In January 1959, the Borough engineer, A Kenyon, stated in a report, "The Hall....was of no wide historic or architectural value" and that renovations would cost in the region of £25,000. The council decided to demolish the building.
Work to demolish the Hall started in May 1960, but on 6 June a fire broke out and tore through the building. The ten fire appliances sent to tackle fire were hampered by the lack of water supply in the area, and the building was destroyed. The hall's conservatory continued to be open to the public for a number of years, but was eventually demolished in the mid-1990s. A stone loggia next to the museum is all that is left of the hall. The remaining Victorian estate buildings were later utilised as park depot buildings and council offices.
The Captain Cook Birthplace Museum (opened October 1978) is also within the park, which was built over the eastern part of Marton. In September 1998, an archaeological survey showed evidence of this part of Marton. In 2003, the eastern part of Marton village (misleadingly called "East Marton" as if it was a separate village) was the subject of Channel 4's archaeological television programme Time Team, presented by Tony Robinson.
The park covers about 120 acres (0.5 km2) and consists mainly of mature woodland and arboretum on the south side, with open parkland on the northern side. There are two lakes, which are the home to Canada and greylag geese, moorhens, coots and various types of duck. A pets' corner houses several types of domesticated animals: fallow deer, highland cattle, llamas, goats, peacocks, pheasants, rabbits and guinea pigs.
Part of the Victorian estate complex is open to the public and includes a cafe, and visitor centre. Various nature, heritage, orienteering and tree trails are provided in the park. Play areas for children include a climbing frame named after HMS Endeavour, Captain James Cook's ship.
The Captain Cook Birthplace museum is situated in the middle of the park and is open to visitors from April to November.
Middlesbrough is a town in the Middlesbrough unitary authority borough of North Yorkshire, England. The town lies near the mouth of the River Tees and north of the North York Moors National Park. The built-up area had a population of 148,215 at the 2021 UK census. It is the largest town of the wider Teesside area, which had a population of 376,633 in 2011.
Until the early 1800s, the area was rural farmland in the historic county of Yorkshire. The town was a planned development which started in 1830, based around a new port with coal and later ironworks added. Steel production and ship building began in the late 1800s, remaining associated with the town until the post-industrial decline of the late twentieth century. Trade (notably through ports) and digital enterprise sectors contemporarily contribute to the local economy, Teesside University and Middlesbrough College to local education.
Middlesbrough was made a municipal borough in 1853. When elected county councils were created in 1889, Middlesbrough was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became a county borough, independent from North Riding County Council. The borough of Middlesbrough was abolished in 1968 when the area was absorbed into the larger County Borough of Teesside. Six years later in 1974 Middlesbrough was re-established as a borough within the new county of Cleveland. Cleveland was abolished in 1996, since when Middlesbrough has been a unitary authority within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire.
Middlesbrough started as a Benedictine priory on the south bank of the River Tees, its name possibly derived from it being midway between the holy sites of Durham and Whitby. The earliest recorded form of Middlesbrough's name is "Mydilsburgh", containing the term burgh.
In 686, a monastic cell was consecrated by St. Cuthbert at the request of St. Hilda, Abbess of Whitby. The manor of Middlesburgh belonged to Whitby Abbey and Guisborough Priory.[1] Robert Bruce, Lord of Cleveland and Annandale, granted and confirmed, in 1119, the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg to Whitby. Up until its closure on the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII in 1537, the church was maintained by 12 Benedictine monks, many of whom became vicars, or rectors, of various places in Cleveland.
After the Angles, the area became home to Viking settlers. Names of Viking origin (with the suffix by meaning village) are abundant in the area; for example, Ormesby, Stainsby and Tollesby were once separate villages that belonged to Vikings called Orm, Steinn and Toll that are now areas of Middlesbrough were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Other names around Middlesbrough include the village of Maltby (of Malti) along with the towns of Ingleby Barwick (Anglo-place and barley-wick) and Thornaby (of Thormod).
Links persist in the area, often through school or road names, to now-outgrown or abandoned local settlements, such as the medieval settlement of Stainsby, deserted by 1757, which amounts to little more today than a series of grassy mounds near the A19 road.
In 1801, Middlesbrough was a small farm with a population of just 25; however, during the latter half of the 19th century, it experienced rapid growth. In 1828 the influential Quaker banker, coal mine owner and Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) shareholder Joseph Pease sailed up the River Tees to find a suitable new site downriver of Stockton on which to place new coal staithes. As a result, in 1829 he and a group of Quaker businessmen bought the Middlesbrough farmstead and associated estate, some 527 acres (213 ha) of land, and established the Middlesbrough Estate Company.
Through the company, the investors set about a new coal port development (designed by John Harris) on the southern banks of the Tees. The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed with a settlement to the east established on the site of Middlesbrough farm as labour for the port, taking on the farm's name as it developed into a village. The small farmstead became a village of streets such as North Street, South Street, West Street, East Street, Commercial Street, Stockton Street and Cleveland Street, laid out in a grid-iron pattern around a market square, with the first house being built on West Street in April 1830. New businesses bought premises and plots of land in the new town including: shippers, merchants, butchers, innkeepers, joiners, blacksmiths, tailors, builders and painters.
The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed just to the west of the site earmarked for the location of Middlesbrough. The port was linked to the S&DR on 27 December 1830 via a branch that extended to an area just north of the current Middlesbrough railway station, helping secure the town's future.
The success of the port meant it soon became overwhelmed by the volume of imports and exports, and in 1839 work started on Middlesbrough Dock. Laid out by Sir William Cubitt, the whole infrastructure was built by resident civil engineer George Turnbull. After three years and an expenditure of £122,000 (equivalent to £9.65 million at 2011 prices), first water was let in on 19 March 1842, and the formal opening took place on 12 May 1842. On completion, the docks were bought by the S&DR.
Iron and steel have dominated the Tees area since 1841 when Henry Bolckow in partnership with John Vaughan, founded the Vulcan iron foundry and rolling mill. Vaughan, who had worked his way up through the Iron industry in South Wales, used his technical expertise to find a more abundant supply of Ironstone in the Eston Hills in 1850, and introduced the new "Bell Hopper" system of closed blast furnaces developed at the Ebbw Vale works. These factors made the works an unprecedented success with Teesside becoming known as the "Iron-smelting centre of the world" and Bolckow, Vaughan & Co., Ltd became the largest company in existence.
By 1851 Middlesbrough's population had grown from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600. Pig iron production rose tenfold between 1851 and 1856 and by the mid-1870s Middlesbrough was producing one third of the entire nations Pig Iron output. It was during this time Middlesbrough earned the nickname "Ironopolis".
On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received its Royal Charter of Incorporation, giving the town the right to have a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Henry Bolckow became mayor, in 1853.
A Welsh community was established in Middlesbrough sometime before the 1840s, with mining being the main form of employment. These migrants included figures who would become important leaders in the commercial, political and cultural life of the town:
John Vaughan established Teesside's first ironworks in 1841, The Vulcan Works at Middlesbrough. Vaughan had worked his way up through the industry at the Dowlais Ironworks in south Wales and encouraged hundreds of the skilled Welsh workers to follow him to Teesside.
Edward Williams (iron-master), although he was the grandson of the famous Welsh Bard Iolo Morganwg, Edward had started as a mere clerk at Dowlais. His move to the Tees saw him rise to ironmaster, alderman, magistrate and Mayor of Middlesbrough. Edward was also the father of Aneurin and Penry, who both became Liberal MPs for the area.
E.T. John arrived from Pontypridd as a junior clerk in Williams' office. John became the director of several industrial enterprises and a radical politician.
Windsor Richards, an Engineer and manager, oversaw the town's transition from iron to steel production.
Much like the contemporary Welsh migration to America, the Welsh of Middlesbrough came almost exclusively from the iron-smelting and coal districts of South Wales. By 1861 42% of the town's ironworkers identified as Welsh and one in twenty of the total population. Place names such as "Welch Cottages" and "Welch Place" appeared around the Vulcan works, and Middlesbrough became a centre for the Welsh communities at Witton Park, Spennymoor, Consett and Stockton on Tees (especially Portrack). David Williams also recorded that a number of the Welsh workers at the Hughesovka Ironworks in 1869 had migrated from Middlesbrough.
A Welsh Baptist chapel was active in the town as early as 1858, and St Hilda's Anglican church began providing services in the Welsh language. Churches and chapels were the centres of Welsh culture, supporting choirs, Sunday Schools, social societies, adult education, lectures and literary meetings. By the 1870s, many more Welsh chapels were built (one reputed to seat 500 people), and the first Eisteddfodau were held.
By the 1880s, a "Welsh cultural revival" was underway, with the Eisteddfodau attracting competitors and spectators from outside the Welsh communities. In 1890 the Middlesbrough Town Hall hosted the first Cleveland and Durham Eisteddfod, an event notable for its non-denominational inclusivity, with Irish Catholic choirs and the bishop of the newly created Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough as honoured guests.
In the early twentieth century this Eisteddfod had become the biggest annual event in the town and the largest annual Eisteddfod outside Wales. The Eisteddfod had a clear impact on the culture of the town, especially through its literary and music events, by 1911 the Eisteddfod had twenty-two classes of musical competition only two of which were for Welsh language content. By 1914, thirty choirs from across the area were competing in 284 entries. A choral tradition remained part of the town's culture long after the eisteddfod and chapels had gone. In 2012 an exhibition at the Dorman Museum marked the Apollo Male Voice Choir's 125 years as an active choir in the town.
Industrial Wales was noted for its "radical Liberal-Labour" politics, and the rhetoric of these politicians clearly won favour with the urban population of the North East. Penry Williams and Jonathan Samuel won the seats of Middlesbrough and Stockton-on-Tees for the Liberal Party and Penry's brother, Aneurin would also win the newly created Consett seat in 1918.
Sir Horace Davey stressed his Welsh lineage and stated that "it was scarcely an exaggeration to say that Welshmen had founded Middlesbrough", courting the Welsh vote that saw him elected MP for Stockton. However, others complained that local Conservative candidates were losing to "Fenians and Welshers" (Irish and Welsh people).
These sentiments had grown by 1900 when Samuel lost his seat after a Unionist complained publicly that the town had been "forced to submit to the indignity of being trailed ignominiously through the mire by Welsh constituents". Samuel lost the seat but regained it in 1910 with a campaign that made few, if any, references to his Welsh background.
From 1861 to 1871, the census of England & Wales showed that Middlesbrough consistently had the second highest percentage of Irish born people in England after Liverpool. The Irish population in 1861 accounted for 15.6% of the total population of Middlesbrough. In 1871 the amount had dropped to 9.2% yet this still placed Middlesbrough's Irish population second in England behind Liverpool. Due to the rapid development of the town and its industrialisation there was much need for people to work in the many blast furnaces and steel works along the banks of the Tees. This attracted many people from Ireland, who were in much need of work. As well as people from Ireland, the Scottish, Welsh and overseas inhabitants made up 16% of Middlesbrough's population in 1871. A second influx of Irish migration was observed in the early 1900s as Middlesbrough's steel industry boomed producing 1/3 of Britain's total steel output. This second influx lasted through to the 1950s after which Irish migration to Middlesbrough saw a drastic decline. Middlesbrough no longer has a strong Irish presence, with Irish born residents making up around 2% of the current population, however there is still a strong cultural and historical connection with Ireland mainly through the heritage and ancestry of many families within Middlesbrough.
The town's rapid expansion continued throughout the second half of the 19th century, fuelled by the iron and steel industry. In 1864 the North Riding Infirmary (an ear, nose and mouth hospital) opened in Newport Road; this was demolished in 2006.
On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year. In 1875, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co opened the Cleveland Steelworks in Middlesbrough beginning the transition from Iron production to Steel and by the turn of the century. Henry Bolckow died in 1878 and left an endowment of £5,000 for the infirmary.
In the latter third of the 19th century, Old Middlesbrough was starting to decline and was overshadowed by developments built around the new town hall, south of the original town hall, the town's population reaching 90,000 by the dawn of the 20th century.[9] In 1900, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co had become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain and possibly came to be one of the major steel centres in the world.
In 1914, Dorman Long, another major steel producer from Middlesbrough, became the largest company in Britain. It employed a workforce of over 20,000 and by 1929 and gained enough to take over from Bolckow, Vaughan & Co's dominance and to acquire their assets. The steel components of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932) were engineered and fabricated by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough. The company was also responsible for the New Tyne Bridge in Newcastle.
Several large shipyards also lined the Tees, including the Sir Raylton Dixon & Company, Smith's Dock Company of South Bank and Furness Shipbuilding Company of Haverton Hill.
Middlesbrough was the first major British town and industrial target to be bombed during the Second World War. The Luftwaffe first attacked the town on 25 May 1940 when a lone bomber dropped 13 bombs between South Bank Road and the South Steel Plant. One of the bombs fell on the South Bank football ground making a large crater in the pitch. The bomber was forced to leave after RAF night fighters were scrambled to intercept. Two months after the first bombing Prime Minister Winston Churchill visited the town to meet the public and inspect coastal defences.
German bombers often flew over the Eston Hills while heading for targets further inland, such as Manchester. On 30 March 1941 a Junkers Ju 88 was shot down by two Spitfires of No. 41 Squadron, piloted by Tony Lovell and Archie Winskill, over Middlesbrough. The aircraft dived into the ground at Barnaby Moor, Eston; the engines and most of the airframe were entirely buried upon impact.
On 5 December 1941 a Spitfire of No. 122 Squadron, piloted by Sgt Hutton, crashed into rising ground near Mill Farm, Upsall, on the lower slopes of Eston Hills. Poor visibility due to bad weather and low cloud is believed to have been the cause of the crash.
On 15 January 1942, minutes after being hit by gunfire from a merchant ship anchored off Hartlepool, a Dornier Do 217 collided with the cable of a barrage balloon over the River Tees. The blazing bomber plummeted onto the railway sidings in South Bank leaving a crater twelve feet deep. In 1997 the remains of the Dornier were unearthed by a group of workers clearing land for redevelopment; the remains were put on display for a short while at Kirkleatham museum.
On 4 August 1942 a lone Dornier Do 217 picked its way through the barrage balloons and dropped a stick of bombs onto the railway station. One bomb caused serious damage to the Victorian glass and steel roof. A train in the station was also badly damaged although there were no passengers aboard. The station was put out action for two weeks.
The Green Howards was a British Army infantry regiment very strongly associated with Middlesbrough and the area south of the River Tees. Originally formed at Dunster Castle, Somerset in 1688 to serve King William of Orange, later King William III, this regiment became affiliated to the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1782. As Middlesbrough grew, its population of men came to be a group most targeted by the recruiters. The Green Howards were part of the King's Division. On 6 June 2006, this famous regiment was merged into the new Yorkshire Regiment and are now known as 2 Yorks, The 2nd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (Green Howards). There is also a Territorial Army (TA) company at Stockton Road in Middlesbrough, part of 4 Yorks which is wholly reserve.
Post Second World War to contemporary era
By the end of the war over 200 buildings had been destroyed within the Middlesbrough area. The borough lost 99 civilians as a result of enemy action.
Areas of early and mid-Victorian housing were demolished and much of central Middlesbrough was redeveloped. Heavy industry was relocated to areas of land better suited to the needs of modern technology. Middlesbrough itself began to take on a completely different look.
Middlesbrough's 1903 Gaumont cinema, originally an opera house until the 1930s, was demolished in 1971. The Cleveland Centre opened in the same year. In 1974, Middlesbrough and other areas around the Tees, became part of the county of Cleveland. This was to create a county within a single NUTS region of England, with the UK joining the European Union predecessor (European Communities) a year earlier.
Middlesbrough's Royal Exchange building was demolished, to make way for the road. A multi-storey the Star and Garter Hotel built in the 1890s near to the exchange on the site of a former Welsh Congregational Church, was also demolished. The Victorian era North Riding Infirmary was demolished in 2006 and replaced by a hotel and supermarket.
The Cleveland Centre opened in 1971, Hill Street shopping centre opened in 1981 and Captain Cook Square opened in 1999.
Middlesbrough F.C.'s modern Riverside Stadium opened on 26 August 1995 next to Middlesbrough Dock. The club moved from Ayresome Park their previous home in the town for 92 years.
With the abolition of Cleveland County in 1996, Middlesbrough again became part of North Yorkshire.
The original St.Hilda's area of Middlesbrough, after decades of decline and clearance, was given a new name of Middlehaven in 1986 on investment proposals to build on the land. Middlehaven has since had new buildings built there including Middlesbrough College and Middlesbrough FC's Riverside Stadium amongst others. Also situated at Middlehaven is the "Boho" zone, offering office space to the area's business and to attract new companies, and also "Bohouse", housing. Some of the street names from the original grid-iron street plan of the town still exist in the area today.
The expansion of Middlesbrough southwards, eastwards and westwards continued throughout the 20th century absorbing villages such as Linthorpe, Acklam, Ormesby, Marton and Nunthorpe[9] and continues to the present day.
R101 HUA
Mercedes-Benz O1120L/Ferqui Solera C35F
Cooper's Coaches, Rothwell
Rothwell, 25 August 2005
New as an Optare demonstrator
This marked the start of the tie-up between Optare and Ferqui, being the original demonstrator for the Solera launched in 1998. Following Mr Cooper's sudden death his executor sold the business to Minesh Uka (Hamiltons Coaches), who already operated the Plaxton coach in the garage behind.
"Near heer lieth ye body of Thomas Anguish late citizen & alderman of Norwich & sometimes mayor of this city who deceased the 26th January AD 1617 aged 79, who had to wife Elizabeth daughter of Edmund Thurston and had issue by her 9 sonnes and 3 daughters, where of at his death their were living 5 sonnes only"
"William Anguish, +++ gent, dyed the 6th day of July 1668 to whose memorie John Anguish esq, his nephew and executor dedicated this inscription"
Now crammed behind the organ, monument to Thomas Anguish (1536 - 1617) www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/0BX434 in the robes of an alderman, who kneels with his wife & family. Placed here at his request above his "seat where he usually sat" and is by Nicholas Stone costing £20 double the amount he had left in his will for this purpose.
Thomas was the youngest of 3 sons of Thomas Anguish of Foulsham by Anne Thimblethorp
He m Elizabeth c 1619 daughter of grocer Edmund Thurston ++ to whom Thomas was apprenticed . Their house and shop was in Tombland (on the corner of Tombland and Wensum Street, now part of the Maid’s Head Hotel)
He took over his father in law's grocery business and prospered, becoming a freeman of Norwich in 1573. and took an active role in city life, serving as Sheriff, Mayor and Speaker of the Council. He was elected mayor in 1611, and as was usual there was a pageant and firework display. Sadly the cord suspended with fireworks collapsed causing the deaths of 33 bystanders. The occasion was described by a local catholic commentator as "a scourge to that wicked citie and puritan mayor .. being Anguish did portend anguish and sorrow to the people" Thereafter fireworks were banned from Guildhall feasts
Children 9 sons & 3 daughters (5 sons survived their father)
1. John 1569-1571
2. Alexander 1577-1579
3. John 1578-1643, alderman m Mary Aldrich d1640 grand daughter of alderman John Aldrich father in law of Edmund Thurston ++)
4. Edmund 1574-1657 of Great Melton m1 Dorothy Marsham
d1604 in childbirth with her baby m2 Alice d1642 daughter of John Drake of Herringfleet (their grand daughter Anne Wodehouse is at Kimberley flic.kr/p/CdKoLk whose son inherited Great Melton)
5. Alexander 1579-1581
6. Richard 1581- 1616 Fellow of protestant college Corpus Christi
7. Alexander 1582-1654 alderman of St Peter Mancroft m Catherine Barrett
8.. Cicely 1583-1584
9. Hester 1585-1617 m Richard son of John Mann
10, Margaret 1587-1588
11. Thomas 1590-1622 m Anne daughter of Francis Smallpiece & Anne daughter of John Aldrich, who m2 John Dethick
12. William 1593-1668
A patron of the cathedral who with his son Edmund, bequeathed a new organ for the choir and had a standing order for repairs from 1607 to 1609
Thomas also bequeathed a property in Fishergate to the Corporation to be used as a hostel "for the keeping and bringing up and teaching of very poor children" which was opened in 1621 - Boys were first to be admitted, with girls following some years later. It still survives www.anguishseducationalfoundation.org.uk/about-us/ There was also a foundling hospital begun in 1618 where annual sermon was to be preached on its founders day.
Thomas was certainly a Calvinist if not a puritan - The fireworks episode must have preyed on his mind as his will states he died in the assurance that Christ "hath of his own free will and greate mean fully paide and satisfied the wrath of God the Father due unto me for my synne. And that through his blessed merit, death and passion I shall have and enjoy the fruition and benefit of everlasting life to joyn with Him in eternall joy and happiness among the elect children of God for ever"
+++ Will of William Anguish of Norwich, gentleman. To be buried in St. George Tombland parish, where I was born. ;£10 to the parish for his burying-place in that church, near my father; poor at death, £20, to be sent for distribution to Court of Aldermen ; all my tenants in St. Tedmond's a quarter's rent ; Goody Dix, widow, " that have my ground," £2 ; cousin Ann
James, widow; cousin Edmund Anguish of Great Melton, £10; cousin Ann Blackborne, wife of Henry, ;{£10 ; cousin Elizabeth Cassell, widow, £10; cousin Ester Bayfield, £10; cousin
Mary Browne, wife of Miles Browne, ^10 ; cousin Ann Rix, dau. of my sister, dec. long ago ; William Anguish, godson; son of cousin Richard, a clerk; Mr. Richard Wenman of Norwich,
alderman ; Edward Lome of Cawston ; Mr. Thomas Stoughton of Hockering, clerk ; cousin Ester Clark, widow ; cousin William Anguish, godson, of London, son of cousin Edmund of Great Melton; cousin Mr. John Anguish of Great Melton, now of Lynn, son of bro. Edmund, deceased ; to said John, garden, &c., bought of Alderman Rose and Abraham Leman, now
occupied by widow Dix, gardener; houses, &c., in St. Tedmond to cousin John Anguish of Great Melton, which my father, Mr. Thomas Anguish of Norwich, alderman, dec, gave me. Residue to said cousin John, sole executor. Witnesses, Thomas and William Gorie. Dated 13 July, 1666; proved g July, 1668. - Church of St George Tombland Norwich , Norfolk
It was a lovely ceremony on the beach, where people shared memories of Brian. David, his executor and old friend committed the ashes to the sea, then we followed up with roses. His friend Lloyd and his great niece Martina took in the Pride Parade and some of the festivities after we hosted folks at the house for birthday cake. We chose the 20th for the memorial as it was Brian's birthday, as well as Lloyds - it's amazing when two friends have the exact same birthday. Larry and Brian had previously bought the pink t-shirts to wear to the parade he had intended to watch. After all that, Larry and I drove Lloyd and Martina to a couple of the places Brian had lived prior to him moving in with us, as well as a couple of the places he had worked, to give them a sense of 'Brian's Halifax.' Martina was a young girl the last time she saw him. We're only saying good-bye to his earthly presence, he will live in our hearts forever.
Accounts.
SURROGATE'S COURT,
County Of New York.
In the Matter
of
the Judicial Settlement of the Account of Proceedings of Harry B. Hollins,John L. Cadwalader and Frederick Ogden Beach, as Executors of the Last Will and Testament of CONSUELO, DOWAGER
Duchess Of Manchester, deceased.
14
Extract from Account of Proceedings,
Verified 20th May, 1912.
SCHEDULE II.
Statement of other fuets affecting the administration of the Estate.
The testatrix up to the time of her marriage, had been an American citizen, residing in New York, but by reason of her marriage became a British subject and a resident of London, England. At the time of her death the larger part ofher estate was located in New York and elsewhere in the United States, and with reference to that property she provided for a separate administration by the executors now accounting herein and by them in their
15 17
18 Extracts from American Executors' Accounts
capacities are trustees. The remaining property is under administration by the general executors and trustees under a grant of probate in England.
Death duties or taxes on all the property of the estate, including that in America, have been levied in England, the place of domicile of the testatrix, but these taxes have not been entirely collected owing to the fact that the payment would occasion a deficiency of assets under the control of the executors in England unless recourse were had to jewelry, personal belongings located in England, and the family residence in London. The duties so imposed are of three-fold character, denominated respectively Estate, Legacy and Settlement Estate Duties, and with regard to the property under the control and administration by the executors accounting herein the amount levied aggregated the sum of £71,700. All these duties are levied on rights ofsuccession enjoyed by the legatees under the will by the law of England. Nevertheless, the bulk of the estate of the testatrix is under the control of the executors appointed by this court, and is to remain under administration by them on distribution to them as trustees. The general executors who were appointed in England have ascertained that after using all available personal securities and cash under their control in paying the duties charged on both classes of property—viz., on the American estate and general estate—there will be a deficit of £20,000 or thereabouts, unless recourse be had to personal belongings, jewelry, pictures and heirlooms of the testatrix, which in large part were specifically bequeathed, the family residence in London, which is a leasehold and which is located at Number #5 Grosvenor Square, London and the contents of said residence.
In a suit brought in the High Court of Justice
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20
Extracts from American Executors' Accounts 19
in England, Chancery Division, by the general executors against the Duke andDuchess of Manchester and their children and other persons interested in the estate, to determine a number of questions affecting the administration of the estate, and among them the question whether the general executors were liable to pay death duties in England on the American assets, a judgment was rendered to the effect that the death duties in England hereinabove referred to were properly payable by the general executors upon the entire estate, including the American assets. Such further proceedings Mere taken under that judgment that an order was made therein, dated February 20, 1912, charging such death duties upon the estate, and intimating that any sums of money sent by the American executors to England might be impounded for the payment ofsuch death duties as were charged by reason of succession under the will to the American assets, whatever the purpose of such payments or to whomever made.
The executors of the estate in England have urged that the American executors should remit to 21 them sufficient amounts of capital to supply such deficit and thereby avoid the necessity of a sale of the personal heirlooms and belongings, and the family residence in London, as there are ample assets under the control of the American executors.
An order was therefore made on the 28th day of March, 1912, in the said suit hereinbefore referred to by which it was directed that unless the American executors should remit to the general executors the sum of £20,000 within a certain time specified, the executors in England should proceed to a sale of the leasehold No. 5 Orosvenor Square. It has been urged that such payment would subserve the orderly administration of the estate and the in22 Extracts fromAmerican Executors' Accounts
terests of the family, and, besides, remove a reason for adverse action and litigation in impounding the income which the American executors remit to the family of the testatrix and annuitants in England.
The accounting executors have been of the opinion, should the court so order, that in the decree to be entered settling these accounts there should be some provision authorizing and directing the ac„„ counting executors to remit to Viscount Duncannon and Thomas Rawle, as general executors of the will ofthe testatrix, the sum of £20,000, or thereabouts, with which to pay such deficit of
£20,000.
* * » »
Extracts from Supplemental Account of
Proceedings Verified July 15, 1912.
SCHEDULE C 1.
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Payments from capital for crpcimcs of administration.
June 7, 1912—Voucher No. 1.
Remitted Vise o u n t Duncannon and
Thomas Rawle Trustees, by draft on
London, £20,000 at 4.8720 exchange.. $97,440.00
(Reing amount advanced to meet de-
ficit in English Death Duties on
American assets.)
» * * *
HARRY II. HOLLINS,
JOHN L. CADWALADER,
FREDERICK OGDEN REACH,
Executors.
*******
Extract from Supplemental Account of Proceedings 25
SCHEDULE H.
Statement of other facts affecting the administration of the Estate.
Since the prior accounting it was found that the premises No. 5 Grosvenor Square, London, were likely to be sold, unless the money was advanced by the American executors to meet the English Death Duties, as set forth in Schedule H of such prior accounting. The American executors, there- 26 fore, made the said payment of £20,000 which is shown in Schedule C 1 of this account, and thereupon an order was duly entered in the suit referred to in such prior account staying the sale of the said residence property.
ON 21 April 1963 I spent one of my few nights away from home whilst on a weekend tour of the Yorkshire area railway sheds with a Bristol Railway Touring club. The night was spent in central Leeds, and a short walk away from the hotel was one of the central area bus stations. The only Ledgard ( to be precise, the Executors of Samuel Ledgard) bus to be seen during the time I was there was MUA860, a 1949 Leyland bodied Leyland PD2/1, bought new by the company. How strange to think that the photograph may well taken using an external flash gun with disposable bulbs that crunched satisfyingly beneath one's shoes when used!
1885 Abstract of Title 38 Belle View Road under Will of Stephen Cockburn, Ironmonger, Ramsgate, Kent.
23 August 1866 Conveyance between Revd.’ James Gillman of 14 Wimbledon Park Road, Wandsworth, Surrey and Stephen Cockburn of Ramsgate, Ironmonger. Stephen Cockburn was married to his wife, Sarah. (Note seems a bit of confusion in marriage dates… 5th July 1836 is the correct date of Stephen Cockburn’s marriage to Sarah Herridge at St. George's Church, Ramsgate, Kent) to sell 38 Belle View Road, formerly known as 2 Arklow Square.
17th January 1845 Indenture between, Elizabeth Hutchinson, Widow, John Hake, Grocer, Revd.’ James Gillman (then of the Parish of Barfreystone, Kent) Thomas Hodges Grove Snowden to sell to Stephen Cockburn.
List of previous occupants is given:
Thomas Grundy, James Craven, Louisa Holman.
2nd May 1873 Will of Stephen Cockburn known as the elder. Executors were wife, Sarah Cockburn, daughter Sarah Cockburn and Son Edward Cockburn. Who along with his other two sons Stephen Cockburn and George Cockburn were beneficiaries under the Will.
10th July 1877 Stephen Cockburn known as the elder died.
5th December 1884 his wife Sarah Cockburn died
Church of Simon and St Jude,
Monument to Sir John Pettus †1614 and Bridget Curtis and Sir Augustine Pettus †1613, alabaster. Commissioned by Thomas Pettus, Sir John’s second son, the executor of his will. Unknown, probably Norwich mason, also responsible for the Suckling monuments in St Andrew’s, restored 2007/8.
St Simon and St Jude was declared redundant in the 1890s, and abandoned in the 1930s. Now owned by the Norwich Churches Trust it has been saved from its state of collapse in the 1930s, but the inside has been butchered by the addition of the nave mezzanine. This makes it impossible to appreciate the monument to Sir John and his family, on filling the north wall flanking the chancel arch. Mercifully the late George Plunkett took a full set of photographs of the interior in the 1930s, including the monument (www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/norwichsimonjude/plunkett/plunk...).
The monument rises from an impressive coloured alabaster base, to the Pettus coat of arms flanked by two obelisks. Sir John in his mayoral robes (he was Mayor in 1608) appears to kneel at a prayer desk opposite his wife, Bridget Curtis, although there is no sign of their legs. Blomefield writing in the 18th century mistook the armorials and identified the kneeling figure as Sir Augustine, who, unlike his father, was never Mayor of Norwich. Most of the literature has followed Blomefield, who was corrected by the Norfolk Heraldry Society (information from Tony Sims). Sir John and Lady Bridget are flanked by pilasters; his decorated with lances, hers with pomegranates and other fruit. Their children, two sons and two daughters kneel underneath, while Sir Augustine, who had died under a year before his father, is repeated lying stiffly in his full armour looking out from the monument, his head propped on his right arm, holding what could be a gauntlet or drinking horn, showing the fingers of a small hand.
Sir John had moved beyond both the family’s relative humble origins as tailors and local politics when in 1604 he had become the first Norwich Member since 1558 to be elected to two consecutive parliaments. He was active as an MP, while continuing his charitable work in Norwich. At the death of his father he had inherited considerable wealth, as well as the family house on Elm Hill, once extending to the churchyard, now nos. 41-43, and the estate at Rackheath, since at death his moveable goods, which included a substantial armoury of nine guns, were valued at £952 19s. 6d and the house on Elm Hill contained 27 rooms, together with stables for eight horses.
Blomefield, An Essay towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk: volume 4: The History of the City and County of Norwich, part II, ‘chapter 42: East Wimer ward', (1806), pp. 329-367; Chris Kyle, ‘Sir John Pettus’ in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629, , ed. Andrew Thrush and John P. Ferris, 2010.
1885 Abstract of Title 38 Belle View Road under Will of Stephen Cockburn, Ironmonger, Ramsgate, Kent.
23 August 1866 Conveyance between Revd.’ James Gillman of 14 Wimbledon Park Road, Wandsworth, Surrey and Stephen Cockburn of Ramsgate, Ironmonger. Stephen Cockburn was married to his wife, Sarah. (Note seems a bit of confusion in marriage dates… 5th July 1836 is the correct date of Stephen Cockburn’s marriage to Sarah Herridge at St. George's Church, Ramsgate, Kent) to sell 38 Belle View Road, formerly known as 2 Arklow Square.
17th January 1845 Indenture between, Elizabeth Hutchinson, Widow, John Hake, Grocer, Revd.’ James Gillman (then of the Parish of Barfreystone, Kent) Thomas Hodges Grove Snowden to sell to Stephen Cockburn.
List of previous occupants is given:
Thomas Grundy, James Craven, Louisa Holman.
2nd May 1873 Will of Stephen Cockburn known as the elder. Executors were wife, Sarah Cockburn, daughter Sarah Cockburn and Son Edward Cockburn. Who along with his other two sons Stephen Cockburn and George Cockburn were beneficiaries under the Will.
10th July 1877 Stephen Cockburn known as the elder died.
5th December 1884 his wife Sarah Cockburn died
Strobist info:
- Nikon SB-25 at 1/4 power high camera right with shoot-through umbrella,
- Nikon SB-600 at 1/4 power behind model as rim light, both fired with Blazzeo (PT-04) wireless flash trigger.
Heraldry / shield - arms of Browne (3 mallets) and Elmes ( William Browne 1498 1489 www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/40333i founder of Browne's Hosptial and his grandson and executor William Thomas Elmes ) - Browne's Hospital Stamford Lincolnshire
Alexander Justice. A general treatise of the dominion of the sea: and a compleat body of the sea-laws. London: Printed for the executors of J. Nicholson, J. and B. Sprint ... and R. Smith ..., [1710?].
Sorry – neigh, neigh – I can’t stop to talk! I’m in a rush. I’m the lead sea horse pulling Poseidon through the waters of the deep. That’s his son Triton swimming alongside us, blowing his conch shell. This book was published in the early eighteenth century, when the British navy was the master of the seas – which meant that many readers were interested in knowing about the law governing the seas. You won’t learn my name, and you’ll never catch me! We’re on our way to Mystic Seaport!
Folio from Quran, 750-800 AD (2nd century AH) (Syria?)
Black, red and green ink on vellum
33.3 x 400 mm (leaf)
267 x 320 mm (text block)
A QUR'AN FOLIO, NORTH AFRICA OR THE NEAR EAST, LATE 8TH CENTURY
Qur'an manuscript leaf on vellum, with 16ll. of elegant black kufic with pronounced circular letters, diacritics indicated with black lines, vocalization of red and occasional green dots, verse endings marked with groups of three diagonal lines.
Roundel 10-verse marker on obverse, line 8
Alif 5-verse marker on reverse, line 8
According to a friend, the entire folio is from Surah 5: al-Ma'ida: The Table Spread With Food and starts with the last part of Verse 101 and runs through the first part of verse 106. Verses 101-105 address faith, with Allah (the Beneficent and Merciful) demanding believers give up their other faiths they've held onto out of tradition, but also forgives them for having done so. Verse 103 alludes to some of those traditions, which are similar to the Hindu practice of letting cows loose to wander freely. Verse 106 addresses appointing two good and pious men as executors of one's dying will.
Condition: Well.... Top and bottom halves are completely separated horizontally and there's a vertical crease in the middle, suggesting the leaf was folded into quarters. Numerous other signs of wear. Text on both sides is complete but barely legible on obverse (pages are turned left to right). Tear and repairs (obverse) affect all of line 9 and the 10-verse marker, and some of lines 7 and 9. Remnants on obverse of tape used to hold top and bottom together at one time. The only mitigating factors are that descriptions of other leaves suggest similar horizontal tears, and even a leaf missing its last three lines was desirable, though that came from a famous collection.
Provenance: Acquired in 2018 from an Amsterdam antiques dealer retiring and selling off his eclectic stock (viz. paintings, prints, glass, nautical antiques, etc.). I had known him several years. When I asked him where he'd gotten this manuscript, he couldn't recall, but he had had it in storage since the 1980s.
As about 90 leaves appear extant, out of a conjectured 500-600 in the total text, my leaf has at least a 1 in 6 or 7 chance of following or preceding a known page.
Similar folios:
Two at LACMA - "Abbasid Caliphate, late 8th century"
(M.73.5.508) - collections.lacma.org/node/240038
(M.2002.1.383) - collections.lacma.org/node/204570 (white and green alif every 5 verses, roundel every 10)
One at Brooklyn Museum - Abbasid / 8th-9th century (same white and green alif every 5 verses, roundel every 10, as LACMA)
(1995.186 ) www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/154555
One at Bonhams - Sale 25 April 2017, 11:00 BST - late 8th century - early 9th century AD (Syria?)
www.bonhams.com/auctions/24197/lot/3/?category=list - (Roundel, no alif)
One at Ashmolean - late 8th century - early 9th century AD - Roundel, no alif
jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/8/per_page/25/offse...
Three individual leaves and an incredible bonanza of 76 leaves, at Christies:
Art of the Islamic and Indian Worlds Including Oriental Rugs and Carpets, 2019 (76 leaves)
A SUBSTANTIAL GROUP OF LARGE KUFIC QUR’AN LEAVES
LATE UMAYYAD OR EARLY ABBASID, PROBABLY DAMASCUS OR JERUSALEM, MID-8TH CENTURY
www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6229646
The Saeed Motamed Collection - Part I, London, South Kensington, 22 April 2013
Lot 38 - A LARGE KUFIC QUR'AN FOLIO - NEAR EAST OR NORTH AFRICA, LATE 8TH CENTURY (Roundel, no alif)
www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/a-large-kuf...
Art of the Islamic and Indian Worlds, London, 5 October 2010
Lot 53 - A KUFIC QUR'AN FOLIO - NEAR EAST OR NORTH AFRICA, END OF THE 8TH CENTURY (Roundel, no alif)
www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/a-kufic-quran-folio-near-...
Indian & Islamic Works of Art, London, South Kensington, 26 October 2007
Lot 257 - A QUR'AN FOLIO, NORTH AFRICA OR THE NEAR EAST, LATE 8TH CENTURY (Dire condition, missing top line and most of bottom line; roundel, no alif)
www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/a-quran-folio-north-afric...
Two lots (1 & 5) at Sothebys London, in 2019: THE SHAKERINE COLLECTION: Calligraphy in Qur’ans and other Manuscripts, 23 October 2019:
www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2019/the-shakerine-collec...
All of these match this item in the Khalili Collection, in page size, text size, style, number of lines, and ornamentation:
Francois Deroche, The Abbasid Tradition: Qurans in the 8th to 10th cCenturies the Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, London 1992, pp. 120-123, no. 66.
The tomb with modern glass barrier
The tomb of Oscar Wilde is located in Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France. It took nine to ten months to complete by the sculptor Jacob Epstein, with an accompanying plinth by Charles Holden and an inscription carved by Joseph Cribb.
In 1908, Oscar Wilde's literary executor Robert Ross[3] chose Jacob Epstein for the commission of the tomb at a cost of two thousand pounds, which had been anonymously donated for this purpose. Later, in a publication of letters between Ada Leverson and Ross in 1930, Letters to the Sphinx, the anonymous donor was revealed to be Helen Carew, with financial assistance from novelist Stephen Hudson (Sydney Schiff).[4] This was only Epstein's second commission, his first being the sculpture for the British Medical Association building in The Strand; these had been severely criticised for being too sexualised for public consumption. However, Epstein retained some noteworthy supporters within the Wilde circle such as William Rothenstein.
The choice of Oscar Wilde's monument would create controversy. Wilde's supporters would have liked for the monument to derive in some way from Wilde's works, such as The Young King, by invoking homoerotica with figures of forlorn Greek youths, whereas Wilde's detractors believed he was deserving of no monument at all. One can see the influences of Wilde's works in Epstein's original sketches for the tomb, which feature two young men, heads downcast in an image of grief and sorrow upon an empty stone stele. However, Epstein has said of his sketches of the tomb that he "was dissatisfied and scrapped quite completed work".
It has been suggested that the change in design plans are due to Epstein's new focus on Wilde's poem The Sphinx. However, a number of influences began to play on Epstein around this period, including that of fellow sculptor Eric Gill. The two artists were deeply interested in what they saw as the more primal sexuality of Indian and Egyptian art, as opposed to British art. Pennington refers to this period in the Epstein's work as the Sun Temple period and claims that, having been unable to follow this path with some of his works in Britain, Epstein transferred his new passion onto the Wilde tomb.
The monument began as a 20-tonne block of Hopton Wood stone in Derbyshire, England, unveiled to the London press in June 1912. Epstein devised a vast winged figure, a messenger swiftly moving with vertical wings, giving the feeling of forward flight; the conception was purely symbolical, the conception of a poet as a messenger, but many people tried to read into it a portrait of Oscar Wilde.
In the original sketches, the influences have been linked to the winged Assyrian bulls in the British Museum.[11] The small angel figure behind the ear of the Sphinx may have been a deliberate reference by Epstein to the verse in Wilde's poem The Sphinx: "sing me all your memories".[9] Upon the headress there are five figures, one with a crucifix, perhaps symbolising the martyrdom of Oscar Wilde; this may be a recurring theme—Epstein may have chosen the Sphinx with a crucified figure upon the headress in reference to the sensual life choice of Wilde thinly veiled by his Catholicism. In Epstein's original sketchings there is a list of ten sins, however none are recognisable clearly on the final monument apart from the Egyptian-like helmet haircuts on the women.
On the finished monument the small angel behind the ear has been removed and replaced by an elaborate headdress, the crucified figure and the phallic sphinx have been removed, and in their place is a personification of fame being trumpeted. This may have been Epstein landing on a less sentimental, carved and angular alternative.
Whilst transporting the monument to the cemetery in France from his Cheyne Walk studios in London, Epstein ran into trouble with the police—having rejected its status as a work of art, French customs placed a punishing import duty of £120 on the monument for the value of the stone. Once the bill was paid (it has been suggested that Robert Ross had borrowed the funds from Ada Leverson), the monument was covered with tarpaulin due to the Parisian officials' reaction to the monument's nakedness. Epstein returned to the cemetery one evening and found that the testicles on the statue had been covered by plaster, as the size of the testicles was considered unusual. The monument was under police surveillance and Epstein found he could only continue his work upon it after bribing a police officer to look away, but the work was sporadic and the tarpaulin was replaced at night. Eventually, as compromise, under Robert Ross' instruction, a bronze plaque similar to the shape of butterfly was placed upon the testicles of the monument and it was unveiled in early August 1914 by the occultist and poet Aleister Crowley. Epstein was furious that his work had been altered without his consent and refused to attend the unveiling. A few weeks later Aleister Crowley approached Epstein in a café in Paris, and around his neck was a bronze butterfly – he informed Epstein that his work was now on display as he intended.
The testicles were removed in an act of vandalism in 1961. It is said that the cemetery manager used them as a paperweight. They are now missing.[22] In 2000, Leon Johnson, a multimedia artist, installed a silver prosthesis to replace them.
The epitaph is a verse from The Ballad of Reading Gaol:
And alien tears will fill for him
Pity's long-broken urn,
For his mourners will be outcast men,
And outcasts always mourn.
Today, the monument is viewed by thousands of visitors every year. A tradition developed whereby visitors would kiss the tomb after applying lipstick to their mouth, thereby leaving a "print" of their kiss. Cleaning operations to remove the lipstick grease have caused the stone to become more porous. It is therefore even harder to clean in subsequent attempts, necessitating more drastic and surface-damaging procedures. In 2011, a glass barrier was erected to make the monument 'kiss-proof'. However, the barrier only covers the lower half of the tomb. As Ireland's Office of Public Works considers the tomb an Irish monument overseas, it has paid for the cleaning and the barrier.
I ACKNOWLEDGE the "rebel" alliance of WAR CRIME. Make the decision to shoot down the Super Star Destroyer "the Ravager", while its admiralty had Surrendered, the disarmament codes had been transmitted to the Rebel Admiral ship, a deluge of fire fell on this imperial building causing the death of 48,523 prisoners of war, de facto. The Allaince Rebelle, who was not at his first attempt at war crimes, tried to put a veil on this affair but all ended up knowing. We can never forget or forgive this so-called Rebel Alliance until the criminals who made the decision to take down the Ravager are brought to justice. The victors write history in propaganda books with the tears of the widows of the vanquished soldiers as ink. More than 48,000 dead, more than 48,000 families have lost one of their own, sometimes even complete siblings decimated. It is out of the question to pass the towel. He who reigns through lies ends up deceiving; he who lives in terror dies in fear.
Richard Gerald Balls ,born Wisbech 1887. Cinema manager, Chelmsford (hence the reference to the film business - showing them,not making them) Now, which Cinema would that be? Married Beatrice L Wright in Downham Market. in 1914. An internet reference gives his executors as his wife and his brother, Francis Barron Balls [b. Wisbech 1893], formerly of the Downham Motor Company, and his widow. Ref:: Richard Gerald Balls, late of Phoenix House Chelmsford in the county of Essex Cinema Proprietor and Manager deceased, who died on the 16th day of December 1936 and of whose estate letters of administration were granted by the Principal Probate Registry on the 1st day of April 1937 to Beatrice Louisa Balls of Bexwell House Downham Market Norfolk Widow and Francis Barren Balls of Bexwell House Downham Market ***aforesaid Cinema manager. [*** I think brother of the has been accidentally omitted there. Otherwise it makes no sense]
And which cinema? Bexwell House was a signficant address in Downham. It may have been demolished.
A contemporary copy of the Essex Chronicle in the Essex records office one day will answer these mysteries.
Update: Phoenix House was situated in the affluent Upper Moulsham Street/Elm Road/New London Road area, as per this document. with large estate. 204b New London Road is known as Phoenix House which in the 1950s was a hostel for Crompton Parkinson Ltd (204) I think this is Phoenix House
Beatrice L Balls died in Downham Market in 1962. His daughter may have been Marjorie, who married Charles G Haddon in Downham in 1963.
In the 1901 census, other children were Walter Wilfrid b 1899 and Archibald James b 1894, sister Eva b 1889. The parents appear to be Henry or Harry Richard Balls, a post office clerk, born Lowestoft, and Annie Haddon.....see how the name reappears in 1963...married in 1886,
Folio from Quran, 750-800 AD (2nd century AH) (Syria? Yemen?)
Black, red and green ink on vellum
33.3 x 400 mm (leaf)
267 x 320 mm (text block)
A QUR'AN FOLIO, NORTH AFRICA OR THE NEAR EAST, LATE 8TH CENTURY
Qur'an manuscript leaf on vellum, with 16ll. of elegant black kufic with pronounced circular letters, diacritics indicated with black lines, vocalization of red and occasional green dots, verse endings marked with groups of three diagonal lines.
Roundel 10-verse marker on obverse, line 8
Alif 5-verse marker on reverse, line 8
According to a friend, the entire folio is from Surah 5: al-Ma'ida: The Table Spread With Food and starts with the last part of Verse 101 and runs through the first part of verse 106. Verses 101-105 address faith, with Allah (the Beneficent and Merciful) demanding believers give up their other faiths they've held onto out of tradition, but also forgives them for having done so. Verse 103 alludes to some of those traditions, which are similar to the Hindu practice of letting cows loose to wander freely. Verse 106 addresses appointing two good and pious men as executors of one's dying will.
Condition: Well... Top and bottom halves are completely separated horizontally and there's a vertical crease in the middle, suggesting the leaf was folded into quarters. Numerous other signs of wear. Text on both sides is complete but barely legible on obverse (pages are turned left to right). Tear and repairs (obverse) affect all of line 9 and the 10-verse marker, and some of lines 7 and 9. Remnants on obverse of tape used to hold top and bottom together at one time. The only mitigating factors are that descriptions of other leaves suggest similar horizontal tears, and even a leaf missing its last three lines was desirable, though that came from a famous collection.
Provenance: Acquired in 2018 from an Amsterdam antiques dealer retiring and selling off his eclectic stock (viz. paintings, prints, glass, nautical antiques, etc.). I had known him several years. When I asked him where he'd gotten this manuscript, he couldn't recall, but he had had it in storage since the 1980s.
As about 90 leaves appear extant, out of a conjectured 500-600 in the total text, my leaf has at least a 1 in 6 or 7 chance of following or preceding a known page.
Similar folios I have found online:
Two at LACMA - "Abbasid Caliphate, late 8th century"
(M.73.5.508) - collections.lacma.org/node/240038
(M.2002.1.383) - collections.lacma.org/node/204570 (white and green alif every 5 verses, roundel every 10)
One at Brooklyn Museum - Abbasid / 8th-9th century (same white and green alif every 5 verses, roundel every 10, as LACMA)
(1995.186 ) www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/154555
One at Bonhams - Sale 25 April 2017, 11:00 BST - late 8th century - early 9th century AD (Syria?)
www.bonhams.com/auctions/24197/lot/3/?category=list - (Roundel, no alif)
One at Ashmolean - late 8th century - early 9th century AD - Roundel, no alif
jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/8/per_page/25/offse...
Three individual leaves and an incredible bonanza of 76 leaves, at Christies:
Art of the Islamic and Indian Worlds Including Oriental Rugs and Carpets, 2019 (76 leaves)
A SUBSTANTIAL GROUP OF LARGE KUFIC QUR’AN LEAVES
LATE UMAYYAD OR EARLY ABBASID, PROBABLY DAMASCUS OR JERUSALEM, MID-8TH CENTURY
www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6229646
The Saeed Motamed Collection - Part I, London, South Kensington, 22 April 2013
Lot 38 - A LARGE KUFIC QUR'AN FOLIO - NEAR EAST OR NORTH AFRICA, LATE 8TH CENTURY (Roundel, no alif)
www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/a-large-kuf...
Art of the Islamic and Indian Worlds, London, 5 October 2010
Lot 53 - A KUFIC QUR'AN FOLIO - NEAR EAST OR NORTH AFRICA, END OF THE 8TH CENTURY (Roundel, no alif)
www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/a-kufic-quran-folio-near-...
Indian & Islamic Works of Art, London, South Kensington, 26 October 2007
Lot 257 - A QUR'AN FOLIO, NORTH AFRICA OR THE NEAR EAST, LATE 8TH CENTURY (Dire condition, missing top line and most of bottom line; roundel, no alif)
www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/a-quran-folio-north-afric...
Two lots (1 & 5) at Sothebys London, in 2019: THE SHAKERINE COLLECTION: Calligraphy in Qur’ans and other Manuscripts, 23 October 2019:
www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2019/the-shakerine-collec...
All of these match this item in the Khalili Collection, in page size, text size, style, number of lines, and ornamentation:
Francois Deroche, The Abbasid Tradition: Qurans in the 8th to 10th Centuries - The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, London 1992, pp. 120-123, no. 66.
Rio Tocantins na cidade de Marabá (PA).
Julgamento do assassinato dos ativistas José Cláudio e Maria dos Espírito Santo, que foram mortos em março de 2011 em Nova Ipixuna. O resultado do júri, que aconteceu nos dias 03 e 04 de abril, foi a condenação dos executores Alberto Lopes e Lindonjonson Silva, e absolvição de José Rodrigues, acusado de ser o mandante do crime. A ação provocou revolta nos familiares e movimentos agrários que acompanhavam o caso em vigília no Fórum de Marabá (PA).
(CC BY-SA) NINJA
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William Browne c1410 - 1489 and wife Margaret 1489 lye on the south chapel floor in their original place where he asked in his will of 17th February 1489 to be buried . General wool merchant, Mayor, Justice of the Peace, Sherriff, Benefactor. Acquired during his lifetime around 200 properties and 10,000 acres of land including the Manor of Lilford He and his brother John 1475 www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/B6W946 restored, embellished and enlarged the 13c church of All Saints c1475 after major damage by lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses..
Browne's hospital www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/N8Uh6c , an almshouse in Broad Street adjacent to where he lived and which is still in use today was founded in November 1493 on his instructions after his death by his widow Margaret, Thomas Stokke, clerk, her brother and other executors which was dedicated to pray their souls and also for the Queen, Sir Reynold Bray and wife Katherine, Thomas Stokke and William Elmes,
William who died on 14th April 1489 stands on 2 woolsacks, over his head is his motto "X me spede" (Christ speed me) and at his feet the family crest of a stork on a woolsack. Over Margaret are the words "Dere Lady help at need"
A long inscription translates -
"Since Thou alone art King of kings, Lord of lords
All that is and will be shall be subjected to Thy will
My body entered the earth, but my spirit to Thee
hastens to run. Thou God, accept me,
Who put my hope in Thee, Son of God, gentle Father
and Holy Ghost thundering from on high - accept and receive me, I have sinned, I have done much evil, and rue this
Thou God accept and receive me who is calling out to Thee !
Enter not, Lord, in judgement, unless beforehand
Thou deignest to give me of Thy redeeming grace, which is enough and since for the sake of the salvation of our souls
Thou, King, wast on earth, receive me, my God! "
William was the son of John Browne 1442, wool merchant, and wife Margery / Margaret 1460 www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/z1Zb1N
He m Margaret 1489 heiress daughter of Agnes 1465 & John Stock / Stokke / Stokes of Warmington
Children
1. Elizabeth c1441-1511 m John Elmes 1497 of Henley-on-Thames, merchant of the Staple of Calais (parents of Margaret Elmes 1571 www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/30591z )
2. Agnes died young
Elizabeth inherited the majority of his wealth and land, estimated to be around 6,000 acres in total and 50 houses (at today’s value worth around £50 million), the balance of land having been endowed to the Alms houses / Hospital. One of the manors inherited by Elizabeth was the Manor of Lilford, which the Elmes family owned until 1711. The wealth of William Browne was thus the basis on which Lilford Hall was built by his grandson and executor William Elmes in 1495, and indeed its' extension in 1635.
www.pegasus-onlinezeitschrift.de/2010_1/erga_1_2010_lamp-...
www.lilfordhall.com/ElmesFamily/William-Browne.asp - Church of All Saints, Stamford Lincolnshire
The Nathaniel Russell House, at 51 Meeting Street, was built by Nathaniel Russell, a wealthy Rhode Island merchant, from 1908-1911. He and his wife, Sarah Russell, lived in the Adamesque building during the early 19th century. Russell's heirs sold the house to Gov. Robert Francis Withers Allston, who lived here while governor. ln 1870, his executors sold it to the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy. In 1905 it was purchased by the Pelzer family and converted back to a private residence. The Historic Charleston Foundation bought it in 1955 and has restored it as a house museum and the foundation's headquarters
The rectangular three story brick mansion with an octagonal wing on the south side is built of brick with white stone and wood trim. lt has a transomed entrance with an elliptical fanlight, a wrought iron balcony with the monogram of Russell, and a balustraded parapet. It famously boasts a free flying staircase rising three floors without visible support.
National Register #71000750
ANNAPOLIS, Md. (Jan. 17, 2023) Fabien Cousteau, executor and founder of the Proteus Ocean Group (POG), and members of his team take a tour of various departments during a visit to the U.S. Naval Academy. Proteus is the world’s most advanced underwater research station, a collaborative global platform for researchers, academics, government agencies, and corporations to advance ocean science. U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen are working with Proteus as part of their final capstone project.(U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Jordyn Diomede)
Underneath the arch between the north chapel and chancel, tomb of Sir David Phillip / Phelip 1450- 1506 and wife Anne Seymark 1533-1510 www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/VG480o who is buried Chenies manor Bucks which she inherited ++
This was the site of a chantry set up after his death, licenced in November 1506 to David Cecille one of his executors "to fund a chantry of 2 chaplins or 1 chaplin perpetual for the good estate of the King while he lives and for his soul afterwards and for the soul of Elizabeth his late consort and the soul of the said David and of his father and mother and Anne his wife (when she dies) and all faithful with licence for the said chaplin to acquire in mortmoin lands to the value of 9l a year".
Anne was the co-heiress daughter of Thomas Seymark / Semark of Thornhaugh by Alice daughter of William Lexham
and Margaret Oldhall. She was the ward of Sir Richard Sapcote of Elton Hunts and later firstly married to his 2nd son William Sapcote having a son Guy Sapcote m Margaret daughter of Guy Wolston
Sir David & Anne m c1485 but had no children,
.Coming from a lowly welsh family Sir David served Henry Tudor (late Henry Vll) in France and fought at the Battle of Bosworth. He became a squire to the body and gentleman usher at court and steward to the kings mother Margaret Beaufort at Colley Weston palace near Stamford living nearby at Thornhaugh, He also held the office of Keeper of the Kings Swans in the waters of Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire and was also keeper of the royal forest of Kings Cliffe which bounded his estates and Windsor Park. .In 1499 he was sheriff of Bedford and Buckingham and a benefactor to the church of Holme in Hunts where there was a window inscription "Of your chartie pray for Sir Davy Phelip and my lady his wife, and for all benefactors of this windowe".
His nephew by marriage Richard Cecil www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/z8mxo3 , father of William Cecil, Lord Burghley joined him having married advantageously Alice daughter of John Dicons alderman of Stamford by Margaret Seymark sister of his wife Anne Seymark ++
On the monument is the Dragon of Wales together with crowned Tudor Roses, and the Portcullis emblem of the Beauforts
The Semarks were out of favour after Bosworth and Annes marriage to David Phelip favoured by the Tudors and Ann's inheritance of the Cheyne fortune resulted into a family of position within the Court of Henry VIII.
www.cb5.co.uk/davidphelip.htm - Church of St Mary Stamford Lincolnshire
Letter from Elizabeth Nichols, widow of Jonas Nichols to Solicitors Hearn and Hearn 7th June 1894, Preston Bissett, Buckinghamshire.
Elizabeth Warr born 1843 at Preston Bissett the daughter of John and Hannah Warr married Jonas Nichols born 1850 at Croughton, Northamptonshire in 1875 at Buckingham.
He died 10th March 1894. He had named his wife Elizabeth as Executrix and sole beneficiary. In the Codicil he names Thomas Herons, Farmer of Hardwick, Oxford as an Executor along with his wife.
Nichols of Preston Bissett, Buckinghamshire Family Papers