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On Tuesday 15 October 2024, police executed five warrants at addresses in Rochdale and Manchester to tackle the cruel and unlawful sale of puppies,
following an extensive investigation by the RSPCA, supported by Greater Manchester Police, into the illegitimate and organised sale of puppies.
This investigation has uncovered an illicit underground trade that promotes animal cruelty and neglect, with sellers and criminal gangs making vast sums of money at the expense of innocent puppies and members of the public.
Some puppies were sick and died shortly after being sold to unsuspecting members of the public who believed they were buying much-loved family pets but may have been imported from overseas.
Today’s positive action comes as a result of several reports from members of the public who have been subject to extreme distress as a result of this illicit operation. Work remains ongoing and we are following several lines of enquiry to disrupt and prevent this type of criminality.
Sergeant Brendan Walsh, from our Rochdale district, said: “This is organised crime, and those involved have been making eye watering profits from this harmful and illicit trade.
“This has been a tremendous joint effort between Greater Manchester Police and the RSPCA's Special Operations Unit.
"The properties were searched, and police have rescued 14 puppies and seized an XL bully. Police also seized several mobile phones, important documents and bank statements, all consistent with an organised criminal operation involving the fraudulent and unlawful sale and breeding of puppies.
“We’ve had members of the public who have paid substantial amounts for these puppies, paid large veterinary fees, and have been left traumatised by their experiences. I hope today’s activity will highlight our commitment to tackling this type of crime, and I would urge anyone who feels they have been affected by this, please contact us so that we can act."
An RSPCA spokesperson said: "We'd urge anyone who wants to get a dog to consider adopting from a rescue charity, like the RSPCA. There are thousands of dogs across the country waiting to find their forever families.
"Anyone who is looking to buy a puppy should be cautious when choosing a breeder and use The Puppy Contract to help them find a happy, healthy dog. Anyone who is concerned about a seller should walk away and report their concerns to the police, Trading Standards or RSPCA."
Anyone with concerns over illegal puppy sales should contact Greater Manchester Police using the online reporting method or calling 101. Concerns can also be reported to the RSPCA.
A well executed LEGO replica of the former train station in the town of Chelsea, Michigan. The station, built for the Michigan Central Railroad in 1880 to the design of architectural firm Mason and Rice, served its purpose for 101 years until being closed in 1981 by Amtrak. In recent years an association of Chelsea citizens formed to maintain the building and use it for special events.
The LEGO model is built in 1:38 scale.
CEA Project Logistics recently executed a project for the Nissan Motor Company which involved the transportation of factory parts with a total weight of 5,200 tons.
The factory parts arrived by ship at Laem Chabang Port and were unloaded by the vessel onto the dock below. Two CEA 50 ton cranes were then used to lift the parts on to three different types of trailer Flatbed, Lowbed and Multi Axle, this was due to the cargo being oversized and varying in weight. All cargo was secured with ratchet straps and transported to the CEA yard in Laem Chabang for two weeks storage until delivery date.
Upon delivery date the same configuration of trailers made the 82km journey to the Nissan facility in Samut Prakan. As these parts were oversized cargo CEA employed the services of the local Highway Police for a full escort to ensure safety to all road users.
Officers from Greater Manchester Police’s County Lines team executed seven warrants across Bolton this morning, working alongside specialist Challenger and complex safeguarding teams to secure several arrests.
The early morning wake-up calls for the residents across the various addresses was a direct result of the team’s work in tackling county lines drug supply and the exploitation of vulnerable people in the Bolton area.
Additionally working with members of GMP’s Serious and Organised Crime team, four arrests were made:
Three men, aged 21, 24, and 26, were arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to supply drugs, participation in an organised gang and modern slavery offences.
One man, aged 26, was arrested on suspicion of being concerned in the supply of drugs.
During searches of the properties, numerous items were discovered and seized, including an e-bike, Class A and Class B drugs. The four remain in custody for questioning.
County Lines is the use of dedicated phone lines to deal drugs from one location to another. In some instances of county lines gangs, vulnerable people are exploited in order to sell and store drugs.
This can include young children who are lured into a life of crime by older people seeking to convince them to take part in illegal behaviour.
Vulnerable adults may also be forced into similar acts – by people who pretend to be their friend or otherwise threaten them for not assisting with their criminality. In some cases, homes will be taken over and taken advantage of.
Across Greater Manchester, officers work tirelessly every day to tackle drugs and the people who supply them. From our specialist Programme Challenger teams to neighbourhood officers in your local community, GMP seizes significant quantities of drugs and ill-gotten money every week, combatting everything from anti-social drug users to organised criminal dealers.
Detective Inspector Zoe MacDonald, from GMP’s County Lines Team, said: “Drugs and the people who supply them can cause an incredible amount of harm in our community. From addiction to the exploitation of the most vulnerable, illicit substances cause so many types of hurt and criminality across so many towns and cities.
“This morning’s work has targeted reports of county lines operating in Bolton, and the drug supply in the town and wider area. We have successfully hit several addresses across the district and shown criminals that we will never tolerate them.
“I want the people of Bolton to know that we are dedicated to protecting them and ensuring we keep criminals off the streets.
“From regular patrols to intelligence gathering to crucial work with partner agencies, we put considerable resources in to tackling the scourge of drug-related criminality on our streets.
“If you have any concerns about drug supply or county lines operating in your area or feel like you have witnessed something suspicious, please do get in touch with us. You can report information to the police on 101, via gmp.police.uk, or by calling the independent charity Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.
A spokesperson for Bolton Council said: “County lines gangs exploit the most vulnerable in society and inflict considerable harm on the wider community.
“As part of our safeguarding responsibilities, we have worked jointly with Greater Manchester Police to disrupt the activity of these gangs and hold those responsible to account.
“As a council, we will always be relentless in identifying anyone who exploits others and take decisive action to keep Bolton’s children and vulnerable adults safe.
“Our specially trained staff continue to work with the victims and to support all those affected.”
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk
Detail of the Baptistry Window, a masterpiece of abstract stained glass designed by John Piper and executed by Patrick Reyntiens.
Coventry's Cathedral is a unique synthesis of old a new, born of wartime suffering and forged in the spirit of postwar optimism, famous for it's history and for being the most radically modern of Anglican cathedrals. Two cathedral's stand side by side, the ruins of the medieval building, destroyed by incendiary bombs in 1940 and the bold new building designed by Basil Spence and opened in 1962.
It is a common misconception that Coventry lost it's first cathedral in the wartime blitz, but the bombs actually destroyed it's second; the original medieval cathedral was the monastic St Mary's, a large cruciform building believed to have been similar in appearance to Lichfield Cathedral (whose diocese it shared). Tragically it became the only English cathedral to be destroyed during the Reformation, after which it was quickly quarried away, leaving only scant fragments, but enough evidence survives to indicate it's rich decoration (some pieces were displayed nearby in the Priory Visitors Centre, sadly since closed). Foundations of it's apse were found during the building of the new cathedral in the 1950s, thus technically three cathedrals share the same site.
The mainly 15th century St Michael's parish church became the seat of the new diocese of Coventry in 1918, and being one of the largest parish churches in the country it was upgraded to cathedral status without structural changes (unlike most 'parish church' cathedrals created in the early 20th century). It lasted in this role a mere 22 years before being burned to the ground in the 1940 Coventry Blitz, leaving only the outer walls and the magnificent tapering tower and spire (the extensive arcades and clerestoreys collapsed completely in the fire, precipitated by the roof reinforcement girders, installed in the Victorian restoration, that buckled in the intense heat).
The determination to rebuild the cathedral in some form was born on the day of the bombing, however it wasn't until the mid 1950s that a competition was held and Sir Basil Spence's design was chosen. Spence had been so moved by experiencing the ruined church he resolved to retain it entirely to serve as a forecourt to the new church. He envisaged the two being linked by a glass screen wall so that the old church would be visible from within the new.
Built between 1957-62 at a right-angle to the ruins, the new cathedral attracted controversy for it's modern form, and yet some modernists argued that it didn't go far enough, after all there are echoes of the Gothic style in the great stone-mullioned windows of the nave and the net vaulting (actually a free-standing canopy) within. What is exceptional is the way art has been used as such an integral part of the building, a watershed moment, revolutionising the concept of religious art in Britain.
Spence employed some of the biggest names in contemporary art to contribute their vision to his; the exterior is adorned with Jacob Epstein's triumphant bronze figures of Archangel Michael (patron of the cathedral) vanquishing the Devil. At the entrance is the remarkable glass wall, engraved by John Hutton with strikingly stylised figures of saints and angels, and allowing the interior of the new to communicate with the ruin. Inside, the great tapestry of Christ in majesty surrounded by the evangelistic creatures, draws the eye beyond the high altar; it was designed by Graham Sutherland and was the largest tapestry ever made.
However one of the greatest features of Coventry is it's wealth of modern stained glass, something Spence resolved to include having witnessed the bleakness of Chartres Cathedral in wartime, all it's stained glass having been removed. The first window encountered on entering is the enormous 'chess-board' baptistry window filled with stunning abstract glass by John Piper & Patrick Reyntiens, a symphony of glowing colour. The staggered nave walls are illuminated by ten narrow floor to ceiling windows filled with semi-abstract symbolic designs arranged in pairs of dominant colours (green, red, multi-coloured, purple/blue and gold) representing the souls journey to maturity, and revealed gradually as one approaches the altar. This amazing project was the work of three designers lead by master glass artist Lawrence Lee of the Royal College of Art along with Keith New and Geoffrey Clarke (each artist designed three of the windows individually and all collaborated on the last).
The cathedral still dazzles the visitor with the boldness of it's vision, but alas, half a century on, it was not a vision to be repeated and few of the churches and cathedrals built since can claim to have embraced the synthesis of art and architecture in the way Basil Spence did at Coventry.
The cathedral is generally open to visitors most days. For more see below:-
Press it before the time runs out!!!
(should be viewed full size so you can see the keys!)
Another pic of my Lost tribute. Only 24 more hours till showtime!!
P1020221
Edith Cavell est une infirmière anglaise qui dirigeait en 1907 une des premières écoles modernes de formation des infirmières à Bruxelles. Convaincue d'avoir aidé des soldats alliés à s'évader, elle fut jugée et exécutée en 1915.
Voici une courte biographie sur le site de l'académie de Lille :
Née le 4 décembre 1865 en Angleterre, Édith Cavell commence ses études d'infirmière en 1895. Ses qualités exceptionnelles lui vaudront de diriger un des services du London Hospital, puis en 1907, une école d'infirmières à Bruxelles.
En 1914, la guerre éclate. Dans toute la Belgique des organisations se forment. Nombreux furent ceux, soldats belges et français, qui, grâce à Miss Cavell, purent se réfugier en Hollande.
Édith Cavell fut dénoncée puis arrêtée par les allemands le 5 août 1915 alors qu'elle se trouvait au chevet de ses malades.
Son jugement et son exécution le 12 octobre 1915 soulevèrent l'indignation de nombreux pays. Ils frappaient une femme dont l'activité était entièrement vouée à secourir la douleur et la détresse humaine.
Ainsi que cet article très complet (en anglais) sur le site History Net, Nurse Edith Cavell, A fanatically selfless sense of duty drove nurse Edith Cavell to harbor Allied soldiers behind German lines.
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This morning (Friday 23 August) police in Rochdale executed two warrants in the Freehold neighbourhood as they continue their relentless pursuit of those intent on causing harm to the local community.
Three men aged 14 – 54, have been arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to supply class A and B drugs. They remain in police custody for questioning.
Following a thorough search of the addresses, significant quantities of class A and B drugs were found, with an estimated street sale value of £51,000. We also seized several weapons, including two samurai swords, and several items consistent with a significant drugs operation.
This is the latest activity which comes under the district’s Operation Affect, the force’s latest Clear, Hold, Build initiative. Police are systematically dismantling and disrupting organised crime in the area, by pursuing gang members and criminals to clear the area, holding the location to prevent criminals exploiting the vacuum created by the original disruption, and working with partners and Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH) to build a prosperous and resilient community.
So far, the team have made 36 arrests, secured three full closure orders on nuisance properties linked to criminality, and seized large quantities of cash, drugs, and weapons.
Building on a successful community event held earlier this year, Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH) are working with local residents and partners to design out crime in Freehold and rebuild a stronger community.
The overall investment is anticipated to be around £5M and will keep residents safer and improve the overall look of the local area, including providing higher quality common areas and improving the condition of the buildings.
Inspector Meena Yasin, who is leading Operation Affect, said: “Since launching this operation we’ve seen a real concerted effort to disrupt illegal drug supply in the Freehold area of Rochdale.
"From speaking with residents, we know that drug dealing, and anti-social behaviour has been a particular area of concern for them.
“The seizures this morning means we have been able to take tens of thousands of pounds worth of illicit and harmful products off our streets and dismantle a significant drugs operation which has been blighting our residents.
“Our officers remain in the area to provide a visible reassurance for residents. If you have any concerns or want to share information about suspicious behaviour in the area, please speak to them, they are there to help you.
“You know your community best, and your intelligence often forms a large and crucial park of our criminal investigations, helping us to remove criminals from the streets.”
Hayley Stockham, RBH Director of Neighbourhoods, said: "We have zero tolerance for anti-social behaviour and criminal activity in our neighbourhoods. We're very grateful to the local community for supporting our joint efforts to stamp out this behaviour.
“We will continue to work closely with our partners in the Police and at the Council, and we know that this is making a significant difference to the lives of local people. We encourage members of the community to continue to report crime and anti-social behaviour to RBH and to the Police.”
If you have any concerns about drugs in your area, let us know via our Live Chat function on our website, or by calling 101, so that we can take action.
Always dial 999 in an emergency.
Alternatively, you can report it to Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.
Poorly executed scan of a photo taken with a Polaroid Land 103. I didn't let the image develop long enough. This scan was edited for contrast and exposure.
The Liechtenstein Garden Palace is a Baroque palace at the Fürstengasse in the 9th District of Vienna, Alsergrund . Between the palace, where the Liechtenstein Museum was until the end of 2011, and executed as Belvedere summer palace on the Alserbachstraße is a park. Since early 2012, the Liechtenstein Garden Palace is a place for events. Part of the private art collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein is still in the gallery rooms of the palace. In 2010 was started to call the palace, to avoid future confusion, officially the Garden Palace, since 2013 the city has renovated the Palais Liechtenstein (Stadtpalais) in Vienna's old town and then also equipped with a part of the Liechtenstein art collection.
Building
Design for the Liechtenstein Garden Palace, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach in 1687/1688
Canaletto: View of Palais Liechtenstein
1687 bought Prince Johann Adam Andreas von Liechtenstein a garden with adjoining meadows of Count Weikhard von Auersperg in the Rossau. In the southern part of the property the prince had built a palace and in the north part he founded a brewery and a manorial, from which developed the suburb Lichtental. For the construction of the palace Johann Adam Andreas organised 1688 a competition, in the inter alia participating, the young Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. Meanwhile, a little functional, " permeable " project was rejected by the prince but, after all, instead he was allowed to built a garden in the Belvedere Alserbachstraße 14, which , however, was canceled in 1872.
The competition was won by Domenico Egidio Rossi, but was replaced in 1692 by Domenico Martinelli. The execution of the stonework had been given the royal Hofsteinmetzmeister (master stonemason) Martin Mitschke. He was delivered by the Masters of Kaisersteinbruch Ambrose Ferrethi , Giovanni Battista Passerini and Martin Trumler large pillars, columns and pedestal made from stone Emperor (Kaiserstein). Begin of the contract was the fourth July 1689 , the total cost was around 50,000 guilders.
For contracts from the years 1693 and 1701 undertook the Salzburg master stonemason John and Joseph Pernegger owner for 4,060 guilders the steps of the great grand staircase from Lienbacher (Adnet = red) to supply marble monolith of 4.65 meters. From the Master Nicolaus Wendlinger from Hallein came the Stiegenbalustraden (stair balustrades) for 1,000 guilders.
A palazzo was built in a mix of city and country in the Roman-style villa. The structure is clear and the construction very blocky with a stressed central risalite, what served the conservative tastes of the Prince very much. According to the procedure of the architectural treatise by Johann Adam Andreas ' father, Karl Eusebius, the palace was designed with three floors and 13 windows axis on the main front and seven windows axis on the lateral front. Together with the stems it forms a courtyard .
Sala terrene of the Palais
1700 the shell was completed. In 1702, the Salzburg master stonemason and Georg Andreas Doppler took over 7,005 guilders for the manufacture of door frame made of white marble of Salzburg, 1708 was the delivery of the fireplaces in marble hall for 1,577 guilders. For the painted decoration was originally the Bolognese Marcantonio Franceschini hired, from him are some of the painted ceilings on the first floor. Since he to slow to the prince, Antonio Belucci was hired from Venice, who envisioned the rest of the floor. The ceiling painting in the Great Hall, the Hercules Hall but got Andrea Pozzo . Pozzo in 1708 confirmed the sum of 7,500 florins which he had received since 1704 for the ceiling fresco in the Marble Hall in installments. As these artists died ( Pozzo) or declined to Italy, the Prince now had no painter left for the ground floor.
After a long search finally Michael Rottmayr was hired for the painting of the ground floor - originally a temporary solution, because the prince was of the opinion that only Italian artist buon gusto d'invenzione had. Since Rottmayr was not involved in the original planning, his paintings not quite fit with the stucco. Rottmayr 1708 confirmed the receipt of 7,500 guilders for his fresco work.
Giovanni Giuliani, who designed the sculptural decoration in the window roofing of the main facade, undertook in 1705 to provide sixteen stone vases of Zogelsdorfer stone. From September 1704 to August 1705 Santino Bussi stuccoed the ground floor of the vault of the hall and received a fee of 1,000 florins and twenty buckets of wine. 1706 Bussi adorned the two staircases, the Marble Hall, the Gallery Hall and the remaining six halls of the main projectile with its stucco work for 2,200 florins and twenty buckets of wine. Giuliani received in 1709 for his Kaminbekrönungen (fireplace crowning) of the great room and the vases 1,128 guilders.
Garden
Liechtenstein Palace from the garden
The new summer palace of Henry of Ferstel from the garden
The garden was created in the mind of a classic baroque garden. The vases and statues were carried out according to the plans of Giuseppe Mazza from the local Giovanni Giuliani. In 1820 the garden has been remodeled according to plans of Joseph Kornhäusel in the Classical sense. In the Fürstengasse was opposite the Palais, the Orangerie, built 1700s.
Use as a museum
Already from 1805 to 1938, the palace was housing the family collection of the house of Liechtenstein, which was also open for public viewing, the collection was then transferred to the Principality of Liechtenstein, which remained neutral during the war and was not bombed. In the 1960s and 1970s, the so-called Building Centre was housed in the palace as a tenant, a permanent exhibition for builders of single-family houses and similar buildings. From 26 April 1979 rented the since 1962 housed in the so-called 20er Haus Museum of the 20th Century , a federal museum, the palace as a new main house, the 20er Haus was continued as a branch . Since the start of operations at the Palais, the collection called itself Museum of Modern Art (since 1991 Museum of Modern Art Ludwig Foundation ), the MUMOK in 2001 moved to the newly built museum district.
From 29 March 2004 till the end of 2011 in the Palace was the Liechtenstein Museum, whose collection includes paintings and sculptures from five centuries. The collection is considered one of the largest and most valuable private art collections in the world, whose main base in Vaduz (Liechtenstein) is . As the palace, so too the collection is owned by the Prince of Liechtenstein Foundation .
On 15 November 2011 it was announced that the regular museum operating in the Garden Palace was stopped due to short of original expectations, visiting numbers remaining lower as calculated, with January 2012. The Liechtenstein City Palace museum will also not offer regular operations. Exhibited works of art would then (in the city palace from 2013) only during the "Long Night of the Museums", for registered groups and during leased events being visitable. The name of the Liechtenstein Museum will no longer be used.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Liechtenstein_%28F%C3%BCrste...
One of a pair of plaster reliefs, executed as models to be copied in stone on the great high altar reredos of Liverpool Cathedral by the sculptors Walter Gilbert & Louis Weingartner.Gilbert was a member of the Bromsgrove Guild, thus it is fitting that two of the team's beautiful full scale maquettes should find their home in Hanbury church, near Bromsgrove. Gilbert's family had lived here and his memorial is nearby.
St Mary's at Hanbury is something of a landmark, sitting in an elevated hilltop position commanding fine views over the Worcestershire countryside to the south. The church itself is a real patchwork of different periods in three distinct phases, with a medieval nave (with 17th century alterations), a Georgian Gothick west tower and a Victorian chancel and chapels.
The interior furnishings date mostly from the Victorian restoration as does the stained glass at the east end. The real treasure of the church however is the collection of monuments to the Vernon family of nearby Hanbury Hall, mainly concentrated in the Vernon chapel at the south east corner. The best piece is the huge Baroque tomb of Sir Thomas Vernon, shown reclining between two seated female figures with pediment and swags above.
In the north aisle are fine pieces of sculpture from a more recent period, two beautiful early 20th century relief sculptures in plaster depicting the Nativity and Resurrection that were the original sculptor's maquettes for parts of the huge Gilbert & Weingartner reredos in Liverpool Cathedral.
St Mary's is normally open and welcoming to visitors.
This morning (Friday 23 August) police in Rochdale executed two warrants in the Freehold neighbourhood as they continue their relentless pursuit of those intent on causing harm to the local community.
Three men aged 14 – 54, have been arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to supply class A and B drugs. They remain in police custody for questioning.
Following a thorough search of the addresses, significant quantities of class A and B drugs were found, with an estimated street sale value of £51,000. We also seized several weapons, including two samurai swords, and several items consistent with a significant drugs operation.
This is the latest activity which comes under the district’s Operation Affect, the force’s latest Clear, Hold, Build initiative. Police are systematically dismantling and disrupting organised crime in the area, by pursuing gang members and criminals to clear the area, holding the location to prevent criminals exploiting the vacuum created by the original disruption, and working with partners and Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH) to build a prosperous and resilient community.
So far, the team have made 36 arrests, secured three full closure orders on nuisance properties linked to criminality, and seized large quantities of cash, drugs, and weapons.
Building on a successful community event held earlier this year, Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH) are working with local residents and partners to design out crime in Freehold and rebuild a stronger community.
The overall investment is anticipated to be around £5M and will keep residents safer and improve the overall look of the local area, including providing higher quality common areas and improving the condition of the buildings.
Inspector Meena Yasin, who is leading Operation Affect, said: “Since launching this operation we’ve seen a real concerted effort to disrupt illegal drug supply in the Freehold area of Rochdale.
"From speaking with residents, we know that drug dealing, and anti-social behaviour has been a particular area of concern for them.
“The seizures this morning means we have been able to take tens of thousands of pounds worth of illicit and harmful products off our streets and dismantle a significant drugs operation which has been blighting our residents.
“Our officers remain in the area to provide a visible reassurance for residents. If you have any concerns or want to share information about suspicious behaviour in the area, please speak to them, they are there to help you.
“You know your community best, and your intelligence often forms a large and crucial park of our criminal investigations, helping us to remove criminals from the streets.”
Hayley Stockham, RBH Director of Neighbourhoods, said: "We have zero tolerance for anti-social behaviour and criminal activity in our neighbourhoods. We're very grateful to the local community for supporting our joint efforts to stamp out this behaviour.
“We will continue to work closely with our partners in the Police and at the Council, and we know that this is making a significant difference to the lives of local people. We encourage members of the community to continue to report crime and anti-social behaviour to RBH and to the Police.”
If you have any concerns about drugs in your area, let us know via our Live Chat function on our website, or by calling 101, so that we can take action.
Always dial 999 in an emergency.
Alternatively, you can report it to Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.
The Katyń massacre ("zbrodnia katyńska" in Polish) was the mass murder of approximately 22000 Polish nationals carried out by the Soviet secret police (NKVD) in April and May 1940. The massacre was prompted by a proposal (dated 5th March 1940) from Lavrentiy Beria, Minister of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, to execute all members of the Polish Officer Corps who had been captured and imprisoned by the USSR during the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. This official document was approved and signed by the Soviet Politburo, including its leader Joseph Stalin.
As well as approximately 8000 officers of the Polish army, the victims of the Katyń massacre included 6000 police officers and thousands of university lecturers, teachers, doctors, lawyers, civic leaders, politicians, government officials, priests and other members of the "bourgeoisie" who had been targeted for arrest following the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland.
By physically eliminating Poland’s military and civilian elites, Stalin wanted to decapitate the Polish nation and ensure it was less able to resist the enforced Sovietisation of the occupied Polish territories.
The victims were all citizens of Poland, but not all were ethnically Polish - for example, the murdered army officers included Ukrainians, Belarusians and several hundred Jews, among them Baruch Steinberg, the Chief Rabbi of the Polish army. The majority were interned at three Soviet camps (Kozielsk, Starobielsk and Ostaszków) before being taken to NKVD mass murder sites, where they were executed and buried in mass graves.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Steinberg
Although the killings took place at several different locations in Soviet Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, the massacre is named after the Katyń forest in the Smolensk Oblast of western Russia where the graves of the Kozielsk prisoners were discovered in 1943. The exact fate of the other victims and the location of their graves was not confirmed until five decades later. After the discovery of the Katyń burial site the USSR denied responsibility for the massacre and tried to blame it on the Germans, and continued to lie about the killings for 50 years until finally admitting Soviet guilt in 1990 and revealing where the remaining victims were buried.
It eventually became possible to exhume and identify the bodies from the mass murder sites at Charków (Kharkiv), where the NKVD murdered the prisoners who were interned at Starobielsk, and Miednoje (Mednoye), where the NKVD murdered the prisoners who were interned at Ostaszków - as well as other locations such as Bykownia (Bykivnia).
Most of the Ostaszków prisoners were killed by Beria's chief executioner Vasily Blokhin, who was awarded the Order of the Red Banner by Stalin at the end of April 1940 for demonstrating "skill and organisation in the effective carrying out of special tasks".
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Blokhin
Although several other ex-members of the NKVD eventually confessed to participating in the Katyń massacre, none of the perpetrators were ever brought to justice, and neither the Soviet government nor successive governments of Russia have ever permitted a full investigation of this war crime.
There's also no shortage of vatniks, tankies and other useful idiots out there who are still in denial about it, even though claims that the murders were carried out by the Germans have zero credibility and have been comprehensively debunked (it's actually impossible for the Polish prisoners interned at Ostaszków - who disappeared without trace in 1940 and whose bodies were found in Miednoje in 1991 - to have been captured, killed and buried by the Germans, who never reached either of these locations in Russia at any time during World War 2)....
holocaustcontroversies.blogspot.com/2023/02/debunking-gro...
The monument in Gunnersbury Cemetery was unveiled on 18th September 1976 after much delay. The Polish community in London had tried in vain to get permission to create a memorial to the victims of the Katyń massacre for many years, which was prevented by successive British governments, bowing to Soviet pressure. No government representative was present at the opening ceremony.
Peter Matthews, along with Samuel Lount, was executed for his role in the Montgomery Tavern incident of December 15,1837, also known as the Upper Canada Rebellion ( read a contemporary account ).
From the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online : “Matthews’s party of about 50 left Pickering on 5 December and arrived at Montgomery’s Tavern on Yonge Street north of Toronto the next day. On the morning of the 7th, Matthews and about 60 men were sent by Mackenzie to the bridge across the Don River east of the city. There they were to create a diversion which Mackenzie hoped would prevent government forces from attacking Montgomery’s until the reinforcements he was expecting had arrived there. Matthews’s party killed one man and set the bridge and some houses on fire before being driven off by loyalist forces. The rebellion failed that day and Matthews fled, but he was captured in a farmhouse in York Township. He pleaded guilty to a charge of treason and petitioned for mercy. Although evidence about his role was contradictory, the Executive Council decided that he had been a leading figure in the uprising and held him responsible for the fires and the death at the bridge. Despite appeals for clemency signed by thousands, Matthews was executed with Samuel Lount on 12 April 1838. His property was seized by the crown, but in 1848, after pardons had been extended to most of the rebels, it was returned to the family.”
Creator: Unknown
Date: 1913?
Identifier: JRR 2800 Cab, T 16313, MTL 1858
Format: Picture
Rights: Public domain
Courtesy: Toronto Public Library.
More information: (view details and larger image)
William Henry Playfair executed his drawings for Royal Circus in 1820, the year after he was commissioned by the Heriot Trust; building began in 1821 and was completed two years later. Part of the first extension of the New Town planned by Reid and Sibbald in 1802, these are part of the Second New Town A-Group, a significant surviving part of one of the most important and best preserved examples of urban planning in Britain.
A cist was found in the summer of 1822 when digging the foundation of a house on the west side of Royal Circus. When opened, the form of a skeleton was discernible, lying with the head to the south, but it crumbled to dust on being touched, only some fragments of teeth remaining!
Scarborough Castle stands on a massive promontory of rock that rises above the North Sea. Its 12th-century great tower is the centrepiece of a royal castle begun by Henry II. It became one of the greatest royal fortresses in England and figured prominently in national events during the Middle Ages. Its buildings are mostly relatively recent additions to a site which, as a natural fortress, has been intermittently inhabited and fortified for nearly 3,000 years.
Before the Castle
Reconstructed Roman pottery from the site of the Roman signal station at Scarborough Castle (on loan from Scarborough Museums Trust)
With its own anchorage, Scarborough has long been an important gateway to north-east England. Fragments of pottery dating to between about 2100 and 1600 BC are the earliest evidence of human activity on the headland.
But it is only in the first millennium BC that there is clear evidence of a settlement there. Excavations suggest two distinct periods of habitation, the first about 800 BC and the second about 500 BC, but it is not clear how extensive either settlement was.In the late 4th century AD a fortified tower was erected on the headland. Finds of coins and pottery, and architectural similarity to other sites, suggest that it was one of a set of signal stations built along the north-eastern coast of Britain at this time. Exactly when and why these were built is much debated, but whatever their purpose, they seem to have been abandoned in the early 5th century. It has long been supposed that the name Scarborough derives from Old Norse. However, the whole idea of a Viking settlement at Scarborough has recently been questioned and an alternative Anglo-Saxon derivation for the name Scarborough as ‘the hill with the fort’ has been suggested.Nonetheless, it is clear from the discovery of a chapel within the foundations of the Roman signal station as well as a small cemetery that there was human activity on the headland by 1000.
The Early Castle
Scarborough is first clearly documented in the mid-12th century as a borough prospering beneath the walls of a great royal castle.The castle’s founder was William le Gros, Count of Aumâle. Created Earl of York by King Stephen in 1138, he proceeded to establish himself as the unrivalled political master of the region. His work at Scarborough probably began in the 1130s. Later in the 12th century the chronicler William of Newburgh recorded that Aumâle was responsible for enclosing the plateau of the promontory with a wall and erecting a tower at the entrance, on the site of the present great tower or keep. But within a few years of the castle’s foundation Henry II acceded to the throne and demanded the return of all royal castles. Scarborough, which was built on a royal manor, was one of these, and Scarborough Castle passed into the hands of the Crown.
A Royal Castle
In 1159 Henry II began to rebuild the castle, planting a new town beneath its walls at the same time. About £650 was spent on the castle over the next ten years, an enormous sum.[8] The principal object of expenditure was the great tower, built 1159–69, most probably as architectural confirmation that the castle had changed hands.King John is known to have visited Scarborough several times and seems to have developed it, along with Knaresborough, as a major royal castle to control Yorkshire. He spent £2,291 on Scarborough, more than on any other castle in the kingdom, in two phases: first, the creation of an outer wall to the inner bailey in 1202–6, and second, the extension of that wall down to the cliff in 1207–12. During the second stage he also constructed a hall in the inner bailey as well as a new royal chamber block and a separate aisled hall in the outer bailey.
The Castle in the Later Middle Ages
Henry III provisioned and maintained the castle throughout his reign, which became one of the greatest royal fortresses in England. Edward I continued to use it as a royal lodging, holding court and council at Scarborough in 1275. Prisoners from his Scottish wars were also held there. In 1312 it was briefly the scene of a siege when Edward II's favourite, Piers Gaveston, took refuge in the castle. In 1308 Lord Percy and his wife were granted licence to live in the castle and over the next 40 years the Percy family built a bakehouse, brewhouse and kitchen in the inner bailey. The buildings were generally only repaired in extreme need. Richard III was the last king to stay there, in 1484, while assembling a fleet to resist the expected invasion of Henry Tudor, later Henry VII.
The Castle under the Tudors
Though dilapidated, Scarborough Castle continued to play an important role in times of crisis. When the popular rebellion against Henry VIII known as the Pilgrimage of Grace broke out in October 1536, the constable, Sir Ralph Eure, declared his support for the king and was besieged in the castle. Although damaged by gunfire, the castle was held successfully. Twenty years later the castle was involved in another doomed plot, when in 1557 Thomas Stafford seized the castle and held it for three days, believing he could incite a popular revolt against Queen Mary. The castle was easily captured, and Stafford and his accomplices were executed.
The Civil War
In September 1642 a local gentleman, Sir Hugh Cholmley, was commissioned to hold Scarborough for Parliament, but he was soon persuaded to change sides. Immediately afterwards, while Cholmley was visiting Charles I in York, 40 seamen under the command of Cholmley’s cousin Captain Browne Bushell surprised the guard at night and took the castle. Cholmley rushed back and persuaded Bushell to return the castle to him. For the next two years Scarborough served as an important Royalist base, its interception of shipping inflicting serious coal shortages on London.Early in 1645, however, Parliamentarian forces closed in on Scarborough. After three weeks Sir Hugh was forced to retreat from the town to the castle, where for five months he resisted one of the bloodiest sieges of the Civil War. The bombardment was so intense that the massive walls of the great tower sheared and half the building collapsed. Eventually Cholmley ran out of gunpowder, then money and finally food. He surrendered on 25 July 1645. The castle was again besieged when the Parliamentary garrison of 100 men under Colonel Boynton declared for the imprisoned king on 27 July 1648, after Parliament had failed to pay them. Boynton eventually surrendered in December. Instructions were given that the castle should be slighted, but opposition from the town preserved it from destruction
Prison and Barrack
The Master Gunner’s House at Scarborough Castle, which was probably converted from an existing building in the early 18th century From the 1650s the castle also served as a prison – among those held there was George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends (the Quakers). In response to the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745–6 a barracks block was constructed within the walls of King John’s chamber block, and this remained in use into the mid-19th century.
The 20th Century
On the morning of 16 December 1914, in the opening months of the First World War, two German warships fired more than 500 shells on the town and castle from the bay. Seventeen civilians were killed and more than 80 seriously wounded. In 1920 Scarborough Castle was taken into state guardianship by the Ministry of Works. Under its ownership the 18th century barracks block damaged in the German bombardment was demolished. The site of the Roman signal station and chapel was excavated in the 1920s, and the castle was placed in the care of English Heritage in 1984.
Event Marketing Junior class was responsible for planning and executing the entertainment during schedule breaks for the OCAA Men's Volleyball Championships.
Photo Credit: Houng Ngui
Detail of the Baptistry Window, a masterpiece of abstract stained glass designed by John Piper and executed by Patrick Reyntiens.
Coventry's Cathedral is a unique synthesis of old a new, born of wartime suffering and forged in the spirit of postwar optimism, famous for it's history and for being the most radically modern of Anglican cathedrals. Two cathedral's stand side by side, the ruins of the medieval building, destroyed by incendiary bombs in 1940 and the bold new building designed by Basil Spence and opened in 1962.
It is a common misconception that Coventry lost it's first cathedral in the wartime blitz, but the bombs actually destroyed it's second; the original medieval cathedral was the monastic St Mary's, a large cruciform building believed to have been similar in appearance to Lichfield Cathedral (whose diocese it shared). Tragically it became the only English cathedral to be destroyed during the Reformation, after which it was quickly quarried away, leaving only scant fragments, but enough evidence survives to indicate it's rich decoration (some pieces were displayed nearby in the Priory Visitors Centre, sadly since closed). Foundations of it's apse were found during the building of the new cathedral in the 1950s, thus technically three cathedrals share the same site.
The mainly 15th century St Michael's parish church became the seat of the new diocese of Coventry in 1918, and being one of the largest parish churches in the country it was upgraded to cathedral status without structural changes (unlike most 'parish church' cathedrals created in the early 20th century). It lasted in this role a mere 22 years before being burned to the ground in the 1940 Coventry Blitz, leaving only the outer walls and the magnificent tapering tower and spire (the extensive arcades and clerestoreys collapsed completely in the fire, precipitated by the roof reinforcement girders, installed in the Victorian restoration, that buckled in the intense heat).
The determination to rebuild the cathedral in some form was born on the day of the bombing, however it wasn't until the mid 1950s that a competition was held and Sir Basil Spence's design was chosen. Spence had been so moved by experiencing the ruined church he resolved to retain it entirely to serve as a forecourt to the new church. He envisaged the two being linked by a glass screen wall so that the old church would be visible from within the new.
Built between 1957-62 at a right-angle to the ruins, the new cathedral attracted controversy for it's modern form, and yet some modernists argued that it didn't go far enough, after all there are echoes of the Gothic style in the great stone-mullioned windows of the nave and the net vaulting (actually a free-standing canopy) within. What is exceptional is the way art has been used as such an integral part of the building, a watershed moment, revolutionising the concept of religious art in Britain.
Spence employed some of the biggest names in contemporary art to contribute their vision to his; the exterior is adorned with Jacob Epstein's triumphant bronze figures of Archangel Michael (patron of the cathedral) vanquishing the Devil. At the entrance is the remarkable glass wall, engraved by John Hutton with strikingly stylised figures of saints and angels, and allowing the interior of the new to communicate with the ruin. Inside, the great tapestry of Christ in majesty surrounded by the evangelistic creatures, draws the eye beyond the high altar; it was designed by Graham Sutherland and was the largest tapestry ever made.
However one of the greatest features of Coventry is it's wealth of modern stained glass, something Spence resolved to include having witnessed the bleakness of Chartres Cathedral in wartime, all it's stained glass having been removed. The first window encountered on entering is the enormous 'chess-board' baptistry window filled with stunning abstract glass by John Piper & Patrick Reyntiens, a symphony of glowing colour. The staggered nave walls are illuminated by ten narrow floor to ceiling windows filled with semi-abstract symbolic designs arranged in pairs of dominant colours (green, red, multi-coloured, purple/blue and gold) representing the souls journey to maturity, and revealed gradually as one approaches the altar. This amazing project was the work of three designers lead by master glass artist Lawrence Lee of the Royal College of Art along with Keith New and Geoffrey Clarke (each artist designed three of the windows individually and all collaborated on the last).
The cathedral still dazzles the visitor with the boldness of it's vision, but alas, half a century on, it was not a vision to be repeated and few of the churches and cathedrals built since can claim to have embraced the synthesis of art and architecture in the way Basil Spence did at Coventry.
The cathedral is generally open to visitors most days. For more see below:-
Rebels will be executed! Hail the Emperor! For the Galactic Empire!
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Edith Cavell est une infirmière anglaise qui dirigeait en 1907 une des premières écoles modernes de formation des infirmières à Bruxelles. Convaincue d'avoir aidé des soldats alliés à s'évader, elle fut jugée et exécutée en 1915.
Voici une courte biographie sur le site de l'académie de Lille :
Née le 4 décembre 1865 en Angleterre, Édith Cavell commence ses études d'infirmière en 1895. Ses qualités exceptionnelles lui vaudront de diriger un des services du London Hospital, puis en 1907, une école d'infirmières à Bruxelles.
En 1914, la guerre éclate. Dans toute la Belgique des organisations se forment. Nombreux furent ceux, soldats belges et français, qui, grâce à Miss Cavell, purent se réfugier en Hollande.
Édith Cavell fut dénoncée puis arrêtée par les allemands le 5 août 1915 alors qu'elle se trouvait au chevet de ses malades.
Son jugement et son exécution le 12 octobre 1915 soulevèrent l'indignation de nombreux pays. Ils frappaient une femme dont l'activité était entièrement vouée à secourir la douleur et la détresse humaine.
Ainsi que cet article très complet (en anglais) sur le site History Net, Nurse Edith Cavell, A fanatically selfless sense of duty drove nurse Edith Cavell to harbor Allied soldiers behind German lines.
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Mercredi 6 août 2014. Compiègne. Visite du palais impérial. Chambre à coucher de l'Empereur : c'est la chambre à coucher des empereurs Napoléon Ier et Napoléon III ; aujourd'hui, elle est restituée dans son état Premier Empire. La couleur dominante est le rouge dit cramoisi ; un lit central dit lit bateau de style Empire avec à son devant deux colonnettes représentant le buste d'Athéna déesse de la Guerre. Les symboles et attributs de L'Empire sont ici omniprésents : aigle impérial au-dessus du lit ; abeilles autour des étoiles sur les tissus rouges du mobilier ; feuilles de chêne et d'olivier sur les portes. Le mobilier est composé entre autres d'une méridienne ; un somno ; une cuvette ; une chaise d'aisance (pot de chambre). La salle a également subi des dommages lors de l'incendie de 1919 ; la peinture du plafond exécutée par Girodet et achevée en 1822 a disparu. Napoléon Ier n'ayant jamais connu cette œuvre, il a été décidé de ne jamais la restaurer
La ville de Compiègne est située en aval du confluent des rivières Oise et Aisne, dans le département de l'Oise.
Au sud-est s'étend la forêt domaniale de Compiègne.
Les premières traces d'habitat humain sur la commune de Compiègne remontent au début du Ve millénaire avant notre ère et se continuent jusqu'à la conquête romaine. À l'époque gallo-romaine, Compiègne fut un point de passage sur l'Oise (Isara) relié au réseau de voies secondaires à la frontière des territoires des Bellovaques (Beauvais) et des Suessions (Soissons). Un gué se trouvait au lieu-dit le Clos des Roses entre Compiègne et Venette. Dans le quartier du Clos des Roses ont été retrouvés les vestiges d'un bâtiment romain, peut-être un poste de garde militaire du gué. Au centre-ville actuel, les fouilles menées n'ont pas découvert de vestiges gallo-romains. Dans les environs, quelques vestiges de villae furent mises au jour.
Le faubourg de Saint-Germain paraît être le premier établissement de Compiègne. La ville, sur son emplacement actuel, est de formation relativement récente ; elle s'est créée autour du château des rois de France. Compiègne fut associée à la couronne de France dès l'avènement des Mérovingiens. L'acte le plus ancien qui en faisait mention est un diplôme de Childebert Ier en 547. Clotaire Ier y mourut en 561 et les rois des deux premières races y séjournèrent souvent et y tinrent de nombreux plaids et conciles. Ragenfred, maire du Palais sous Dagobert III, bat en 715 les Austrasiens dans la forêt de Cuise, près de Compiègne14. Pépin le Bref en 757, reçoit à Compiègne l'empereur Constantin V Copronyme, qui lui fait présent pour son oratoire des premières orgues connues en France. Il y reçoit aussi le serment de vassalité du duc Tassilon III de Bavière.
Charles II le Chauve (823-877) roi de Francie et empereur d'Occident en fit son séjour habituel. Par le traité de Compiègne, le 1er août16 ou le 25 août 867, il concède le Cotentin, l'Avranchin ainsi que les îles Anglo-Normandes à Salomon, roi de Bretagne.
Le 2 janvier 876, Charles le Chauve ordonne l'édification de la collégiale Sainte-Marie, future abbaye Saint-Corneille, sur le modèle de celle d'Aix-la-Chapelle. Le 5 mai 877 il fait la consacrer par le pape Jean VIII. L'importante abbaye Saint-Corneille riche de reliques insignes (Saint-Suaire, reliques de la Passion, Voile de la Vierge) devient alors le noyau autour duquel commence à se développer la ville et le roi y bâtit un nouveau palais.
Son fils Louis le Bègue fut sacré à Compiègne le 8 décembre 877 dans l'abbaye Saint-Corneille par l'archevêque Hincmar de Reims et il y mourut en 879. En 884 à Compiègne, les grands du royaume au nom de son frère Carloman signent une trêve avec les Vikings. Enfin, Louis V le dernier Carolingien, qui fut sacré à Compiègne le 8 juin 979 et qui mourut le 21 mai 987 fut inhumé dans l'abbaye Saint-Corneille.
Hugues Capet ayant été élu roi des Francs en 987, Compiègne restera un des séjours préférés des premiers Capétiens : c'est à Saint-Corneille que la reine Constance d'Arles, épouse de Robert le Pieux, fit associer au trône son fils aîné Hugues qui sera inhumé dans cette basilique en 1025, avant d'avoir pu régner seul.
C'est Louis VI, avant 1125, qui octroya à la ville sa première charte communale. L'abbaye, par suite des scandales causés par les chanoines, devient une abbaye bénédictine à partir de 1150. Les bourgeois de Compiègne qui ont aidé à l'installation des moines et à l'expulsion des chanoines, obtiennent que leur ville soit instituée en commune par le roi Louis VII en 1153. Une charte communale sera aussi donnée aux habitants de Royallieu par la reine Adélaïde. Philippe Auguste confirme les droits communaux de Compiègne en 1207 et durant tout le XIIIe siècle la ville va accroître ses biens et son autorité avec le soutien du roi, qui sert d'arbitre entre les religieux de l'abbaye et les bourgeois de la commune.
Au milieu du XIIIe siècle, Saint Louis construit le Grand Pont, réparé sous Charles VIII et qui durera jusqu'en 1735. Saint Louis enlève aux moines la juridiction du prieuré et de l'hôpital Saint-Nicolas-au-Pont et va en faire un Hôtel-Dieu. Le roi, aidé par son gendre, roi de Navarre, y porta le premier malade sur un drap de soie en 1259.
Durant le XIVe siècle, la commune de Compiègne en proie à des difficultés financières insurmontables, va devoir renoncer à sa charte communale et le roi va nommer un prévôt pour administrer la ville et rendre la justice, avec le concours d'un maire aussi nommé par le roi et des représentants des bourgeois. La communauté élit tous les quatre ans, plusieurs "gouverneurs-attournés" chargés de la gestion communale. En cas de guerre le roi nomme un capitaine, proposé par la communauté qui se charge de la défense.
Jusqu'à la fin du XIVe siècle les rois réunirent souvent les États-généraux à Compiègne. En 1358, le régent Charles y réunit les États de Langue d'oïl pour rétablir l'autorité royale face aux menées d'Étienne Marcel. En 1374, il commence la construction d'un nouveau château sur l'emplacement actuel du Palais. Compiègne est désormais séjour royal et séjour de la cour, et reçoit la visite de nombreux princes.
Compiègne a vu naître Pierre d'Ailly, cardinal-évêque de Cambrai, chancelier de l'Université de Paris, diplomate qui contribua à mettre fin au Grand Schisme d'Occident, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages d'érudition. L'un de ses ouvrages permit à Christophe Colomb de préparer la découverte de l'Amérique.
Pendant la guerre de Cent Ans, Compiègne fut assiégée et prise plusieurs fois par les Bourguignons. Elle embrassa quelque temps le parti du roi d'Angleterre. Mais à partir du sacre de Charles VII, elle redevient fidèle au roi de France. Le plus mémorable de ces sièges est celui de 1430 où Jeanne d'Arc, accourue dans la ville pour la défendre, tomba le 23 mai aux mains des Bourguignons, lors d'une sortie sur la rive droite de l'Oise et fut vendue aux Anglais. Ce siège s'est traduit par d'importantes destructions par suite des bombardements, une baisse de la population et un appauvrissement des habitants. Les guerres menées par Louis XI se traduisent encore par des charges supplémentaires (fortifications, logement des gens de guerre), des impôts plus lourds et des emprunts forcés, et il faudra attendre le règne de Charles VIII pour entreprendre la reconstruction, relancer l'activité et retrouver la population d'avant la guerre.
Depuis lors, les rois de France continuèrent à résider souvent à Compiègne et prirent l'habitude de s'y arrêter en revenant de se faire sacrer à Reims, ainsi qu'avait fait Charles VII, accompagné de Jeanne d'Arc, en 1429.
La restauration de Compiègne est marquée par la reconstruction de l'hôtel-de-ville durant le premier tiers du XVIe siècle, symbole de la Ville. Le beffroi est orné des trois Picantins représentant des prisonniers anglais, flamands et bourguignons qui frappent les heures sur les cloches.
Les rois faisaient encore de courts séjours de François Ier à Henri IV. Compiègne était ville royale, ses gouverneurs-attournés étaient nommés avec l'avis du roi, les impôts, taxes et emprunts étaient dus au roi et les régiments de passage étaient logés chez les habitants. Pendant les guerres de religion, Compiègne resta catholique, fidèle à la royauté et bénéficia en retour de quelques avantages de la part des souverains. L'édit de Compiègne de 1547 réservant aux tribunaux laïcs le jugement des protestants dès qu'il y a scandale public, est une des premières étapes de la répression contre les huguenots.
1756 et 1764 : premier et deuxième traités conclus avec la République de Gênes pour le rattachement de la Corse à la France.
1770 : Louis XV et le dauphin y accueillirent au château Marie-Antoinette lors de son arrivée en France.
1790 : création de département de l'Oise et démantèlement de la province d'Île-de-France (voir l'histoire de l'Île-de-France).
1794 : la Révolution française juge et guillotine les seize sœurs carmélites de Compiègne, dont Georges Bernanos s'inspire pour écrire sa pièce Dialogues des Carmélites.
1804 : le château de Compiègne intègre le domaine impérial.
18 juin au 18 septembre 1808 : le roi Charles IV d'Espagne venant d'abdiquer est logé par Napoléon au château de Compiègne.
27 mars 1810 : Napoléon rencontre Marie-Louise d'Autriche au château pour la première fois.
15 mars 1814 : les Prussiens attaquent la ville par la route de Noyon.
9 août 1832 : mariage au château de Louise-Marie d'Orléans (fille du roi Louis-Philippe Ier) au Roi des Belges, Léopold Ier.
1856 à 1869 : Napoléon III séjourne fréquemment au château lors de ses visites en forêt.
Compiègne organise les épreuves de golf des Jeux olympiques d'été de 1900 sur le terrain de la Société des sports de Compiègne.
5 avril 1917 au 25 mars 1918 : le général Pétain installe au château son quartier général où se tiennent plusieurs conférences interalliées.
25 mars 1918 : durant l'offensive du printemps une réunion de crise réunit Georges Clemenceau, Raymond Poincaré, Louis Loucheur, Henri Mordacq, Ferdinand Foch et Philippe Pétain dans la commune, afin d'organiser la défense de la ligne de front avec les britanniques.
11 novembre 1918 : en forêt domaniale de Compiègne, dans un wagon au milieu d'une futaie, à proximité de Rethondes, signature entre la France et l'Allemagne de l'Armistice de 1918 en présence du maréchal Foch et du général Weygand
Château de Compiègne:
Quatre palais se sont succédé à Compiègne. Le plus ancien remonte au début de la dynastie mérovingienne et datait vraisemblablement du règne de Clovis. Il était probablement construit en bois et son emplacement est malaisé à déterminer.
De nombreux actes officiels sont datés de Compiègne, ce qui semble indiquer que les Mérovingiens y passaient du temps. C'est dans ce « palais royal » de Compiègne que meurt Clotaire Ier en 561, au retour d'une chasse à Saint-Jean-aux-Bois.
C'est à Compiègne que Clotaire II fait la paix avec son neveu Thibert II (ou Théodebert) en 604. Dagobert Ier y réunit en 633 le parlement qui décide de la fondation de la basilique de Saint-Denis et c'est au palais qu'était conservé son trésor, partagé en 639 entre ses successeurs.
Sous les Carolingiens, Compiègne est fréquemment le lieu de réunion des « assemblées générales » d'évêques et de seigneurs et, à partir du règne de Pépin le Bref, devient un lieu important sur le plan diplomatique : c'est là qu'en 757, Pépin accueille, au milieu d'une grande assemblée, une ambassade de l'empereur de Constantinople Constantin V Copronyme et qu'il reçoit l'hommage du duc de Bavière, Tassilon III. C'est là aussi que Louis le Pieux réunit plusieurs assemblées dont deux, en 830 et 833, tentent de le pousser à l'abdication.
Charles le Chauve établit progressivement à Compiègne le siège de son autorité royale puis impériale. En 875, il y reçoit une ambassade de l'émir de Cordoue, Muhammad Ier, qui apporte de riches présents convoyés à dos de chameau. Sacré empereur à Rome à la Noël 875, Charles fonde en 877 l'abbaye Notre-Dame de Compiègne4 qu'il établit à l'emplacement de l'ancien palais mérovingien, tandis que lui-même se fait construire un nouveau palais situé vers l'Oise, auquel l'abbaye sert de chapelle impériale, sur le modèle du palais que son grand-père Charlemagne avait créé à Aix-la-Chapelle.
Le fils de Charles le Chauve, Louis II le Bègue, est intronisé et sacré à Compiègne en 877, dans la chapelle palatine, où il est enterré deux ans plus tard, en 879. C'est là qu'est sacré Eudes, duc de France, fils de Robert le Fort, proclamé roi en 888 par l'assemblée des grands de préférence à Charles le Simple, trop jeune. Devenu roi à son tour, ce dernier séjourne fréquemment à Compiègne qui reste la principale résidence des souverains de la deuxième dynastie. C'est là que meurt le dernier des Carolingiens, Louis V, en 987.
Les Capétiens continuent à fréquenter Compiègne, mais le palais perd progressivement son rôle politique. Le développement de la ville de Compiègne les conduit à aliéner peu à peu l'ancien domaine royal au profit de la population. Philippe Auguste renforce les murailles de la ville et fortifie le vieux palais carolingien en érigeant un donjon pour mieux contrôler l'Oise.
Le processus d'aliénation du domaine royal s'achève sous Saint Louis; seules la grande salle et la tour de l'ancien palais sont conservées comme siège et symbole de l'administration militaire et féodale, mais les grandes assemblées doivent désormais se tenir à l'abbaye Saint-Corneille. Le roi ne conserve à Compiègne qu'une modeste résidence en lisière de la forêt, au lieu-dit Royallieu.
Charles V édifie vers 1374 un château à l'origine du palais actuel. En 1358, alors qu'il n'est encore que régent du royaume, il a réuni à Compiègne, dans l'ancien palais carolingien, les états généraux et éprouvé le manque de sécurité du logis de Royallieu, en lisière de forêt.
Il décide alors de bâtir un nouveau château sur un terrain qu'il rachète en 1374 aux religieux de Saint-Corneille, à qui Charles le Chauve l'avait vendu. Il faut faire abattre les maisons qui s'y trouvent et les travaux ne sont pas terminés lorsque Charles V meurt en 1380.
C'est ce château qui, agrandi au fil des siècles, va donner naissance au palais actuel; n'en subsistent que quelques vestiges noyés dans la maçonnerie du bâtiment.
C'est dans ce château que Charles VI réunit les états généraux de 1382. Les rois séjournent fréquemment à Compiègne avec une interruption au XVe siècle, la ville tombant aux mains des Bourguignons entre 1414 et 1429. Charles VII, qui vient de se faire sacrer à Reims, y fait son entrée solennelle le 18 août 1429 et y séjourne pendant douze jours, inaugurant la tradition du séjour du roi à Compiègne au retour du sacre, qui sera observée par presque tous les monarques jusqu'à Charles X inclus.
Il ne revient à Compiègne, accompagné du dauphin, le futur Louis XI, qu'en 1441, pour trouver un château très endommagé au cours de différents sièges, qu'il fait remettre en état et agrandir en 1451, à l'occasion d'un séjour prolongé.
Charles VIII et Louis XII font plusieurs séjours à Compiègne. François Ier, qui y vient fréquemment, fait améliorer les bâtiments et se préoccupe de l'aménagement de la forêt.
Son fils, Henri II, qui y séjourne pour des durées généralement plus longues, fait décorer la Porte-Chapelle, percée dans le rempart de la ville pour donner accès à la cour de la chapelle du château.
Charles IX est à l'origine de la création d'un « jardin du Roi » d'environ six hectares, qui constitue l'amorce du futur parc. Les troubles des guerres de Religion sont peu propices à de longs séjours royaux à Compiègne. Henri III doit renoncer à tenir à Compiègne les états généraux de 1576, mais c'est en l'église de l'abbaye Saint-Corneille que son corps est transporté pour y être inhumé après son assassinat en 1589, Compiègne étant alors la seule ville royale à être encore « au roi ».
Le château de Compiègne, inoccupé et mal entretenu durant les guerres de Religion, est devenu inhabitable. Lorsque Henri IV vient à Compiègne, il préfère loger en ville, tandis que l'atelier des monnaies est installé dans le château en 1594. Toutefois, à partir de 1598, les travaux de réparation commencent.
Quand Louis XIII vient pour la première fois à Compiègne, en 1619, il trouve le séjour si agréable qu'il y revient trois fois dans l'année. En 1624, il s'y installe d'avril à juillet et reçoit au château une ambassade du roi d'Angleterre Jacques Ier ainsi que les délégués des Provinces-Unies. Lors de son dernier séjour, en 1635, Louis XIII ordonne la réfection totale des appartements du Roi et de la Reine, réalisée sous la régence d'Anne d'Autriche.
Sous Louis XIV l'exiguïté du château amène à construire en ville des bâtiments pour les grandes et petite chancelleries, les écuries du Roi et de Monsieur, des hôtels pour les ministres et leurs bureaux, car Compiègne est, avec Versailles et Fontainebleau la seule demeure royale où le Roi réunisse le Conseil. Pour autant, le roi considère avant tout Compiègne comme un séjour de repos et de détente; il aime à y chasser et fait tracer le Grand Octogone, 54 routes nouvelles et construire des ponts de pierre sur les ruisseaux.
En 1666 a lieu le premier "camp de Compiègne", premier d'une série de seize grandes manœuvres militaires, dont le dernier se tiendra en 1847, destinées à la formation des troupes et de leurs chefs, à l'éducation des princes et au divertissement de la Cour et du peuple. Le plus important de ces camps est celui de 1698 où, selon Saint-Simon, « l'orgueil du Roi voulut étonner l'Europe par la montre de sa puissance [...] et l'étonna en effet ».
Après 1698 Louis XIV ne revient plus à Compiègne et le château reste inoccupé pendant dix ans.
D'octobre 1708 à mars 1715, il accueille l'Électeur de Bavière Maximilien II Emmanuel, mis au ban de l'Empire et à qui son allié Louis XIV offre asile et protection à Compiègne.
Louis XV arrive pour la première fois à Compiègne le 4 juin 1728. Le jeune roi a choisi de s'établir au château pendant qu'est réuni à Soissons le congrès qui discute de la paix avec l'Espagne. Prenant un grand plaisir à chasser dans la forêt, il va chaque été y passer un à deux mois.
L'incommodité du château, ensemble de bâtiments sans unité, sans plan d'ensemble, mal reliés entre eux et trop petits devient manifeste. Après une campagne d'aménagements intérieurs (1733), des travaux d'agrandissement sont réalisés sous la direction de Jacques V Gabriel de 1736 à 1740.
Le château devint rapidement la résidence préférée de Louis XV, qui envisagea un temps d'y déplacer sa résidence permanente.
Entre 1740 et 1751, plusieurs projets de reconstruction totale sont présentés. Tous sont éclipsés par celui qu'Ange-Jacques Gabriel présente en 1751 : immédiatement agréé, il est aussitôt mis à exécution. Malgré les travaux, Louis XV continue de venir souvent à Compiègne, où il aime à chasser. C'est là qu'il choisit d'organiser, le 14 mai 1770, une réception en l'honneur de l'archiduchesse Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche, venue épouser le dauphin, futur Louis XVI, et accueillie en forêt de Compiègne quelques heures auparavant.
Sa mort n'interrompt pas les travaux, qui sont poursuivis à partir de 1776 sous la direction de Louis Le Dreux de La Châtre, élève d'Ange-Jacques Gabriel avant de devenir son collaborateur; il achève la reconstruction du château en respectant scrupuleusement les plans de son maître. L'ensemble – gros œuvre et décors – est achevé en 1788.
Louis XVI vient très peu à Compiègne; il y séjourne une première fois en 1774, peu après son accession au trône, et, conformément à la tradition, s'y arrête en 1775 trois jours en allant à Reims et trois jours en en revenant. Par la suite, il n'y fait que quelques brefs séjours de chasse. L'accélération des travaux, à la suite de décisions prises par le Roi et la Reine en 1782, rendait au demeurant le château difficilement habitable. le couple royal ne vit pas ses appartements terminés.
L'assemblée des notables de 1787 juge les dépenses effectuées à Compiègne excessives. Sous la Révolution, le mobilier est vendu, comme celui des autres résidences royales (mai-septembre 1795).
En 1799, une première section du Prytanée militaire est installée au château, avec d'autres éléments, elle forme l'École des Arts et Métiers, qui occupe le bâtiment jusqu'en 1806.
Le 12 avril 1807, par un décret daté de Finckenstein, Napoléon Ier ordonne la remise en état du château. L'architecte Louis-Martin Berthault est chargé de la direction des travaux. Ceux-ci consistent en la mise hors d'eau du bâtiment et en de considérables travaux de réaménagement intérieur et de décoration. Une grande galerie (galerie de Bal) est notamment créée dans une aile de la cour des Cuisines à partir de 1809.
Le jardin est entièrement replanté et une continuité est créée avec la forêt, le mur d'enceinte étant remplacé par une grille.
Dans l'ancienne aile de la Reine, Berthault commence par aménager sommairement un appartement destiné au logement d'un roi étranger, qui ne tarde pas à recevoir Charles IV d'Espagne, qui arrive à Compiègne le 18 juin 1808, après avoir été contraint d'abdiquer. Il y reste jusqu'en septembre avant d'être transféré à Marseille.
Napoléon accueille à Compiègne l'archiduchesse Marie-Louise d'Autriche, future impératrice, le 27 mars 1810 pour leur première rencontre. La Cour revient à Compiègne après le mariage, célébré à Paris. Elle y retourne l'été suivant, le couple impérial étant accompagné, cette fois-ci, du roi de Rome. En 1813, le château abrite provisoirement le roi de Westphalie Jérôme Bonaparte et la reine Catherine.
Le 1er avril 1814, le château est vaillamment défendu par le major Otenin.
Peu après, Louis XVIII, sur le chemin de Paris, choisit de s'y arrêter quelques jours pour analyser la situation avant de faire son entrée dans la capitale (29 avril - 2 mai 1814).
Dans les années suivantes les princes et les princesses de la famille royale viennent fréquemment à Compiègne, mais toujours pour de brefs séjours d'un à deux jours, parfois même une nuit ou quelques heures, à l'occasion d'une chasse, avec une très petite suite.
Charles X fait son premier séjour à Compiègne comme roi de France du 8 au 10 novembre 1824, accompagné d'une suite nombreuse. Du 24 au 27 mai 1825, il s'y arrête sur le chemin de Reims et, au retour, séjourne au château, selon l'usage, du 1er au 13 juin. Il y vient ensuite fréquemment pour de brefs séjours de chasse, en dernier lieu du 24 au 29 mai 1830. Le château est sous le majorat de Mathieu de Montmorency et Arnouph Deshayes de Cambronne.
Louis-Philippe vient pour la première fois à Compiègne en 1832 pour préparer le mariage de sa fille aînée Louise avec le roi des Belges Léopold Ier, qui est célébré au château le 9 août 1832.
Après la Révolution de 1848, Compiègne devient domaine national. Le Prince-Président, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, s'y rend en février 1849 à l'occasion de l'inauguration de la ligne de chemin de fer Compiègne-Noyon.
Devenu empereur, il revient y passer une dizaine de jours du 18 au 28 décembre 1852, avec une suite d'une centaine de personnes. Au cours de l'automne 1852, il y fait une cour assidue à Eugénie de Montijo. S'étant émerveillée lors d'une promenade dans le parc de l'effet produit par les gouttes de rosée sur un trèfle, elle se voit offrir dès le lendemain par l'Empereur une broche d'émeraudes et de diamants en forme de « trèfle de Compiègne ». La Cour revient à Compiègne en 1853 et 1855, mais ce n'est qu'en 1856 que commence la série des « Compiègne », c'est-à-dire un séjour d'un mois à un mois et demi chaque automne, pour les chasses en forêt, avec organisation des invités en « séries » d'une centaine d'invités chacune. Il y avait généralement quatre séries. L'étiquette est réduite à son minimum, les invités jouissant d'une large indépendance.
En 1870 et 1871, le château est occupé par les Prussiens.
Il accueille en 1901 le tsar Nicolas II de Russie, dernier souverain à résider à Compiègne. Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, les Anglais s'y installent, puis l'état-major allemand en 1914. Le château est transformé en hôpital en 1915 avant d'abriter le Grand Quartier général de mars 1917 à avril 1918.
Après la Guerre, le service des Régions libérés s'installe au château et occasionne des dégâts importants : en 1919, un incendie dévaste la Chambre de l'Empereur et le Cabinet du Conseil. En 1939, avec la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le château est vidé de son mobilier, qui retrouvera sa place en 1945.
A finely executed urn; this symbolised the repository of the soul and is frequently shown with another symbol, the drape.
St Helen's Church (Helen was the mother of Constantine The Great) gives its name to the tiny hamlet of Llanellen. The church is 12th Century with the addition of a rather incongruous Victorian Gothic bell tower containing two bells. The earliest recorded incumbent of the church was John ap Adam. During the Civil War, there was a Roundhead encampment on the slopes of the dominating Blorenge Mountain and for whatever reason, ten of them are buried in the churchyard. The vicar of this time Richard Watkins, was evicted by the Puritans for using the Prayer Book, but later re-instated.
This morning (Friday 23 August) police in Rochdale executed two warrants in the Freehold neighbourhood as they continue their relentless pursuit of those intent on causing harm to the local community.
Three men aged 14 – 54, have been arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to supply class A and B drugs. They remain in police custody for questioning.
Following a thorough search of the addresses, significant quantities of class A and B drugs were found, with an estimated street sale value of £51,000. We also seized several weapons, including two samurai swords, and several items consistent with a significant drugs operation.
This is the latest activity which comes under the district’s Operation Affect, the force’s latest Clear, Hold, Build initiative. Police are systematically dismantling and disrupting organised crime in the area, by pursuing gang members and criminals to clear the area, holding the location to prevent criminals exploiting the vacuum created by the original disruption, and working with partners and Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH) to build a prosperous and resilient community.
So far, the team have made 36 arrests, secured three full closure orders on nuisance properties linked to criminality, and seized large quantities of cash, drugs, and weapons.
Building on a successful community event held earlier this year, Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH) are working with local residents and partners to design out crime in Freehold and rebuild a stronger community.
The overall investment is anticipated to be around £5M and will keep residents safer and improve the overall look of the local area, including providing higher quality common areas and improving the condition of the buildings.
Inspector Meena Yasin, who is leading Operation Affect, said: “Since launching this operation we’ve seen a real concerted effort to disrupt illegal drug supply in the Freehold area of Rochdale.
"From speaking with residents, we know that drug dealing, and anti-social behaviour has been a particular area of concern for them.
“The seizures this morning means we have been able to take tens of thousands of pounds worth of illicit and harmful products off our streets and dismantle a significant drugs operation which has been blighting our residents.
“Our officers remain in the area to provide a visible reassurance for residents. If you have any concerns or want to share information about suspicious behaviour in the area, please speak to them, they are there to help you.
“You know your community best, and your intelligence often forms a large and crucial park of our criminal investigations, helping us to remove criminals from the streets.”
Hayley Stockham, RBH Director of Neighbourhoods, said: "We have zero tolerance for anti-social behaviour and criminal activity in our neighbourhoods. We're very grateful to the local community for supporting our joint efforts to stamp out this behaviour.
“We will continue to work closely with our partners in the Police and at the Council, and we know that this is making a significant difference to the lives of local people. We encourage members of the community to continue to report crime and anti-social behaviour to RBH and to the Police.”
If you have any concerns about drugs in your area, let us know via our Live Chat function on our website, or by calling 101, so that we can take action.
Always dial 999 in an emergency.
Alternatively, you can report it to Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.
Fresco (plural frescos or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid, or wet lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. The word fresco (Italian: affresco) is derived from the Italian adjective fresco meaning "fresh", and may thus be contrasted with fresco-secco or secco mural painting techniques, which are applied to dried plaster, to supplement painting in fresco. The fresco technique has been employed since antiquity and is closely associated with Italian Renaissance painting.
TECHNOLOGY
Buon fresco pigment mixed with water of room temperature on a thin layer of wet, fresh plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster, intonaco, is used. Because of the chemical makeup of the plaster, a binder is not required, as the pigment mixed solely with the water will sink into the intonaco, which itself becomes the medium holding the pigment. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster; after a number of hours, the plaster dries in reaction to air: it is this chemical reaction which fixes the pigment particles in the plaster. The chemical processes are as follows:
calcination of limestone in a lime kiln: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
slaking of quicklime: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
setting of the lime plaster: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
In painting buon fresco, a rough underlayer called the arriccio is added to the whole area to be painted and allowed to dry for some days. Many artists sketched their compositions on this underlayer, which would never be seen, in a red pigment called sinopia, a name also used to refer to these under-paintings. Later,[when?]new techniques for transferring paper drawings to the wall were developed. The main lines of a drawing made on paper were pricked over with a point, the paper held against the wall, and a bag of soot (spolvero) banged on them on produce black dots along the lines. If the painting was to be done over an existing fresco, the surface would be roughened to provide better adhesion. On the day of painting, the intonaco, a thinner, smooth layer of fine plaster was added to the amount of wall that was expected to be completed that day, sometimes matching the contours of the figures or the landscape, but more often just starting from the top of the composition. This area is called the giornata ("day's work"), and the different day stages can usually be seen in a large fresco, by a sort of seam that separates one from the next.
Buon frescoes are difficult to create because of the deadline associated with the drying plaster. Generally, a layer of plaster will require ten to twelve hours to dry; ideally, an artist would begin to paint after one hour and continue until two hours before the drying time - giving seven to nine hours working time. Once a giornata is dried, no more buon fresco can be done, and the unpainted intonaco must be removed with a tool before starting again the next day. If mistakes have been made, it may also be necessary to remove the whole intonaco for that area - or to change them later, a secco.
A technique used in the popular frescoes of Michelangelo and Raphael was to scrape indentations into certain areas of the plaster while still wet to increase the illusion of depth and to accent certain areas over others. The eyes of the people of the School of Athens are sunken-in using this technique which causes the eyes to seem deeper and more pensive. Michelangelo used this technique as part of his trademark 'outlining' of his central figures within his frescoes.
In a wall-sized fresco, there may be ten to twenty or even more giornate, or separate areas of plaster. After five centuries, the giornate, which were originally, nearly invisible, have sometimes become visible, and in many large-scale frescoes, these divisions may be seen from the ground. Additionally, the border between giornate was often covered by an a secco painting, which has since fallen off.
One of the first painters in the post-classical period to use this technique was the Isaac Master (or Master of the Isaac fresco, and thus a name used to refer to the unknown master of a particular painting) in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi. A person who creates fresco is called a frescoist.
OTHER TYPES OF WALL PAINTING
A secco or fresco-secco painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (secco meaning "dry" in Italian). The pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. It is important to distinguish between a secco work done on top of buon fresco, which according to most authorities was in fact standard from the Middle Ages onwards, and work done entirely a secco on a blank wall. Generally, buon fresco works are more durable than any a secco work added on top of them, because a secco work lasts better with a roughened plaster surface, whilst true fresco should have a smooth one. The additional a secco work would be done to make changes, and sometimes to add small details, but also because not all colours can be achieved in true fresco, because only some pigments work chemically in the very alkaline environment of fresh lime-based plaster. Blue was a particular problem, and skies and blue robes were often added a secco, because neither azurite blue nor lapis lazuli, the only two blue pigments then available, works well in wet fresco.
It has also become increasingly clear, thanks to modern analytical techniques, that even in the early Italian Renaissance painters quite frequently employed a secco techniques so as to allow the use of a broader range of pigments. In most early examples this work has now entirely vanished, but a whole fresco done a secco on a surface roughened to give a key for the paint may survive very well, although damp is more threatening to it than to buon fresco.
A third type called a mezzo-fresco is painted on nearly dry intonaco - firm enough not to take a thumb-print, says the sixteenth-century author Ignazio Pozzo - so that the pigment only penetrates slightly into the plaster. By the end of the sixteenth century this had largely displaced buon fresco, and was used by painters such as Gianbattista Tiepolo or Michelangelo. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work.
The three key advantages of work done entirely a secco were that it was quicker, mistakes could be corrected, and the colours varied less from when applied to when fully dry - in wet fresco there was a considerable change.
For wholly a secco work, the intonaco is laid with a rougher finish, allowed to dry completely and then usually given a key by rubbing with sand. The painter then proceeds much as he would on a canvas or wood panel. The two types of fresco painting are buon fresco and fresco secco. Buon fresco is painting into wet plaster, which makes a painting last a long time. Fresco secco is painting onto dry plaster, which does not last as long.
HISTORY
ANCIENT NEAR EAST
The earliest known examples of frescoes done in the Buon Fresco method date at around 1500 BC and are to be found on the island of Crete in Greece. The most famous of these, The Toreador, depicts a sacred ceremony in which individuals jump over the backs of large bulls. While some similar frescoes have been found in other locations around the Mediterranean basin, particularly in Egypt and Morocco, their origins are subject to speculation.
Some art historians believe that fresco artists from Crete may have been sent to various locations as part of a trade exchange, a possibility which raises to the fore the importance of this art form within the society of the times. The most common form of fresco was Egyptian wall paintings in tombs, usually using the a secco technique.
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
Frescoes were also painted in ancient Greece, but few of these works have survived. In southern Italy, at Paestum, which was a Greek colony of the Magna Graecia, a tomb containing frescoes dating back to 470 BC, the so-called Tomb of the Diver was discovered on June 1968. These frescoes depict scenes of the life and society of ancient
Greece, and constitute valuable historical testimonials. One shows a group of men reclining at a symposium while another shows a young man diving into the sea.
Roman wall paintings, such as those at the magnificent Villa dei Misteri (1st century B.C.) in the ruins of Pompeii, and others at Herculaneum, were completed in buon fresco.
Late Roman Empire (Christian) 1st-2nd-century frescoes were found in catacombs beneath Rome and Byzantine Icons were also found in Cyprus, Crete, Ephesus, Cappadocia and Antioch. Roman frescoes were done by the artist painting the artwork on the still damp plaster of the wall, so that the painting is part of the wall, actually colored plaster.
Also a historical collection of Ancient Christian frescoes can be found in the Churches of Goreme Turkey.
INDIA
Thanks to large number of ancient rock-cut cave temples, valuable ancient and early medieval frescoes have been preserved in more than 20 locations of India. The frescoes on the ceilings and walls of the Ajanta Caves were painted between c. 200 BC and 600 and are the oldest known frescoes in India. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddha's life in former existences
as Bodhisattva. The narrative episodes are depicted one after another although not in a linear order. Their identification has been a core area of research on the subject since the time of the site's rediscovery in 1819. Other locations with valuable preserved ancient and early medieval frescoes include Bagh Caves, Ellora Caves, Sittanavasal, Armamalai Cave, Badami Cave Temples and other locations. Frescoes have been made in several techniques including tempera technique.
The later Chola paintings were discovered in 1931 within the circumambulatory passage of the Brihadisvara Temple in India and are the first Chola specimens discovered.
Researchers have discovered the technique used in these frescos. A smooth batter of limestone mixture is applied over the stones, which took two to three days to set. Within that short span, such large paintings were painted with natural organic pigments.
During the Nayak period the Chola paintings were painted over. The Chola frescos lying underneath have an ardent spirit of saivism expressed in them. They probably synchronised with the completion of the temple by Rajaraja Cholan the Great.
The frescoes in Dogra/ Pahari style paintings exist in their unique form at Sheesh Mahal of Ramnagar (105 km from Jammu and 35 km west of Udhampur). Scenes from epics of Mahabharat and Ramayan along with portraits of local lords form the subject matter of these wall paintings. Rang Mahal of Chamba (Himachal Pradesh) is another site of historic Dogri fresco with wall paintings depicting scenes of Draupti Cheer Haran, and Radha- Krishna Leela. This can be seen preserved at National Museum at New Delhi in a chamber called Chamba Rang Mahal.
SRI LANKA
The Sigiriya Frescoes are found in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka. Painted during the reign of King Kashyapa I (ruled 477-495 AD). The generally accepted view is that they are portrayals of women of the royal court of the king depicted as celestial nymphs showering flowers upon the humans below. They bear some resemblance to the Gupta style of painting found in the Ajanta Caves in India. They are, however, far more enlivened and colorful and uniquely Sri Lankan in character. They are the only surviving secular art from antiquity found in Sri Lanka today.
The painting technique used on the Sigiriya paintings is “fresco lustro.” It varies slightly from the pure fresco technique in that it also contains a mild binding agent or glue. This gives the painting added durability, as clearly demonstrated by the fact that they have survived, exposed to the elements, for over 1,500 years.
Located in a small sheltered depression a hundred meters above ground only 19 survive today. Ancient references however refer to the existence of as many as five hundred of these frescoes.
MIDDLE AGES
The late Medieval period and the Renaissance saw the most prominent use of fresco, particularly in Italy, where most churches and many government buildings still feature fresco decoration. This change coincided with the reevaluation of murals in the liturgy. Romanesque churches in Catalonia were richly painted in 12th and 13th century, with both decorative and educational -for the illiterate faithfuls- role, as can be seen in the MNAC in Barcelona, where is kept a large collection of Catalan romanesque art. In Denmark too, church wall paintings or kalkmalerier were widely used in the Middle Ages (first Romanesque, then Gothic) and can be seen in some 600 Danish churches as well as in churches in the south of Sweden which was Danish at the time.
One of the rare examples of Islamic fresco painting can be seen in Qasr Amra, the desert palace of the Umayyads in the 8th century Magotez.
EARLY MODERN EUROPE
Northern Romania (historical region of Moldavia) boasts about a dozen painted monasteries, completely covered with frescos inside and out, that date from the last quarter of the 15th century to the second quarter of the 16th century. The most remarkable are the monastic foundations at Voroneţ (vo ro nets) (1487), Arbore (are' bo ray) (1503), Humor (hoo mor) (1530), and Moldoviţa (mol do vee' tsa) (1532). Suceviţa (sue che vee' tsa), dating from 1600, represents a late return to the style developed some 70 years earlier. The tradition of painted churches continued into the 19th century in other parts of Romania, although never to the same extent.
Andrea Palladio, the famous Italian architect of the 16th century, built many mansions with plain exteriors and stunning interiors filled with frescoes.
Henri Clément Serveau produced several frescos including a three by six meter painting for the Lycée de Meaux, where he was once a student. He directed the École de fresques at l'École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, and decorated the Pavillon du Tourisme at the 1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (Paris), Pavillon de la Ville de Paris; now at Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. In 1954 he realized a fresco for the Cité Ouvrière du Laboratoire Débat, Garches. He also executed mural decorations for the Plan des anciennes enceintes de Paris in the Musée Carnavalet.
The Foujita chapel in Reims completed in 1966, is an example of modern frescos, the interior being painted with religious scenes by the School of Paris painter Tsuguharu Foujita. In 1996, it was designated an historic monument by the French Government.
MEXICAN MURALISM
José Clemente Orozco, Fernando Leal, David Siqueiros and Diego Rivera the famous Mexican artists, renewed the art of fresco painting in the 20th century. Orozco, Siqueiros, Rivera and his wife Frida Kahlo contributed more to the history of Mexican fine arts and to the reputation of Mexican art in general than anybody else. Together with works by Orozco, Siqueiros, and others, Fernando Leal and Rivera's large wall works in fresco established the art movement known as Mexican Muralism.
CONSERVATION OF FRESCOES
The climate and environment of Venice has proved to be a problem for frescoes and other works of art in the city for centuries. The city is built on a lagoon in northern Italy. The humidity and the rise of water over the centuries have created a phenomenon known as rising damp. As the lagoon water rises and seeps into the foundation of a building, the water is absorbed and rises up through the walls often causing damage to frescoes. Venetians have become quite adept in the conservation methods of frescoes. The mold aspergillus versicolor can grow after flooding, to consume nutrients from frescoes.
The following is the process that was used when rescuing frescoes in La Fenice, a Venetian opera house, but the same process can be used for similarly damaged frescoes. First, a protection and support bandage of cotton gauze and polyvinyl alcohol is applied. Difficult sections are removed with soft brushes and localized vacuuming. The other areas that are easier to remove (because they had been damaged by less water) are removed with a paper pulp compress saturated with bicarbonate of ammonia solutions and removed with deionized water. These sections are strengthened and reattached then cleansed with base exchange resin compresses and the wall and pictorial layer were strengthened with barium hydrate. The cracks and detachments are stopped with lime putty and injected with an epoxy resin loaded with micronized silica.
WIKIPEDIA
I only hope future recolours of the brand new Hot Wheels 2020 Ram 1500 Rebel look as clean and stock as this one. Looking very neatly executed from every angle and possessing tampo detailing front and rear.
One of many found from ASDA back in October.
Mint and boxed.
Arbour Hill is an inner city area of Dublin, on the Northside of the River Liffey, in the Dublin 7 postal district. Arbour Hill, the road of the same name, runs west from Blackhall Place in Stoneybatter, and separates Collins Barracks, now part of the National Museum of Ireland, to the south from Arbour Hill Prison to the north, whose graveyard includes the burial plot of the signatories of the Easter Proclamation that began the 1916 Rising.
The military cemetery at Arbour Hill is the last resting place of 14 of the executed leaders of the insurrection of 1916. Among those buried there are Patrick Pearse, James Connolly and Major John Mc Bride. The leaders were executed in Kilmainham and then their bodies were transported to Arbour Hill, where they were buried.
The graves are located under a low mound on a terrace of Wicklow granite in what was once the old prison yard. The gravesite is surrounded by a limestone wall on which their names are inscribed in Irish and English. On the prison wall opposite the gravesite is a plaque with the names of other people who gave their lives in 1916.
The adjoining Church of the Sacred Heart, which is the prison chapel for Arbour Hill prison, is maintained by the Department of Defence. At the rear of the church lies the old cemetery, where lie the remains of British military personnel who died in the Dublin area in the 19th and early 20th century.
A doorway beside the 1916 memorial gives access to the Irish United Nations Veterans Association house and memorial garden.