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Two important signatories of the National Covenant were James Graham, Marquess of Montrose, and Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Argyll. Both men professed loyalty to King Charles, but when the covenanters began to force people to sign the National Covenant, Montrose broke with what he perceived to be the excesses of Argyll's reforming party, and led a royalist army in Scotland against Argyll.
Montrose was executed outside St Giles' at the Mercat Cross in 1650, and his head placed on a spike outside the church. After the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660, Montrose's head and body were exhumed and reinterred in St Giles' with full honours. His memorial stands in the Chepman Aisle
The Origins of St Giles'
There is record of a parish church in Edinburgh by the year 854, served by a vicar from a monastic house, probably in England. It is possible that the first church, a modest affair, was in use for several centuries before it was formally dedicated by the bishop of St Andrews on 6 October 1243. The parish church of Edinburgh was subsequently reconsecrated and named in honour of the patron saint of the town, St Giles, whose feast day is celebrated on 1 September.
The Covenanters
In 1638, those opposed to King Charles’ plans to reintroduce episcopacy in Scotland signed the National Covenant. In 1643, following a split amongst those who disagreed with the king, the Solemn League and Covenant was drawn up and then ratified by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, then meeting in the Preston Aisle of St Giles’. The National Covenant may still be seen today in the Preston Aisle.
That St Giles, a 7th century hermit (and, later, abbot) who lived in France, became the patron of both town and church was probably due to the ancient ties between Scotland and France.
According to legend, Giles was accidentally wounded by a huntsman in pursuit of a hind and, after his death in the early 8th century, there were dedicated to him hospitals and safe houses for cripples, beggars and lepers were established throughout England and Scotland within easy reach of the impoverished and the infirm. St Giles is usually depicted protecting a hind from an arrow, which had pierced his own body, a fine relief of which rests in the tympanum over the west (main) doors of the Cathedral.
St Giles' in the Middle Ages
St Giles' was founded in the 1120s when the Scottish royal family, the sons of Queen (Saint) Margaret and King Malcolm Canmore, especially David I (1124-1153) made strenuous efforts to spread Catholic Christian worship throughout the Scottish lowlands.
This church was probably quite small, Norman (i.e. Romanesque, with rounded arches and elaborate carving) in style, like others built at the same time. Few traces of it survive in the present building.
In 1385, a much larger church (early Gothic, pointed arches and simple octagonal pillars) was partially burned. No record has been found of the building of this second church. It was quickly repaired.
Over the next 150 years many chapels were added. These included chapels set up by the craftsmen's guilds of Edinburgh, chapels endowed by prominent merchants and nobles, and a chapel for a relic of St Giles. By the middle of the 16th century, there were around fifty altars in the church.
The Church becomes a Cathedral
For more than a century after the Reformation, worship in St Giles’ was disrupted by the disagreements about church government. In 1633, King Charles I appointed Scottish Episcopal bishops in Scotland and in 1635 William Forbes became the first bishop of the new diocese of Edinburgh, with St Giles’ as its cathedral, which it remained until 1638 and again from 1661-1689. That St Giles’ is commonly called a cathedral dates from this period.
St Giles' in the 20th and 21st Centuries
In 1911 the Thistle Chapel (architect: Sir Robert Lorimer) was completed, to be used by the Knights of the Thistle, Scotland's order of chivalry. Though small, it is in 15th century high Gothic style and full of elaborate carvings in wood and stone and of colourful heraldry.
Over the last hundred years or more, St Giles' has hosted important events including state occasions and services of national thanksgiving.
A new restoration programme began in 1977. In addition to essential repairs to roof, stone and glass, the interior has been lightened, the focus of worship moved from the east end to a new sanctuary in the middle of the church ("the crossing") and a magnificent new organ installed. Space has been converted from old cellars and crypts for meeting and eating. Much remains to be done
This work of art was originally executed and installed in the famous Mirror Steakhouse at 981 Louisiana in July 1943. It was moved to its present location when Interstate 20 right of way was obtained. The original owner was Charles Rinaudo and he commissioned PPG Industries to furnish the entire unit complete with all engineering and lighting as well as the the framing and design. Elmer E. Taflinger of Indianapolis prepared the full size artist's sketches for sculptor Ivan Pouge, also of Indianapolis, who spent over 200 man hours in the sandblasting of the figures. The overall dimensions are 118" wide and 60" high. The total weight of the 3/4" thick polished plate glass and the 3/8" thick polished black structural glass background is 675 pounds It hangs on the the wall in Don's Seafood Shreveport, LA.
My 3rd Cousin, Captain L C Matthews GC, MC, 8th Division Signals, 2nd AIF. Captain
Matthews was executed by the Japanese on 2 March 1944 for his part in
the secret intelligence organisation run between Sandakan POW Camp
and Sandakan town during 1942 and 1943. Matthews was posthumously awarded a George Cross for gallant and distinguished service whilst a POW at Sandakan.
Below is an excerpt which I believe describes Captian Lionel Matthews well...
There must have been many stories of the heroism of East Adelaide old scholars during the war, but that of Captain Lionel Matthews was singled out to be published in "The Children's Hour" in 1948.
"This is a story of supreme courage and unswerving devotion to duty. It is the story of a soldier who was a prisoner of war with the Japanese during the last war. He was determined fight for his country even though a prisoner. He knew only too well the price of his resistance, yet he was resolved to resist, and did resist, unto death.
His way not one impulsive act. It was a series of acts deliberately planned. The certain penalty of' discovery was execution following torture. For the sake of Australia and the security of 'you and me he accepted that risk.
He was betrayed. He was tortured. He was put to death by the Japanese.
He died as he had lived, a loyal and gallant soldier, with a smile on his lips in the face of the firing squad.
Lionel Matthews was born on the 15th August, 1912, at Stepney. He was educated at the public school s of East Adelaide and Magill, and the Norwood High School. His main hobby was Scouting. As a Sea scout he played a distinguished part in a sea tragedy at Henley in 1930. Subsequently he was a Scoutmaster and in Victoria did social work for the Scout rescue movement at Pentridge Gaol.
As Captain L. Matthews, he served with the 8th Australian Division in Malaya. I saw him at Gemas, after three days of strenuous work establishing communication in the thick of battle. He was thrilled at the thought that he was doing his job well. Later, on Singapore Island, he received the Military Cross for gallantry in action.
Then Singapore fell, and the dark and depressing curtain of' captivity cut us off from Australia. But Japanese restraint did not deter nor depress Lionel Matthews. He had made up his mind that, come what may, he would do his best for Australia. Such was his cheerful assurance to me as he left Changi Gaol in July, 1942, for an unknown destination. We now know that it was Sandakan in British North Borneo; a locality associated with one of the worst tragedies (a death rnarch) and one of the most gallant deeds of the war.
Shortly afterwards I was moved to Formosa and to us, late in 1943, came Governor Smith of the British North Borneo Company. He told us of an Australian, one Captain Matthews, who had supplied them through miles of jungles and across a stretch of' water with continuous news of' the outside world. This entailed not only the risky business of operating a listening set, but the organisation of a chain of native carriers through the Japanese controlled areas. These natives had been the North Borneo Constabulary until taken into captivity; but they remained loyal. Governor Smith made Matthews the Chief' of Police. To these natives he became Tuan Matthews.
We heard no more until we were more in contact with the civilised world. Then we heard that Matthews was dead, that his work had been betrayed to his captors, and that he had paid the supreme penalty.
Sandakan is a port in British North Borneo, now Sabah. It is surrounded by jungle which concealed malaria and other tropical diseases fatal to the white man. Its inhabitants consisted of Chinese, Malays, Sikhs, and Dusuns, any of' which would be capable of' the highest loyalty or the deepest treachery. The whole area was guarded and patrolled by Japanese soldiers. It took a very stout heart even to think of resistance in such conditions.
Matthews was Intelligence Officer of the prisoners. As such he did the most extraordinary things. He established contact with Europeans outside the gaol and had medical supplies smuggled in. He procured parts for a wireless receiver and established a listening post. This news he distributed throughout the camp and as far afield as Berhale Island. He made contact with Philippine guerillas and arranged escape parties and through them he had arms and ammunition secreted near the camp. He carefully laid plans for an insurrection when help from the outside world became available. These were extraordinary things for two reasons. Firstly, they could only be done with the greatest secrecy and at the gravest risk to himself. Secondly, and this is the most marvellous point of the story, he could have escaped himself but elected to stay and continue his dangerous task.
His end was brought about by the treachery of a coloured foreman. This man betrayed to the Japanese his coloured companions who were working for Matthews. Under torture Matthews work was revealed by the foreman to the Japanese. The terrible sequel was then inevitable.
We all revere brave men. The contemplation of their actions is a spur to us. We derive from them an inspiration to serve our country as nobly as we are able.
Australia has been blessed with many brave and noble men. Among the greatest of these is Captain Lionel Matthews. He was awarded posthumously the George Cross for his bravery.
The glory that is his shines through the melancholy tragedy of' Sandakan. If we can sense that glory and its inspiration, his work will not have been in vain."
Early yesterday morning (Tuesday 8 April) officers from our Operation Vulcan team executed a warrant in Derker as they continue to tackle crime in the area with their dedicated initiative.
As police searched the house, they recovered around one thousand pounds worth of cannabis.
In the garage, police also located two off road bikes and a surron bike which will be seized as they continue with their relentless pursuit of tackling crime and anti-social behaviour which is being committed using the e-bikes.
A 39-year-old man was arrested on suspicion of possession with intent to supply class B drugs. He remains in police custody awaiting questioning.
The problem-solving approach by Operation Vulcan is seeing us work collaboratively with partners, act on community information to reduce crime, and tackle the root causes to prevent further harm.
Since launching the operation in March, the team have made almost 30 arrests,
seized a dozen vehicles and e-bikes, and busted drug lines.
Sergeant Joseph Dunne from Operation Vulcan said: “Throughout the day officers will remain on patrol to offer a visible reassurance to residents. They will also be conducting a traffic operation in the area to target anti-social driving and vehicle crime, and a knife arch will be stationed at the Derker tram stop.
“We hope that residents are already seeing and feeling a difference in the area, and our proactivity will not stop. This is another great result for the local operation, and I am sure plenty more will come thanks to the intelligence we are receiving from the public and our partners who are fed up with criminals operating in the area.”
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk
Design of the ground floor by Henry van de Velde. Ca. 1922. The design was not executed. SEMBACH, Klaus-Jurgen (1989). Henry van de Velde. Thames and Hudson Ltd., London.
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Henry Clemens van de Velde (3 April 1863 – 15 October 1957 was a Belgian painter, architect and interior designer. Together with Victor Horta and Paul Hankar he could be considered as one of the main founders and representatives of Art Nouveau in Belgium. Van de Velde spent the most important part of his career in Germany and had a decisive influence on German architecture and design at the beginning of the 20th century.
Van de Velde was born in Antwerp, where he studied painting under Charles Verlat at the famous Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Antwerp. He then went on to study at Carolus-Duran in Paris. As a young painter he was thoroughly influenced by Paul Signac and Georges Seurat and soon adopted a neo-impressionist style (pointillism). In 1889 he became a member of the Brussels-based artist group "Les XX". After Vincent van Gogh exhibited some work on the yearly exhibition of Les XX van de Velde became one of the first artists to be influenced by the Dutch painter. During this period he developed a lasting friendship with the painter Théo van Rysselberghe and the sculptor Constantin Meunier.
In 1892 he abandoned painting, devoting his time to arts of decoration and interior design (silver- and goldsmith’s trade, chinaware and cutlery, fashion design, carpet and fabric design). His own house, Bloemenwerf in Ukkel, was his first attempt at architecture, and was inspired by the British and American Arts and Crafts Movement. He also designed interiors and furniture for the influential art gallery "L'Art Nouveau" of Samuel Bing in Paris in 1895. This gave the movement its first designation as Art Nouveau. Bing’s pavilion at the 1900 Paris world fair also exhibited work by Van de Velde. Van de Velde was strongly influenced by John Ruskin and William Morris’s English Arts and Crafts movement and he was one of the first architects or furniture designers to apply curved lines in an abstract style. Van de Velde set his face against copying historical styles, resolutely opting for original (i.e. new) design, banning banality and ugliness from people’s minds.
Van de Velde's design work received good exposure in Germany, through periodicals like Innen-Dekoration, and subsequently he received commissions for interior designs in Berlin. Around the turn of the century, he designed Villa Leuring in the Netherlands, and Villa Esche in Chemnitz, two works that show his Art Nouveau style in architecture. He also designed the interior of the Folkwang Museum in Hagen (today the building houses the Karl Ernst Osthaus-Museum) and the Nietzsche House in Weimar.
In 1899 he settled in Weimar, Germany, where in 1905 he established the Grand-Ducal School of Arts and Crafts, together with the Grand Duke of Weimar. It is the predecessor of the Bauhaus, which, following World War I, eventually replaced the School of Arts and Crafts, under new director Walter Gropius, who was suggested for the position by Van de Velde.
Although a Belgian, Van de Velde would play an important role in the German Werkbund, an association founded to help improve and promote German design by establishing close relations between industry and designers. He would oppose Hermann Muthesius at the Werkbund meeting of 1914 and their debate would mark the history of Modern Architecture. Van de Velde called for the upholding of the individuality of artists while Hermann Muthesius called for standardization as a key to development.
During World War I, Van de Velde, as a foreign national, was obliged to leave Weimar (although on good terms with the Weimar government), and returned to his native Belgium. Later, he lived in Switzerland and in the Netherlands where he designed the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo. In 1925 he was appointed professor at the Ghent University Institute of Art History and Archaeology, where he lectured architecture and applied arts from 1926 to 1936. He was instrumental in founding in Brussels, in 1926, today's renowned architecture and visual arts school La Cambre, under the name of "Institut supérieur des Arts décoratifs."
He continued his practice in architecture and design, which had demarcated itself significantly from the Art Nouveau phase, whose popularity was by 1910 in decline. During this period, he mentored the great Belgian architect, Victor Bourgeois. In 1933 he was commissioned to design the new building for the university library (the renowned Boekentoren). Construction started in 1936, but the work would not be completed until the end of the Second World War. For budget reasons, the eventual construction did not entirely match the original design. For instance, the reading room floor was executed in marble instead of the black rubber Van de Velde originally intended. He was also involved in the construction of the Ghent University Hospital. He died, aged 94, in Zürich (Wikipedia).
Image of Charles Kemble, published by the Executers of the late F. Asperne www.roh.org.uk/about/roh-collections
The photo is executed in technique «LightGraphic » or «The painting of light», that assumes illumination of model by small light sources in darkness on long endurance.
Thus, all lightcloth (composition) - is one Photo Exposition, is embodied on a matrix of the camera in one click of a shutter.
We submit the sample photos in this series in three-nine-square.
Photos is possible to look here:
This frescoe was actually executed by one of Raphael's students and shows the Battle of the Milvian Bridge - the battle that took place on October 28, 312 between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius. Constantine won the battle, and attributed his victory to the God of Christianity.
The scene is set with topographical precision north of Rome with Monte Mario (on the left) where we can recognize Villa Madama, built in just those years by Raphael for the Pope.
For more info on Raphael's rooms, go to:
On Tuesday 15 October 2024, police executed five warrants at addresses in Rochdale and Manchester to tackle the cruel and unlawful sale of puppies,
following an extensive investigation by the RSPCA, supported by Greater Manchester Police, into the illegitimate and organised sale of puppies.
This investigation has uncovered an illicit underground trade that promotes animal cruelty and neglect, with sellers and criminal gangs making vast sums of money at the expense of innocent puppies and members of the public.
Some puppies were sick and died shortly after being sold to unsuspecting members of the public who believed they were buying much-loved family pets but may have been imported from overseas.
Today’s positive action comes as a result of several reports from members of the public who have been subject to extreme distress as a result of this illicit operation. Work remains ongoing and we are following several lines of enquiry to disrupt and prevent this type of criminality.
Sergeant Brendan Walsh, from our Rochdale district, said: “This is organised crime, and those involved have been making eye watering profits from this harmful and illicit trade.
“This has been a tremendous joint effort between Greater Manchester Police and the RSPCA's Special Operations Unit.
"The properties were searched, and police have rescued 14 puppies and seized an XL bully. Police also seized several mobile phones, important documents and bank statements, all consistent with an organised criminal operation involving the fraudulent and unlawful sale and breeding of puppies.
“We’ve had members of the public who have paid substantial amounts for these puppies, paid large veterinary fees, and have been left traumatised by their experiences. I hope today’s activity will highlight our commitment to tackling this type of crime, and I would urge anyone who feels they have been affected by this, please contact us so that we can act."
An RSPCA spokesperson said: "We'd urge anyone who wants to get a dog to consider adopting from a rescue charity, like the RSPCA. There are thousands of dogs across the country waiting to find their forever families.
"Anyone who is looking to buy a puppy should be cautious when choosing a breeder and use The Puppy Contract to help them find a happy, healthy dog. Anyone who is concerned about a seller should walk away and report their concerns to the police, Trading Standards or RSPCA."
Anyone with concerns over illegal puppy sales should contact Greater Manchester Police using the online reporting method or calling 101. Concerns can also be reported to the RSPCA.
On Tuesday 15 October 2024, police executed five warrants at addresses in Rochdale and Manchester to tackle the cruel and unlawful sale of puppies,
following an extensive investigation by the RSPCA, supported by Greater Manchester Police, into the illegitimate and organised sale of puppies.
This investigation has uncovered an illicit underground trade that promotes animal cruelty and neglect, with sellers and criminal gangs making vast sums of money at the expense of innocent puppies and members of the public.
Some puppies were sick and died shortly after being sold to unsuspecting members of the public who believed they were buying much-loved family pets but may have been imported from overseas.
Today’s positive action comes as a result of several reports from members of the public who have been subject to extreme distress as a result of this illicit operation. Work remains ongoing and we are following several lines of enquiry to disrupt and prevent this type of criminality.
Sergeant Brendan Walsh, from our Rochdale district, said: “This is organised crime, and those involved have been making eye watering profits from this harmful and illicit trade.
“This has been a tremendous joint effort between Greater Manchester Police and the RSPCA's Special Operations Unit.
"The properties were searched, and police have rescued 14 puppies and seized an XL bully. Police also seized several mobile phones, important documents and bank statements, all consistent with an organised criminal operation involving the fraudulent and unlawful sale and breeding of puppies.
“We’ve had members of the public who have paid substantial amounts for these puppies, paid large veterinary fees, and have been left traumatised by their experiences. I hope today’s activity will highlight our commitment to tackling this type of crime, and I would urge anyone who feels they have been affected by this, please contact us so that we can act."
An RSPCA spokesperson said: "We'd urge anyone who wants to get a dog to consider adopting from a rescue charity, like the RSPCA. There are thousands of dogs across the country waiting to find their forever families.
"Anyone who is looking to buy a puppy should be cautious when choosing a breeder and use The Puppy Contract to help them find a happy, healthy dog. Anyone who is concerned about a seller should walk away and report their concerns to the police, Trading Standards or RSPCA."
Anyone with concerns over illegal puppy sales should contact Greater Manchester Police using the online reporting method or calling 101. Concerns can also be reported to the RSPCA.
A well executed LEGO replica of the former train station in the town of Chelsea, Michigan. The station, built for the Michigan Central Railroad in 1880 to the design of architectural firm Mason and Rice, served its purpose for 101 years until being closed in 1981 by Amtrak. In recent years an association of Chelsea citizens formed to maintain the building and use it for special events.
The LEGO model is built in 1:38 scale.
Detail of the Baptistry Window, a masterpiece of abstract stained glass designed by John Piper and executed by Patrick Reyntiens.
Coventry's Cathedral is a unique synthesis of old a new, born of wartime suffering and forged in the spirit of postwar optimism, famous for it's history and for being the most radically modern of Anglican cathedrals. Two cathedral's stand side by side, the ruins of the medieval building, destroyed by incendiary bombs in 1940 and the bold new building designed by Basil Spence and opened in 1962.
It is a common misconception that Coventry lost it's first cathedral in the wartime blitz, but the bombs actually destroyed it's second; the original medieval cathedral was the monastic St Mary's, a large cruciform building believed to have been similar in appearance to Lichfield Cathedral (whose diocese it shared). Tragically it became the only English cathedral to be destroyed during the Reformation, after which it was quickly quarried away, leaving only scant fragments, but enough evidence survives to indicate it's rich decoration (some pieces were displayed nearby in the Priory Visitors Centre, sadly since closed). Foundations of it's apse were found during the building of the new cathedral in the 1950s, thus technically three cathedrals share the same site.
The mainly 15th century St Michael's parish church became the seat of the new diocese of Coventry in 1918, and being one of the largest parish churches in the country it was upgraded to cathedral status without structural changes (unlike most 'parish church' cathedrals created in the early 20th century). It lasted in this role a mere 22 years before being burned to the ground in the 1940 Coventry Blitz, leaving only the outer walls and the magnificent tapering tower and spire (the extensive arcades and clerestoreys collapsed completely in the fire, precipitated by the roof reinforcement girders, installed in the Victorian restoration, that buckled in the intense heat).
The determination to rebuild the cathedral in some form was born on the day of the bombing, however it wasn't until the mid 1950s that a competition was held and Sir Basil Spence's design was chosen. Spence had been so moved by experiencing the ruined church he resolved to retain it entirely to serve as a forecourt to the new church. He envisaged the two being linked by a glass screen wall so that the old church would be visible from within the new.
Built between 1957-62 at a right-angle to the ruins, the new cathedral attracted controversy for it's modern form, and yet some modernists argued that it didn't go far enough, after all there are echoes of the Gothic style in the great stone-mullioned windows of the nave and the net vaulting (actually a free-standing canopy) within. What is exceptional is the way art has been used as such an integral part of the building, a watershed moment, revolutionising the concept of religious art in Britain.
Spence employed some of the biggest names in contemporary art to contribute their vision to his; the exterior is adorned with Jacob Epstein's triumphant bronze figures of Archangel Michael (patron of the cathedral) vanquishing the Devil. At the entrance is the remarkable glass wall, engraved by John Hutton with strikingly stylised figures of saints and angels, and allowing the interior of the new to communicate with the ruin. Inside, the great tapestry of Christ in majesty surrounded by the evangelistic creatures, draws the eye beyond the high altar; it was designed by Graham Sutherland and was the largest tapestry ever made.
However one of the greatest features of Coventry is it's wealth of modern stained glass, something Spence resolved to include having witnessed the bleakness of Chartres Cathedral in wartime, all it's stained glass having been removed. The first window encountered on entering is the enormous 'chess-board' baptistry window filled with stunning abstract glass by John Piper & Patrick Reyntiens, a symphony of glowing colour. The staggered nave walls are illuminated by ten narrow floor to ceiling windows filled with semi-abstract symbolic designs arranged in pairs of dominant colours (green, red, multi-coloured, purple/blue and gold) representing the souls journey to maturity, and revealed gradually as one approaches the altar. This amazing project was the work of three designers lead by master glass artist Lawrence Lee of the Royal College of Art along with Keith New and Geoffrey Clarke (each artist designed three of the windows individually and all collaborated on the last).
The cathedral still dazzles the visitor with the boldness of it's vision, but alas, half a century on, it was not a vision to be repeated and few of the churches and cathedrals built since can claim to have embraced the synthesis of art and architecture in the way Basil Spence did at Coventry.
The cathedral is generally open to visitors most days. For more see below:-
Bradford City Hall is a 19th-century town hall in Centenary Square, Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. It is a Grade I listed building which has a distinctive clock tower.
History
Before its relocation, between 1847 and 1873, the town hall had been the Fire Station House in Swain Street. In 1869, a new triangular site was purchased, and a competition held for a design to rival the town halls of Leeds and Halifax. The local firm of Lockwood and Mawson was chosen over the other 31 entries. It was built by John Ives & Son of Shipley and took three years to build at a cost of £100,000. It was opened by Matthew Thompson, the mayor, on 9 September 1873.
It was first extended in 1909 to a design by Norman Shaw and executed by architect F.E.P. Edwards, with another council chamber, more committee rooms and a banqueting hall.
On 14 March 1912 Winston Churchill gave a speech outside the hall in which he called for the people to "go forward together and put these grave matters to the proof" (referring to Irish Home Rule). It was extended again with a new entrance and staircase in baroque marble by William Williamson in 1914.
In 1965 the name was changed to City Hall to reflect Bradford's prominence, and the building was improved at a cost of £12,000.
The City Hall was the venue for crown court trials until the new Law Courts in Exchange Square opened in 1993. After the bells stopped in 1992 due to decay of the bell frame, they were repaired with National Lottery funds in 1997.
In 2000 Barbara Jane Harrison, a flight attendant who died saving her passengers, was commemorated in a memorial display in the City Hall and in October 2006, the building was illuminated for Bradford Festival by artist Patrice Warrener. In 2007 the City Hall filled in for Manchester Crown Court for the duration of the trial of the character Tracy Barlow in Coronation Street.
In December 2007 the City Hall turned the city's nine Christmas trees into woodchips as fuel for its new heating boilers. An access tunnel was dug from the roadway to install the boilers in early 2008.
Description
The building was designed in the Venetian style. There are a series of statues of past monarchs on the façade; the London firm Farmer & Brindley carved them from Cliffe Wood stone, from the local quarry on Bolton Road, at a cost of £63 each. On the side facing Centenary Square, the line of monarchs includes Oliver Cromwell. There is a flush bracket on the building with a code number once used to log the height above sea level.
The bell tower was inspired by Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. The top of the tower is 200 feet (61 m) high. It contains 13 bells, installed in 1872, which weighed 13 tons 3 quarters and 6 lbs and cost £1,765. They first rang at the opening in 1873. Due to lack of space in the tower they were not hung for ringing, but were chimed using an automatic carillon machine which could play 28 different tunes. The quarter-chiming clock, installed in 1872 at a cost of £2,248 5s was in operation until 1947; in that year it was replaced by a more modern mechanism. The original clock and carillon machine were manufactured by Gillett & Bland of Croydon; the bells were by Taylor of Loughborough.
The two flagpoles carry the flag of Wales on Saint David's Day and the flag of Australia on Australia Day. Flag use in response to major world disasters is made according to Government guidelines. The flags also reflect royal events, such as coronations and weddings.
The building is set in Centenary Square, which was developed and pedestrianised in 1997, the city's centenary. Staff give tours of the building on request. Annually in September the City Hall holds a heritage weekend, when visitors can see more of the building.
Interior
In the banqueting hall is a 19th-century overmantel and frieze carved by C. R. Millar. The frieze carries the Bradford city motto: Labor omnia vincit (Hard work conquers all), reflecting the ethos of an industrial city, and the work ethic of the Evangelical movement represented by many local chapels. The figures on the frieze represent the wool trade between Bradford and the world, besides architecture and the arts.
Bells
Currently (2016) the bells ring every 15 minutes and play tunes at midday and late afternoon plus carols in December.When an eminent Bradfordian dies, the City Hall flags fly at half mast until the funeral is over, while the minute bell rings for an hour after receipt of notice, and for an hour at the time of the funeral. The bells have played "The Star-Spangled Banner" to mark the three minutes' silence for those who died due to terrorism. At the memorial in 2005 of the 1985 Bradford City stadium fire, "Dozens of people broke down in tears as the City Hall bells played You'll Never Walk Alone and Abide with Me in tribute to the victims."
However the bells normally play happier tunes, and in 2001 there was talk of replacing the old computer application which controlled the bells, so that they could play pop music. The bells can now be programmed to play any tune, subject to musical arrangement and technical limitations. The bells have played No Matter What several times in 2001, when Whistle Down the Wind was playing at the Alhambra; the operator of the bells was able to see the theatre steps from the bell tower, and timed the peals with the audience's exit. This meant that the superintendent had to undertake the long climb up the tower at 10.30 pm every day for a week, as the bell system was still under repair. In 2010, the bells played the theme tune from Coronation Street when the cast was filming in the area.
Bradford is a city in West Yorkshire, England. It became a municipal borough in 1847, received a city charter in 1897 and, since the 1974 reform, the city status has belonged to the larger City of Bradford metropolitan borough. It had a population of 349,561 at the 2011 census; the second-largest subdivision of the West Yorkshire Built-up Area after Leeds, which is approximately 9 miles (14 km) to the east. The borough had a population of 546,976, making it the 9th most populous district in England.
Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the city grew in the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture, particularly wool. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements, rapidly becoming the "wool capital of the world"; this in turn gave rise to the nicknames "Woolopolis" and "Wool City". Lying in the eastern foothills of the Pennines, the area's access to supplies of coal, iron ore and soft water facilitated the growth of a manufacturing base, which, as textile manufacture grew, led to an explosion in population and was a stimulus to civic investment. There is a large amount of listed Victorian architecture in the city including the grand Italianate city hall.
From the mid-20th century, deindustrialisation caused the city's textile sector and industrial base to decline and, since then, it has faced similar economic and social challenges to the rest of post-industrial Northern England, including poverty, unemployment and social unrest. It is the third-largest economy within the Yorkshire and the Humber region at around £10 billion, which is mostly provided by financial and manufacturing industries. It is also a tourist destination, the first UNESCO City of Film and it has the National Science and Media Museum, a city park, the Alhambra theatre and Cartwright Hall. The city is the UK City of Culture for 2025 having won the designation on 31 May 2022.
History
The name Bradford is derived from the Old English brad and ford the broad ford which referred to a crossing of the Bradford Beck at Church Bank below the site of Bradford Cathedral, around which a settlement grew in Anglo-Saxon times. It was recorded as "Bradeford" in 1086.
Early history
After an uprising in 1070, during William the Conqueror's Harrying of the North, the manor of Bradford was laid waste, and is described as such in the Domesday Book of 1086. It then became part of the Honour of Pontefract given to Ilbert de Lacy for service to the Conqueror, in whose family the manor remained until 1311. There is evidence of a castle in the time of the Lacys. The manor then passed to the Earl of Lincoln, John of Gaunt, The Crown and, ultimately, private ownership in 1620.
By the middle ages Bradford, had become a small town centred on Kirkgate, Westgate and Ivegate. In 1316 there is mention of a fulling mill, a soke mill where all the manor corn was milled and a market. During the Wars of the Roses the inhabitants sided with House of Lancaster. Edward IV granted the right to hold two annual fairs and from this time the town began to prosper. In the reign of Henry VIII Bradford exceeded Leeds as a manufacturing centre. Bradford grew slowly over the next two-hundred years as the woollen trade gained in prominence.
During the Civil War the town was garrisoned for the Parliamentarians and in 1642 was unsuccessfully attacked by Royalist forces from Leeds. Sir Thomas Fairfax took the command of the garrison and marched to meet the Duke of Newcastle but was defeated. The Parliamentarians retreated to Bradford and the Royalists set up headquarters at Bolling Hall from where the town was besieged leading to its surrender. The Civil War caused a decline in industry but after the accession of William III and Mary II in 1689 prosperity began to return. The launch of manufacturing in the early 18th century marked the start of the town's development while new canal and turnpike road links encouraged trade.
Industrial Revolution
In 1801, Bradford was a rural market town of 6,393 people, where wool spinning and cloth weaving were carried out in local cottages and farms. Bradford was thus not much bigger than nearby Keighley (5,745) and was significantly smaller than Halifax (8,866) and Huddersfield (7,268). This small town acted as a hub for three nearby townships – Manningham, Bowling and Great and Little Horton, which were separated from the town by countryside.
Blast furnaces were established in about 1788 by Hird, Dawson Hardy at Low Moor and iron was worked by the Bowling Iron Company until about 1900. Yorkshire iron was used for shackles, hooks and piston rods for locomotives, colliery cages and other mining appliances where toughness was required. The Low Moor Company also made pig iron and the company employed 1,500 men in 1929. when the municipal borough of Bradford was created in 1847 there were 46 coal mines within its boundaries. Coal output continued to expand, reaching a peak in 1868 when Bradford contributed a quarter of all the coal and iron produced in Yorkshire.
The population of the township in 1841 was 34,560.
In 1825 the wool-combers union called a strike that lasted five-months but workers were forced to return to work through hardship leading to the introduction of machine-combing. This Industrial Revolution led to rapid growth, with wool imported in vast quantities for the manufacture of worsted cloth in which Bradford specialised, and the town soon became known as the wool capital of the world.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Bradford Moor Barracks in 1844.
Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847, and a county borough in 1888, making it administratively independent of the West Riding County Council. It was honoured with city status on the occasion of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, with Kingston upon Hull and Nottingham. The three had been the largest county boroughs outside the London area without city status. The borough's boundaries were extended to absorb Clayton in 1930, and parts of Rawdon, Shipley, Wharfedale and Yeadon urban districts in 1937.
Bradford had ample supplies of locally mined coal to provide the power that the industry needed. Local sandstone was an excellent resource for building the mills, and with a population of 182,000 by 1850, the town grew rapidly as workers were attracted by jobs in the textile mills. A desperate shortage of water in Bradford Dale was a serious limitation on industrial expansion and improvement in urban sanitary conditions. In 1854 Bradford Corporation bought the Bradford Water Company and embarked on a huge engineering programme to bring supplies of soft water from Airedale, Wharfedale and Nidderdale. By 1882 water supply had radically improved. Meanwhile, urban expansion took place along the routes out of the city towards the Hortons and Bowling and the townships had become part of a continuous urban area by the late 19th century.
A major employer was Titus Salt who in 1833 took over the running of his father's woollen business specialising in fabrics combining alpaca, mohair, cotton and silk. By 1850 he had five mills. However, because of the polluted environment and squalid conditions for his workers Salt left Bradford and transferred his business to Salts Mill in Saltaire in 1850, where in 1853 he began to build the workers' village which has become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Henry Ripley was a younger contemporary of Titus Salt. He was managing partner of Edward Ripley & Son Ltd, which owned the Bowling Dye Works. In 1880 the dye works employed over 1000 people and was said to be the biggest dye works in Europe. Like Salt he was a councillor, JP and Bradford MP who was deeply concerned to improve working class housing conditions. He built the industrial Model village of Ripley Ville on a site in Broomfields, East Bowling close to the dye works.
Other major employers were Samuel Lister and his brother who were worsted spinners and manufacturers at Lister's Mill (Manningham Mills). Lister epitomised Victorian enterprise but it has been suggested that his capitalist attitude made trade unions necessary. Unprecedented growth created problems with over 200 factory chimneys continually churning out black, sulphurous smoke, Bradford gained the reputation of being the most polluted town in England. There were frequent outbreaks of cholera and typhoid, and only 30% of children born to textile workers reached the age of fifteen. This extreme level of infant and youth mortality contributed to a life expectancy for Bradford residents of just over eighteen years, which was one of the lowest in the country.
Like many major cities Bradford has been a destination for immigrants. In the 1840s Bradford's population was significantly increased by migrants from Ireland, particularly rural County Mayo and County Sligo, and by 1851 about 10% of the population were born in Ireland, the largest proportion in Yorkshire. Around the middle decades of the 19th century the Irish were concentrated in eight densely settled areas situated near the town centre. One of these was the Bedford Street area of Broomfields, which in 1861 contained 1,162 persons of Irish birth—19% of all Irish born persons in the Borough.
During the 1820s and 1830s, there was immigration from Germany. Many were Jewish merchants and they became active in the life of the town. The Jewish community mostly living in the Manningham area of the town, numbered about 100 families but was influential in the development of Bradford as a major exporter of woollen goods from their textile export houses predominately based in Little Germany and the civic life of Bradford. Charles Semon (1814–1877) was a textile merchant and philanthropist who developed a productive textile export house in the town, he became the first foreign and Jewish mayor of Bradford in 1864. Jacob Behrens (1806–1889) was the first foreign textile merchant to export woollen goods from the town, his company developed into an international multimillion-pound business. Behrens was a philanthropist, he also helped to establish the Bradford chamber of commerce in 1851. Jacob Moser (1839–1922) was a textile merchant who was a partner in the firm Edelstein, Moser and Co, which developed into a successful Bradford textile export house. Moser was a philanthropist, he founded the Bradford Charity Organisation Society and the City Guild of Help. In 1910 Moser became the first Jewish Lord Mayor of Bradford.
Jowett Cars Eight badge
To support the textile mills, a large manufacturing base grew up in the town providing textile machinery, and this led to diversification with different industries thriving side by side. The Jowett Motor Company founded in the early 20th century by Benjamin and William Jowett and Arthur V Lamb, manufactured cars and vans in Bradford for 50 years. The Scott Motorcycle Company was a well known producer of motorcycles and light engines for industry. Founded by Alfred Angas Scott in 1908 as the Scott Engineering Company in Bradford, Scott motorcycles were produced until 1978.
Independent Labour Party
The city played an important part in the early history of the Labour Party. A mural on the back of the Bradford Playhouse in Little Germany commemorates the centenary of the founding of the Independent Labour Party in Bradford in 1893.
Regimental colours
The Bradford Pals were three First World War Pals battalions of Kitchener's Army raised in the city. When the three battalions were taken over by the British Army they were officially named the 16th (1st Bradford), 18th (2nd Bradford), and 20th (Reserve) Battalions, The Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment).
On the morning of 1 July 1916, the 16th and 18th Battalions left their trenches in Northern France to advance across no man's land. It was the first hour of the first day of the Battle of the Somme. Of the estimated 1,394 men from Bradford and District in the two battalions, 1,060 were either killed or injured during the ill-fated attack on the village of Serre-lès-Puisieux.
Other Bradford Battalions of The Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) involved in the Battle of the Somme were the 1st/6th Battalion (the former Bradford Rifle Volunteers), part of the Territorial Force, based at Belle Vue Barracks in Manningham, and the 10th Battalion (another Kitchener battalion). The 1/6th Battalion first saw action in 1915 at the Battle of Aubers Ridge before moving north to the Yser Canal near Ypres. On the first day of the Somme they took heavy casualties while trying to support the 36th (Ulster) Division. The 10th Battalion was involved in the attack on Fricourt, where it suffered the highest casualty rate of any battalion on the Somme on 1 July and perhaps the highest battalion casualty list for a single day during the entire war. Nearly 60% of the battalion's casualties were deaths.
The 1/2nd and 2/2nd West Riding Brigades, Royal Field Artillery (TF), had their headquarters at Valley Parade in Manningham, with batteries at Bradford, Halifax and Heckmondwike. The 1/2nd Brigade crossed to France with the 1/6th Battalion West Yorks in April 1915. These Territorial Force units were to remain close to each other throughout the war, serving in the 49th (West Riding) Division. They were joined in 1917 by the 2/6th Battalion, West Yorks, and 2/2nd West Riding Brigade, RFA, serving in the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division.
Recent history
Bradford's Telegraph and Argus newspaper was involved in spearheading the news of the 1936 Abdication Crisis, after the Bishop of Bradford publicly expressed doubts about Edward VIII's religious beliefs (see: Telegraph & Argus#1936 Abdication Crisis).
After the Second World War migrants came from Poland and Ukraine and since the 1950s from Bangladesh, India and particularly Pakistan.
The textile industry has been in decline throughout the latter part of the 20th century. A culture of innovation had been fundamental to Bradford's dominance, with new textile technologies being invented in the city; a prime example being the work of Samuel Lister. This innovation culture continues today throughout Bradford's economy, from automotive (Kahn Design) to electronics (Pace Micro Technology). Wm Morrison Supermarkets was founded by William Morrison in 1899, initially as an egg and butter merchant in Rawson Market, operating under the name of Wm Morrison (Provisions) Limited.
The grandest of the mills no longer used for textile production is Lister Mills, the chimney of which can be seen from most places in Bradford. It has become a beacon of regeneration after a £100 million conversion to apartment blocks by property developer Urban Splash.
In 1989, copies of Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses were burnt in the city, and a section of the Muslim community led a campaign against the book. In July 2001, ethnic tensions led to rioting, and a report described Bradford as fragmented and a city of segregated ethnic communities.
The Yorkshire Building Society opened its new headquarters in the city in 1992.
In 2006 Wm Morrison Supermarkets opened its new headquarters in the city, the firm employs more than 5,000 people in Bradford.
In June 2009 Bradford became the world's first UNESCO City of Film and became part of the Creative Cities Network since then. The city has a long history of producing both films and the technology that produces moving film which includes the invention of the Cieroscope, which took place in Manningham in 1896.
In 2010 Provident Financial opened its new headquarters in the city. The company has been based in the city since 1880.
In 2012 the British Wool Marketing Board opened its new headquarters in the city. Also in 2012 Bradford City Park opened, the park which cost £24.5 million to construct is a public space in the city centre which features numerous fountains and a mirror pool surrounded by benches and a walk way.
In 2015 The Broadway opened, the shopping and leisure complex in the centre of Bradford cost £260 million to build and is owned by Meyer Bergman.
In 2022, Bradford was named the UK City of Culture 2025, beating Southampton, Wrexham and Durham. The UK City of Culture bid, as of 2023, was expected to majorly stimulate the local economy and culture as well as attracting tourism to the city. By 2025, the UK City of Culture bid is expected to support potential economic growth of £389 million to the city of Bradford as well as to the surrounding local areas, creating over 7,000 jobs, attracting a significant amount of tourists to the city and providing thousands of performance opportunities for local artists.
Officers from Greater Manchester Police’s County Lines team executed seven warrants across Bolton this morning, working alongside specialist Challenger and complex safeguarding teams to secure several arrests.
The early morning wake-up calls for the residents across the various addresses was a direct result of the team’s work in tackling county lines drug supply and the exploitation of vulnerable people in the Bolton area.
Additionally working with members of GMP’s Serious and Organised Crime team, four arrests were made:
Three men, aged 21, 24, and 26, were arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to supply drugs, participation in an organised gang and modern slavery offences.
One man, aged 26, was arrested on suspicion of being concerned in the supply of drugs.
During searches of the properties, numerous items were discovered and seized, including an e-bike, Class A and Class B drugs. The four remain in custody for questioning.
County Lines is the use of dedicated phone lines to deal drugs from one location to another. In some instances of county lines gangs, vulnerable people are exploited in order to sell and store drugs.
This can include young children who are lured into a life of crime by older people seeking to convince them to take part in illegal behaviour.
Vulnerable adults may also be forced into similar acts – by people who pretend to be their friend or otherwise threaten them for not assisting with their criminality. In some cases, homes will be taken over and taken advantage of.
Across Greater Manchester, officers work tirelessly every day to tackle drugs and the people who supply them. From our specialist Programme Challenger teams to neighbourhood officers in your local community, GMP seizes significant quantities of drugs and ill-gotten money every week, combatting everything from anti-social drug users to organised criminal dealers.
Detective Inspector Zoe MacDonald, from GMP’s County Lines Team, said: “Drugs and the people who supply them can cause an incredible amount of harm in our community. From addiction to the exploitation of the most vulnerable, illicit substances cause so many types of hurt and criminality across so many towns and cities.
“This morning’s work has targeted reports of county lines operating in Bolton, and the drug supply in the town and wider area. We have successfully hit several addresses across the district and shown criminals that we will never tolerate them.
“I want the people of Bolton to know that we are dedicated to protecting them and ensuring we keep criminals off the streets.
“From regular patrols to intelligence gathering to crucial work with partner agencies, we put considerable resources in to tackling the scourge of drug-related criminality on our streets.
“If you have any concerns about drug supply or county lines operating in your area or feel like you have witnessed something suspicious, please do get in touch with us. You can report information to the police on 101, via gmp.police.uk, or by calling the independent charity Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.
A spokesperson for Bolton Council said: “County lines gangs exploit the most vulnerable in society and inflict considerable harm on the wider community.
“As part of our safeguarding responsibilities, we have worked jointly with Greater Manchester Police to disrupt the activity of these gangs and hold those responsible to account.
“As a council, we will always be relentless in identifying anyone who exploits others and take decisive action to keep Bolton’s children and vulnerable adults safe.
“Our specially trained staff continue to work with the victims and to support all those affected.”
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk
Detail of the Baptistry Window, a masterpiece of abstract stained glass designed by John Piper and executed by Patrick Reyntiens.
Coventry's Cathedral is a unique synthesis of old a new, born of wartime suffering and forged in the spirit of postwar optimism, famous for it's history and for being the most radically modern of Anglican cathedrals. Two cathedral's stand side by side, the ruins of the medieval building, destroyed by incendiary bombs in 1940 and the bold new building designed by Basil Spence and opened in 1962.
It is a common misconception that Coventry lost it's first cathedral in the wartime blitz, but the bombs actually destroyed it's second; the original medieval cathedral was the monastic St Mary's, a large cruciform building believed to have been similar in appearance to Lichfield Cathedral (whose diocese it shared). Tragically it became the only English cathedral to be destroyed during the Reformation, after which it was quickly quarried away, leaving only scant fragments, but enough evidence survives to indicate it's rich decoration (some pieces were displayed nearby in the Priory Visitors Centre, sadly since closed). Foundations of it's apse were found during the building of the new cathedral in the 1950s, thus technically three cathedrals share the same site.
The mainly 15th century St Michael's parish church became the seat of the new diocese of Coventry in 1918, and being one of the largest parish churches in the country it was upgraded to cathedral status without structural changes (unlike most 'parish church' cathedrals created in the early 20th century). It lasted in this role a mere 22 years before being burned to the ground in the 1940 Coventry Blitz, leaving only the outer walls and the magnificent tapering tower and spire (the extensive arcades and clerestoreys collapsed completely in the fire, precipitated by the roof reinforcement girders, installed in the Victorian restoration, that buckled in the intense heat).
The determination to rebuild the cathedral in some form was born on the day of the bombing, however it wasn't until the mid 1950s that a competition was held and Sir Basil Spence's design was chosen. Spence had been so moved by experiencing the ruined church he resolved to retain it entirely to serve as a forecourt to the new church. He envisaged the two being linked by a glass screen wall so that the old church would be visible from within the new.
Built between 1957-62 at a right-angle to the ruins, the new cathedral attracted controversy for it's modern form, and yet some modernists argued that it didn't go far enough, after all there are echoes of the Gothic style in the great stone-mullioned windows of the nave and the net vaulting (actually a free-standing canopy) within. What is exceptional is the way art has been used as such an integral part of the building, a watershed moment, revolutionising the concept of religious art in Britain.
Spence employed some of the biggest names in contemporary art to contribute their vision to his; the exterior is adorned with Jacob Epstein's triumphant bronze figures of Archangel Michael (patron of the cathedral) vanquishing the Devil. At the entrance is the remarkable glass wall, engraved by John Hutton with strikingly stylised figures of saints and angels, and allowing the interior of the new to communicate with the ruin. Inside, the great tapestry of Christ in majesty surrounded by the evangelistic creatures, draws the eye beyond the high altar; it was designed by Graham Sutherland and was the largest tapestry ever made.
However one of the greatest features of Coventry is it's wealth of modern stained glass, something Spence resolved to include having witnessed the bleakness of Chartres Cathedral in wartime, all it's stained glass having been removed. The first window encountered on entering is the enormous 'chess-board' baptistry window filled with stunning abstract glass by John Piper & Patrick Reyntiens, a symphony of glowing colour. The staggered nave walls are illuminated by ten narrow floor to ceiling windows filled with semi-abstract symbolic designs arranged in pairs of dominant colours (green, red, multi-coloured, purple/blue and gold) representing the souls journey to maturity, and revealed gradually as one approaches the altar. This amazing project was the work of three designers lead by master glass artist Lawrence Lee of the Royal College of Art along with Keith New and Geoffrey Clarke (each artist designed three of the windows individually and all collaborated on the last).
The cathedral still dazzles the visitor with the boldness of it's vision, but alas, half a century on, it was not a vision to be repeated and few of the churches and cathedrals built since can claim to have embraced the synthesis of art and architecture in the way Basil Spence did at Coventry.
The cathedral is generally open to visitors most days. For more see below:-
Press it before the time runs out!!!
(should be viewed full size so you can see the keys!)
Another pic of my Lost tribute. Only 24 more hours till showtime!!
Louis was executed on 21 January 1793, at the age of thirty-eight.[85] The result was that the "Widow Capet", as the former queen was called after the death of her husband, plunged into deep mourning; she refused to eat or do any exercise. There is no knowledge of her proclaiming her son as Louis XVII; however, the comte de Provence, in exile, recognised his nephew as the new king of France and took the title of Regent. Marie-Antoinette's health rapidly deteriorated in the following months. By this time she suffered from tuberculosis and possibly uterine cancer, which caused her to hemorrhage frequently.[86]
Despite her condition, the debate as to her fate was the central question of the National Convention after Louis's death. There were those who had been advocating her death for some time, while some had the idea of exchanging her for French prisoners of war or for a ransom from the Holy Roman Emperor. Thomas Paine advocated exile to America.[87] Starting in April, however, a Committee of Public Safety was formed, and men such as Jacques Hébert were beginning to call for Antoinette's trial; by the end of May, the Girondins had been chased out of power and arrested.[88] Other calls were made to "retrain" the Dauphin, to make him more pliant to revolutionary ideas. This was carried out when the eight year old boy Louis Charles was separated from Antoinette on 3 July, and given to the care of a cobbler.[89] On 1 August, she herself was taken out of the Tower and entered into the Conciergerie as Prisoner No. 280.[90] Despite various attempts to get her out, such as the Carnation Plot in September, Marie Antoinette refused when the plots for her escape were brought to her attention.[91]
She was finally tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal on 14 October. Unlike the king, who had been given time to prepare a defense, the queen's trial was far more of a sham, considering the time she was given (less than one day) and the Jacobins' misogynistic view of women in general. Among the things she was accused of (most, if not all, of the accusations were untrue and probably lifted from rumors begun by libelles) were orchestrating orgies in Versailles, sending millions of livres of treasury money to Austria, plotting to kill the Duke of Orléans, incest with her son, declaring her son to be the new king of France and orchestrating the massacre of the Swiss Guards in 1792.
The most infamous charge was that she sexually abused her son. This was according to Louis Charles, who, through his coaching by Hébert and his guardian, accused his mother. After being reminded that she had not answered the charge of incest, Marie Antoinette protested emotionally to the accusation, and the women present in the courtroom – the market women who had stormed the palace for her entrails in 1789 – ironically began to support her.[92] She had been composed throughout the trial until this accusation was made, to which she finally answered, "If I have not replied it is because Nature itself refuses to respond to such a charge laid against a mother."
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Edith Cavell est une infirmière anglaise qui dirigeait en 1907 une des premières écoles modernes de formation des infirmières à Bruxelles. Convaincue d'avoir aidé des soldats alliés à s'évader, elle fut jugée et exécutée en 1915.
Voici une courte biographie sur le site de l'académie de Lille :
Née le 4 décembre 1865 en Angleterre, Édith Cavell commence ses études d'infirmière en 1895. Ses qualités exceptionnelles lui vaudront de diriger un des services du London Hospital, puis en 1907, une école d'infirmières à Bruxelles.
En 1914, la guerre éclate. Dans toute la Belgique des organisations se forment. Nombreux furent ceux, soldats belges et français, qui, grâce à Miss Cavell, purent se réfugier en Hollande.
Édith Cavell fut dénoncée puis arrêtée par les allemands le 5 août 1915 alors qu'elle se trouvait au chevet de ses malades.
Son jugement et son exécution le 12 octobre 1915 soulevèrent l'indignation de nombreux pays. Ils frappaient une femme dont l'activité était entièrement vouée à secourir la douleur et la détresse humaine.
Ainsi que cet article très complet (en anglais) sur le site History Net, Nurse Edith Cavell, A fanatically selfless sense of duty drove nurse Edith Cavell to harbor Allied soldiers behind German lines.
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This morning (Friday 23 August) police in Rochdale executed two warrants in the Freehold neighbourhood as they continue their relentless pursuit of those intent on causing harm to the local community.
Three men aged 14 – 54, have been arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to supply class A and B drugs. They remain in police custody for questioning.
Following a thorough search of the addresses, significant quantities of class A and B drugs were found, with an estimated street sale value of £51,000. We also seized several weapons, including two samurai swords, and several items consistent with a significant drugs operation.
This is the latest activity which comes under the district’s Operation Affect, the force’s latest Clear, Hold, Build initiative. Police are systematically dismantling and disrupting organised crime in the area, by pursuing gang members and criminals to clear the area, holding the location to prevent criminals exploiting the vacuum created by the original disruption, and working with partners and Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH) to build a prosperous and resilient community.
So far, the team have made 36 arrests, secured three full closure orders on nuisance properties linked to criminality, and seized large quantities of cash, drugs, and weapons.
Building on a successful community event held earlier this year, Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH) are working with local residents and partners to design out crime in Freehold and rebuild a stronger community.
The overall investment is anticipated to be around £5M and will keep residents safer and improve the overall look of the local area, including providing higher quality common areas and improving the condition of the buildings.
Inspector Meena Yasin, who is leading Operation Affect, said: “Since launching this operation we’ve seen a real concerted effort to disrupt illegal drug supply in the Freehold area of Rochdale.
"From speaking with residents, we know that drug dealing, and anti-social behaviour has been a particular area of concern for them.
“The seizures this morning means we have been able to take tens of thousands of pounds worth of illicit and harmful products off our streets and dismantle a significant drugs operation which has been blighting our residents.
“Our officers remain in the area to provide a visible reassurance for residents. If you have any concerns or want to share information about suspicious behaviour in the area, please speak to them, they are there to help you.
“You know your community best, and your intelligence often forms a large and crucial park of our criminal investigations, helping us to remove criminals from the streets.”
Hayley Stockham, RBH Director of Neighbourhoods, said: "We have zero tolerance for anti-social behaviour and criminal activity in our neighbourhoods. We're very grateful to the local community for supporting our joint efforts to stamp out this behaviour.
“We will continue to work closely with our partners in the Police and at the Council, and we know that this is making a significant difference to the lives of local people. We encourage members of the community to continue to report crime and anti-social behaviour to RBH and to the Police.”
If you have any concerns about drugs in your area, let us know via our Live Chat function on our website, or by calling 101, so that we can take action.
Always dial 999 in an emergency.
Alternatively, you can report it to Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.
The Liechtenstein Garden Palace is a Baroque palace at the Fürstengasse in the 9th District of Vienna, Alsergrund . Between the palace, where the Liechtenstein Museum was until the end of 2011, and executed as Belvedere summer palace on the Alserbachstraße is a park. Since early 2012, the Liechtenstein Garden Palace is a place for events. Part of the private art collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein is still in the gallery rooms of the palace. In 2010 was started to call the palace, to avoid future confusion, officially the Garden Palace, since 2013 the city has renovated the Palais Liechtenstein (Stadtpalais) in Vienna's old town and then also equipped with a part of the Liechtenstein art collection.
Building
Design for the Liechtenstein Garden Palace, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach in 1687/1688
Canaletto: View of Palais Liechtenstein
1687 bought Prince Johann Adam Andreas von Liechtenstein a garden with adjoining meadows of Count Weikhard von Auersperg in the Rossau. In the southern part of the property the prince had built a palace and in the north part he founded a brewery and a manorial, from which developed the suburb Lichtental. For the construction of the palace Johann Adam Andreas organised 1688 a competition, in the inter alia participating, the young Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. Meanwhile, a little functional, " permeable " project was rejected by the prince but, after all, instead he was allowed to built a garden in the Belvedere Alserbachstraße 14, which , however, was canceled in 1872.
The competition was won by Domenico Egidio Rossi, but was replaced in 1692 by Domenico Martinelli. The execution of the stonework had been given the royal Hofsteinmetzmeister (master stonemason) Martin Mitschke. He was delivered by the Masters of Kaisersteinbruch Ambrose Ferrethi , Giovanni Battista Passerini and Martin Trumler large pillars, columns and pedestal made from stone Emperor (Kaiserstein). Begin of the contract was the fourth July 1689 , the total cost was around 50,000 guilders.
For contracts from the years 1693 and 1701 undertook the Salzburg master stonemason John and Joseph Pernegger owner for 4,060 guilders the steps of the great grand staircase from Lienbacher (Adnet = red) to supply marble monolith of 4.65 meters. From the Master Nicolaus Wendlinger from Hallein came the Stiegenbalustraden (stair balustrades) for 1,000 guilders.
A palazzo was built in a mix of city and country in the Roman-style villa. The structure is clear and the construction very blocky with a stressed central risalite, what served the conservative tastes of the Prince very much. According to the procedure of the architectural treatise by Johann Adam Andreas ' father, Karl Eusebius, the palace was designed with three floors and 13 windows axis on the main front and seven windows axis on the lateral front. Together with the stems it forms a courtyard .
Sala terrene of the Palais
1700 the shell was completed. In 1702, the Salzburg master stonemason and Georg Andreas Doppler took over 7,005 guilders for the manufacture of door frame made of white marble of Salzburg, 1708 was the delivery of the fireplaces in marble hall for 1,577 guilders. For the painted decoration was originally the Bolognese Marcantonio Franceschini hired, from him are some of the painted ceilings on the first floor. Since he to slow to the prince, Antonio Belucci was hired from Venice, who envisioned the rest of the floor. The ceiling painting in the Great Hall, the Hercules Hall but got Andrea Pozzo . Pozzo in 1708 confirmed the sum of 7,500 florins which he had received since 1704 for the ceiling fresco in the Marble Hall in installments. As these artists died ( Pozzo) or declined to Italy, the Prince now had no painter left for the ground floor.
After a long search finally Michael Rottmayr was hired for the painting of the ground floor - originally a temporary solution, because the prince was of the opinion that only Italian artist buon gusto d'invenzione had. Since Rottmayr was not involved in the original planning, his paintings not quite fit with the stucco. Rottmayr 1708 confirmed the receipt of 7,500 guilders for his fresco work.
Giovanni Giuliani, who designed the sculptural decoration in the window roofing of the main facade, undertook in 1705 to provide sixteen stone vases of Zogelsdorfer stone. From September 1704 to August 1705 Santino Bussi stuccoed the ground floor of the vault of the hall and received a fee of 1,000 florins and twenty buckets of wine. 1706 Bussi adorned the two staircases, the Marble Hall, the Gallery Hall and the remaining six halls of the main projectile with its stucco work for 2,200 florins and twenty buckets of wine. Giuliani received in 1709 for his Kaminbekrönungen (fireplace crowning) of the great room and the vases 1,128 guilders.
Garden
Liechtenstein Palace from the garden
The new summer palace of Henry of Ferstel from the garden
The garden was created in the mind of a classic baroque garden. The vases and statues were carried out according to the plans of Giuseppe Mazza from the local Giovanni Giuliani. In 1820 the garden has been remodeled according to plans of Joseph Kornhäusel in the Classical sense. In the Fürstengasse was opposite the Palais, the Orangerie, built 1700s.
Use as a museum
Already from 1805 to 1938, the palace was housing the family collection of the house of Liechtenstein, which was also open for public viewing, the collection was then transferred to the Principality of Liechtenstein, which remained neutral during the war and was not bombed. In the 1960s and 1970s, the so-called Building Centre was housed in the palace as a tenant, a permanent exhibition for builders of single-family houses and similar buildings. From 26 April 1979 rented the since 1962 housed in the so-called 20er Haus Museum of the 20th Century , a federal museum, the palace as a new main house, the 20er Haus was continued as a branch . Since the start of operations at the Palais, the collection called itself Museum of Modern Art (since 1991 Museum of Modern Art Ludwig Foundation ), the MUMOK in 2001 moved to the newly built museum district.
From 29 March 2004 till the end of 2011 in the Palace was the Liechtenstein Museum, whose collection includes paintings and sculptures from five centuries. The collection is considered one of the largest and most valuable private art collections in the world, whose main base in Vaduz (Liechtenstein) is . As the palace, so too the collection is owned by the Prince of Liechtenstein Foundation .
On 15 November 2011 it was announced that the regular museum operating in the Garden Palace was stopped due to short of original expectations, visiting numbers remaining lower as calculated, with January 2012. The Liechtenstein City Palace museum will also not offer regular operations. Exhibited works of art would then (in the city palace from 2013) only during the "Long Night of the Museums", for registered groups and during leased events being visitable. The name of the Liechtenstein Museum will no longer be used.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Liechtenstein_%28F%C3%BCrste...
This morning (Friday 23 August) police in Rochdale executed two warrants in the Freehold neighbourhood as they continue their relentless pursuit of those intent on causing harm to the local community.
Three men aged 14 – 54, have been arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to supply class A and B drugs. They remain in police custody for questioning.
Following a thorough search of the addresses, significant quantities of class A and B drugs were found, with an estimated street sale value of £51,000. We also seized several weapons, including two samurai swords, and several items consistent with a significant drugs operation.
This is the latest activity which comes under the district’s Operation Affect, the force’s latest Clear, Hold, Build initiative. Police are systematically dismantling and disrupting organised crime in the area, by pursuing gang members and criminals to clear the area, holding the location to prevent criminals exploiting the vacuum created by the original disruption, and working with partners and Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH) to build a prosperous and resilient community.
So far, the team have made 36 arrests, secured three full closure orders on nuisance properties linked to criminality, and seized large quantities of cash, drugs, and weapons.
Building on a successful community event held earlier this year, Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH) are working with local residents and partners to design out crime in Freehold and rebuild a stronger community.
The overall investment is anticipated to be around £5M and will keep residents safer and improve the overall look of the local area, including providing higher quality common areas and improving the condition of the buildings.
Inspector Meena Yasin, who is leading Operation Affect, said: “Since launching this operation we’ve seen a real concerted effort to disrupt illegal drug supply in the Freehold area of Rochdale.
"From speaking with residents, we know that drug dealing, and anti-social behaviour has been a particular area of concern for them.
“The seizures this morning means we have been able to take tens of thousands of pounds worth of illicit and harmful products off our streets and dismantle a significant drugs operation which has been blighting our residents.
“Our officers remain in the area to provide a visible reassurance for residents. If you have any concerns or want to share information about suspicious behaviour in the area, please speak to them, they are there to help you.
“You know your community best, and your intelligence often forms a large and crucial park of our criminal investigations, helping us to remove criminals from the streets.”
Hayley Stockham, RBH Director of Neighbourhoods, said: "We have zero tolerance for anti-social behaviour and criminal activity in our neighbourhoods. We're very grateful to the local community for supporting our joint efforts to stamp out this behaviour.
“We will continue to work closely with our partners in the Police and at the Council, and we know that this is making a significant difference to the lives of local people. We encourage members of the community to continue to report crime and anti-social behaviour to RBH and to the Police.”
If you have any concerns about drugs in your area, let us know via our Live Chat function on our website, or by calling 101, so that we can take action.
Always dial 999 in an emergency.
Alternatively, you can report it to Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.
On the 30th January 1649, King Charles I was led onto a scaffold erected outside the Banqueting House on Whitehall to be executed.
For over 50 years, on the last Sunday in January, the soldiers of the King’s Army, the Royalist part of the English Civil War Society, have commemorated this event. The soldiers you see today are all volunteers, and members of the King’s Army, which exists to re-enact the wars of King Charles I and Parliament during the years 1642-1649. Tragically, Charles was eventually defeated and after detention and a show trial, put to death. A black mark on the clock above Horse Guards at 2.00 pm remembers the time of the King’s death.
The Army formed up on the Mal,l and made its way, in funeral order, down the Mall and onto Horse Guards, following Charles’ last route. On Horse Guards, a religious drumhead service was held, a colour was trooped and blessed, the Oath of Loyalty was administered and awards and commissions were presented. The wreath, which ‘Remembers’ His Majestie’s horrid murder, was then trooped around the whole army, before being taken by the honour guard through Horse Guards Arch, and across to the Banqueting House, and laid where the Horrid deed was carried out.
Whilst this takes place the Army removed their funeral dress, and resumed a martial order, before retracing their route back to St James’s Palace with drums beating and colours flying. Here, with great shouts and acclamations to their King, they brave the rebels to come out of the city and fight them in the year ahead.
With thanks to the ECWS website www.ecws.org.uk/
for the above information.
Peter Matthews, along with Samuel Lount, was executed for his role in the Montgomery Tavern incident of December 15,1837, also known as the Upper Canada Rebellion ( read a contemporary account ).
From the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online : “Matthews’s party of about 50 left Pickering on 5 December and arrived at Montgomery’s Tavern on Yonge Street north of Toronto the next day. On the morning of the 7th, Matthews and about 60 men were sent by Mackenzie to the bridge across the Don River east of the city. There they were to create a diversion which Mackenzie hoped would prevent government forces from attacking Montgomery’s until the reinforcements he was expecting had arrived there. Matthews’s party killed one man and set the bridge and some houses on fire before being driven off by loyalist forces. The rebellion failed that day and Matthews fled, but he was captured in a farmhouse in York Township. He pleaded guilty to a charge of treason and petitioned for mercy. Although evidence about his role was contradictory, the Executive Council decided that he had been a leading figure in the uprising and held him responsible for the fires and the death at the bridge. Despite appeals for clemency signed by thousands, Matthews was executed with Samuel Lount on 12 April 1838. His property was seized by the crown, but in 1848, after pardons had been extended to most of the rebels, it was returned to the family.”
Creator: Unknown
Date: 1913?
Identifier: JRR 2800 Cab, T 16313, MTL 1858
Format: Picture
Rights: Public domain
Courtesy: Toronto Public Library.
More information: (view details and larger image)
William Henry Playfair executed his drawings for Royal Circus in 1820, the year after he was commissioned by the Heriot Trust; building began in 1821 and was completed two years later. Part of the first extension of the New Town planned by Reid and Sibbald in 1802, these are part of the Second New Town A-Group, a significant surviving part of one of the most important and best preserved examples of urban planning in Britain.
A cist was found in the summer of 1822 when digging the foundation of a house on the west side of Royal Circus. When opened, the form of a skeleton was discernible, lying with the head to the south, but it crumbled to dust on being touched, only some fragments of teeth remaining!
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard that was published by the Dulwich Picture Gallery.
A copy of this work was submitted to auction in London on the 13th. September 2022. It was described at the time as follows:
"Home-made print executed on an office
colour copy machine, on Arches Text paper,
the full sheet.
36 x 22 cm (14 x 9 in.)
Signed, dated and numbered 49/60 in pencil,
published by the artist (with his blind stamp),
and contained in the original artist's specified
gilded wooden frame."
The estimate was £5,000 - £7,000, but it actually sold for £15,120.
A blind stamp is an image, design or lettering on an art print or book formed by creating a depression in the paper or other material. It is the opposite of embossing, which refers to a design created by raising the paper above the surrounding area.
Blind stamps are usually quite unobtrusive and generally positioned alongside the limited edition number.
It is very difficult to forge a blind stamp, and as it is an integral part of the paper and print, it cannot be removed. If the artist hasn't signed the print, the stamp can prove it is genuine.
David Hockney
David Hockney, who was born on the 9th. July 1937, is an English painter, draughtsman, printmaker, stage designer, and photographer.
He is an important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960's, and is considered to be one of the most influential British artists of the 20th. and 21st. centuries.
Hockney has owned residences and studios in Bridlington and London, as well as two residences in California, where he has lived intermittently since 1964: one in the Hollywood Hills, and one in Malibu.
He has an office and stores his archives on Santa Monica Boulevard in West Hollywood, California.
On the 15th. November 2018, Hockney's 1972 work Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) sold at Christie's auction house in NYC for $90 million (£70 million), becoming the most expensive artwork by a living artist sold at auction.
It broke the previous record which was set by the 2013 sale of Jeff Koons' Balloon Dog (Orange) for $58.4 million. Hockney held the record until the 15th. May 2019 when Koons reclaimed the honour by selling his Rabbit for more than $91 million at Christie's in New York.
David Hockney - The Early Years
David Hockney was born in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, the fourth of five children of Kenneth Hockney who was an accountant's clerk who later ran his own accountancy business, and who had been a conscientious objector in the Second World War.
David's mother Laura (née Thompson) was a devout Methodist and strict vegetarian.
He was educated at Wellington Primary School, Bradford Grammar School, Bradford College of Art, and the Royal College of Art in London, where he met R. B. Kitaj and Frank Bowling.
At the Royal College of Art, Hockney featured – alongside Peter Blake – in the exhibition New Contemporaries, which announced the arrival of British Pop art. He was associated with the movement, although his early works display expressionist elements which are similar to some of Francis Bacon's works.
When the RCA said it would not let him graduate if he did not complete an assignment of a life drawing of a live model in 1962, Hockney painted Life Painting for a Diploma in protest.
David refused to write an essay required for the final examination, and said that he should be assessed solely on his artworks. Recognising his talent and growing reputation, the RCA changed its regulations and awarded him a diploma.
David Hockney's Career
After leaving the RCA, David taught at Maidstone College of Art for a short time. He taught at the University of Iowa in 1964.
Later in 1964, Hockney moved to Los Angeles, where he was inspired to make a series of paintings of swimming pools in the comparatively new acrylic medium using vibrant colours.
He also taught at the University of Colorado, Boulder in 1965 before teaching at UCLA from 1966 to 1967, and then at UCB in 1967.
David lived at various times in Los Angeles, London, and Paris from the late 1960's to 1970's. In 1974 he began a decade-long personal relationship with Gregory Evans who moved with him to the US in 1976 and as of 2019 remains a business partner.
In 1978 David rented a home in the Hollywood Hills; he later bought and expanded the house to include his studio. He also owned a 1,643-square-foot beach house at 21039 on the PCH in Malibu, which he sold in 1999 for about $1.5 million.
In the 1990's, Hockney returned more often to Yorkshire, usually every three months, to visit his mother who died in 1999.
Until 1997, David rarely stayed for more than two weeks, when his friend Jonathan Silver who was terminally ill, encouraged him to capture the local surroundings. At first he did this with paintings based on memory, some from his boyhood.
In 1998, he completed his painting of the Yorkshire landmark, Garrowby Hill. Hockney returned to Yorkshire for increasingly longer stays, and by 2003 was painting the countryside en plein air in both oils and watercolour.
David set up residence and a studio in a converted bed and breakfast, in the seaside town of Bridlington, about 75 mi (121 km) from where he was born. The oil paintings he produced after 2005 were influenced by his intensive studies in watercolour, a series titled Midsummer: East Yorkshire (2003–2004).
He created paintings made of multiple smaller canvases — two to fifty — placed together. To help him visualise work at that scale, he used digital photographic reproductions to study the day's work.
In spring 2020 he stayed at La Grande Cour, a farmhouse and studio in Normandy, during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Since that date he has settled full-time in Normandy.
David Hockney's Work
Hockney has experimented with painting, drawing, printmaking, watercolours, photography, and many other media including a fax machine, paper pulp, computer applications and iPad drawing programs.
The subject matter of interest ranges from still lifes to landscapes, portraits of friends, his dogs, and stage designs for the Royal Court Theatre, Glyndebourne, and the Metropolitan Opera in NYC.
-- Portraits
Hockney repeatedly returned to painting portraits throughout his career. From 1968, and for the next few years, he painted portraits and double portraits of friends, lovers, and relatives just under life-size in a realistic style that adroitly captured the likenesses of his subjects.
Hockney has repeatedly been drawn to the same subjects – his family, employees, artists Mo McDermott and Maurice Payne, various writers he has known, fashion designers Celia Birtwell and Ossie Clark (Mr. and Mrs. Clark and Percy, 1970–71), curator Henry Geldzahler, art dealer Nicholas Wilder, George Lawson and his ballet dancer lover, Wayne Sleep, and also his romantic interests throughout the years, including Peter Schlesinger and Gregory Evans.
Perhaps more than all of these, Hockney has turned to his own figure year after year, creating over 300 self-portraits.
From 1999 to 2001 Hockney used a camera lucida for his research into art history as well as his own work in the studio. He created over 200 drawings of friends, family, and himself using this antique lens-based device.
In 2016, the Royal Academy exhibited Hockney's series entitled 82 Portraits and 1 Still-life which traveled to Ca' Pesaro in Venice and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in 2017, and to the LA County Museum of Art in 2018.
Hockney calls the paintings started in 2013 "twenty-hour exposures," because each sitting took six to seven hours on three consecutive days.
-- Printmaking
Hockney experimented with printmaking as early as a lithograph Self-Portrait in 1954 (see above), and worked in etchings during his time at RCA.
In 1965, the print workshop Gemini G.E.L. approached him to create a series of lithographs with a Los Angeles theme. Hockney responded by creating The Hollywood Collection, a series of lithographs recreating the art collection of a Hollywood star, each piece depicting an imagined work of art within a frame.
Hockney went on to produce many other portfolios with Gemini G.E.L. including Friends, The Weather Series, and Some New Prints.
During the 1960's David produced several series of prints that he thought of as 'graphic tales', including A Rake's Progress (1961–63) after Hogarth, Illustrations for Fourteen Poems from C. P. Cavafy (1966) and Illustrations for Six Fairy Tales from the Brothers Grimm (1969).
In 1973 Hockney began a fruitful collaboration with Aldo Crommelynck, Picasso's preferred printer. In his atelier, he adopted Crommelynck's trademark sugar lift, as well as a system of the master's own devising of imposing a wooden frame onto the plate to ensure colour separation.
Their early work together included Artist and Model (1973–74) and Contrejour in the French Style (1974).
In 1976–77 Hockney created The Blue Guitar, a suite of 20 etchings, each utilising Crommelynck's techniques and filled with references to Picasso. The frontispiece to the suite mentions Hockney's dual inspiration:
"The Blue Guitar: Etchings By David Hockney
Who Was Inspired By Wallace Stevens Who
Was Inspired By Pablo Picasso".
The etchings refer to themes in a poem by Wallace Stevens, The Man with the Blue Guitar, which was published by Petersburg Press in October 1977. That year, Petersburg also published a book in which the images were accompanied by the poem's text.
In the summer of 1978, David Hockney stayed for six weeks with his friend the printer Ken Tyler at Tyler's studio in New York. Tyler invited Hockney to try a new technique with liquid paper. The process is painting with the paper itself, so the artist had to do it himself by hand.
Each image becomes a unique work between printmaking and painting. In six weeks, Hockney created a total of 29 artworks with a series of 17 sunflowers and swimming pools. Many of the works are very similar, differentiated by changes in colour choice and application of the colour. Some are solely coloured using paper pulp, while some use spray paint to achieve certain details.
Some of Hockney's other print portfolios include Home Made Prints (1986), Recent Etchings (1998) and Moving Focus (1984–1986), which contains lithographs related to A Walk Around the Hotel Courtyard, Acatlan.
A retrospective of David's prints, including 'computer drawings' printed on fax machines and inkjet printers, was exhibited at Dulwich Picture Gallery in London from February – May 2014 and Bowes Museum, County Durham from June – September 2014, with an accompanying publication, Hockney, Printmaker, by Richard Lloyd.
-- Photocollages
In the early 1980's, Hockney began to produce photo collages— which, in his early explorations within his personal photo albums, he referred to as "joiners" — first using Polaroid prints and subsequently 35mm, commercially processed colour prints.
Using Polaroid snaps or photolab-prints of a single subject, Hockney arranged a patchwork to make a composite image. Because the photographs are taken from different perspectives and at slightly different times, the result is work that has an affinity with Cubism, one of Hockney's major aims — discussing the way human vision works.
Some pieces are landscapes, such as Pearblossom Highway #2, others are portraits including Kasmin 1982; and My Mother, Bolton Abbey, 1982.
Creation of the "joiners" occurred accidentally. He noticed in the late 1960's that photographers were using cameras with wide-angle lenses. He did not like these photographs because they looked somewhat distorted.
While working on a painting of a living room and terrace in Los Angeles, he took Polaroid shots of the living room and glued them together, not intending for them to be a composition on their own. On looking at the final composition, he realised it created a narrative, as if the viewer moved through the room.
He began to work more with photography after this discovery, stopping painting for a while to pursue this new technique exclusively.
However over time, he discovered what he could not capture with a lens, saying:
"Photography seems to be rather good at
portraiture, or can be. But, it can't tell you
about space, which is the essence of
landscape. For me anyway.
Even Ansel Adams can't quite prepare you
for what Yosemite looks like when you go
through that tunnel and you come out the
other side."
(Ansel Adams was an American landscape photographer and environmentalist).
Frustrated with the limitations of photography and its 'one-eyed' approach, he returned to painting.
-- Other Technology
In December 1985 Hockney used the Quantel Paintbox, a computer program that allowed the artist to sketch directly onto the screen. The resulting work was featured in a BBC series that profiled several artists.
In 1999 – 2001, David's sister, Margaret, began experimenting with digital photography, scanning and computer printing, particularly making images of flowers scanning a small Japanese vase and fresh flowers.
In 2003, she was experimenting with Photoshop, scanning summer flowers and building up images in layers which Margaret printed out on an A3 printer. In 2004, David went to stay with Margaret, and she helped him scan his sketchbook of Yorkshire landscapes, and David soon began using a Wacom pad and pen directly into Photoshop.
Since 2009, Hockney has painted hundreds of portraits, still lifes and landscapes using the Brushes iPhone and iPad application, often sending them to his friends.
In 2010 and 2011, Hockney visited Yosemite National Park in order to draw its landscape on his iPad. David used an iPad in designing a stained glass window at Westminster Abbey which celebrated the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. Unveiled in September 2018, the Queen's Window is located in the north transept of the Abbey and features a hawthorn blossom scene which is set in Yorkshire.
From 2010 to 2014, Hockney created multi-camera movies using three to eighteen cameras to record a single scene. He filmed the landscape of Yorkshire in various seasons, jugglers and dancers, and his own exhibitions within the de Young Museum and the Royal Academy of Arts.
His earlier photo collages influenced his shift to another medium, digital photography. He combined hundreds of photographs to create multi-viewpoint "photographic drawings" of groups of his friends in 2014.
Hockney picked the process back up in 2017, this time using the more advanced Agisoft PhotoScan photogrammetric software which allowed him to stitch together and rearrange thousands of photos.
The resulting images were printed out as massive photomurals, and were exhibited at Pace Gallery and LACMA in 2018.
-- Plein Air Landscapes
In June 2007, Hockney's largest painting, Bigger Trees Near Warter or Peinture sur le Motif pour le Nouvel Age Post-Photographique, which measures 15 by 40 feet (4.6 by 12.2 m), was hung in the Royal Academy's largest gallery in its annual Summer Exhibition.
This work is a monumental-scale view of a coppice in Hockney's native Yorkshire, between Bridlington and York. It was painted on 50 individual canvases, mostly working in situ, over five weeks the previous winter.
In 2008, he donated it to Tate in London, saying:
"I thought if I'm going to give something to the
Tate I want to give them something really good.
It's going to be here for a while. I don't want to
give things I'm not too proud of... I thought this
was a good painting because it's of England...
it seems like a good thing to do."
The painting was the subject of a BBC1 Imagine film documentary by Bruno Wollheim called David Hockney: A Bigger Picture (2009) which followed Hockney as he worked outdoors over the preceding two years.
-- Theatre Works
Hockney's first stage designs were for Ubu Roi at London's Royal Court Theatre in 1966, Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress at the Glyndebourne Festival Opera in 1975, and The Magic Flute for Glyndebourne in 1978.
In 1980, he agreed to design sets and costumes for a 20th.-century French triple bill at the Metropolitan Opera House with the title Parade.
The works were Parade, a ballet with music by Erik Satie; Les Mamelles de Tirésias, an opera with libretto by Guillaume Apollinaire, and L'Enfant et les Sortilèges, an opera with libretto by Colette.
The re-imagined set of L'Enfant et les Sortilèges from the 1983 exhibition Hockney Paints the Stage is a permanent installation at the Spalding House branch of the Honolulu Museum of Art.
David designed sets for another triple bill of Stravinsky's Le Sacre du Printemps, Le Rossignol, and Oedipus Rex for the Metropolitan Opera in 1981, as well as Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde for the Los Angeles Music Center Opera in 1987.
David also created sets for Puccini's Turandot in 1991 at the Chicago Lyric Opera, and Richard Strauss's Die Frau ohne Schatten in 1992 at the Royal Opera House in London.
In 1994, he designed costumes and scenery for twelve opera arias for the TV broadcast of Plácido Domingo's Operalia in Mexico City.
Technical advances allowed him to become increasingly complex in model-making. At his studio he had a proscenium opening 6 feet (1.8 m) by 4 feet (1.2 m) in which he built sets in 1:8 scale.
He also used a computerised setup that let him punch in and program lighting cues at will and synchronise them to a soundtrack of the music.
In 2017, Hockney was awarded the San Francisco Opera Medal on the occasion of the revival and restoration of his production for Turandot.
The majority of David's theatre works and stage design studies are found in the collection of The David Hockney Foundation.
Exhibitions of David Hockney's Work
David Hockney has been featured in over 400 solo exhibitions and over 500 group exhibitions.
He had his first one-man show at Kasmin Limited when he was 26 in 1963, and by 1970 the Whitechapel Gallery in London had organised the first of several major retrospectives, which subsequently travelled to three European institutions.
LACMA also hosted a retrospective exhibition in 1988 which travelled to the Met, New York, and the Tate, London. In 2004, he was included in the cross-generational Whitney Biennial, where his portraits appeared in a gallery with those of a younger artist he had inspired, Elizabeth Peyton.
In October 2006, the National Portrait Gallery in London organised one of the largest ever displays of Hockney's portraiture work, including 150 paintings, drawings, prints, sketchbooks, and photocollages from over five decades.
The collection ranged from his earliest self-portraits to work he completed in 2005. Hockney assisted in displaying the works and the exhibition, which ran until January 2007, was one of the gallery's most successful.
In 2009, "David Hockney: Just Nature" attracted some 100,000 visitors at the Kunsthalle Würth in Schwäbisch Hall, Germany.
From January to April 2012, the Royal Academy presented A Bigger Picture, which included more than 150 works, many of which took up entire walls in the gallery's brightly lit rooms.
The exhibition is dedicated to landscapes, especially trees and tree tunnels of his native Yorkshire. Works included oil paintings, watercolours, and drawings created on an iPad and printed on paper. Hockney said, in a 2012 interview:
"It's about big things. You can make
paintings bigger. We're also making
photographs bigger, videos bigger,
all to do with drawing."
The exhibition drew more than 600,000 visitors in under 3 months. The exhibition moved to the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain from May to September, and from there to the Ludwig Museum in Cologne, Germany, between October 2012 and February 2013.
From October 2013 to January 2014, David Hockney: A Bigger Exhibition was presented at the de Young Museum in San Francisco.
The largest solo exhibition Hockney has had, with 397 works of art in more than 18,000 square feet, was curated by Gregory Evans, and included the only public showing of The Great Wall, developed during research for Secret Knowledge, and works from 1999 to 2013 in a variety of media from camera lucida drawings to watercolours, oil paintings, and digital works.
From February to May 2017 David Hockney was presented at the Tate Britain, becoming the most-visited exhibition in the gallery's history. The exhibition marked Hockney's 80th. year and gathered together an extensive selection of David Hockney's most famous works celebrating his achievements in painting, drawing, print, photography and video across six decades.
The show then travelled to Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris and The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The wildly popular retrospective landed among the top ten ticketed exhibitions in London and Paris for 2017, with over 4,000 visitors per day at the Tate, and over 5,000 visitors per day in Paris.
After the blockbuster exhibitions in 2017 of the works of decades past, Hockney went on to display his newest paintings on hexagonal canvases and mural-size 3D photographic drawings at Pace Gallery in 2018.
He revisited paintings of Garrowby Hill, the Grand Canyon, and Nichols Canyon Road, this time painting them on hexagonal canvases to enhance aspects of reverse perspective.
In 2019, his early work featured in his native Yorkshire at The Hepworth Wakefield.
In April–June 2022 an exhibition "Hockney's Eye: The Art and Technology of Depiction" was held at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge and at the city's Heong Gallery.
In 2023 the Honolulu Museum of Art (HoMA) presented "David Hockney: Perspective Should Be Reversed, Prints from the Collections of Jordan D. Schnitzer and His Family Foundation."
The exhibition is the largest retrospective print exhibition of Hockney's career, with more than 100 colourful prints, collages and photographic and iPad drawings, in a variety of media, spanning six decades of the artist's career.
David Hockney's Personal Life
Hockney came out as gay when he was 23, while studying at the Royal College of Art in London. Great Britain decriminalised homosexual acts seven years later in the Sexual Offences Act 1967.
Hockney has explored the nature of gay love in his work, such in as the painting We Two Boys Together Clinging (1961), named after a poem by Walt Whitman.
In 1963 he painted two men together in the painting Domestic Scene, Los Angeles, one showering while the other washes his back.
In the summer of 1966, while teaching at UCLA, he met Peter Schlesinger, an art student who posed for paintings and drawings, and with whom he became romantically involved.
Another of Hockney's romantic partners who was the subject of his work was Gregory Evans; the two met in 1971 and began a relationship in 1974. While no longer romantically involved, they still work together, with Evans managing the David Hockney Studio.
Hockney's current partner is longtime companion Jean-Pierre Gonçalves de Lima. Also known as JP, he also works with Hockney in his studio as his chief assistant.
In March 2013, Hockney's 23-year-old assistant, Dominic Elliott, died as a result of drinking drain cleaner at Hockney's Bridlington studio; he had earlier taken both drugs and alcohol.
Hockney's partner drove Elliott to Scarborough General Hospital where he later died. The inquest returned a verdict of death by misadventure. In November 2015 Hockney sold his house in Bridlington, thereby ending his connections with the town.
Next he moved to Normandy, and now lives near the village of Beuvron-en-Auge. He holds a California Medical Marijuana Verification Card, which enables him to buy cannabis for medical purposes.
David has used hearing aids since 1979, but realised he was going deaf long before then. As of 2018, he has been keeping fit by spending half an hour in the swimming pool every morning.
Hockney has synaesthetic associations between sound, colour and shape.
David Hockney Collections
Many of Hockney's works are housed in the 1853 Gallery at Salts Mill in Saltaire, near his hometown of Bradford. Another large group of works are held by The David Hockney Foundation. His work is in numerous public and private collections worldwide, including:
Honolulu Museum of Art
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
National Gallery of Australia, Canberra
Art Institute of Chicago
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebæk, Denmark
National Portrait Gallery, London
Tate, U.K.
J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo
Aboa Vetus & Ars Nova, Turku, Finland
Mumok, Ludwig Foundation, Vienna
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
Muscarelle Museum of Art, Williamsburg, VA
Official Recognition for David Hockney
In 1967, Hockney's painting Peter Getting Out of Nick's Pool won the John Moores Painting Prize at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool.
In 1983, the Hamburg-based Alfred Toepfer Foundation awarded Hockney its annual Shakespeare Prize in recognition of his life's work.
David was offered a knighthood in 1990 but declined it, before later accepting an Order of Merit.
He was awarded The Royal Photographic Society's Progress medal in 1988, and the Special 150th. Anniversary Medal and an Honorary Fellowship in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography in 2003.
David was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1997, and awarded The Cultural Award from the German Society for Photography (DGPh). He is a Royal Academician.
In January 2012, David was appointed to the Order of Merit, an honour restricted to 24 members at any one time for their contributions to the arts and sciences.
He was a Distinguished Honoree of the National Arts Association, LA, in 1991, and received the First Annual Award of Achievement from the Archives of American Art, LA, in 1993.
In 2003, Hockney was awarded the Lorenzo de' Medici Lifetime Career Award of the Florence Biennale, Italy.
Commissioned by The Other Art Fair, a November 2011 poll of 1,000 British painters and sculptors declared him Britain's most influential artist of all time.
David is an honorary member of the Printmakers Council.
David Hockney and Sgt. Pepper
In 2012, Hockney was among the British cultural icons selected by the artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires.
To see the original album cover and to read about how it was developed, please search for the tag 56BLA53
David Hockney and the Art Market
On the 21st. June 2006, Hockney's painting The Splash sold for £2.6 million.
David's A Bigger Grand Canyon, a series of 60 canvases that combined to produce one enormous picture, was bought by the National Gallery of Australia for $4.6 million.
Beverly Hills Housewife (1966–67), a 12-foot-long acrylic that depicts the collector Betty Freeman standing by her pool in a long hot-pink dress, sold for $7.9 million at Christie's in New York in 2008, the top lot of the sale and a record price for a Hockney.
This was topped in 2016 when his Woldgate Woods landscape made £9.4 million at auction.
The record was broken again in 2018 with the sale of Piscine de Medianoche (Paper Pool 30) for $11.74 million
The Splash was offered for auction again on the 11th. February 2020, with an estimate of £20 – 30 million and sold, to an unknown buyer, for £23.1 million.
In 2018 Sotheby's sold Pacific Coast Highway and Santa Monica for $28.5 million.
On the 15th. November 2018, David Hockney's 1972 painting Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) sold at Christie's for $90.3 million, surpassing the previous auction record for a living artist of $58.4 million, held by Jeff Koons for one of his Balloon Dog sculptures. David had originally sold the painting for $20,000 in 1972.
The Hockney–Falco Thesis
The Hockney–Falco thesis is a theory of art history, advanced by David Hockney and physicist Charles M. Falco.
They argue that advances in realism and accuracy in the history of Western art since the Renaissance were primarily the result of optical instruments such as the camera obscura, camera lucida, and curved mirrors, rather than solely due to the development of artistic technique and skill.
Nineteenth-century artists' use of photography has been well documented.
In a 2001 book, Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters, Hockney analyzed the work of the Old Masters, and argued that the level of accuracy represented in their work is impossible to create by "eyeballing it".
Since then, Hockney and Falco have produced a number of publications on positive evidence of the use of optical aids, and the historical plausibility of such methods.
In the 2001 television programme and book Secret Knowledge, which was revised in 2006, Hockney suggested that the Old Masters used lens techniques that projected the image of the subject onto the surface of the painting.
Hockney argued that this technique migrated gradually from Northern Europe to Italy, and is the reason for the photographic style of painting seen in the Renaissance and later periods of art.
The hypothesis has led to a variety of conferences and heated discussions.
David Hockney in Public Life
Like his father, Hockney was a conscientious objector, and worked as a medical orderly in hospitals during his National Service, 1957–1959.
David was a founder of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, in 1979.
He was on the advisory board of the political magazine Standpoint; he contributed original sketches for its launch edition in June 2008, as well as agreeing to allow Standpoint to publish his previous views and pictures over the years.
David is a staunch pro-tobacco campaigner. In 2005 he fought to stop the ban on smoking in pubs and restaurants.
At the Labour Party conference he held up a card saying:
"DEATH awaits you all
even if you do smoke".
He was invited to guest-edit BBC Radio's Today programme on the 29th. December 2009 in which he aired his views on the subject.
In October 2010, he and a hundred other artists signed an open letter to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, Jeremy Hunt, protesting against cutbacks in the arts.
In 2013 David wrote a foreword and provided illustrations for a book by John Staddon, Unlucky Strike.
David Hockney In Popular Culture
In 1966, while working on a series of etchings based on love poems by the Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy, Hockney starred in a documentary by filmmaker James Scott, entitled Love's Presentation.
He was the subject of Jack Hazan's 1974 biopic, A Bigger Splash, named after Hockney's 1967 pool painting of the same name.
Hockney was commissioned to design the cover and pages for the December 1985 issue of the French edition of Vogue. Consistent with his interest in cubism and admiration for Pablo Picasso, Hockney chose to paint Celia Birtwell (who appears in several of his works) from different views for the cover, as if the eye had scanned her face diagonally.
Hockney was inducted into Vanity Fair's International Best-Dressed Hall of Fame in 1986.
In 2005, Burberry creative director Christopher Bailey centred his entire spring/summer menswear collection around the artist.
Hockney was also the inspiration for artist Billy Pappas in the documentary film Waiting for Hockney (2008), which debuted at the Tribeca Film Festival.
In 2011, British GQ named him one of the 50 Most Stylish Men in Great Britain.
In 2012, fashion designer Vivienne Westwood, a close friend, named a checked jacket after Hockney.
David Hockney: A Rake's Progress (2012) is a biography of Hockney covering the years 1937–1975, by writer/photographer Christopher Simon Sykes.
In 2012, Hockney featured in BBC Radio 4's list of The New Elizabethans to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. A panel of seven academics, journalists and historians named Hockney among the group of people in the UK:
"... whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II
have had a significant impact on lives in these
islands and given the age its character".
In March 2013, David was listed as one of the Fifty Best-Dressed Over-50's by The Guardian.
The 2015 Luca Guadagnino's film A Bigger Splash was named after Hockney's painting.
In 2022, he was portrayed by Laurence Fuller in the 7th. episode of the 1st. season of Minx.
In BoJack Horseman, a caricature of Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) hangs on the wall of the title character's home office. In this version, horses replace the two human figures of the original.
The David Hockney Foundation
The David Hockney Foundation — both the UK-registered charity and the US private operating foundation — was created by the artist in 2008.
In 2012, Hockney, worth an estimated $55.2 million (approx. £36.1 m), transferred paintings valued at $124.2 million (approx. £81.5 m) to the David Hockney Foundation, and gave an additional $1.2 million (approx. £0.79 m) in cash to help fund the foundation's operations.
The foundation's mission is to advance appreciation and understanding of visual art and culture through the exhibition, preservation, and publication of David Hockney's work.
Richard Benefield, who organised David Hockney: A Bigger Exhibition in 2013–2014 at the de Young Museum in San Francisco, became the first executive director in January 2017.
The foundation owns over 8,000 works – paintings, drawings, watercolours, complete editioned prints, stage design, multi-camera movies, and other media.
They also hold 203 sketchbooks and Hockney's personal photo albums from 1961 to 1990.
The foundation manages various loans to museums and exhibitions around the world.
These include Happy Birthday, Mr. Hockney! at the Getty celebrating his 80th. birthday, and the retrospective exhibitions of 2017–2018 at the Metropolitan Museum, Centre Georges Pompidou, and Tate Britain.
Books by David Hockney
David Hockney's publications include:
— (1971). 72 Drawings. London: Jonathan Cape.
— (1976). David Hockney. London: Thames & Hudson.
— (1977). Blue Guitar: Etchings by David Hockney Who Was Inspired by Wallace Stevens Who Was Inspired by Pablo Picasso. New York: Petersburg Press.
— (1978). Travels with Pen, Pencil and Ink. New York: Petersburg Press.
— (1979). Stangos, Nikos (ed.). Pictures by David Hockney. London: Thames & Hudson.
— (1980). Travels with Pen, Pencil and Ink. London: Tate Gallery.
— (1981). Looking at Pictures in a Book at the National Gallery (The artist's eye). London: National Gallery.
— (1982). Photographs. New York: Petersburg Press.
— (1983). Hockney's Photographs. London: Arts Council of Great Britain.
— Stangos, Nikos (1985). Martha's Vineyard and other places: My Third Sketchbook from the Summer of 1982. London: Thames and Hudson.
— (1987). David Hockney: Faces 1966–1984. London: Thames & Hudson.
— Stangos, Nikos (1989). That's the Way I See It. London: Thames and Hudson.
— Spender, Stephen (1991). Hockney's Alphabet. London: Random House.
— (1993). David Hockney: Some Very New Paintings. William Hardie (Introduction). Glasgow: William Hardie Gallery.
— (1994). Off the Wall: A Collection of David Hockney's Posters 1987–94. Brian Baggott. Pavilion Books.
— (1995). David Hockney: Poster Art. Chronicle Books.
— (1999). Picasso. Galerie Lelong.
— (1999). Une éducation artistique. Galerie Lelong.
— (2001). Hockney's Pictures. London: Thames & Hudson.
— (2006). Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the lost techniques of the Old Masters (Expanded ed.). Thames & Hudson; Viking Studio.
— (2008). Hockney on Art: Conversations with Paul Joyce. Paul Joyce. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
— (2011). David Hockney's Dog Days. London: Thames & Hudson.
— (2011). A Yorkshire Sketchbook. London: Royal Academy of Arts.
— (2012). David Hockney: A Bigger Picture. London: Thames & Hudson.
— (2013). David Hockney: A Bigger Exhibition. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and Del Monico with Prestel.
— (2016). A History of Pictures. Martin Gayford. London: Thames & Hudson.
— (2021). Spring Cannot be Cancelled: David Hockney in Normandy. Martin Gayford. London: Thames & Hudson.
— (2022). David Hockney: Moving Focus. Texts by Wayne Sleep et al. Lucerne, London: Kunstmuseum Luzern, Tate Publishing.
-- A Bigger Book
In October 2016 Taschen published David Hockney: A Bigger Book, costing £1,750 (£3,500 with an added loose print).
David curated the selection of more than 60 years of his work reproduced within 498 pages. The book, weighing 78 lbs, had gone through 19 proof stages.
The book came with an (optional) substantial wooden lectern. He unveiled the book at the Frankfurt Book Fair where he was the keynote speaker at the opening press conference.
The Liechtenstein Garden Palace is a Baroque palace at the Fürstengasse in the 9th District of Vienna, Alsergrund . Between the palace, where the Liechtenstein Museum was until the end of 2011, and executed as Belvedere summer palace on the Alserbachstraße is a park. Since early 2012, the Liechtenstein Garden Palace is a place for events. Part of the private art collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein is still in the gallery rooms of the palace. In 2010 was started to call the palace, to avoid future confusion, officially the Garden Palace, since 2013 the city has renovated the Palais Liechtenstein (Stadtpalais) in Vienna's old town and then also equipped with a part of the Liechtenstein art collection.
Building
Design for the Liechtenstein Garden Palace, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach in 1687/1688
Canaletto: View of Palais Liechtenstein
1687 bought Prince Johann Adam Andreas von Liechtenstein a garden with adjoining meadows of Count Weikhard von Auersperg in the Rossau. In the southern part of the property the prince had built a palace and in the north part he founded a brewery and a manorial, from which developed the suburb Lichtental. For the construction of the palace Johann Adam Andreas organised 1688 a competition, in the inter alia participating, the young Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. Meanwhile, a little functional, " permeable " project was rejected by the prince but, after all, instead he was allowed to built a garden in the Belvedere Alserbachstraße 14, which , however, was canceled in 1872.
The competition was won by Domenico Egidio Rossi, but was replaced in 1692 by Domenico Martinelli. The execution of the stonework had been given the royal Hofsteinmetzmeister (master stonemason) Martin Mitschke. He was delivered by the Masters of Kaisersteinbruch Ambrose Ferrethi , Giovanni Battista Passerini and Martin Trumler large pillars, columns and pedestal made from stone Emperor (Kaiserstein). Begin of the contract was the fourth July 1689 , the total cost was around 50,000 guilders.
For contracts from the years 1693 and 1701 undertook the Salzburg master stonemason John and Joseph Pernegger owner for 4,060 guilders the steps of the great grand staircase from Lienbacher (Adnet = red) to supply marble monolith of 4.65 meters. From the Master Nicolaus Wendlinger from Hallein came the Stiegenbalustraden (stair balustrades) for 1,000 guilders.
A palazzo was built in a mix of city and country in the Roman-style villa. The structure is clear and the construction very blocky with a stressed central risalite, what served the conservative tastes of the Prince very much. According to the procedure of the architectural treatise by Johann Adam Andreas ' father, Karl Eusebius, the palace was designed with three floors and 13 windows axis on the main front and seven windows axis on the lateral front. Together with the stems it forms a courtyard .
Sala terrene of the Palais
1700 the shell was completed. In 1702, the Salzburg master stonemason and Georg Andreas Doppler took over 7,005 guilders for the manufacture of door frame made of white marble of Salzburg, 1708 was the delivery of the fireplaces in marble hall for 1,577 guilders. For the painted decoration was originally the Bolognese Marcantonio Franceschini hired, from him are some of the painted ceilings on the first floor. Since he to slow to the prince, Antonio Belucci was hired from Venice, who envisioned the rest of the floor. The ceiling painting in the Great Hall, the Hercules Hall but got Andrea Pozzo . Pozzo in 1708 confirmed the sum of 7,500 florins which he had received since 1704 for the ceiling fresco in the Marble Hall in installments. As these artists died ( Pozzo) or declined to Italy, the Prince now had no painter left for the ground floor.
After a long search finally Michael Rottmayr was hired for the painting of the ground floor - originally a temporary solution, because the prince was of the opinion that only Italian artist buon gusto d'invenzione had. Since Rottmayr was not involved in the original planning, his paintings not quite fit with the stucco. Rottmayr 1708 confirmed the receipt of 7,500 guilders for his fresco work.
Giovanni Giuliani, who designed the sculptural decoration in the window roofing of the main facade, undertook in 1705 to provide sixteen stone vases of Zogelsdorfer stone. From September 1704 to August 1705 Santino Bussi stuccoed the ground floor of the vault of the hall and received a fee of 1,000 florins and twenty buckets of wine. 1706 Bussi adorned the two staircases, the Marble Hall, the Gallery Hall and the remaining six halls of the main projectile with its stucco work for 2,200 florins and twenty buckets of wine. Giuliani received in 1709 for his Kaminbekrönungen (fireplace crowning) of the great room and the vases 1,128 guilders.
Garden
Liechtenstein Palace from the garden
The new summer palace of Henry of Ferstel from the garden
The garden was created in the mind of a classic baroque garden. The vases and statues were carried out according to the plans of Giuseppe Mazza from the local Giovanni Giuliani. In 1820 the garden has been remodeled according to plans of Joseph Kornhäusel in the Classical sense. In the Fürstengasse was opposite the Palais, the Orangerie, built 1700s.
Use as a museum
Already from 1805 to 1938, the palace was housing the family collection of the house of Liechtenstein, which was also open for public viewing, the collection was then transferred to the Principality of Liechtenstein, which remained neutral during the war and was not bombed. In the 1960s and 1970s, the so-called Building Centre was housed in the palace as a tenant, a permanent exhibition for builders of single-family houses and similar buildings. From 26 April 1979 rented the since 1962 housed in the so-called 20er Haus Museum of the 20th Century , a federal museum, the palace as a new main house, the 20er Haus was continued as a branch . Since the start of operations at the Palais, the collection called itself Museum of Modern Art (since 1991 Museum of Modern Art Ludwig Foundation ), the MUMOK in 2001 moved to the newly built museum district.
From 29 March 2004 till the end of 2011 in the Palace was the Liechtenstein Museum, whose collection includes paintings and sculptures from five centuries. The collection is considered one of the largest and most valuable private art collections in the world, whose main base in Vaduz (Liechtenstein) is . As the palace, so too the collection is owned by the Prince of Liechtenstein Foundation .
On 15 November 2011 it was announced that the regular museum operating in the Garden Palace was stopped due to short of original expectations, visiting numbers remaining lower as calculated, with January 2012. The Liechtenstein City Palace museum will also not offer regular operations. Exhibited works of art would then (in the city palace from 2013) only during the "Long Night of the Museums", for registered groups and during leased events being visitable. The name of the Liechtenstein Museum will no longer be used.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Liechtenstein_%28F%C3%BCrste...
Poorly executed photo stitch of 4 frames captured from right to left in portrait orientation. With so many moving figures a burst approach would most effectively give the series of shots suitable for stitching on computer. Here the overlapping and ghost figures are partly visible, even after cropping out much of the lower part of the scene. The view shows the intersection of Albert Street looking east (left part of the image) and Abbot Road looking south to the MSU campus edge ( the right part of the photo).
This elevation of a design for a villa has been executed in three-dimensional form in paper. See the next photo. Can you spot the differences?
Jugendstilsenteret is located in the old Swan Pharmacy from 1907 and is both a museum and a national centre of Art Nouveau. The catastrophic fire of 1904 left the town of Ålesund in ashes.
The rebuilding created one of Europe’s most characteristic architectural environments in the Art Nouveau style.
Jugendstilsenteret offers insight into this style by means of authentic interiors and objects as well as temporary exhibitions. We also work with documentation, education and consulting.
KUBE is the art museum in the county of Møre og Romsdal and is located in the former branch office building of Norges Bank (1906) in central Ålesund. Through a diverse programme of exhibitions and public activities, the museum aims to promote interest in and knowledge of visual arts, applied art, design and architecture. KUBE develops and manages an art collection focused on artworks and artists with connections to the region.
www.visitalesund.com/things-to-do/the-art-nouveau-centre-...
South nave window (by Mayer of Munich?) depicting Christ flanked by St Nicholas & St John. These finely executed but otherwise somewhat uninspired and run of the mill windows don't compare well to the more vibrant later pieces that surround them.
St Peter's at Wallsend dates back to the medieval period, but only the west tower remains from the pre-Reformation building, the rest fell into disrepair by the mid-18th century and has been substantially rebuilt since, most thoroughly in 1892 when it was left in the form we see today.
The interior is thus the result of the late Victorian restoration, complete with an ornately carved nave roof adorned with angels, though the proportions are still largely those of the previous rebuilding at the beginning of the same century.
What strikes the visitor most about the internal layout is the subdivision that has created a wall and glazed screen within the chancel arch with the altar now set before it, thus the nave remains in use as the church whilst the chancel now serves as the parish hall (converted following structural problems in the 1980s), though fortunately the glazed division means that the visual unity of the spaces is at least retained.
The real reason to visit this church however is the glass, an astonishing set of windows including the only windows in England by the Irish An Tur Gloine artists Michael Healy and Ethel Rhind dating from the 1920s. Healy is particularly well represented here with two windows in the nave and a further two in the former lady chapel (now the sacristy). The windows are characteristically rich expressions of the Irish Arts & Crafts tradition.
The most recent window was added in 2017, the 'Stella Maris' window by Tom Denny at the west end is a gorgeous example of the artist's work and worth a visit on its own.
The church isn't often open outside of service times so I am greatly indebted to Fr David Sudron for kindly allowing me time to enjoy the glass and explaining the symbolism of the wonderful Denny window he'd commissioned.
For more on the church see the link below:-
Detail of the Baptistry Window, a masterpiece of abstract stained glass designed by John Piper and executed by Patrick Reyntiens.
Coventry's Cathedral is a unique synthesis of old a new, born of wartime suffering and forged in the spirit of postwar optimism, famous for it's history and for being the most radically modern of Anglican cathedrals. Two cathedral's stand side by side, the ruins of the medieval building, destroyed by incendiary bombs in 1940 and the bold new building designed by Basil Spence and opened in 1962.
It is a common misconception that Coventry lost it's first cathedral in the wartime blitz, but the bombs actually destroyed it's second; the original medieval cathedral was the monastic St Mary's, a large cruciform building believed to have been similar in appearance to Lichfield Cathedral (whose diocese it shared). Tragically it became the only English cathedral to be destroyed during the Reformation, after which it was quickly quarried away, leaving only scant fragments, but enough evidence survives to indicate it's rich decoration (some pieces were displayed nearby in the Priory Visitors Centre, sadly since closed). Foundations of it's apse were found during the building of the new cathedral in the 1950s, thus technically three cathedrals share the same site.
The mainly 15th century St Michael's parish church became the seat of the new diocese of Coventry in 1918, and being one of the largest parish churches in the country it was upgraded to cathedral status without structural changes (unlike most 'parish church' cathedrals created in the early 20th century). It lasted in this role a mere 22 years before being burned to the ground in the 1940 Coventry Blitz, leaving only the outer walls and the magnificent tapering tower and spire (the extensive arcades and clerestoreys collapsed completely in the fire, precipitated by the roof reinforcement girders, installed in the Victorian restoration, that buckled in the intense heat).
The determination to rebuild the cathedral in some form was born on the day of the bombing, however it wasn't until the mid 1950s that a competition was held and Sir Basil Spence's design was chosen. Spence had been so moved by experiencing the ruined church he resolved to retain it entirely to serve as a forecourt to the new church. He envisaged the two being linked by a glass screen wall so that the old church would be visible from within the new.
Built between 1957-62 at a right-angle to the ruins, the new cathedral attracted controversy for it's modern form, and yet some modernists argued that it didn't go far enough, after all there are echoes of the Gothic style in the great stone-mullioned windows of the nave and the net vaulting (actually a free-standing canopy) within. What is exceptional is the way art has been used as such an integral part of the building, a watershed moment, revolutionising the concept of religious art in Britain.
Spence employed some of the biggest names in contemporary art to contribute their vision to his; the exterior is adorned with Jacob Epstein's triumphant bronze figures of Archangel Michael (patron of the cathedral) vanquishing the Devil. At the entrance is the remarkable glass wall, engraved by John Hutton with strikingly stylised figures of saints and angels, and allowing the interior of the new to communicate with the ruin. Inside, the great tapestry of Christ in majesty surrounded by the evangelistic creatures, draws the eye beyond the high altar; it was designed by Graham Sutherland and was the largest tapestry ever made.
However one of the greatest features of Coventry is it's wealth of modern stained glass, something Spence resolved to include having witnessed the bleakness of Chartres Cathedral in wartime, all it's stained glass having been removed. The first window encountered on entering is the enormous 'chess-board' baptistry window filled with stunning abstract glass by John Piper & Patrick Reyntiens, a symphony of glowing colour. The staggered nave walls are illuminated by ten narrow floor to ceiling windows filled with semi-abstract symbolic designs arranged in pairs of dominant colours (green, red, multi-coloured, purple/blue and gold) representing the souls journey to maturity, and revealed gradually as one approaches the altar. This amazing project was the work of three designers lead by master glass artist Lawrence Lee of the Royal College of Art along with Keith New and Geoffrey Clarke (each artist designed three of the windows individually and all collaborated on the last).
The cathedral still dazzles the visitor with the boldness of it's vision, but alas, half a century on, it was not a vision to be repeated and few of the churches and cathedrals built since can claim to have embraced the synthesis of art and architecture in the way Basil Spence did at Coventry.
The cathedral is generally open to visitors most days. For more see below:-
The Church of St. Sebald in Nuremberg (St. Sebald)
The Sebalduskirche is, in addition to St. Lawrence one of the two large main churches of Nuremberg. It is located not far from the Main market in the northern half of the old town. The most important work of art in the church is the Sebaldus sepulchre - by Peter Vischer the Elder and two sons over several years created (about 1509-19). In addition to works of the great Nuremberg sculptors Veit Stoss and Adam Kraft, there also can be found executed designs by Albrecht Dürer for "his parish church".
The foundation of the mother church of St. Sebald by the legendary hermit Sebald probably occurred in the period around 1050/60. It was the Peter and Paul church in today's district of Fürth-Poppenreuth. The Holy Sebald (canonization on March 26, 1425 by Pope Martin V) died around 1070. According to one of the traditions, the team of oxen in the transfer of his body stood still where now the towers of Sebaldus church overtop the roofs of the Old Town of Sebald. Therefore, was built then at this point the Peter chapel. Another theory suggests that Sebald had built the chapel in 1050 himself. After the death of Sebald were reported at his grave from 1070 on miracle cures. The subsequently setting in pilgrimages triggered the renaming of the church in St. Sebald.
The Peter chapel was replaced in the years 1230-40 by the construction of a late Romanesque pillar basilica. The consecration of St. Peter's Choir (September 9, 1274) suggests a completion of construction in the years 1274/75.
The extension of the aisles and the heightening of the towers in high Gotic style took place 1309-45, followed was this by the construction of the late Gothic hall choir in the years 1358-79. Installation of the galleries and a baroquisation of the equipment were carried out in middle of the 17th century.
After the renaturation by the conservationist, painter and architect Karl Alexander Heideloff, followed in the years 1888-1906 an extensive restoration under the leadership of architect Josef (Joseph?) Schmitz.
The 1237 completed Bamberg Cathedral was probably the model for the Doppelchörigkeit (consisting of two chancels) of Sebaldus church.
All roofs, the chancel arch and the towers of the church were largely destroyed during World War II. The reconstruction, under the direction of architect William Schlegtendal, lasted very long, and in some partial areas is still going on. The main works in the interior and exterior have been completed in 1957, the repair of the western gallery with the angel choir even lasted until 30 years after the war (1976-77).
Fritz Nadler writes after the first air raid on October 3, 1944 in his diary (I saw as Nuremberg was going down): "Now I'm standing in the middle of the greatest chaos. At Albrecht-Dürer square. The prince of painting made of ore with patched jacket stands intact on a marbled base. (...) He looks to the parsonage of St. Sebald in which he once along with Pfinzing illustrated the "Theuerdank (The Heroic Life of Sir Theuerdank)". The vicarage remained intact, together with the precious very small Pfinzing choir. Not a stick of noble relief representation of Mary's life is in the least bruised. The suction of the bomb has dealt graciously with the Blessed mother."
After the heavy air raids on 02 January 1945, Fritz Nadler describes the following day the sinister picture of Sebalduskirche: "Today the once fine-looking massive structure looks miserable. It is like a skeleton. The massive roof construction mostly fell down. From the still above hanging, reduced into fragments heavy beams rise pale-gray whisps of smoke. A proof that the fire continues to smolder. Every day, crashes new roof woodwork burnt to a cinder on the meters high rubble under which the pews, altar and church facilities are smashed and buried. From the dreary, pointed arched window openings pour smoke and soot. For weeks ...! Thank God that some of the valuable, leaded stained glass works were shifted in time. This raises anxious questions: What happened to Henry Traxdorf's organ from 1444? Has Fischer's miracle work of early German Renaissance, the "Sebaldus sepulchre", under the thick concrete shell of collapsed thousand-ton load withstood? Accusingly the Sebaldus towers which became dull and were deprived of their ringings rise into the brightening up January sky...!"
In and at the Sebalduskirche many unique works of art can be found. Outside there is, for example, the Schreyer-Landauer-Epitaph (emerged 1490/92) by Adam Kraft and of course the mighty portals - inside, next to the Sebaldus sepulchre, the Loeffelholzaltar, works by Veit Stoss and Adam Kraft. The glass paintings mainly go back to foundations of Nuremberg patriciate. The silver shrine of Sebaldus sepulchre was even twice forced open by thieves (1461 and 1506).
Diagonally across from St. Sebald is the Sebalder rectory with very small Sebald choir and the last preserved medieval courtyard of Nuremberg.
To 1520 was the northern place of the church, current Sebald square, part of the surrounding church cemetery, the "Sebald graveyard". The official designation read "Behind St. Sebald".
www.nuernberginfos.de/kirchen-nuernberg/sebalduskirche-nu...
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Edith Cavell est une infirmière anglaise qui dirigeait en 1907 une des premières écoles modernes de formation des infirmières à Bruxelles. Convaincue d'avoir aidé des soldats alliés à s'évader, elle fut jugée et exécutée en 1915.
Voici une courte biographie sur le site de l'académie de Lille :
Née le 4 décembre 1865 en Angleterre, Édith Cavell commence ses études d'infirmière en 1895. Ses qualités exceptionnelles lui vaudront de diriger un des services du London Hospital, puis en 1907, une école d'infirmières à Bruxelles.
En 1914, la guerre éclate. Dans toute la Belgique des organisations se forment. Nombreux furent ceux, soldats belges et français, qui, grâce à Miss Cavell, purent se réfugier en Hollande.
Édith Cavell fut dénoncée puis arrêtée par les allemands le 5 août 1915 alors qu'elle se trouvait au chevet de ses malades.
Son jugement et son exécution le 12 octobre 1915 soulevèrent l'indignation de nombreux pays. Ils frappaient une femme dont l'activité était entièrement vouée à secourir la douleur et la détresse humaine.
Ainsi que cet article très complet (en anglais) sur le site History Net, Nurse Edith Cavell, A fanatically selfless sense of duty drove nurse Edith Cavell to harbor Allied soldiers behind German lines.
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