1979

 

January 5, 1979

It was reported that the 1st Annual Bill McNeill Memorial Hockey Tournament was a big success. Over 600 players took part in the event. Kanata Standard, January 5, 1979:1.

 

January 5, 1979

Marianne Wilkinson, in her Commentary, announced that Kanata City Council had passed a resolution officially designating the names of the five existing communities in the City of Kanata. They were Bridlewood, Glen Cairn, Katimavik/Hazeldean, Beaverbrook, and March. Kanata Standard, January 5, 1979:1.

 

January 5, 1979

It was reported that the Kinette Club had donated a cart to a Glen Cairn family who had a young boy in a body cast. Robbie Boileau was due to be in the body cast another three weeks. Kanata Standard, January 5, 1979:2.

 

January 5, 1979

The newly formed Kanata Ski Club membership exceeded 100 families and a number of singles. Kanata Standard, January 5, 1979:3.

 

January 10, 1979

The first meeting of the Kanata Beaverbrook Community Association in 1979 was held. Approximately 30 residents attended. Newton Steacy stated: “The caliber of the executive and the new cluster directors is impressive.” The business of the meeting included a strongly supported motion to deliver the Standard to Glen Cairn for a four-month period. It was seen that this would allow time for the editorial board to urge Glen Cairn residents to submit articles and participate in the publication of a “community-owned” newspaper. Kanata Standard, January 16, 1979:2,6.

 

January 13, 1979

The Kanata Theatre presented “Everything in the Garden” to a large audience. Kanata Standard, January 19, 1979:15.

 

January 16, 1979

Kanata City Council decided to hold the first meeting of each month in different communities with the City of Kanata. Kanata Standard, January 19, 1979:1.

 

January 16, 1979

A debate continued in Kanata City Council over the appointment of an alderman to serve as Acting Mayor in the possible absence of Mayor Wilkinson. Alderman Rogers and Kingham were both nominated. The issue was resolved when Alderman Kingham withdrew from the contest, leaving Charles Rogers as Acting Mayor. Kanata Standard, January 19, 1979:1.

 

January 16, 1979

Kanata City Council discussed the Commissioners’ Report and decided to establish a Transportation Advisory Committee composed of a representative from each ward. Council agreed to the appointments of those representatives where only one name had been put forward. The balance was to be dealt with at the next meeting. Kanata Standard, January 19, 1979:1.

 

January 16, 1979

Kanata City Council agreed to hire a consultant to carry out a management study of the City of Kanata. Its purpose was to assist the municipality in detailing the numbers of employees required for 1979. Kanata Standard, January 19, 1979:6.

 

January 19, 1979

In a Standard feature article, Alan Seward reported that planning for a library branch in Glen Cairn was well under way. A temporary library was put in place for the time being. Kanata Standard, January 19, 1979:1.

 

January 19, 1979

Marianne Wilkinson, in her Commentary, announced that the Logo for the City of Kanata Contest would end on January 31. Kanata Standard, January 5, 1979:1.

 

January 19, 1979

The municipalities and hydro commissions in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton agreed to carry out a Restructuring Study on their hydro service. Kanata Standard, January 19, 1979:6.

 

January 19, 1979

Dogbone Park family skating rink opened for its first season. Kanata Standard, January 19, 1979:6.

 

January 19, 1979

The March Sailing Club held a successful Annual General Meeting. New Directors were Harry Holdsworth, Gerry Holt, John Perry, Gary Caple, Harry Adderly, Keith Hooey, and Robert Wilkinson. Kanata Standard, January 19, 1979:11.

 

January 20, 1979

The Kanata Singles held a very successful dance, with more than 100 members and guests attending. Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:5.

 

January 28, 1979

Tow truck drivers at Gallagher’s Garage were awakened by two nearby wolves. One of the wolves was shot and the other disappeared. Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:1.

 

January 29, 1979

At a joint meeting of the March and Glen Cairn Soccer Clubs was held. Both clubs were both dissolved to form a new Kanata City Soccer Club. The Board of Directors and Executive for the newly formed club were Allan Wilson, Sid Johnson, Jim Burrows, Bart Jones, John Brunette, John Dowell, Barry Felstead, Norbett Hendrycks, Lloyd Mason, John Rahim, Keith Richardson, Norbett Riester, Phil Shea, and Alan Waltho. Kanata Standard, January 19, 1979:8; Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:16.

 

January 31, 1979

Kanata City Council decided that a consulting engineering firm would be used to investigate structural problems in the Glen Cairn Community Centre. There had been crumbling walls in the building. Alderman Lund was upset that this could happen, and expressed the need to find the cause of the damage. Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:2.

 

February 2, 1979

Stephanie Paul reported that progress on the Town Centre may be slowed due to a lack of a major retail tenant for the first portion of the development. Many recognized the importance of the construction of the centre, due the unique history of Kanata and the fact that it had grown “from the outside in,” and as a result had no real centre. Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:1

 

February 2, 1979

The editors of the Kanata Standard announced that a new system of sub-editors was created to make the paper better and to “spread the activities of the paper to more helpers.” Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:2.

 

February 2, 1979

Al Craig wrote an article for the Standard on SS No. 1, March Public School. Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:2.

 

February 2, 1979

The results of two months of polling by the Glen Cairn Community Association executive indicated that a majority of the residents of Glen Cairn rejected the Kanata Standard. At the time, the Standard was a publication of the Kanata Beaverbrook Community Association. Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:10.

 

February 2, 1979

Events and activities for the City of Kanata Winter Carnival 1979 were published in the Standard. Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:20.

 

February 2, 1979

Doug Foster reported that the Winter Carnival ‘79 Duchess would be Marilyn Foster. Kanata Standard, February 16, 1979:3.

 

February 5, 1979

The first meeting of the City of Kanata Transportation Committee was held. It was primarily an advisory committee. A number of concerns that needed to be taken up with OC Transpo staff were discussed. Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:1.

 

February 6, 1979

An open Kanata City Council meeting was held in Glen Cairn. A number of concerns were brought to Council’s attention, including snow removal and garbage collection. Stephanie Paul reported that the Council meeting was well attended and “the exchange between council members and the audience was lively.” Kanata Standard, February 16, 1979:2,5,6.

 

February 7, 1979

James Gillies, noted economist and MP for Don Valley, spoke at a public meeting at the John Mlacak Centre. Kanata Standard, February 2, 1979:9.

 

February 16, 1979

Newton Steacy, in his KBCA President Report, stated the association’s intent to expand the distribution of the Standard. Each community association had expressed an interest in this except for the Glen Cairn executive. Their sentiment was based on the results of a recent survey done in that community. Steacy claimed that “the Glen Cairn executive was quick to support the negative vote” when the results indicated otherwise. Kanata Standard, February 16, 1979:3.

 

February 16, 1979

Garry Thom reported on housing in Glen Cairn. Thom pointed out that building by the two major developers in the area, Costain and Sandbury, was leveling off. Kanata Standard, February 16, 1979:5.

 

February 16, 1979

It was announced by the Canadian Housing Design Council that a Community Design Award go to the early stages of Kanata, as the area was known prior the formation of the City of Kanata. It was awarded jointly to the City of Kanata and Campeau Corporation. While giving out the award, Jean Ouellet stated: “The early development of Kanata resulted from the vision and enterprise of William Teron. The continued growth of the town in more recent years is a great credit to the planning and design concepts which he introduced, as well as to the municipality (the Township of March) and to the Campeau Corporation, the present owner and developer.” Kanata Standard, February 16, 1979:11.

 

February 16, 1979

Kanata’s Mitel Corporation announced the appointment of Burns Fry Limited as its fiscal agents to underwrite the first issue of Mitel stock to the pubic. Kanata Standard, February 16, 1979:14.

 

February 16, 1979

The National Capital Equestrian Park held its Annual General Meeting. Over 70 people attended. A new Executive and Board of Directors was elected and an auditor’s statement presented. Kanata Standard, March 2, 1979:6.

 

February 17, 1979

The newly completed People Place recreation project officially opened. The John G. Mlacak Centre combined completion of the existing arena and the provision of new space for a variety of recreational pursuits. The project began in the spring of 1978. Kanata Standard, February 16, 1979:9.

 

February 20, 1979

Kanata City Council called for the provincial Minister of Revenue to reassess the value of all properties within the City of Kanata. Kanata Standard, March 2, 1979:1,4.

 

February 22, 1979

Earl of March boys’ and girls’ teams were overall winners in cross-country skiing in the Provincial Championships after two days of competition. Among those placing were Bernie Saneer, Dave Bennett, Carolyn Champion Venessa Daniel, Peter Eiselle, Jenny Labenek, Nancy Labenek, Scott Laughton, Anne McTaggart, Bill Mlacak, Rob Parsons, and Bernie Sander. Kanata Standard, March 2, 1979:12.

 

February 26, 1979

The Kanata Transportation Committee met with OC Transpo staff to exchange information and views related to some outstanding actions and key concerns of the Committee and local residents. Kanata Standard, March 2, 1979:2.

 

March 1, 1979

The Kanata Book Fair was opened by Mayor Marianne Wilkinson, Trustee J. D. Lyon, and Robin Skuce from the office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. As of February 20th, 18,498 used books had been collected. A larger than expected crowd turned up for the opening of the event. Kanata Standard, March 2, 1979:1; Kanata Standard, March 16, 1979:14.

 

March 2, 1979

A feature article appeared in the Standard discussing the need for a new school for Katimavik-Hazeldean. Kanata Standard, March 2, 1979:1,5.

 

March 2, 1979

The winners of the Kanata City Logo Contest were published in the Standard. First prize went to a joint submission by Wendy, Ian, Shaun and Mary Lou Kingham from Beaverbrook. Moderate changes in color were made to the logo, to then be used on all City vehicles, letterhead, etc. Kanata Standard, March 2, 1979:2.

 

March 2, 1979

Maurice Dubras began a series of articles appearing in the Standard on city matters discussed in City Council meetings. It was titled “Council in Action: Inside From the Outside”. Dubras reported this first Council meeting as a “quick and quiet affair.” Kanata Standard, March 2, 1979:1.

 

March 2, 1979

The results of the Kanata Winter Carnival 1979 were published in the Standard. Kanata Standard, March 2, 1979:13-15.

 

March 6, 1979

Kanata City Council held one of their “mobile meetings” in rural Kanata. Kanata Standard, March 2, 1979:1.

 

March 7, 1979

The Katimavik Beaverbrook Community Association held its Annual General meeting, combined with the regular monthly meeting. Twenty-seven cluster directors and 6 guests attended. The meeting focused on the management of 1978's money and budgeting for 1979. Kanata Standard, March 16, 1979:2,5.

 

March 13, 1979

Kanata City Council recommended that a fire station be built on the March Central School site to serve the rural areas of the City. The project, still needing ratification, was budgeted at $201,000. Kanata Fire Chief Jim Snider appeared at the meeting, to help make the case for the new station. Standard, March 30, 1979:2,5.

 

March 16, 1979

Marilyn Foster wrote a feature on a new Katimavik Co-operative Nursery School in Kanata. Kanata Standard, March 16, 1979:1.

 

March 16, 1979

It was announced that Kanata Scouts, Joe Nyenhuis and Alex Guruprasad, hoped to attend a mini-jamboree in Sweden. Fundraising events were planned. Kanata Standard, March 16, 1979:7.

 

March 16, 1979

Garry Thom reported in the Standard that Iber Homes intended to erect 31 single dwelling and 3 doubles at the corner of Highway 7 and Seabrooke Drive in Glen Cairn. Thom stated that this was “contrary to the Report on Housing Construction” that appeared in the previous issue of the Standard. Kanata Standard, March 16, 1979:16.

 

March 16, 1979

Al Craig wrote an historical piece in the Standard on the Hazeldean Rural Telephone Company. Kanata Standard, March 16, 1979:19.

 

March 25, 1979

Dunrobin resident Robert Conye’s car was vandalized after he left it on along the side of Highway 17 due to mechanical difficulties. All the windows were smashed, the body dented, and the contents looted, to the point were it was expected that the car would be a write-off. Kanata Standard, March 30, 1979:1.

 

March 25, 1979

Kim Woolford saved 5-year-old Trevor MacLean from near-drowning in Bluegrass Park. Trevor had slipped into the water when some ice gave way. Standard, March 30, 1979:1.

 

March 29, 1979

The Regional Planning Committee held a final series of hearings on the Conservation Lands Proposal, as revised by the Planning Committee. Kanata Standard, March 16, 1979:4.

 

March 30, 1979

Alderman Bob Kingham wrote, in his As I See It column, that Cadillac-Fairview was “exploiting the real issue” when they petitioned the Cabinet of Ontario to reverse an OMB decision that rejected their “energy conserving” community development proposal. A Standard editorial added: “This project is in the wrong place and at the wrong time. When Kanata has 93,000 population, a risk of this sort could perhaps be considered, certainly not now.” Subsequently, Kanata City Council gave its support for the project and the petition to the provincial government, though by a narrow vote of 4-3. Standard, March 30, 1979:1,2,4.

 

April 9, 1979

Kanata City Council approved the construction of a fire station in the rural part of the municipality, to be funded by money authorized by the former Township of March. Kanata Standard, April 12, 1979:14.

 

April 9, 1979

The Kanata Public Library opened a temporary facility in Glen Cairn, next to the Glen Cairn Arena. Kanata Standard, June 22, 1979:1.

 

April 10, 1979

The 1979 budget of $33,666,852 for the Carleton Separate School Board was approved. As William Broadfoot reported, this amount allowed for an expenditure up to the ceiling set by the Ministry of Education of $1409 per pupil. Difficult decisions were made during the budgetary process, however the Board managed to budget to maintain the current pupil-teacher ratio and the same quality of programs. Kanata Standard, April 27:9.

 

April 12, 1979

It was reported that Wayne Hutt, Manager of Thermocell Insulation, and Dan Ciona, Administrator for the City of Kanata, had met to discuss some of the difficulties with paper collection. The amount of paper collection had greatly exceeded the previous year, to the point where Thermocell’s collection ability was overloaded. Kanata Standard, April 12, 1979:1

 

April 12, 1979

Federal Conservative MP Paul Dick announced his candidacy for Lanark-Renfrew-Carleton. Dick was first elected in 1972. Kanata Standard, April 12, 1979:14.

 

April 12, 1979

The new Executive for Kanata Ladies Bowling was announced. It included Erm Boyd, Mich Gardner, Wafa Abov, Carol Redmond, Alana Schyburt, and Mina Blovin. Kanata Standard, April 12, 1979:15.

 

April 12, 1979

It was reported that Newton Steacy spoke to KBCA about the incorporation of the Kanata Standard, and expressed that it would be postponed because it was a very complicated task to be attempted at the time. Kanata Standard, April 12, 1979:1 Kanata Standard, April 12, 1979:6.

 

April 18, 1979

The March Sailing Club held its General Meeting. Members voted to make amendments to the constitution and change their name to the Kanata Sailing Club. Kanata Standard, April 27:16.

 

April 19, 1979

Students and staff at Earl of March School opened their production of “Swinging High.” Ron Andoff stated that they did a “bang up job” on the musical. Kanata Standard, April 12, 1979:1; Kanata Standard, April 27:1.

 

April 19, 1979

It was reported that after a successful campaign the Standard would be delivered in Glen Cairn to subscribers only. This marked a departure from the Standard’s concept of delivery to every household, which was the result of the Glen Cairn Community Association’s decision not to support a citywide distribution of the Standard. Kanata Standard, April 27:1.

 

April 26, 1979

A presentation by the Canadian Design Council honoured both the developers and residents of the community. Kanata had previously impressed a jury traveling across Canada visiting towns, city neighborhoods and prestigious areas of suburbia. Sharon Clayton stated that Kanata “impressed the judges with its landscaping, especially the rock outcroppings that have been used to dramatic advantages.” Three plaques were presented, one to Mayor Wilkinson, another to Ratan Rege of Campeau Corporation, and the third to William Teron, who was the driving force behind the creation of Kanata. Marianne Wilkinson later stated in her Commentary: “The award was not based solely on physical design of the community, but also on the evident interest of the residents and the active involvement between the residents and the municipal government in creating and maintaining the community design concepts.” Kanata Standard, May 11, 1979:1,2.

 

April 26, 1979

The Nepean Arts Association held its inaugural meeting. Its objectives included fostering public awareness of the visual and performing arts, encouraging co-operation among artistic groups, promoting future developments, facilities, and programs for artistic activities, and serving as a liaison with regional, provincial and national arts bodies. Kanata Standard, October 12, 1979:18.

 

April 27, 1979

Through an editorial in the Standard, the need for a pedestrian overpass to bridge the Queensway was questioned. Kanata City Council had previously promoted the construction of the bridge. In a letter to the Editor, Ihor Nakonecznyj also questioned the logic supporting the overpass, and concluded that more questions needed to be dealt with before spending over half a million dollars and “satisfying a need which may turn out to be a political illusion.” Kanata Standard, April 27:2.

 

April 27, 1979

Tony Jarvis introduced his new column for the Standard, The Kanata Industrial Scene. His goal was to increase the media coverage of the industrial sector. Kanata Standard, April 27:6.

 

April 27, 1979

It was reported that Operation Identification was underway in Glen Cairn. Engravers were making their rounds of homes to put identifying marks on valuable items. Kanata Standard, April 27:11,14.

 

April 27, 1979

A candidate profile for Paul Dick, PC MP for Lanark-Renfrew-Carleton, appeared in the Kanata Standard. Dick stated: “We must get Canada going again.” Kanata Standard, April 27:13.

 

April 27, 1979

The new executive for the South March Women’s Institute, the result of an Annual General Meeting, was published in the Standard. It included Brenda Turner, Donna Cummings, June Denys, Nicole Butler, Mary Noble, Nancy Medynski, Shirley Yakabuski, Myrt Nugent, Katie Vance, Angela Tucker, Ann Ward, and Joyce Arrowsmith. Kanata Standard, April 27:14.

 

April 27, 1979

Walter Baker, PC candidate in the riding of Nepean-Carleton, had an article published in the Standard. Baker stated that “Pierre Trudeau’s monuments clutter the landscape; low morale in the Public Service; a language policy intended to unite but which has in fact divided; young people worried about their futures; a tax system that burdens small business and drains incentive; a country that thinks more in terms of its parts than the sum of its parts — all of this created by a ‘leadership’ which is more style than substance.” Kanata Standard, April 27:18.

 

April 27, 1979

An article appeared in the Standard featuring Pat Carroll, former March Township Councillor and principal of AY Jackson Secondary School in Kanata, as the Liberal candidate for the riding of Lanark-Renfrew-Carleton. Carroll had been living and involved in Kanata since 1972. Carroll stated that Canada is not on the “brink of disaster,” and that the country had done well in the past decade in comparison with other OECD countries. Kanata Standard, April 27:21.

 

May 1, 1979

It was the official opening of the Katimavik Hazeldean Community Centre, concurrent with the first Kanata City Council meeting in that community. Murray Duke, Chairman of the Katimavik Hazeldean School Task Force, reviewed the findings and recommendations of the report to Council. Maurice Dubras stated in his Council In Action column: “The level of support Council gives to the Task Force findings will be critical when it comes to persuading the School Board to revise its construction schedule. There appeared to be very little doubt in the minds of those residents present or represented that a community school is very high on their priority list.” Kanata Standard, May 11, 1979:1,22.

 

May 11, 1979

It was reported that there were over 325 paid subscribers of the Kanata Standard in Glen Cairn. Gaining subscriptions in the area became a necessary move due to the lack of support for the Standard from the Glen Cairn Community Association. Kanata Standard, May 11, 1979:2.

 

May 11, 1979

A Standard editorial stated that not much was learned at a recent All Candidates Meeting and stated: “Paul Dick, the PC man attacked the Prime Minister, the Liberal hopeful, Pat Carroll attacked the Leader of the Opposition and Colin Gilhuly from the NDP spoke of the rosy future that we could have under that party, if by some miracle , they could form a Government.” Kanata Standard, May 11, 1979:2.

 

May 11, 1979

Carol Dougherty wrote an article on John Cabotto, a Kanata restaurant operated by Dominique and Angleo. She raved that they “set about to determine the gastronomical needs of the community and in my opinion have succeeded in meeting those needs.” Kanata Standard, May 11, 1979:9.

 

May 11, 1979

In his regular column, The Kanata Industrial Scene, Tony Jarvis featured Digital Equipment of Canada Ltd. Company president, Denny Doyle, commented on the decision to locate in Kanata that the protection of jobs for employees living in the area was a primary concern. Doyle stressed the high community involvement of the firm. Kanata Standard, May 11, 1979:10.

 

May 15, 1979

The Annual Meeting of the March Hockey Association was held at the Bill McNeill Memorial Hall. Kanata Standard, May 11, 1979:15.

 

May 20, 1979

The interior of the home of Joan Geeck on Jackson Court was damaged by a fire. The house was owned by Cathy Boyden. There was in excess of $10,000 damage to the house; the household pets, a Highland Terrier and several gerbils, were lost in the fire. Kanata Standard, May 25, 1979:1.

 

May 21, 1979

Mayfair 1979 and its various events began. The Rural area of Kanata won the annual Mayfair Lob-Ball Tournament. It was also the 14th Annual Dance and Casino. Over 400 people attended the dance May 26. Kanata Standard, May 11, 1979:12-13; Kanata Standard, June 8, 1979:6,7

 

May 22, 1979

In the federal election, Paul Dick was re-elected as MP in Lanark-Renfrew-Carleton and Walter Baker was re-elected MP in Nepean-Carleton.

 

May 25, 1979

Glen Cairn resident Jennifer Anne Waugh won the Jean Phillips, Campership to Camp Bitobi award. The camp, in Gracefield Quebec, was for explorers and other young girls looking for summer fun in a religious atmosphere. Kanata Standard, May 25, 1979:3.

 

May 28, 1979

Stephen Leacock School grade six students said their good-byes to Quebec exchange students on their return to Kanata. The exchange was part of an immersion program initially proposed by Principal Robert Bullock. Kanata Standard, June 8, 1979:1.

 

May 29, 1979

A public forum on Declining Enrolment and The Community was held to discuss reduced education funding by the Ontario government and enrolment issues. Kanata Standard, May 25, 1979:14.

 

May 29, 1979

The Annual General Meeting of the Local Association of Kanata Guides and Brownies was held. The new executive included H. Bennett, Sandra Plumley, P. Williams, J. Arrowsmith, J. Higgins, S. Lewis, V. Guy, O. Froud, R. Hooey, P. Gale, D. Lougheed, N. Mackay, J. Williams, V. Westmore, Y. Ludlow, B. Thamer, and P. Conacher. Kanata Standard, June 8, 1979:4.

 

June 4, 1979

Changes occurred to the No.73 bus schedule. The changes, approved by the Kanata Transportation Committee, also eliminated the No. 70, and extended the No. 46 route to Bridlewood. Kanata Standard, May 25, 1979:1,3.

 

June 5, 1979

Kanata City Council approved its 1979 budget. Expenditures were estimated at $3,208,074. The mill rate remained the same as it had been for March Township the previous year. Bridlewood mill rates decreased 40 percent. Glen Cairn Community experienced roughly a 12 percent decrease. Marianne Wilkinson later commented that the 1979 budget “should keep the City in a healthy financial state.” Kanata Standard, June 8, 1979:1,12.

 

June 8, 1979

In his column The Kanata Industrial Scene, Tony Jarvis featured Lumonics Research Ltd. Jarvis reported that since the inception of the laser firm in 1970, Lumonics had grown at a rate better than 50 percent annually, “developing a wide range of laser products for both scientific and industrial applications.” Kanata Standard, June 8, 1979:2.

 

June 8, 1979

The results of the Mayfair pet show were published in the Standard. Winners of the four main categories were Kirk Brant's tarantula, Alison Bill's cat Tiger, Rob Holt's spoodle Muffin, and Brenda Bedford's keeshound Dusty. Kanata Standard, June 8, 1979:5.

 

June 9, 1979

The Kanata Ballet School presented their bi-annual recital. Sharon Clayton, in a review of performance, stated that she was “impressed with the professional atmosphere on the stage, and behind the scenes.” Kanata Standard, June 22, 1979:9.

 

June 11, 1979

A new executive was selected at a Glen Cairn Community Association meeting. It included Colin Gillieson, Leon Asselstine, Barry Martin, Graham Ball, Joe Ryan, and Cathy Ireland. Kanata Standard, June 22, 1979:3.

 

June 13, 1979

A book-publishing celebration at a Katimavik home was held. Louise Reynolds, with the assistance of her husband Ralph, researched and wrote Agnes, the Biography of Lady Macdonald. Kanata Standard, June 22, 1979:9.

 

June 16, 1979

There was an official opening of the Glen Cairn Flood Control Works. Mayor Marianne Wilkinson and Councilors Charlie Rogers, and Bob Kingham attended. The Carp River, which had flooded the Glen Cairn area since the 1970's, was to be detained in a reservoir and released at a slow rate. Kanata Standard, June 22, 1979:1.

 

June 19, 1979

Final approval was given by Kanata City Council for the pedestrian overpass to bridge the Queensway. Kanata Standard, June 22, 1979:1.

 

June 19, 1979

Kanata City Council gave preliminary approval for the Hazeldean Centre, a shopping mall located on the northwest side of the intersection of Hwy. 7 and Young Road in Katimavik/Hazeldean. Kanata Standard, June 22, 1979:1.

 

June 19, 1979

Kanata City Council decided to adopt pay-as-you-go rates for the three Kanata pools. Kanata Standard, June 22, 1979:1.

 

June 19, 1979

The Town Centre Secondary Plan and the Rural Plan were both approved by Regional Council. There were only minor word changes to the Town Centre Plan, and development was expected to proceed on a limited basis later in the year. Kanata Standard, June 22, 1979:1,12.

 

June 25, 1979

Mayor Marianne Wilkinson was on hand to officially inaugurate the new Katimavik Pool. Kanata Standard, July 6, 1979:12.

 

July 3, 1979

Kanata Scouts Alex Guruprasad, Stephen Heard, Michael Nyenhuis, and Joe Nyenhuis began their travel to Denmark and Sweden, to attend an international camp in Sweden. Kanata Standard, July 20, 1979:20.

 

July 6, 1979

It was reported that the Ontario Municipal Board had approved Kanata’s request to debenture $200,000 towards the construction of the pedestrian bridge over the Queensway. The total cost was estimated at $438,000. Kanata Standard, July 6, 1979:1.

 

July 6, 1979

It was reported that the federal government had awarded a $30,000 contract to Mitel Corporation of Kanata to study silicon chip production for Telidon. Kanata Standard, July 6, 1979:11.

 

July 20, 1979

The Kanata Public Library Board announced that plans were underway for a new branch library in Kanata South. A sub-committee was struck for further investigation. Kanata Standard, July 20, 1979:2.

 

July 22, 1979

Two cars, driven by Bruce McLean and Steve Kominski, collided at the intersection of Teron and Beaverbrook Roads. There was extensive damage to both cars and only minor injury to a pedestrian. Kanata Standard, August 3, 1979:10.

 

July 28, 1979

Bridlewood held a birthday party to celebrate its second year of growth. Kanata Standard, July 20, 1979:7; Kanata Standard, August 3, 1979:1.

 

August 3, 1979

A proposed expansion for the March Montessori School was finalized. This was driven by a growing demand for Montessori education in the community. Kanata Standard, August 3, 1979:9.

 

August 8, 1979

As part of Project 4000, the first Vietnamese family arrived in Kanata. The Voong’s were set up in a house donated by Campeau Corporation for one year, including heat and hydro. Project 4000 had been previously launched by Ottawa Mayor Marion Dewer, who had also recommended that Kanata set up a committee to coordinate local efforts. Subsequently, a Co-ordinating Committee was struck. Kanata Standard, July 20, 1979:1,2; Kanata Standard, August 17, 1979:1.

 

August 14, 1979

Kanata City Council recommended that the Mayor’s annual salary would rise from $11,000 to $20,000 and the Aldermen’s from $4,500 to $6,500. It would come under final approval in September, 1979. Kanata Standard, August 17, 1979:1.

 

August 17, 1979

In a letter to the editor, Maurice Dubras and his family said their good-byes to Kanata. They stated: “We are about to embark on a very different life style in the knowledge that no other urban community could compare with Kanata. Kanata Standard, August 17, 1979:2.

 

August 28, 1979

Two Kanata youths, 17-year-old Douglas Conner and 16-year-old Chris Quinsey, were killed in an automobile accident. The incident took place on the Huntley Town Line Road, where the vehicle overturned into the Carp River. Kanata Standard, August 31, 1979:1.

 

August 31, 1979

It was reported that 17-year-old Kanata resident Lindsay Eltis had won an all-expense-paid trip to the Alberta oil sands. He had participated in the Canada-wide Science Fair in London Ontario, and was recognized as having the best environment-related project in the fair’s senior division. Kanata Standard, August 31, 1979:1.

 

August 31, 1979

Meetings between officials from the City of Kanata ad the Provincial Ministry of Culture and Recreation were held to discuss a proposed $12,000 recreation study for the City. It was to be completed by August, 1980. Kanata Standard, August 31, 1979:1.

 

September 8, 1979

A successful Glen Cairn Fun Fair was held. Kanata Standard, September 14, 1979:1.

 

September 12, 1979

Kanata City Council met in the Katimavik Community Centre, and asked residents for input on alterations to ward boundaries. Kanata Standard, September 14, 1979:1.

 

September 12, 1979

An extreme-noise by-law was proposed by Kanata City Council, which would prohibit many normal activities if they produced an audible sound. Only Alderman Bob Kingham objected. Activities prohibited at various hours or days would include racing the engine of a car, operating a lawn mower, operating a radio or hi-fi set, yelling, barking by a dog, ringing of Church bells, etc. Kanata Standard, September 14, 1979:1.

 

September 14, 1979

A Standard editorial emphasized that the newspaper, as a rather large community-owned operation, relied heavily on volunteers. The editors stated that recent editions had been lacking in “hard” news and investigative articles, due to their “cadre of volunteers” becoming “alarmingly small.” Kanata Standard, September 14, 1979:2.

 

September 14, 1979

The Interlangues School of Languages announced the opening of its West End School in Kanata. Kanata Standard, September 14, 1979:7.

 

September 14, 1979

It was reported that a group of residents, led by Alderman Jean Gubby, were pushing for a Committee to support the Ottawa Civic Hospital’s five year Development Plan. Kanata Standard, September 14, 1979:16.

 

September 16, 1979

A ceremonial sod-turning occurred at St. Paul’s Anglican Church to mark the beginning of construction of a new church hall. Kanata Standard, September 28, 1979:1.

 

September 16, 1979

A Kanata concert debut to begin the fall season was held at the Earl of March Auditorium. Kanata Standard, September 28, 1979:9.

 

September 22, 1979

The Kanata Singles began their fall season of dances. Kanata Standard, September 14, 1979:14.

 

September 28, 1979

In a Standard editorial, Isa Clayton criticized Council for spending valuable time on things like the recently proposed anti-noise by-law. Clayton stated: “As it stands Kanata has far too MANY restrictions” and that if Council “have nothing more constructive to do with OUR time, we employ them on a part-time basis.” Kanata Standard, September 28, 1979:2.

 

September 28, 1979

Bob Kingham stated in a Standard article that the noise by-law recently introduced by Kanata City Council had “evoked more public interest in our new city than any other single issue since the election.” He had received around 50 calls on the issue. Kanata Standard, September 28, 1979:1.

 

September 28, 1979

The City of Kanata and the Recreation Department opened a room in the John Mlacak Centre to be used as a Teen Centre. Kanata Standard, September 28, 1979:11.

 

September 29, 1979

The 7th Annual City of Kanata Oktoberfest was held. Kanata Standard, September 14, 1979:10-11.

 

October 3, 1979

The Kanata Beaverbrook Community Association held a General Meeting. It was reported as being a very “contentious” meeting, which eventually led to the adoption of a new constitution and set of by-laws. A motion was also passed to extend the term of the current Board of Directors and Executive to June 15, 1980. Kanata Standard, October 12, 1979:1.

 

October 9, 1979

In a Kanata City Council meeting, Mayor Wilkinson indicated that there may be potentially large increases in taxes. Kanata Standard, October 12, 1979:1.

 

October 12, 1979

The City of Kanata Auditor’s Report for 1979 was published in the Standard. Kanata Standard, September 28, 1979:12-13.

 

October 13, 1979

There was a musical performance by David Gailbraith and Friends. Fred Boyd reported that the presentation made for a “very enjoyable evening.” Kanata Standard, October 26, 1979:20.

 

October 15, 1979

A meeting was held to discuss the future of the Kanata Standard newspaper. Plans were put in place to ensure meeting growing needs and opportunities of the “enlarged” paper. Kanata Standard, October 26, 1979:1.

 

October 17, 1979

The Kanata Beaverbrook Community Association held its New Residents’ Night. Over 50 people attended. Kanata Standard, October 26, 1979:1.

 

October 17, 1979

Steinberg’s 9th and largest store was opened for business at Hazeldean Mall. Kanata Standard, October 26, 1979:5.

 

October 17, 1979

Towers Department Store opened in Hazeldean Mall. Kanata Standard, October 26, 1979:6.

 

October 18, 1979

The Stittsville and District Snowmobile Association held its Annual General Meeting. Kanata Standard, October 12, 1979:8.

 

October 20, 1979

The Kinsmen Club of West Carleton held their 1st Annual Lobster & Beef Night. Over 300 people attended the event.

 

October 24, 1979

The Kanata Theatre opened its season with Forty Carets. It was directed by Laurence Thornton and the cast included Marg Awthority, Murray Hayes, Rosie Keneford, Mary Mauger, Jennifer Jermyn, Paula Wilke, Liane Freedman, Bob Knight, Jim Ritchie, and Barrie Kirk. Kanata Standard, October 12, 1979:18.

 

October 26, 1979

A feature article in the Standard outlined events rendering a hydro utility possible in Kanata. Art Bowker was reported as stating that he was recommending that a hydro utility be established for the City, and that the final report would go to the Minister of Energy. Kanata Standard, October 26, 1979:1.

 

October 26, 1979

The Air Cadet League of Canada, in cooperation with the Kiwanis Club, announced their intent to form an Air Cadet Squadron in Kanata. Kanata Standard, October 26, 1979:11.

 

October 26, 1979

The New Amended Kanata Beaverbrook Community Association Constitution of October 3 was published in the Standard. Kanata Standard, October 26, 1979:14-15.

 

October 26, 1979

Regional Council held a Special Regional Council meeting to deal with the report on Environmental Lands, formerly called Conservation Lands for the Region. A provision was made to allow some use of plans of subdivision to permit both landowners and local municipalities to have a greater degree of flexibility in dealing with the use of environmental lands. Kanata Standard, October 26, 1979:18-19; Kanata Standard November 9, 1979:1,12; Kanata Standard, November 9, 1979:1,12.

 

October 26, 1979

Information on the new Kinsmen Participark was published in the Standard. Kanata Standard, October 26, 1979:21-3.

 

October 30, 1979

An official reception was held to celebrate the opening of Hazeldean Mall. Kanata Standard, November 9, 1979:10

 

November 6, 1979

The Carleton School Board Committee held a Whole Committee meeting to consider the five-year capital plan and the priorities for future school construction. Kanata Standard, November 9, 1979:2.

 

November 9, 1979

A feature in the Standard updated Project 4000 and the status of the first Vietnamese family sponsored in Kanata as part of the program. Kanata Standard, November 9, 1979:1,12.

 

November 20, 1979

There was a sod-turning ceremony to mark a major expansion of the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Commercial Products, located in the Kanata North Industrial Park. Kanata Standard, November 23, 1979:1.

 

November 22, 1979

Kanata youth Bill Casley was presented with a personal bravery award by the Kanata-Carleton Rotary Club. The previous August, Casley had pulled David Malloy from a burning car just before it exploded. November 23, 1979:11.

 

November 23, 1979

The President of the National Capital Equestrian Park announced that a Wintario grant approval was given to cover 50 percent, or $416,612, of an all-weather indoor riding arena. Kanata Standard, November 23, 1979:13.

 

November 26, 1979

A meeting was held in Rural March to discuss whether or not to remain part of Kanata or to become part of West Carleton.

 

November 27, 1979

Kanata City Council passed a by-law authorizing the acquisition of land, the design and construction of a library in Glen Cairn. It was estimated to cost $502,000. Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:13.

 

November 27, 1979

Kanata City Council approved the acquisition of land and the architectural design fees for a new rural fire hall, estimated at $155,000.

 

November 30, 1979

Mitel officially opened its Kanata headquarters. The company was already planning further expansion to its Kanata, Ogdensburg and Puerto Rico plants. Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:21.

 

December 1, 1979

The City of Kanata celebrated its 1st birthday. Approximately 400 people attended a the festivities at Glen Cairn Community Centre. Campeau Corporation provided several birthday gifts, including a Campeau University Scholarship, a giant outdoor skating rink, and a giant toboggan run. Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:1.

 

December 1, 1979

Mayor Wilkinson presented the Kingham family with a mounted picture of their winning logo design for the City of Kanata at the City’s 1st birthday. Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:31.

 

December 4, 1979

Kanata City Council opened their meeting with a tribute to Alderman Lund for his work on the Hydro Committees leading up to an agreement to set up a city Hydro Utility. Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:1.

 

December 4, 1979

Kanata City Council approved a motion in principle to change the name of Highway 17 to March Road. Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:4.

 

December 7, 1979

An article by Carol Dougherty, based on interview with Mayor Marianne Wilkinson with regard to the first year of the City of Kanata, was published in the Standard. Dougherty wrote: “Not unlike the parents of a first newborn, the mayor and council have frequently relied upon trial and error and upon their own judgment to make decisions. In fact the lack of precedent, policy or procedure has forced council to learn through experience and to grow with the city.” Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:6.

 

December 7, 1979

Bob Kingham commented in an article in the Standard on the first year of the City of Kanata. Kingham stated: “...you cannot make a community by Law. First and foremost it takes people — not a faceless legion, but neighbours and friends whose membership in Kanata derives from a conscious sense of belonging.” Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:7.

 

December 7, 1979

Doug Nash wrote A Year of Reflection, to commemorate Kanata’s birthday. He stated: “I count this first year as a beneficial learning experience. I now realize that the provincial government has a great deal of jurisdiction over how a municipality operates, and it has been a very revealing experience to study the fine points of the Ontario Municipal Act.” Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:8.

 

December 7, 1979

Charlie Rogers’ article, A Year in Review, outlined his participation in the first year of the City of Kanata. Rogers stated: “We are suffering from growing pains (possibly some headaches still around from motherhood), but I feel that we are progressing at a reasonable rate considering the circumstances and I look forward to a better progress rate in the next twelve months.” Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:9.

 

December 7, 1979

Marianne Wilkinson, in her Commentary, reflected on the past year as Mayor of the new City of Kanata. She stated that the year had been full of “challenges, of accomplishments, of frustrations, of pleasure, of hard work, of long hours, and of tremendous encouragement and assistance given to me by the residents of Kanata, the members of Council and particularly by the Kanata City Staff.” Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:14.

 

December 7, 1979

It was reported that three new refugee families had arrived in the Kanata area, as part of the ongoing Project 4000 program. Kanata Standard, December 7, 1979:30.

 

December 11, 1979

The speed limit on Eagleson Road from Highway 7 to Timm Drive was lowered from 80 km/h to 60 km/h. Kanata Standard, Jan. 11, 1980:4.

 

December 21, 1979

In a letter to the Editor, E. C. Prince criticized Kanata City Council for allowing the construction of the Participark, calling it “another pillaging of the natural landscape and thus the loss of the pastoral scene.” Kanata Standard, December 21, 1979:2.

    

ITM1692074

 

At a crossroads – Needing to make an important decision

When you are at a crossroads, you are at a point in your life where you need to make a decision. The implication is that the decision you make will have big, life-altering consequences.

Bad apple – Bad person

You can use this idiom to describe someone who is not nice and maybe even criminal.

Barking up the wrong tree – Pursuing the wrong course

When you “bark up the wrong tree” you are pursuing the wrong solution to your problems.

Be closefisted – Stingy

If you are being “closefisted”, you don’t want to spend a lot of money.

Be cold-hearted – Uncaring

If you decide to be “cold-hearted”, you are making a deliberate decision not to care about someone or something.

Be on solid ground – Confident

When you are “on solid ground”, you are confident in your position or feel that you are safe.

Beat around the bush – Avoid saying

When you do this, you are taking a long time to say what you really need to say. You may be doing this because the “truth” is embarrassing or your unsure about how the listener will take it.

Behind you – Supportive

When you are “behind” someone, you are saying that they have your support.

Between a rock and a hard place – Facing difficulties

When you have to choose between two options, neither of which are ideal or “good”.

Blow off steam – Try to relax

When you are stressed or upset about something, sometimes you need to do something to keep you from thinking about it.

Born with a silver spoon in their mouth – Born wealthy

This idiomatic expression is used to describe someone who was born into a wealthy family.

Break the bank – Spend a lot

When you “break the bank”, you spend a lot of money on something. If something will “break the bank”, then it’s expensive.

Bright spark – Smart

A “bright spark” is someone who is smart and valuable to an organization.

Build a case – Argue your point

When you “build a case” for something, you are preparing to argue a point or convince someone that your opinion is the right one.

Build castles in the sky – Daydream

When you fantasize about something you hope to have or achieve.

Burn your bridges – End a relationship

When you “burn your bridges” you end a relationship permanently.

Butter up – Flatter

When you “butter” someone up, you are telling them nice things about themselves.

Bought a lemon – Bad bargain

If something you bought is a “lemon” it is a bad product. In a sense, you wasted your money on it.

Break the ice – Start a conversation

When you start a conversation strangers with the end goal of making new friends.

Calm before the storm – Peaceful

When you use this to describe your state of being or mind, you’re talking about a quiet period before anticipated trouble comes your way.

Chasing rainbows – Pursuing dreams

When you try to follow your dreams. The implication here, however, is that you might be better off forgetting your dreams.

Clear as mud – Hard to understand

When you are confused about something or a situation.

Cool as a cucumber – Calm

This idiomatic expression is meant to describe someone who is calm and relaxed.

Couch potato – Lazy

A couch potato is a lazy person. Specifically, someone who sprawls on their couch watching TV almost all day.

Cross that bridge when we get to it – Think about it later

When you say this, you are telling someone that you will think about something later. The implication is that it’s a problem or a decision that can be put off for now.

Chew it over – Think had about something

This idiom implies that you need to make an important decision and can’t afford to be hasty about it.

Come to light – Be revealed

When something “comes to light” something that was originally concealed from you is revealed.

Cut back on – Reduce

When you use this idiom, you are reducing something.

Cut to the chase – Speak concisely

When you tell someone to “cut to the chase”, you are expressing impatience. This is usually used when someone feels someone else is taking to long to deliver important news.

Crystal clear – Easy to understand

When you say that something is “crystal clear”, you are saying that it is understood.

Dead-end job – No more opportunities

When you are stuck in a “dead-end job”, you are in a career situation where there is no more room for advancement.

Dig deep – Strive

When you “dig deep” you put a lot of effort into a task.

Digging into – Looking closer

When you “dig into” something, you are looking for more information.

Don’t run before you can walk – Don’t assume something is easy

This is a descriptive idiom, it’s meant to make you think about how a baby needs to learn how to walk before they can run. It’s supposed to caution you about assuming you can just do something without learning the basics.

Down to earth – Practical

This describes someone who is known for being sensible and practical.

Eat like a bird – Small appetite

This is used to describe someone who doesn’t eat a lot.

Eat like a horse – Eat a lot

If you eat like a horse, you are eating a lot. You can “eat like a bird” most of the time but “eat like a horse” at a specific time because you are either very hungry or you really like the food.

Eat your words – Admit you were wrong

When you “eat your words” you are admitting that something you said earlier turned out to be wrong.

Every cloud has a silver lining – Things will get better

When you say this, you are telling yourself or someone else that you will get through your troubles.

Face the music – Face the consequences

When you “face the music”, you are owning up to a mistake and trying to make amends.

Find your feet – Adapt

When you are “finding your feet” you are learning how to adapt to a new situation, like a new job.

Follow in their footsteps – Imitate

This idiom is often used between children and their parents, but it can also refer to a mentor or someone you admire. If you “follow in someone’s footsteps”, you do the same thing that they did.

Food for thought – Something to think about

If you are given “food for thought” you have been given something to think about.

A frosty reception – To be unwelcome

If you received a “frosty reception”, you are not welcome.

Fly off the handle – Rages

You can use this idiom to describe someone who is visibly angry over a situation. Often this means that someone is shouting and maybe gesturing violently and even causing damage to property. It also implies that the angry reaction is disproportionate to the situation.

Get on with your life – Continue on after a setback

This is something you can say and should do after going through some problems.

Give them a run for their money – Compete

If you are competing with someone, you are giving them a “run for their money.”

Go Dutch – Split the bill

You can use this idiomatic expression when dining out with friends.

Go with the flow – Relax and get along

When you “go with the flow” you keep calm and just go along with whatever is happening around you.

Got off scot-free – Escaped

When you “get off scot-free”, you managed to escape any consequences for your actions.

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Hard to swallow – Unbelievable

If someone told you something that you just can’t believe, they told you something that is “hard to swallow”.

Have your whole life in front of you – Young

Someone who has their whole life in front of them is young and full of promise.

Hold out an olive branch – Apologize

When you do this, you try to make amends or peace with someone you’ve hurt or angered.

In hot water – In trouble

This idiomatic expression can be used to say that you are in a less than ideal situation.

Inching forward - Making slow progress

When you say this, you’re saying things are proceeding slowly.

Keep on the straight and narrow – Keep out of trouble

When you say this, you are implying that you are going to live in a morally correct way.

Keep your chin up – Stay positive

Even if you’re going through a hard time, you should keep thinking positive.

Kicked the bucket – Died

This is an irreverent phrase to say that someone has died. Be careful how you use it.

Let the cat out of the bag – Spoiled the secret

You “let the cat out of the bag” when you accidentally let someone in on a secret that they weren’t meant to know.

Look up to – Respect

When you “look up to” someone you are acknowledging that you respect them and value their opinion.

Loaded – Rich

When you call someone “loaded” you are saying that they are rich.

Lost at sea – Confused

If a situation is making you feel confused or lost, this is the idiom to use.

Making ends meet – Careful budgeting

If you. don’t have much money, you need to “make ends meet”. This means you carefully budget what you do have to meet your needs.

Make a mountain out of a molehill –Exaggerate

This idiom is used to say that someone is being over-dramatic with their complaints or concerns.

Make waves – Change things

When you “make waves”, you change a situation dramatically. This can also mean that you caused trouble.

Nip in the bud – Stop

When you do this, you take action to keep a situation from getting worse.

No sweat – Easy

When you say “no sweat” you are saying that a task was easy

Not your cup of tea – Not something you like

If you say that something is “not your cup of tea” you are saying it’s not something you particularly like or enjoy.

Once in a blue moon – Rare

This implies something that either won’t happen or rarely happens.

Out in the open – Public knowledge

When something is “out in the open”, it is a matter of public knowledge.

Over the moon – Very happy

You can use this to describe the feeling of getting something you’ve been looking forward to for a long time.

On cloud nine – Very happy

Similar to being over the moon.

Packed like sardines – Crowded

If people are “packed like sardines” in a venue, they are standing very close together in a small space.

Piece of cake –Easy

If you say something is a “piece of cake” you are saying that it is easy.

Pitch in - Contribute

When you “pitch-in”, you work with a group of people to reach a common goal.

Point of view – An opinion

Your “point of view” is what you think about someone or a situation.

Pony up – Pay

If you are paying back a debt, you are “ponying up” the money.

Pour oil on troubled waters – Calm things down

This basically means that you played peacemaker and kept an argument from developing into a physical fight.

Put your head in the sand – Deny something unpleasant

When you have your “head in the sand”, you are deliberately ignoring a bad situation.

Rags to riches – Became rich

Someone who went from “rags to riches” was born poor or underprivileged, but is now in a better social position.

Rain or shine – No matter what

This idiomatic expression is used to express the idea that nothing will stop you.

Reap the rewards – Received the benefits

When you “reap the rewards”, you are getting the benefits of your good work.

Rings a bell – Sounds familiar

When you think that you’ve heard a piece of information before but are not so sure.

Rule of thumb – General practice

A “rule of thumb” is an unwritten rule that is followed by the majority.

Separate the wheat from the chaff – Decide what is valuable

This picturesque idiom refers to how, when you harvest wheat, you need to separate it from the stalks and leaves. So, it means that you pick out or choose what is valuable to keep.

Shell out money – Pay

When you “shell out money”, you pay for an item.

Sitting on the fence – Neutral

When you “sit on the fence” you are avoiding making a decision. Often, this is a decision between two people with different opinions.

Smart cookie – Smart person

You can use this idiom to describe someone intelligent.

Spice things up – Make things interesting

When you “spice things up” you do something to break out of your normal routine.

Spill the beans – Tell

When you do this, you tell someone something they didn’t know. It may or not have been a secret previously.

Sticky fingers – Thief

If you accuse someone of having “sticky fingers” you are basically calling them a thief.

Take a side – Choose who to support

When you “take a side” in an argument, you are agreeing with one of those arguing.

Throw light on – Explain something

When you “throw light on” a situation, you help make sure that it is understood.

To move at a snail’s pace – Move slowly

This is another idiomatic phrase that’s meant to paint a picture. A snail moves slowly, so to move at its pace means things are going slowly.

Tread carefully – Be cautious

This implies that a situation is fraught and it might be easy to offend those involved.

Under the table – Secretive

When you do something “under the table”, you are trying to do something so that only a small amount of people are aware of it. It’s commonly used to describe something that is possibly unscrupulous. For example, bribes are given “under the table”.

Undermine your position – Act unconvincingly

When you behave in a way that makes you and your opinion seem untrustworthy.

Up in the air – Uncertain

When you say something is “up in the air”, you are saying that you are not sure that an event is happening.

Weather the storm – Survive

When you “weather the storm”, you endure a bad situation.

When it rains, it pours – Trouble comes

This refers to the fact that sometimes, many bad things happen to people at one time.

So there you have it, 10 idiomatic expressions and their meanings. These idioms are used by native English language speakers to add some color to their daily speech.

 

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earthquake support need your support this project event We’re holding big event tonight official official wedding photos are out! whose Whose umbrella this matter does it matter anyway everyone Everyone thinks stole that file center hate being center attention couple couple on their honeymoon now site This site big! end It’s end era project This project file due tomorrow hit hit burglar with bat base All moms are their child’s home base activity musical activity suggest toddler star son draw star! table saw draw it while was writing on table need need enroll good preschool court There’s basketball court near house produce Fresh farm produce best eat could eat that all day American sister dating American teach love teach English lessons oil Could buy some cooking oil at store half Just half liter situation situation getting out hand easy thought said this was going easy cost cost fuel has increased! industry fuel industry hiking prices figure government figure out how fix this problem face can’t bear face this horrendous traffic again again street Let’s cross street image There’s image stored inside mind itself bike itself pretty awesome phone Plus it has phone holder either either walk or commute work data How simplify this data cover Could cover during emergencies quite I’m quite satisfied with their work picture Picture this: lake cabin lots peace quiet clear That picture clear inside head practice Let’s practice dance number piece That’s piece cake! land Their plane going land soon recent This most recent social media post describe Describe yourself one word product This favorite product their new line cosmetics doctor doctor wall post this up on wall patient patient much pain now worker She’s factory worker news saw that on news test have pass this English test movie Let’s watch movie later certain There’s certain kind magic air now north Santa lives up north love l love Christmas! personal This letter very personal open Why did open read it support support 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behavior excellent deal used car good deal performance Your performance affected by your sleep fight don’t fight with throw German ball! top are top student quickly Let’s finish reading this quickly past past English was as good as it today goal speak English fluently second second goal increase confidence bed go bed around 10pm order would like order book author author this series world-famous fill need fill (up) gas tank represent represent family focus Turn off your phone TV focus on your studies! foreign It’s great having foreign friends drop don’t drop eggs! plan Let’s make plan blood hospital needs people give blood upon Once upon time princess lived castle agency Let’s contract agency help with marketing push door says ‘push ’ ‘pull ' nature love walking nature! colou color blue no ‘No’ one shortest complete sentences recently cleaned bathroom most recently think it’s your turn this time store I’m going store buy some bread reduce reuse recycle are ways help environment sound 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media That issue has been discussed media ready Are ready leave work sign That store needs bigger sign thought I’ll have give it some thought list made list things do individual buy individual or group membership simple appliance comes with simple instructions quality paid little more quality shoes pressure There no pressure finish right now accept accept credit card answer Give your answer by noon tomorrow hard That test was very hard resource library has many online resources identify can’t identify that plant left door on your left as approach meeting We’ll have staff meeting after lunch determine Eye color genetically determined prepare I’ll prepare breakfast tomorrow disease Face masks help prevent disease whatever Choose whatever flavor like best success Failure back door success argue It’s good idea argue with your boss cup Would like cup coffee particularly It’s particularly hot outside just warm amount It take large amount food feed elephant ability has ability explain things 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sometimes arrive When your plane arrive analysis I’ll give analysis when I’ve seen everything benefit There are many health benefits quinoa name What’s your name sex know sex your baby yet forward Move car forward few feet lawyer legal helped write present everyone present meeting begin section stadium are sitting environmental science economy politics political politician issues are news glass much heavier than plastic answer Could answer question skill best skill woodworking sister lives close PM movie starts at 7:30 PM professor Dr Smith professor operation mining operation employs thousands people financial keep accounts at financial institution crime police fight crime stage caterpillar larval stage butterfly ok Would it ok eat out tonight compare should compare cars before buy one authority City authorities make local laws miss you when see again design need design new logo sort Let’s sort these beads according color one only have one cat act I’ll act on your information today ten baby counted ten toes knowledge have knowledge fix that gun Gun ownership controversial topic station There train station close house blue favorite color blue state After accident was state shock strategy new corporate strategy written here little prefer little cars clearly instructions clearly written discuss We’ll discuss that at meeting indeed Your mother does indeed have hearing loss force It takes lot force open that door truth tell truth song That’s beautiful song example need example that grammar point democratic Does Australia have democratic government check check work sure it’s correct environment live healthy environment leg boy broke leg dark Turn on light it’s dark here public Masks must worn public places various That rug comes various shades gray rather Would rather have hamburger than hot dog laugh That movie always makes laugh guess don’t know just guess executive company’s executives are paid well set Set glass on table study needs study test prove employee proved worth hang hang your coat on hook entire ate entire meal 10 minutes rock There are decorative rocks garden design windows don’t open by design enough Have had enough coffee forget Don’t forget stop at store since She hasn’t eaten since yesterday claim made insurance claim car accident note Leave note you’re going late remove Remove cookies from oven manager manager look at your application help Could help move this table close Close door sound dog did make sound enjoy enjoy soda network Band name internet network legal legal documents need signed religious She very religious she attends church weekly cold feet are cold form fill out this application form final divorce was final last month main main problem lack money science studies health science at university green grass green memory has good memory card They sent card birthday above Look on shelf above sink seat That’s comfortable seat cell Your body made millions cells establish They established their business 1942 nice That’s very nice car trial They are employing on trial basis expert Matt IT expert that Did see that movie spring Spring most beautiful season firm ‘no was very firm she won’t change mind Democrat Democrats control Senate radio listen radio car visit visited museum today management That store has good management care She cares mother at home avoid should avoid poison ivy imagine imagine pigs could fly tonight Would like go out tonight huge That truck huge! ball threw ball dog no said ‘no ’ don’t ask again close Close window finish Did finish your homework yourself gave yourself haircut talk talks lot theory theory that’s good plan impact drought had big impact on crops respond hasn’t responded text yet statement police chief gave statement media maintain Exercise helps maintain healthy weight charge need charge phone popular That’s popular restaurant traditional They serve traditional Italian food there onto Jump onto boat we’ll go fishing reveal Washing off dirt revealed boy’s skinned knee direction direction city from here weapon No weapons are allowed government buildings employee That store only has three employees cultural There cultural significance those old ruins contain carton contains dozen egges peace World leaders gathered peace talks head head hurts control Keep control car base glass has heavy base it won’t fall over pain have chest pain apply Maria applied job play children play at park measure Measure twice cut once wide doorway was very wide shake Don’t shake soda fly fly France next year interview job interview went well manage Did manage find keys chair table has six matching chairs fish don’t enjoy eating fish particular That particular style looks good on camera use camera on phone structure building’s structure solid politics Mitch very active politics perform singer perform tonight bit It rained little bit last night weight Keep track your pet’s weight suddenly storm came up suddenly discover You’ll discover treasures at that thrift store candidate There are ten candidates position top flag flies on top that building production Factory production has improved over summer treat Give yourself treat job well done trip are taking trip Florida January evening I’m staying home this evening affect bank account affect how much buy inside cat stays inside conference There expert presenters at conference unit foot unit measure best Those are best glasses buy style dress out style adult Adults pay full price but children are free worry Don’t worry about tomorrow range doctor offered range options mention mention your story rather Rather than focusing on bad things let’s grateful good things far don’t move far from family deep That poem about life deep front face front edge stand close edge cliff individual These potato chips are individual serving size package specific Could more specific writer are good writer trouble Stay out trouble necessary It necessary sleep throughout Throughout life have always enjoyed reading challenge challenge 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At a crossroads – Needing to make an important decision

When you are at a crossroads, you are at a point in your life where you need to make a decision. The implication is that the decision you make will have big, life-altering consequences.

Bad apple – Bad person

You can use this idiom to describe someone who is not nice and maybe even criminal.

Barking up the wrong tree – Pursuing the wrong course

When you “bark up the wrong tree” you are pursuing the wrong solution to your problems.

Be closefisted – Stingy

If you are being “closefisted”, you don’t want to spend a lot of money.

Be cold-hearted – Uncaring

If you decide to be “cold-hearted”, you are making a deliberate decision not to care about someone or something.

Be on solid ground – Confident

When you are “on solid ground”, you are confident in your position or feel that you are safe.

Beat around the bush – Avoid saying

When you do this, you are taking a long time to say what you really need to say. You may be doing this because the “truth” is embarrassing or your unsure about how the listener will take it.

Behind you – Supportive

When you are “behind” someone, you are saying that they have your support.

Between a rock and a hard place – Facing difficulties

When you have to choose between two options, neither of which are ideal or “good”.

Blow off steam – Try to relax

When you are stressed or upset about something, sometimes you need to do something to keep you from thinking about it.

Born with a silver spoon in their mouth – Born wealthy

This idiomatic expression is used to describe someone who was born into a wealthy family.

Break the bank – Spend a lot

When you “break the bank”, you spend a lot of money on something. If something will “break the bank”, then it’s expensive.

Bright spark – Smart

A “bright spark” is someone who is smart and valuable to an organization.

Build a case – Argue your point

When you “build a case” for something, you are preparing to argue a point or convince someone that your opinion is the right one.

Build castles in the sky – Daydream

When you fantasize about something you hope to have or achieve.

Burn your bridges – End a relationship

When you “burn your bridges” you end a relationship permanently.

Butter up – Flatter

When you “butter” someone up, you are telling them nice things about themselves.

Bought a lemon – Bad bargain

If something you bought is a “lemon” it is a bad product. In a sense, you wasted your money on it.

Break the ice – Start a conversation

When you start a conversation strangers with the end goal of making new friends.

Calm before the storm – Peaceful

When you use this to describe your state of being or mind, you’re talking about a quiet period before anticipated trouble comes your way.

Chasing rainbows – Pursuing dreams

When you try to follow your dreams. The implication here, however, is that you might be better off forgetting your dreams.

Clear as mud – Hard to understand

When you are confused about something or a situation.

Cool as a cucumber – Calm

This idiomatic expression is meant to describe someone who is calm and relaxed.

Couch potato – Lazy

A couch potato is a lazy person. Specifically, someone who sprawls on their couch watching TV almost all day.

Cross that bridge when we get to it – Think about it later

When you say this, you are telling someone that you will think about something later. The implication is that it’s a problem or a decision that can be put off for now.

Chew it over – Think had about something

This idiom implies that you need to make an important decision and can’t afford to be hasty about it.

Come to light – Be revealed

When something “comes to light” something that was originally concealed from you is revealed.

Cut back on – Reduce

When you use this idiom, you are reducing something.

Cut to the chase – Speak concisely

When you tell someone to “cut to the chase”, you are expressing impatience. This is usually used when someone feels someone else is taking to long to deliver important news.

Crystal clear – Easy to understand

When you say that something is “crystal clear”, you are saying that it is understood.

Dead-end job – No more opportunities

When you are stuck in a “dead-end job”, you are in a career situation where there is no more room for advancement.

Dig deep – Strive

When you “dig deep” you put a lot of effort into a task.

Digging into – Looking closer

When you “dig into” something, you are looking for more information.

Don’t run before you can walk – Don’t assume something is easy

This is a descriptive idiom, it’s meant to make you think about how a baby needs to learn how to walk before they can run. It’s supposed to caution you about assuming you can just do something without learning the basics.

Down to earth – Practical

This describes someone who is known for being sensible and practical.

Eat like a bird – Small appetite

This is used to describe someone who doesn’t eat a lot.

Eat like a horse – Eat a lot

If you eat like a horse, you are eating a lot. You can “eat like a bird” most of the time but “eat like a horse” at a specific time because you are either very hungry or you really like the food.

Eat your words – Admit you were wrong

When you “eat your words” you are admitting that something you said earlier turned out to be wrong.

Every cloud has a silver lining – Things will get better

When you say this, you are telling yourself or someone else that you will get through your troubles.

Face the music – Face the consequences

When you “face the music”, you are owning up to a mistake and trying to make amends.

Find your feet – Adapt

When you are “finding your feet” you are learning how to adapt to a new situation, like a new job.

Follow in their footsteps – Imitate

This idiom is often used between children and their parents, but it can also refer to a mentor or someone you admire. If you “follow in someone’s footsteps”, you do the same thing that they did.

Food for thought – Something to think about

If you are given “food for thought” you have been given something to think about.

A frosty reception – To be unwelcome

If you received a “frosty reception”, you are not welcome.

Fly off the handle – Rages

You can use this idiom to describe someone who is visibly angry over a situation. Often this means that someone is shouting and maybe gesturing violently and even causing damage to property. It also implies that the angry reaction is disproportionate to the situation.

Get on with your life – Continue on after a setback

This is something you can say and should do after going through some problems.

Give them a run for their money – Compete

If you are competing with someone, you are giving them a “run for their money.”

Go Dutch – Split the bill

You can use this idiomatic expression when dining out with friends.

Go with the flow – Relax and get along

When you “go with the flow” you keep calm and just go along with whatever is happening around you.

Got off scot-free – Escaped

When you “get off scot-free”, you managed to escape any consequences for your actions.

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Hard to swallow – Unbelievable

If someone told you something that you just can’t believe, they told you something that is “hard to swallow”.

Have your whole life in front of you – Young

Someone who has their whole life in front of them is young and full of promise.

Hold out an olive branch – Apologize

When you do this, you try to make amends or peace with someone you’ve hurt or angered.

In hot water – In trouble

This idiomatic expression can be used to say that you are in a less than ideal situation.

Inching forward - Making slow progress

When you say this, you’re saying things are proceeding slowly.

Keep on the straight and narrow – Keep out of trouble

When you say this, you are implying that you are going to live in a morally correct way.

Keep your chin up – Stay positive

Even if you’re going through a hard time, you should keep thinking positive.

Kicked the bucket – Died

This is an irreverent phrase to say that someone has died. Be careful how you use it.

Let the cat out of the bag – Spoiled the secret

You “let the cat out of the bag” when you accidentally let someone in on a secret that they weren’t meant to know.

Look up to – Respect

When you “look up to” someone you are acknowledging that you respect them and value their opinion.

Loaded – Rich

When you call someone “loaded” you are saying that they are rich.

Lost at sea – Confused

If a situation is making you feel confused or lost, this is the idiom to use.

Making ends meet – Careful budgeting

If you. don’t have much money, you need to “make ends meet”. This means you carefully budget what you do have to meet your needs.

Make a mountain out of a molehill –Exaggerate

This idiom is used to say that someone is being over-dramatic with their complaints or concerns.

Make waves – Change things

When you “make waves”, you change a situation dramatically. This can also mean that you caused trouble.

Nip in the bud – Stop

When you do this, you take action to keep a situation from getting worse.

No sweat – Easy

When you say “no sweat” you are saying that a task was easy

Not your cup of tea – Not something you like

If you say that something is “not your cup of tea” you are saying it’s not something you particularly like or enjoy.

Once in a blue moon – Rare

This implies something that either won’t happen or rarely happens.

Out in the open – Public knowledge

When something is “out in the open”, it is a matter of public knowledge.

Over the moon – Very happy

You can use this to describe the feeling of getting something you’ve been looking forward to for a long time.

On cloud nine – Very happy

Similar to being over the moon.

Packed like sardines – Crowded

If people are “packed like sardines” in a venue, they are standing very close together in a small space.

Piece of cake –Easy

If you say something is a “piece of cake” you are saying that it is easy.

Pitch in - Contribute

When you “pitch-in”, you work with a group of people to reach a common goal.

Point of view – An opinion

Your “point of view” is what you think about someone or a situation.

Pony up – Pay

If you are paying back a debt, you are “ponying up” the money.

Pour oil on troubled waters – Calm things down

This basically means that you played peacemaker and kept an argument from developing into a physical fight.

Put your head in the sand – Deny something unpleasant

When you have your “head in the sand”, you are deliberately ignoring a bad situation.

Rags to riches – Became rich

Someone who went from “rags to riches” was born poor or underprivileged, but is now in a better social position.

Rain or shine – No matter what

This idiomatic expression is used to express the idea that nothing will stop you.

Reap the rewards – Received the benefits

When you “reap the rewards”, you are getting the benefits of your good work.

Rings a bell – Sounds familiar

When you think that you’ve heard a piece of information before but are not so sure.

Rule of thumb – General practice

A “rule of thumb” is an unwritten rule that is followed by the majority.

Separate the wheat from the chaff – Decide what is valuable

This picturesque idiom refers to how, when you harvest wheat, you need to separate it from the stalks and leaves. So, it means that you pick out or choose what is valuable to keep.

Shell out money – Pay

When you “shell out money”, you pay for an item.

Sitting on the fence – Neutral

When you “sit on the fence” you are avoiding making a decision. Often, this is a decision between two people with different opinions.

Smart cookie – Smart person

You can use this idiom to describe someone intelligent.

Spice things up – Make things interesting

When you “spice things up” you do something to break out of your normal routine.

Spill the beans – Tell

When you do this, you tell someone something they didn’t know. It may or not have been a secret previously.

Sticky fingers – Thief

If you accuse someone of having “sticky fingers” you are basically calling them a thief.

Take a side – Choose who to support

When you “take a side” in an argument, you are agreeing with one of those arguing.

Throw light on – Explain something

When you “throw light on” a situation, you help make sure that it is understood.

To move at a snail’s pace – Move slowly

This is another idiomatic phrase that’s meant to paint a picture. A snail moves slowly, so to move at its pace means things are going slowly.

Tread carefully – Be cautious

This implies that a situation is fraught and it might be easy to offend those involved.

Under the table – Secretive

When you do something “under the table”, you are trying to do something so that only a small amount of people are aware of it. It’s commonly used to describe something that is possibly unscrupulous. For example, bribes are given “under the table”.

Undermine your position – Act unconvincingly

When you behave in a way that makes you and your opinion seem untrustworthy.

Up in the air – Uncertain

When you say something is “up in the air”, you are saying that you are not sure that an event is happening.

Weather the storm – Survive

When you “weather the storm”, you endure a bad situation.

When it rains, it pours – Trouble comes

This refers to the fact that sometimes, many bad things happen to people at one time.

So there you have it, 10 idiomatic expressions and their meanings. These idioms are used by native English language speakers to add some color to their daily speech.

 

Google is an American multinational technology company focusing on search engine technology, online advertising, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, artificial intelligence,[9] and consumer electronics. It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world"[10] and one of the world's most valuable brands due to its market dominance, data collection, and technological advantages in the area of artificial intelligence.[11][12][13] Its parent company Alphabet is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.

Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were PhD students at Stanford University in California. Together they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of the stockholder voting power through super-voting stock. The company went public via an initial public offering (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Google is Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a holding company for Alphabet's Internet properties and interests. Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google on October 24, 2015, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet. On December 3, 2019, Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.[14]

The company has since rapidly grown to offer a multitude of products and services beyond Google Search, many of which hold dominant market positions. These products address a wide range of use cases, including email (Gmail), navigation (Waze & Maps), cloud computing (Cloud), web browsing (Chrome), video sharing (YouTube), productivity (Workspace), operating systems (Android), cloud storage (Drive), language translation (Translate), photo storage (Photos), video calling (Meet), smart home (Nest), smartphones (Pixel), wearable technology (Pixel Watch & Fitbit), music streaming (YouTube Music), video on demand (YouTube TV), artificial intelligence (Google Assistant), machine learning APIs (TensorFlow), AI chips (TPU), and more. Discontinued Google products include gaming (Stadia), Glass,[citation needed] Google+, Reader, Play Music, Nexus, Hangouts, and Inbox by Gmail.[15][16]

Google's other ventures outside of Internet services and consumer electronics include quantum computing (Sycamore), self-driving cars (Waymo, formerly the Google Self-Driving Car Project), smart cities (Sidewalk Labs), and transformer models (Google Brain).[17]

Google and YouTube are the two most visited websites worldwide followed by Facebook and Twitter. Google is also the largest search engine, mapping and navigation application, email provider, office suite, video sharing platform, photo and cloud storage provider, mobile operating system, web browser, ML framework, and AI virtual assistant provider in the world as measured by market share. On the list of most valuable brands, Google is ranked second by Forbes[18] and fourth by Interbrand.[19] It has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns, tax avoidance, censorship, search neutrality, antitrust and abuse of its monopoly position.

In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California,[52] which is home to several prominent Silicon Valley technology start-ups.[53] The next year, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine.[54][22] To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were solely text-based.[55] In June 2000, it was announced that Google would become the default search engine provider for Yahoo!, one of the most popular websites at the time, replacing Inktomi.

 

In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from Silicon Graphics, at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, California.[59] The complex became known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol zeroes. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[60] By that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "google" to be added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as: "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet".[61][62] The first use of the verb on television appeared in an October 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.[63]

Additionally, in 2001 Google's investors felt the need to have a strong internal management, and they agreed to hire Eric Schmidt as the chairman and CEO of Google.[49] Eric was proposed by John Doerr from Kleiner Perkins. He had been trying to find a CEO that Sergey and Larry would accept for several months, but they rejected several candidates because they wanted to retain control over the company. Michael Moritz from Sequoia Capital at one point even menaced requesting Google to immediately pay back Sequoia's $12.5m investment if they did not fulfill their promise to hire a chief executive office, which had been made verbally during investment negotiations. Eric

Sprocket hits a snag putting up his holiday lights (this is what happens to me ^^;) My entry for the Fairyland Puki Puki holiday photo contest on Den of Angels. I got an honorable mention! :)

Note these names also appear on a memorial plaque in the church.

 

Leslie T Bond

 

Name: BOND, LESLIE THOMAS

Rank: Stoker 2nd Class Regiment/Service: Royal Navy Unit Text: H.M.S. "Pembroke" Age: 21 Date of Death: 26/05/1916 Service No: K/32727

Additional information: Son of Mrs. Harriet Mary Ann Nobbs, of High St., Ludham, Great Yarmouth.

Grave/Memorial Reference: Near North wall of church. Cemetery: LUDHAM (ST. CATHERINE) CHURCHYARD

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2803426

 

See shot of headstone from the churchyard. Next to it is a headstone for Harriet Mary Ann Bond, died September 17th 1931.

Described as widow of Thomas and mother of Sidney, Leslie and Thirza.

 

Pembroke, RN Barracks/Base, Chatham

BOND, Leslie T, Stoker 2c, K 32727, illness

www.naval-history.net/xDKCas1916-05May.htm

 

No match on Norlink

 

The 6 year old Leslie is recorded on the 1901 census at the Cottage, Yarmouth Road, Ludham.This is the household of his widowed mother Harriett, aged 43 and a Shopkeeper from Ludham. Her other children are Sidney, (aged 12, born Ludham), and Thirza, (a daughter aged 9 from Ludham). On the 1911 census Leslie is recorded in the District of Smallburgh, which covers the village of Ludham.

 

Neither Harriet or Samuel appear to be on the 1891 census for England and Wales.

 

Victor A Brooks

 

Name: BROOKS, VICTOR ALEXANDER

Rank: Private Regiment: Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry Unit Text: 1st/4th Bn.

Age: 19 Date of Death: 04/05/1917 Service No: 35806

Additional information: Son of Harold Dennis and Sarah Elizabeth Brooks, of The Shrublands, Ludham, Great Yarmouth.

Memorial: SAVONA MEMORIAL

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=641350

 

From the Summer of 1917 until late 1918, the Mediterranean lines of communication for the British Salonika Force ran the length of Italy from Taranto in the south-east, to Turin in the north-west. On 4 May 1917, the Hired Transport "Transylvania", proceeding to Salonika with reinforcements, was sunk by torpedo off Cape Vado, a few kilometres south of Savona, with the loss of more than 400 lives. The bodies recovered at Savona were buried two days later, from the Hospital of San Paulo, in a special plot in the town cemetery. Others are buried elsewhere in Italy, France, Monaco and Spain. SAVONA TOWN CEMETERY contains 85 Commonwealth burials of the First World War, all but two of them casualties of the "Transylvania". Within the cemetery is the SAVONA MEMORIAL, which commemorates a further 275 casualties who died when the "Transylvania" went down, but whose graves are not known.

www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_details.aspx?cemetery=70402&...

 

No match on Norlink

 

The 3 year old Victor is recorded on the 1901 census at a “Cottage”, High Street, Ludham. This is the household of his parents, Harold, (aged 29 and a Shoemaker from Catfield), and Sarah, (aged 26 and from Ludham). Their other children are Evelyn, (aged 2, born Ludham), and Elsie, (aged 11 months and from Ludham), Victor is still recorded in the District of Smallburgh on the 1911 Census.

 

Loss of the Transylvania

www.freewebs.com/eltoro1960/hmttransylvania.htm

s888.photobucket.com/albums/ac88/tomburnell/?action=view&...

1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=151367

1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=51175

 

Herbert W Clarke

 

Updated to reflect information received, (with thanks to fulvue)

 

Name: CLARKE Initials: H W

Rank: Corporal

Regiment: The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment) Unit Text: 8th Bn.

Date of Death: 02/12/1917 Service No: 15288

Grave/Memorial Reference: I. D. 14. Cemetery: JEANCOURT COMMUNAL CEMETERY EXTENSION

CWGC : www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=236575

 

The Great War Roll of Honour confirms that the CWGC man is a Herbert W.

 

Battalion War diary for the 2nd.

 

Location: LEMPIRE.

Enemy activity continued but no further attacks followed. Many gas shells were again fired at intervals into RO??SOY and LEMPIRE. The Battn was relieved by 1/8th Bn Irish, (Kings Liverpool Rifles), relief being completed by 11.45 pm.. On relief the Battn moved back to (“Divisional Reserve”) in VENDELLES. Casualties during tour :-

4 O.R’s killed, 1 O.R’s wounded.

qrrarchive.websds.net/PDF/QW00819171201.pdf

 

No match on Norlink

 

The 5 year old Herbert is recorded on the 1901 census at Norwich Road, Ludham. This is the household of his parents, Winter, (aged 54 and an ordinary Farm Labourer from Hevingham), and Elizabeth, (aged 49 and from Somerton). Their other children are:-

Charles………………..aged 18.…….Born Horning……………House Painter

They also have a boarder, Mary A Dover, a 69 year old widow living on her own means.

Herbert is still recorded in the Smallburgh district on the 1911 census.

 

Albert L England

 

Name: ENGLAND, ALBERT LESLIE

Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Essex Regiment Unit Text: 10th Bn.

Age: 26 Date of Death: 04/11/1917 Service No: 33128

Additional information: Husband of Fanny M. L. England, of Ludham, Gt. Yarmouth, Norfolk.

Grave/Memorial Reference: XXX. J. 17A. Cemetery: ETAPLES MILITARY CEMETERY

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=500919

 

There is a picture of “Signaller “ England of the 10th Essex on Norlink

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Accompanying notes read,

Signaller England was born at Ludham, 4 June 1892, the son of Kirby and Emma England. He enlisted 8 April 1916 and killed 4 November 1917

 

The 8 year old Albert is recorded at a Dwelling House on the High Street, which on the census sheet is shown as next door to The Stables on Butchers Street. This is the household of his parents, Kirby E. (aged 47, a butcher and farmer from Ludham), and Emma, (aged 48 and from Horning. Their other children are:-

Alethea………………..aged 26.……..born Ludham

Alice…………………..aged 21.……..born Ludham

Kirby………………….aged 19.……..born Ludham…….Carpenter

 

They also have a visitor staying with them, a John Lynes, a 23 year old boat builder from Norwich., By the time of the 1911 census Albert is recorded in the Norwich District, although Kirby and Emma still are in the Smallburgh District.

 

During the First World War, the area around Etaples was the scene of immense concentrations of Commonwealth reinforcement camps and hospitals. It was remote from attack, except from aircraft, and accessible by railway from both the northern or the southern battlefields. In 1917, 100,000 troops were camped among the sand dunes and the hospitals, which included eleven general, one stationary, four Red Cross hospitals and a convalescent depot, could deal with 22,000 wounded or sick.

www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_details.aspx?cemetery=56500&...

 

Ernest Gedge

 

Genes Reunited Roll of Honour has only one Ernest Gedge, a Gunner with the Royal Garrison Artillery who died in 1917

 

Name: GEDGE Initials: E

Rank: Gunner Regiment/Service: Royal Garrison Artillery Unit Text: 11th Siege Bty. Date of Death: 30/10/1917 Service No: 154061

Grave/Memorial Reference: II. B. 10. Cemetery: MINTY FARM CEMETERY

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=447319

 

No match on Norlink

 

The 3 yeat Ernest is recorded on the 1901 census at Manship Farm, Ludham. This is the household of his parents, Robert, (aged 49 and a Horseman on Farm, from Ludham), and Ann, aged 37 and from Potter Heigham. Their other children are:-

Alfred G……………..aged 1.…………….born Ludham

Arthur………………..aged 24.……………born Ludham…………Yardman on Farm

Blanche………………aged 4.……………born Ludham

On the 1901 census, Ernest is still recorded in the District of Smallburgh.

 

Minty Farm (the name was probably adopted during its occupation by a Wiltshire unit) was at one time used as a German blockhouse and in 1917, as a company headquarters for Commonwealth forces. The cemetery was begun in October 1917 and used until April 1918 by units fighting on that front. More than a third of the graves are of officers and men of the Royal Artillery.

www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_details.aspx?cemetery=51502&...

 

William T Grapes

 

Name: GRAPES, WILLIAM THOMAS

Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 9th Bn.

Age: 36 Date of Death: 26/09/1915 Service No: 15384

Additional information: Son of William and Lucretia Grapes, of Ludham, Great Yarmouth.

Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 30 and 31. Memorial: LOOS MEMORIAL

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1764085

 

No match on Norlink

 

The 23 year William, (born Potter Heigham and a Farm Labourer), is recorded on the 1901 census at a Cottage on Yarmouth Road, Ludha,. This is the household of William Grapes, (aged 56 and a Thatcher from Ludham), and Lucretia , (aged 53 and from Potter Heigham). Their other children are:-

Ada…………………aged 17.……………born Ludham

Bessie………………aged 21.……………born Catfield

Edith………………..aged 13.…………….born Ludham

Isabella……………..aged 19.…………….born Ludham

Laura……………….aged 15.…………….born Ludham

On the 1911 census, William is still recorded in the District of Smallburgh.

 

The 9th (Service) Battalion was formed at Norwich in September 1914 as part of K3, Kitcheners Third Army. In September 1914 it was attached to the 71st Brigade, 24th Division. The Battalion was assembled around Shoreham during September 1914 and it then spent 11 months in training after formation. Uniforms, equipment and blankets were slow in arriving and they initially wore emergency blue uniforms and carried dummy weapons. The battalion crossed to France between 28th August and 4th September 1915 where they joined X1 Corps and were sent up the line for the developing Battle of Loos. They disembarked at Boulogne almost 1000 strong, but 8 days later were reduced to 16 officers and 555 other ranks. The battalion lost a total of 1,019 men killed during the First World War. It marched from Montcarrel on the 21st September reaching Bethune on the 25th, before moving up to Lonely Tree Hill south of the La Basée Canal. They formed up for an attack in support of 11th Essex but were not engaged. At 03:30 on 26th September orders were received to assist 2nd Brigade on an attack on quarries west of Hulluch. At 05:30 the Battalion were in what had, the day before, been the German front trenches. The attack was launched at 06:45 under heavy fire, especially from snipers, after a full night of marching on empty stomachs and little or no progress was made before the Norfolks sought cover in the trenches. At 16:00 2nd Battalion of the Worcestershire Regiment passed through to attack. At 19:00 the Germans opened fire and the Norfolks were forced to fall back to trenches in the rear to take cover before being relieved by the Grenadier Guards whereupon they returned to Lonely Tree Hill. They had lost 5 officers killed and 9 wounded, with 39 other ranks killed, 122 wounded and 34 missing, a total of 209 casualties sustained in their first action

forum.planetalk.net/viewtopic.php?t=4844&sid=b3e7614b...

 

William H Lemon

 

Name: LEMON, WILLIAM HERBERT

Rank: Corporal Regiment/Service: Border Regiment Unit Text: 7th Bn.

Age: 23 Date of Death: 03/07/1916 Service No: 23141

Additional information: Son of Ellen Lemon, of Ludham, Norfolk, and the late Herbert D. Lemon; husband of Kathleen R. Wright (formerly Lemon), of 19, Second Avenue, West Thurrock, Grays, Essex.

Grave/Memorial Reference: Pier and Face 6 A and 7 C. Memorial: THIEPVAL MEMORIAL

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=800224

 

There is a picture of William on Norlink

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

 

The picture title tells us he transferred from the 7th Norfolks,(in fact the cap badge in the picture looks like Britannia, so predates his transfer.) The accompanying notes read

 

Corporal Lemon was born at Ludham on 17th September 1892, and educated at Ludham School. He enlisted on 29th March 1915, and was killed in action in France on 3rd July 1916

 

The 8 year old William, (born Ludham), is recorded on the 1901 census at a Cottage, Fritton South, Ludham. This is the household of his parents, Herbert, (aged 30 and a Cattleman on Farm from Horning), and Ellen M., (aged 28 and from Waxham). They also have daughters, Gertrude, aged 7, and Gladys, aged 2, both from Horning.

 

They had taken part in the first phase of the Battle of the Somme as part of the 51st Brigade, 17th(Northern) Division,in XV Corps under General Horne, in the Fricourt- Becourt sector. On July 1st, they were in support, but on July 3rd they attacked and took Bottom Wood opposite Fricourt and were relieved overnight to Fricourt Wood.

 

Fricourt

 

North East of Fricourt, attacks were made on Bottom Wood and Shelter Wood, the 17th Div capturing the former and 21st Div the latter. Counterattacks from Contalmaison were repulsed at 2pm.

forum.irishmilitaryonline.com/showthread.php?t=9058

 

John Mattocks

 

The only John Mattocks listed on the Genes Re-united Roll of Honour was a Lance Corporal in the Norfolk Regiment who died in 1917

 

Name: MATTOCKS Initials: J

Rank: Lance Corporal

Regiment: Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 12th (Norfolk Yeomanry) Bn.

Date of Death: 08/12/1917 Service No: 320237

Grave/Memorial Reference: Y. 27. Cemetery: JERUSALEM WAR CEMETERY, Israel

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=647599

 

No match on Norlink

There are no Mattocks at all associated with Ludham on the 1901 Census, but on the 1911 census there are 10. While I don’t have access to the details I suspect that they are a married couple William and Sarah, both originally from Cumberland. There are two Mattocks, Elizabeth (circa 1896) and George (circa 1898), whose place of birth is given as Bolton. Then there are two Mattocks, William, (circa 1900) and Robert Mordaunt, (circa 1902) whose place of birth is given as Burlingham, Norfolk., Finally, starting with an Edward Gilbert, (circa 1904), there are four children whose place of birth is shown as Ludham.

 

Some of this is confirmed by the 1901 Census, where William and Sarah Jane are shown as a married couple , living on the Green at Burlingham St.Andrew, Norfolk, with their children Elizabeth, George and William. William seniors occupation is given as Farmer‘s son. A further search shows William‘s father, Robert Mattocks, aged 60 and a Widower, (originally from Aspatria, Cumberland), as the farmer at Green Farm, Burlingham, St.Andrew.

 

And this finally leads us to John. The 12 year old John, born Anhurst, Cumberland, is recorded at The Dairy, on the Green, Burlingham St.Andrew. This is the household of his father, John, presumably another one of Robert Mattocks sons,as his occupation like William is shown as Farmer’s son., John senior is aged 33, and originally from Bridekirk, Cumberland. He is married to Maggie, aged 33 and from Rockcliffe, Cumberland. Their other children are:-

Alic………………aged 10.…………..born Anhurst, Cumberland

Edith……………..aged 14.…………..born Anhurst, Cumberland

Lily………………aged 8.……………born Anhurst, Cumberland

Madge……………aged 8.……………born Anhurst, Cumberland

Maggie…………..aged 7.…………….born Anhurst, Cumberland

Robert……………aged 4.……………born Bolton, Cumberland

Thomas………….aged 1.…………….born Burlingham St Peter, Norfolk.

 

Given those places of birth, I’m intrigued. Cumberland hill farming for much of this century has tended to be seen as the poorer relation to the rich farmland of East Anglia, so how were the Mattocks in a position to sell up and be in a position to farm in Norfolk, and presumably a farm big enough to support so many mouths - there are 19 Mattocks associated with Burlingham on the 1901 census.

 

On the 1911 census, John junior is still recorded in the district of Blofield, which covers Burlingham St.Andrew.

 

A number of the Mattocks listed above are buried in the Ludham graveyard.

www.ludhamarchive.org.uk/graves.htm

 

Even more intrigue - on a geneology web-site

I have been researching the Mattocks family for my neighbour whose Grandfather was the John Mattocks who married Margaret Tweddle. He tells me that the family hired a train when they moved to Norfolk and brought everything down with them including their animals! It must have been quite a journey.

 

The same source also believes that Robert Mattocks moved from being the farmer at Green Farm, Burlingham to The Laurels, Ludham, circa 1904.

www.rootschat.com/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=e4f975mhqo6st...

 

The 12th Norfolks were involved in the Battle that would see the Capture of Jerusalem on the 8th/9th December 1917

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)

www.firstworldwar.com/battles/jerusalem.htm

 

General Allenbys dispatch, describing the action on that day

The troops moved into positions of assembly by night, and, assaulting at dawn on the 8th, soon carried their first objectives. They then pressed steadily forward. T he mere physical difficulty of climbing the steep and rocky hillsides and crossing the deep valleys would have sufficed to render progress slow, and the opposition encountered was considerable.

Artillery support was soon difficult, owing to the length of the advance and the difficulty of moving guns forward. But by about noon London troops had already advanced over two miles, and were swinging northeast to gain the Nablus-Jerusalem road, while the yeomanry had captured the Beit Iksa spur, and were preparing for a further advance.

As the right column had been delayed and was still some distance south of Jerusalem, it was necessary for the London troops to throw back their right and form a defensive flank facing east toward Jerusalem, from the western outskirts of which considerable rifle and artillery fire was being experienced.

This delayed the advance, and early in the afternoon it was decided to consolidate the line gained and resume the advance next day, when the right column would be in a position to exert its pressure.

By nightfall our line ran from Neby Samwil to the east of Beit Iksa, through Lifta to point about one and a half miles west of Jerusalem, whence it was thrown back facing east. All the enemy's prepared defences west and northwest of Jerusalem had been captured, and our troops were within a short distance of the Nablus-Jerusalem road.

The London troops and yeomanry had displayed great endurance in difficult conditions. The London troops especially, after a night march in heavy rain to reach their positions of deployment, had made an advance of three to four miles in difficult hills in the face of stubborn opposition.

During the day about 300 prisoners were taken and many Turks killed. Our own casualties were light.

(The Yeomanry troops he referred to was the 74th (Yeomanry Division, which included 12th Norfolks)

www.firstworldwar.com/source/jerusalem_allenby1.htm

 

Alfred C Moy

 

Probably

Name: MOY, ALFRED CHARLES

Rank: Stoker 1st Class Regiment/Service: Royal Navy Unit Text: H.M.S. "Adamant." Age: 22 Date of Death: 05/06/1918 Service No: SS/117522

Grave/Memorial Reference: In front of central Chapel. Cemetery: FIORENZUOLA D'ARDA COMMUNAL CEMETERY

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=642119

 

Adamant, submarine depot ship

MOY, Alfred C, Stoker 1c, SS 117522, drowned

www.naval-history.net/xDKCas1918-06Jun.htm

 

No match on Norlink

 

The 4 year old Alfred, Born Ludham, is recorded on the 1901 census at Johnson Street, Ludham. This is the household of his grand-parents, Henry, (aged 49 and a Marshman from Ludham), and Eliza, (aged 49 and from Ludham). The rest of the household is made up by their children:-

Blanche…..aged 16.….Single…born Ludham….Domestic Servant

Cubitt…….aged 18.….Single…born Ludham….Ordinary Agricultural Labourer

William…..aged 20.….Single…born Ludham….Agricultural Labourer Teamster

 

So no clue as to Alfred’s parents there.

 

A picture of the Adamant can be seen here

www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/depot_ships.htm

As a side note it looks like the ship saw service through-out WW1 in the Mediterranean theatre. This note from 1918 from a submariner captured by the Turks in the Dardenelles in early 1918 indicates the Adamant was his depot ship.

 

www.submariners.co.uk/Dits/Articles/E14_report.php

 

Percy J Phillippo

 

Name: PHILLIPPO, PERCY JAMES

Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Essex Regiment Unit Text: "A" Coy. 10th Bn.

Age: 25 Date of Death: 12/08/1917 Service No: 33129

Additional information: Son of James and Emma Phillippo, of High St., Ludham; husband of Annie E. Phillippo, of School Rd., Ludham, Great Yarmouth.

Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 39. Memorial: YPRES (MENIN GATE) MEMORIAL

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1624097

 

There is a picture of Percy on Norlink,

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

 

The accompanying notes

Signaller Phillippo was born at Stoke Holy Cross on 27th October 1891, the son of James and Emma Phillippo of Ludham. He enlisted on 8th April 1916 in the 10th Bedford Regiment, but later transferred to the 10th Essex Regiment. He was killed on 12th August 1917

 

The Genes Re-united transcription of the 1911 Census for England & Wales has a Percy James “Phillipps”, born Stoke Holy Cross circa 1892 and resident in the Smallburgh District. There is no “Phillippo”, “Philippo”, “Phillipo” or “Phillip” that matches for either the 1901 or 1911 census that matches any of the details known for “Percy”, “James” or his parents.

 

The 12th was a quite day in the Battle of Passchendaele, after the initial flurry during the first week after the initial attack by the Allies on the 31st July. On the previous day the 18th Division, of which 10th Essex were part, had seen action in a small scale operation when the Germans attacked whilst the 8th Norfolks were relieving the 7th Bedfords in the front line. The Norfolks counter-attacked and regained the ground lost, (which in turn had only been taken by the 7th Bedfords in their action on the 10th .

forum.irishmilitaryonline.com/showthread.php?t=11535

 

Arthur Webster

 

No obvious match on the CWGC database.

 

No match on Norlink

There is no obvious match for Arthur Webster on the 1901 census with any connection to the Ludham part of Norfolk, and no Websters recorded living in Ludham. However, the 1911 census does have a Mary Ann Webster, born circa 1881 Ludham , and still resident in the Smallburgh. I can only assume this is her married name, as she doesn’t appear on the 1901 census

HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY to everyone who celebrates this special day today!

 

What a mess Flickr was last night! I had difficulty adding titles to my uploaded images, comments didn't save and, after I had added a description to each of the 20 photos, the descriptions all disappeared. When I opened Flickr this morning, there was still no sign of them. Then, suddenly, they re-appeared.

 

My photos taken at the National Butterfly Centre, Mission, South Texas, have now come to an end, so you can sigh a huge sigh of relief : ) After that, I have just a few photos taken at another place that we called in at later in the afternoon. Unfortunately, we only had an hour there before closing time, but how glad we were that we found this place. The highlight there was watching 25 Yellow-crowned Night-Herons coming in to roost for the night in the trees, right where we were standing! What a great sight this was, and we were lucky enough to have a good, close view of these gorgeous birds. We also saw some Purple Martins and their circular, hanging nest "gourds".

 

On Day 6 of our birding holiday in South Texas, 24 March 2019, we left our hotel in Kingsville, South Texas, and started our drive to Mission, where we would be staying at La Quinta Inn & Suites for three nights. On the first stretch of our drive, we were lucky enough to see several bird species, including a Golden-fronted Woodpecker, Hooded Oriole, Red-tailed Hawk, Crested Caracara, Harris's Hawk, Pyrrhuloxia male (looks similar to a Cardinal) and a spectacular Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. I'm not sure if this stretch is called Hawk Alley.

 

We had a long drive further south towards Mission, with only a couple of drive-by photos taken en route (of a strangely shaped building that turned out to be a deserted seed storage building). Eventually, we reached our next planned stop, the National Butterfly Centre. This was a great place, my favourite part of it being the bird feeding station, where we saw all sorts of species and reasonably close. Despite the name of the place, we only saw a few butterflies while we were there. May have been the weather or, more likely, the fact that I was having so much fun at the bird feeding station. We also got to see Spike, a giant African Spurred Tortoise. All the nature/wildlife parks that we visited in South Texas had beautiful visitor centres and usually bird feeding stations. And there are so many of these parks - so impressive!

 

nationalbutterflycenter.org/nbc-multi-media/in-the-news/1...

 

"Ten years ago, the North American Butterfly Association broke ground for what has now become the largest native plant botanical garden in the United States. This 100-acre preserve is home to Spike (who thinks he is a butterfly) and the greatest volume and variety of wild, free-flying butterflies in the nation. In fact, USA Today calls the National Butterfly Center, in Mission, Texas, 'the butterfly capitol of the USA'." From the Butterfly Centre's website.

 

The Centre is facing huge challenges, as a result of the "Border Wall". The following information is from the Centre's website.

 

www.nationalbutterflycenter.org/about-nbc/maps-directions...

 

"No permission was requested to enter the property or begin cutting down trees. The center was not notified of any roadwork, nor given the opportunity to review, negotiate or deny the workplan. Same goes for the core sampling of soils on the property, and the surveying and staking of a “clear zone” that will bulldoze 200,000 square feet of habitat for protected species like the Texas Tortoise and Texas Indigo, not to mention about 400 species of birds. The federal government had decided it will do as it pleases with our property, swiftly and secretly, in spite of our property rights and right to due process under the law."

 

"What the Border Wall will do here:

1) Eradicate an enormous amount of native habitat, including host plants for butterflies, breeding and feeding areas for wildlife, and lands set aside for conservation of endangered and threatened species-- including avian species that migrate N/S through this area or over-winter, here, in the tip of the Central US Flyway.

 

2) Create devastating flooding to all property up to 2 miles behind the wall, on the banks of the mighty Rio Grande River, here.

 

3) Reduce viable range land for wildlife foraging and mating. This will result in greater competition for resources and a smaller gene pool for healthy species reproduction. Genetic "bottlenecks" can exacerbate blight and disease.

 

IN ADDITION:

 

4) Not all birds can fly over the wall, nor will all butterfly species. For example, the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl, found on the southern border from Texas to Arizona, only flies about 6 ft in the air. It cannot overcome a 30 ft vertical wall of concrete and steel.

 

5) Nocturnal and crepuscular wildlife, which rely on sunset and sunrise cues to regulate vital activity, will be negatively affected by night time flood lighting of the "control zone" the DHS CBP will establish along the wall and new secondary drag roads. The expansion of these areas to vehicular traffic will increase wildlife roadkill.

 

6) Animals trapped north of the wall will face similar competition for resources, cut off from native habitat in the conservation corridor and from water in the Rio Grande River and adjacent resacas. HUMANS, here, will also be cut off from our only source of fresh water, in this irrigated desert.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease has since spread worldwide, leading to an ongoing pandemic.

 

Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, but often include fever, cough, fatigue, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste. Symptoms begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. Of those people who develop noticeable symptoms, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14% develop severe symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging), and 5% suffer critical symptoms (respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction). Older people are more likely to have severe symptoms. At least a third of the people who are infected with the virus remain asymptomatic and do not develop noticeable symptoms at any point in time, but they still can spread the disease.[ Around 20% of those people will remain asymptomatic throughout infection, and the rest will develop symptoms later on, becoming pre-symptomatic rather than asymptomatic and therefore having a higher risk of transmitting the virus to others. Some people continue to experience a range of effects—known as long COVID—for months after recovery, and damage to organs has been observed. Multi-year studies are underway to further investigate the long-term effects of the disease.

 

The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly when an infected person is in close contact[a] with another person. Small droplets and aerosols containing the virus can spread from an infected person's nose and mouth as they breathe, cough, sneeze, sing, or speak. Other people are infected if the virus gets into their mouth, nose or eyes. The virus may also spread via contaminated surfaces, although this is not thought to be the main route of transmission. The exact route of transmission is rarely proven conclusively, but infection mainly happens when people are near each other for long enough. People who are infected can transmit the virus to another person up to two days before they themselves show symptoms, as can people who do not experience symptoms. People remain infectious for up to ten days after the onset of symptoms in moderate cases and up to 20 days in severe cases. Several testing methods have been developed to diagnose the disease. The standard diagnostic method is by detection of the virus' nucleic acid by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), or by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) from a nasopharyngeal swab.

 

Preventive measures include physical or social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoor spaces, covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. The use of face masks or coverings has been recommended in public settings to minimise the risk of transmissions. Several vaccines have been developed and several countries have initiated mass vaccination campaigns.

 

Although work is underway to develop drugs that inhibit the virus, the primary treatment is currently symptomatic. Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.

 

SIGNS AND SYSTOMS

Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness. Common symptoms include headache, loss of smell and taste, nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, cough, muscle pain, sore throat, fever, diarrhea, and breathing difficulties. People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, sputum, shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, loss of taste combined with loss of smell is associated with COVID-19.

 

Most people (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14% develop severe symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging) and 5% of patients suffer critical symptoms (respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction). At least a third of the people who are infected with the virus do not develop noticeable symptoms at any point in time. These asymptomatic carriers tend not to get tested and can spread the disease. Other infected people will develop symptoms later, called "pre-symptomatic", or have very mild symptoms and can also spread the virus.

 

As is common with infections, there is a delay between the moment a person first becomes infected and the appearance of the first symptoms. The median delay for COVID-19 is four to five days. Most symptomatic people experience symptoms within two to seven days after exposure, and almost all will experience at least one symptom within 12 days.

Most people recover from the acute phase of the disease. However, some people continue to experience a range of effects for months after recovery—named long COVID—and damage to organs has been observed. Multi-year studies are underway to further investigate the long-term effects of the disease.

 

CAUSE

TRANSMISSION

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads from person to person mainly through the respiratory route after an infected person coughs, sneezes, sings, talks or breathes. A new infection occurs when virus-containing particles exhaled by an infected person, either respiratory droplets or aerosols, get into the mouth, nose, or eyes of other people who are in close contact with the infected person. During human-to-human transmission, an average 1000 infectious SARS-CoV-2 virions are thought to initiate a new infection.

 

The closer people interact, and the longer they interact, the more likely they are to transmit COVID-19. Closer distances can involve larger droplets (which fall to the ground) and aerosols, whereas longer distances only involve aerosols. Larger droplets can also turn into aerosols (known as droplet nuclei) through evaporation. The relative importance of the larger droplets and the aerosols is not clear as of November 2020; however, the virus is not known to spread between rooms over long distances such as through air ducts. Airborne transmission is able to particularly occur indoors, in high risk locations such as restaurants, choirs, gyms, nightclubs, offices, and religious venues, often when they are crowded or less ventilated. It also occurs in healthcare settings, often when aerosol-generating medical procedures are performed on COVID-19 patients.

 

Although it is considered possible there is no direct evidence of the virus being transmitted by skin to skin contact. A person could get COVID-19 indirectly by touching a contaminated surface or object before touching their own mouth, nose, or eyes, though this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads. The virus is not known to spread through feces, urine, breast milk, food, wastewater, drinking water, or via animal disease vectors (although some animals can contract the virus from humans). It very rarely transmits from mother to baby during pregnancy.

 

Social distancing and the wearing of cloth face masks, surgical masks, respirators, or other face coverings are controls for droplet transmission. Transmission may be decreased indoors with well maintained heating and ventilation systems to maintain good air circulation and increase the use of outdoor air.

 

The number of people generally infected by one infected person varies. Coronavirus disease 2019 is more infectious than influenza, but less so than measles. It often spreads in clusters, where infections can be traced back to an index case or geographical location. There is a major role of "super-spreading events", where many people are infected by one person.

 

A person who is infected can transmit the virus to others up to two days before they themselves show symptoms, and even if symptoms never appear. People remain infectious in moderate cases for 7–12 days, and up to two weeks in severe cases. In October 2020, medical scientists reported evidence of reinfection in one person.

 

VIROLOGY

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. It was first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan. All structural features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus particle occur in related coronaviruses in nature.

 

Outside the human body, the virus is destroyed by household soap, which bursts its protective bubble.

 

SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV. It is thought to have an animal (zoonotic) origin. Genetic analysis has revealed that the coronavirus genetically clusters with the genus Betacoronavirus, in subgenus Sarbecovirus (lineage B) together with two bat-derived strains. It is 96% identical at the whole genome level to other bat coronavirus samples (BatCov RaTG13). The structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 include membrane glycoprotein (M), envelope protein (E), nucleocapsid protein (N), and the spike protein (S). The M protein of SARS-CoV-2 is about 98% similar to the M protein of bat SARS-CoV, maintains around 98% homology with pangolin SARS-CoV, and has 90% homology with the M protein of SARS-CoV; whereas, the similarity is only around 38% with the M protein of MERS-CoV. The structure of the M protein resembles the sugar transporter SemiSWEET.

 

The many thousands of SARS-CoV-2 variants are grouped into clades. Several different clade nomenclatures have been proposed. Nextstrain divides the variants into five clades (19A, 19B, 20A, 20B, and 20C), while GISAID divides them into seven (L, O, V, S, G, GH, and GR).

 

Several notable variants of SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2020. Cluster 5 emerged among minks and mink farmers in Denmark. After strict quarantines and a mink euthanasia campaign, it is believed to have been eradicated. The Variant of Concern 202012/01 (VOC 202012/01) is believed to have emerged in the United Kingdom in September. The 501Y.V2 Variant, which has the same N501Y mutation, arose independently in South Africa.

 

SARS-CoV-2 VARIANTS

Three known variants of SARS-CoV-2 are currently spreading among global populations as of January 2021 including the UK Variant (referred to as B.1.1.7) first found in London and Kent, a variant discovered in South Africa (referred to as 1.351), and a variant discovered in Brazil (referred to as P.1).

 

Using Whole Genome Sequencing, epidemiology and modelling suggest the new UK variant ‘VUI – 202012/01’ (the first Variant Under Investigation in December 2020) transmits more easily than other strains.

 

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

COVID-19 can affect the upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) and the lower respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs). The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID-19 because the virus accesses host cells via the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant in type II alveolar cells of the lungs. The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" (peplomer) to connect to ACE2 and enter the host cell. The density of ACE2 in each tissue correlates with the severity of the disease in that tissue and decreasing ACE2 activity might be protective, though another view is that increasing ACE2 using angiotensin II receptor blocker medications could be protective. As the alveolar disease progresses, respiratory failure might develop and death may follow.

 

Whether SARS-CoV-2 is able to invade the nervous system remains unknown. The virus is not detected in the CNS of the majority of COVID-19 people with neurological issues. However, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected at low levels in the brains of those who have died from COVID-19, but these results need to be confirmed. SARS-CoV-2 could cause respiratory failure through affecting the brain stem as other coronaviruses have been found to invade the CNS. While virus has been detected in cerebrospinal fluid of autopsies, the exact mechanism by which it invades the CNS remains unclear and may first involve invasion of peripheral nerves given the low levels of ACE2 in the brain. The virus may also enter the bloodstream from the lungs and cross the blood-brain barrier to gain access to the CNS, possibly within an infected white blood cell.

 

The virus also affects gastrointestinal organs as ACE2 is abundantly expressed in the glandular cells of gastric, duodenal and rectal epithelium as well as endothelial cells and enterocytes of the small intestine.

 

The virus can cause acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. An acute cardiac injury was found in 12% of infected people admitted to the hospital in Wuhan, China, and is more frequent in severe disease. Rates of cardiovascular symptoms are high, owing to the systemic inflammatory response and immune system disorders during disease progression, but acute myocardial injuries may also be related to ACE2 receptors in the heart. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the heart and are involved in heart function. A high incidence of thrombosis and venous thromboembolism have been found people transferred to Intensive care unit (ICU) with COVID-19 infections, and may be related to poor prognosis. Blood vessel dysfunction and clot formation (as suggested by high D-dimer levels caused by blood clots) are thought to play a significant role in mortality, incidences of clots leading to pulmonary embolisms, and ischaemic events within the brain have been noted as complications leading to death in people infected with SARS-CoV-2. Infection appears to set off a chain of vasoconstrictive responses within the body, constriction of blood vessels within the pulmonary circulation has also been posited as a mechanism in which oxygenation decreases alongside the presentation of viral pneumonia. Furthermore, microvascular blood vessel damage has been reported in a small number of tissue samples of the brains – without detected SARS-CoV-2 – and the olfactory bulbs from those who have died from COVID-19.

 

Another common cause of death is complications related to the kidneys. Early reports show that up to 30% of hospitalized patients both in China and in New York have experienced some injury to their kidneys, including some persons with no previous kidney problems.

 

Autopsies of people who died of COVID-19 have found diffuse alveolar damage, and lymphocyte-containing inflammatory infiltrates within the lung.

 

IMMUNOPATHOLOGY

Although SARS-CoV-2 has a tropism for ACE2-expressing epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, people with severe COVID-19 have symptoms of systemic hyperinflammation. Clinical laboratory findings of elevated IL-2, IL-7, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α (MIP-1α), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) indicative of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) suggest an underlying immunopathology.

 

Additionally, people with COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have classical serum biomarkers of CRS, including elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimer, and ferritin.

 

Systemic inflammation results in vasodilation, allowing inflammatory lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of the lung and the heart. In particular, pathogenic GM-CSF-secreting T-cells were shown to correlate with the recruitment of inflammatory IL-6-secreting monocytes and severe lung pathology in people with COVID-19 . Lymphocytic infiltrates have also been reported at autopsy.

 

VIRAL AND HOST FACTORS

VIRUS PROTEINS

Multiple viral and host factors affect the pathogenesis of the virus. The S-protein, otherwise known as the spike protein, is the viral component that attaches to the host receptor via the ACE2 receptors. It includes two subunits: S1 and S2. S1 determines the virus host range and cellular tropism via the receptor binding domain. S2 mediates the membrane fusion of the virus to its potential cell host via the H1 and HR2, which are heptad repeat regions. Studies have shown that S1 domain induced IgG and IgA antibody levels at a much higher capacity. It is the focus spike proteins expression that are involved in many effective COVID-19 vaccines.

 

The M protein is the viral protein responsible for the transmembrane transport of nutrients. It is the cause of the bud release and the formation of the viral envelope. The N and E protein are accessory proteins that interfere with the host's immune response.

 

HOST FACTORS

Human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is the host factor that SARS-COV2 virus targets causing COVID-19. Theoretically the usage of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and ACE inhibitors upregulating ACE2 expression might increase morbidity with COVID-19, though animal data suggest some potential protective effect of ARB. However no clinical studies have proven susceptibility or outcomes. Until further data is available, guidelines and recommendations for hypertensive patients remain.

 

The virus' effect on ACE2 cell surfaces leads to leukocytic infiltration, increased blood vessel permeability, alveolar wall permeability, as well as decreased secretion of lung surfactants. These effects cause the majority of the respiratory symptoms. However, the aggravation of local inflammation causes a cytokine storm eventually leading to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

 

HOST CYTOKINE RESPONSE

The severity of the inflammation can be attributed to the severity of what is known as the cytokine storm. Levels of interleukin 1B, interferon-gamma, interferon-inducible protein 10, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 were all associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Treatment has been proposed to combat the cytokine storm as it remains to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 disease.

 

A cytokine storm is due to an acute hyperinflammatory response that is responsible for clinical illness in an array of diseases but in COVID-19, it is related to worse prognosis and increased fatality. The storm causes the acute respiratory distress syndrome, blood clotting events such as strokes, myocardial infarction, encephalitis, acute kidney injury, and vasculitis. The production of IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and interferon-gamma, all crucial components of normal immune responses, inadvertently become the causes of a cytokine storm. The cells of the central nervous system, the microglia, neurons, and astrocytes, are also be involved in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines affecting the nervous system, and effects of cytokine storms toward the CNS are not uncommon.

 

DIAGNOSIS

COVID-19 can provisionally be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or other nucleic acid testing of infected secretions. Along with laboratory testing, chest CT scans may be helpful to diagnose COVID-19 in individuals with a high clinical suspicion of infection. Detection of a past infection is possible with serological tests, which detect antibodies produced by the body in response to the infection.

 

VIRAL TESTING

The standard methods of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 are nucleic acid tests, which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments. As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited." The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used. Results are generally available within hours. The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.

 

A number of laboratories and companies have developed serological tests, which detect antibodies produced by the body in response to infection. Several have been evaluated by Public Health England and approved for use in the UK.

 

The University of Oxford's CEBM has pointed to mounting evidence that "a good proportion of 'new' mild cases and people re-testing positives after quarantine or discharge from hospital are not infectious, but are simply clearing harmless virus particles which their immune system has efficiently dealt with" and have called for "an international effort to standardize and periodically calibrate testing" On 7 September, the UK government issued "guidance for procedures to be implemented in laboratories to provide assurance of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA results during periods of low prevalence, when there is a reduction in the predictive value of positive test results."

 

IMAGING

Chest CT scans may be helpful to diagnose COVID-19 in individuals with a high clinical suspicion of infection but are not recommended for routine screening. Bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacities with a peripheral, asymmetric, and posterior distribution are common in early infection. Subpleural dominance, crazy paving (lobular septal thickening with variable alveolar filling), and consolidation may appear as the disease progresses. Characteristic imaging features on chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) of people who are symptomatic include asymmetric peripheral ground-glass opacities without pleural effusions.

 

Many groups have created COVID-19 datasets that include imagery such as the Italian Radiological Society which has compiled an international online database of imaging findings for confirmed cases. Due to overlap with other infections such as adenovirus, imaging without confirmation by rRT-PCR is of limited specificity in identifying COVID-19. A large study in China compared chest CT results to PCR and demonstrated that though imaging is less specific for the infection, it is faster and more sensitive.

Coding

In late 2019, the WHO assigned emergency ICD-10 disease codes U07.1 for deaths from lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and U07.2 for deaths from clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed COVID-19 without lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.

 

PATHOLOGY

The main pathological findings at autopsy are:

 

Macroscopy: pericarditis, lung consolidation and pulmonary oedema

Lung findings:

minor serous exudation, minor fibrin exudation

pulmonary oedema, pneumocyte hyperplasia, large atypical pneumocytes, interstitial inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleated giant cell formation

diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with diffuse alveolar exudates. DAD is the cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severe hypoxemia.

organisation of exudates in alveolar cavities and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis

plasmocytosis in BAL

Blood: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); leukoerythroblastic reaction

Liver: microvesicular steatosis

 

PREVENTION

Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include staying at home, wearing a mask in public, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, ventilating indoor spaces, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least 20 seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.

 

Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by the CDC to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.

 

The first COVID-19 vaccine was granted regulatory approval on 2 December by the UK medicines regulator MHRA. It was evaluated for emergency use authorization (EUA) status by the US FDA, and in several other countries. Initially, the US National Institutes of Health guidelines do not recommend any medication for prevention of COVID-19, before or after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, outside the setting of a clinical trial. Without a vaccine, other prophylactic measures, or effective treatments, a key part of managing COVID-19 is trying to decrease and delay the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the curve". This is done by slowing the infection rate to decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed, allowing for better treatment of current cases, and delaying additional cases until effective treatments or a vaccine become available.

 

VACCINE

A COVID‑19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19). Prior to the COVID‑19 pandemic, there was an established body of knowledge about the structure and function of coronaviruses causing diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which enabled accelerated development of various vaccine technologies during early 2020. On 10 January 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequence data was shared through GISAID, and by 19 March, the global pharmaceutical industry announced a major commitment to address COVID-19.

 

In Phase III trials, several COVID‑19 vaccines have demonstrated efficacy as high as 95% in preventing symptomatic COVID‑19 infections. As of March 2021, 12 vaccines were authorized by at least one national regulatory authority for public use: two RNA vaccines (the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine and the Moderna vaccine), four conventional inactivated vaccines (BBIBP-CorV, CoronaVac, Covaxin, and CoviVac), four viral vector vaccines (Sputnik V, the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, Convidicea, and the Johnson & Johnson vaccine), and two protein subunit vaccines (EpiVacCorona and RBD-Dimer). In total, as of March 2021, 308 vaccine candidates were in various stages of development, with 73 in clinical research, including 24 in Phase I trials, 33 in Phase I–II trials, and 16 in Phase III development.

Many countries have implemented phased distribution plans that prioritize those at highest risk of complications, such as the elderly, and those at high risk of exposure and transmission, such as healthcare workers. As of 17 March 2021, 400.22 million doses of COVID‑19 vaccine have been administered worldwide based on official reports from national health agencies. AstraZeneca-Oxford anticipates producing 3 billion doses in 2021, Pfizer-BioNTech 1.3 billion doses, and Sputnik V, Sinopharm, Sinovac, and Johnson & Johnson 1 billion doses each. Moderna targets producing 600 million doses and Convidicea 500 million doses in 2021. By December 2020, more than 10 billion vaccine doses had been preordered by countries, with about half of the doses purchased by high-income countries comprising 14% of the world's population.

 

SOCIAL DISTANCING

Social distancing (also known as physical distancing) includes infection control actions intended to slow the spread of the disease by minimising close contact between individuals. Methods include quarantines; travel restrictions; and the closing of schools, workplaces, stadiums, theatres, or shopping centres. Individuals may apply social distancing methods by staying at home, limiting travel, avoiding crowded areas, using no-contact greetings, and physically distancing themselves from others. Many governments are now mandating or recommending social distancing in regions affected by the outbreak.

 

Outbreaks have occurred in prisons due to crowding and an inability to enforce adequate social distancing. In the United States, the prisoner population is aging and many of them are at high risk for poor outcomes from COVID-19 due to high rates of coexisting heart and lung disease, and poor access to high-quality healthcare.

 

SELF-ISOLATION

Self-isolation at home has been recommended for those diagnosed with COVID-19 and those who suspect they have been infected. Health agencies have issued detailed instructions for proper self-isolation. Many governments have mandated or recommended self-quarantine for entire populations. The strongest self-quarantine instructions have been issued to those in high-risk groups. Those who may have been exposed to someone with COVID-19 and those who have recently travelled to a country or region with the widespread transmission have been advised to self-quarantine for 14 days from the time of last possible exposure.

Face masks and respiratory hygiene

 

The WHO and the US CDC recommend individuals wear non-medical face coverings in public settings where there is an increased risk of transmission and where social distancing measures are difficult to maintain. This recommendation is meant to reduce the spread of the disease by asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals and is complementary to established preventive measures such as social distancing. Face coverings limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed when talking, breathing, and coughing. A face covering without vents or holes will also filter out particles containing the virus from inhaled and exhaled air, reducing the chances of infection. But, if the mask include an exhalation valve, a wearer that is infected (maybe without having noticed that, and asymptomatic) would transmit the virus outwards through it, despite any certification they can have. So the masks with exhalation valve are not for the infected wearers, and are not reliable to stop the pandemic in a large scale. Many countries and local jurisdictions encourage or mandate the use of face masks or cloth face coverings by members of the public to limit the spread of the virus.

 

Masks are also strongly recommended for those who may have been infected and those taking care of someone who may have the disease. When not wearing a mask, the CDC recommends covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and recommends using the inside of the elbow if no tissue is available. Proper hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is encouraged. Healthcare professionals interacting directly with people who have COVID-19 are advised to use respirators at least as protective as NIOSH-certified N95 or equivalent, in addition to other personal protective equipment.

 

HAND-WASHING AND HYGIENE

Thorough hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is required. The WHO also recommends that individuals wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty, before eating and after blowing one's nose. The CDC recommends using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol, but only when soap and water are not readily available. For areas where commercial hand sanitisers are not readily available, the WHO provides two formulations for local production. In these formulations, the antimicrobial activity arises from ethanol or isopropanol. Hydrogen peroxide is used to help eliminate bacterial spores in the alcohol; it is "not an active substance for hand antisepsis". Glycerol is added as a humectant.

 

SURFACE CLEANING

After being expelled from the body, coronaviruses can survive on surfaces for hours to days. If a person touches the dirty surface, they may deposit the virus at the eyes, nose, or mouth where it can enter the body cause infection. Current evidence indicates that contact with infected surfaces is not the main driver of Covid-19, leading to recommendations for optimised disinfection procedures to avoid issues such as the increase of antimicrobial resistance through the use of inappropriate cleaning products and processes. Deep cleaning and other surface sanitation has been criticized as hygiene theater, giving a false sense of security against something primarily spread through the air.

 

The amount of time that the virus can survive depends significantly on the type of surface, the temperature, and the humidity. Coronaviruses die very quickly when exposed to the UV light in sunlight. Like other enveloped viruses, SARS-CoV-2 survives longest when the temperature is at room temperature or lower, and when the relative humidity is low (<50%).

 

On many surfaces, including as glass, some types of plastic, stainless steel, and skin, the virus can remain infective for several days indoors at room temperature, or even about a week under ideal conditions. On some surfaces, including cotton fabric and copper, the virus usually dies after a few hours. As a general rule of thumb, the virus dies faster on porous surfaces than on non-porous surfaces.

However, this rule is not absolute, and of the many surfaces tested, two with the longest survival times are N95 respirator masks and surgical masks, both of which are considered porous surfaces.

 

Surfaces may be decontaminated with 62–71 percent ethanol, 50–100 percent isopropanol, 0.1 percent sodium hypochlorite, 0.5 percent hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2–7.5 percent povidone-iodine. Other solutions, such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate, are less effective. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation may also be used. The CDC recommends that if a COVID-19 case is suspected or confirmed at a facility such as an office or day care, all areas such as offices, bathrooms, common areas, shared electronic equipment like tablets, touch screens, keyboards, remote controls, and ATM machines used by the ill persons should be disinfected. A datasheet comprising the authorised substances to disinfection in the food industry (including suspension or surface tested, kind of surface, use dilution, disinfectant and inocuylum volumes) can be seen in the supplementary material of.

 

VENTILATION AND AIR FILTRATION

The WHO recommends ventilation and air filtration in public spaces to help clear out infectious aerosols.

 

HEALTHY DIET AND LIFESTYLE

The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health recommends a healthy diet, being physically active, managing psychological stress, and getting enough sleep.

 

While there is no evidence that vitamin D is an effective treatment for COVID-19, there is limited evidence that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms. This has led to recommendations for individuals with vitamin D deficiency to take vitamin D supplements as a way of mitigating the risk of COVID-19 and other health issues associated with a possible increase in deficiency due to social distancing.

 

TREATMENT

There is no specific, effective treatment or cure for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Thus, the cornerstone of management of COVID-19 is supportive care, which includes treatment to relieve symptoms, fluid therapy, oxygen support and prone positioning as needed, and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs.

 

Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as paracetamol or NSAIDs to relieve symptoms (fever, body aches, cough), proper intake of fluids, rest, and nasal breathing. Good personal hygiene and a healthy diet are also recommended. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that those who suspect they are carrying the virus isolate themselves at home and wear a face mask.

 

People with more severe cases may need treatment in hospital. In those with low oxygen levels, use of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone is strongly recommended, as it can reduce the risk of death. Noninvasive ventilation and, ultimately, admission to an intensive care unit for mechanical ventilation may be required to support breathing. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure, but its benefits are still under consideration.

Several experimental treatments are being actively studied in clinical trials. Others were thought to be promising early in the pandemic, such as hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir, but later research found them to be ineffective or even harmful. Despite ongoing research, there is still not enough high-quality evidence to recommend so-called early treatment. Nevertheless, in the United States, two monoclonal antibody-based therapies are available for early use in cases thought to be at high risk of progression to severe disease. The antiviral remdesivir is available in the U.S., Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for people needing mechanical ventilation, and is discouraged altogether by the World Health Organization (WHO), due to limited evidence of its efficacy.

 

PROGNOSIS

The severity of COVID-19 varies. The disease may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the common cold. In 3–4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause hospitalization. Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. The Italian Istituto Superiore di Sanità reported that the median time between the onset of symptoms and death was twelve days, with seven being hospitalised. However, people transferred to an ICU had a median time of ten days between hospitalisation and death. Prolonged prothrombin time and elevated C-reactive protein levels on admission to the hospital are associated with severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to ICU.

 

Some early studies suggest 10% to 20% of people with COVID-19 will experience symptoms lasting longer than a month.[191][192] A majority of those who were admitted to hospital with severe disease report long-term problems including fatigue and shortness of breath. On 30 October 2020 WHO chief Tedros Adhanom warned that "to a significant number of people, the COVID virus poses a range of serious long-term effects". He has described the vast spectrum of COVID-19 symptoms that fluctuate over time as "really concerning." They range from fatigue, a cough and shortness of breath, to inflammation and injury of major organs – including the lungs and heart, and also neurological and psychologic effects. Symptoms often overlap and can affect any system in the body. Infected people have reported cyclical bouts of fatigue, headaches, months of complete exhaustion, mood swings, and other symptoms. Tedros has concluded that therefore herd immunity is "morally unconscionable and unfeasible".

 

In terms of hospital readmissions about 9% of 106,000 individuals had to return for hospital treatment within 2 months of discharge. The average to readmit was 8 days since first hospital visit. There are several risk factors that have been identified as being a cause of multiple admissions to a hospital facility. Among these are advanced age (above 65 years of age) and presence of a chronic condition such as diabetes, COPD, heart failure or chronic kidney disease.

 

According to scientific reviews smokers are more likely to require intensive care or die compared to non-smokers, air pollution is similarly associated with risk factors, and pre-existing heart and lung diseases and also obesity contributes to an increased health risk of COVID-19.

 

It is also assumed that those that are immunocompromised are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2. One research that looked into the COVID-19 infections in hospitalized kidney transplant recipients found a mortality rate of 11%.

See also: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children

 

Children make up a small proportion of reported cases, with about 1% of cases being under 10 years and 4% aged 10–19 years. They are likely to have milder symptoms and a lower chance of severe disease than adults. A European multinational study of hospitalized children published in The Lancet on 25 June 2020 found that about 8% of children admitted to a hospital needed intensive care. Four of those 582 children (0.7%) died, but the actual mortality rate could be "substantially lower" since milder cases that did not seek medical help were not included in the study.

 

Genetics also plays an important role in the ability to fight off the disease. For instance, those that do not produce detectable type I interferons or produce auto-antibodies against these may get much sicker from COVID-19. Genetic screening is able to detect interferon effector genes.

 

Pregnant women may be at higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection based on data from other similar viruses, like SARS and MERS, but data for COVID-19 is lacking.

 

COMPLICATIONS

Complications may include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, septic shock, and death. Cardiovascular complications may include heart failure, arrhythmias, heart inflammation, and blood clots. Approximately 20–30% of people who present with COVID-19 have elevated liver enzymes, reflecting liver injury.

 

Neurologic manifestations include seizure, stroke, encephalitis, and Guillain–Barré syndrome (which includes loss of motor functions). Following the infection, children may develop paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome, which has symptoms similar to Kawasaki disease, which can be fatal. In very rare cases, acute encephalopathy can occur, and it can be considered in those who have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and have an altered mental status.

 

LONGER-TERM EFFECTS

Some early studies suggest that that 10 to 20% of people with COVID-19 will experience symptoms lasting longer than a month. A majority of those who were admitted to hospital with severe disease report long-term problems, including fatigue and shortness of breath. About 5-10% of patients admitted to hospital progress to severe or critical disease, including pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

 

By a variety of mechanisms, the lungs are the organs most affected in COVID-19.[228] The majority of CT scans performed show lung abnormalities in people tested after 28 days of illness.

 

People with advanced age, severe disease, prolonged ICU stays, or who smoke are more likely to have long lasting effects, including pulmonary fibrosis. Overall, approximately one third of those investigated after 4 weeks will have findings of pulmonary fibrosis or reduced lung function as measured by DLCO, even in people who are asymptomatic, but with the suggestion of continuing improvement with the passing of more time.

 

IMMUNITY

The immune response by humans to CoV-2 virus occurs as a combination of the cell-mediated immunity and antibody production, just as with most other infections. Since SARS-CoV-2 has been in the human population only since December 2019, it remains unknown if the immunity is long-lasting in people who recover from the disease. The presence of neutralizing antibodies in blood strongly correlates with protection from infection, but the level of neutralizing antibody declines with time. Those with asymptomatic or mild disease had undetectable levels of neutralizing antibody two months after infection. In another study, the level of neutralizing antibody fell 4-fold 1 to 4 months after the onset of symptoms. However, the lack of antibody in the blood does not mean antibody will not be rapidly produced upon reexposure to SARS-CoV-2. Memory B cells specific for the spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 last for at least 6 months after appearance of symptoms. Nevertheless, 15 cases of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported using stringent CDC criteria requiring identification of a different variant from the second infection. There are likely to be many more people who have been reinfected with the virus. Herd immunity will not eliminate the virus if reinfection is common. Some other coronaviruses circulating in people are capable of reinfection after roughly a year. Nonetheless, on 3 March 2021, scientists reported that a much more contagious Covid-19 variant, Lineage P.1, first detected in Japan, and subsequently found in Brazil, as well as in several places in the United States, may be associated with Covid-19 disease reinfection after recovery from an earlier Covid-19 infection.

 

MORTALITY

Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality. These numbers vary by region and over time and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics such as age, sex, and overall health. The mortality rate reflects the number of deaths within a specific demographic group divided by the population of that demographic group. Consequently, the mortality rate reflects the prevalence as well as the severity of the disease within a given population. Mortality rates are highly correlated to age, with relatively low rates for young people and relatively high rates among the elderly.

 

The case fatality rate (CFR) reflects the number of deaths divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval. Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is 2.2% (2,685,770/121,585,388) as of 18 March 2021. The number varies by region. The CFR may not reflect the true severity of the disease, because some infected individuals remain asymptomatic or experience only mild symptoms, and hence such infections may not be included in official case reports. Moreover, the CFR may vary markedly over time and across locations due to the availability of live virus tests.

 

INFECTION FATALITY RATE

A key metric in gauging the severity of COVID-19 is the infection fatality rate (IFR), also referred to as the infection fatality ratio or infection fatality risk. This metric is calculated by dividing the total number of deaths from the disease by the total number of infected individuals; hence, in contrast to the CFR, the IFR incorporates asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections as well as reported cases.

 

CURRENT ESTIMATES

A December 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population IFR during the first wave of the pandemic was about 0.5% to 1% in many locations (including France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other locations (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and exceeded 2% in Italy. That study also found that most of these differences in IFR reflected corresponding differences in the age composition of the population and age-specific infection rates; in particular, the metaregression estimate of IFR is very low for children and younger adults (e.g., 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25) but increases progressively to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85. These results were also highlighted in a December 2020 report issued by the WHO.

 

EARLIER ESTIMATES OF IFR

At an early stage of the pandemic, the World Health Organization reported estimates of IFR between 0.3% and 1%.[ On 2 July, The WHO's chief scientist reported that the average IFR estimate presented at a two-day WHO expert forum was about 0.6%. In August, the WHO found that studies incorporating data from broad serology testing in Europe showed IFR estimates converging at approximately 0.5–1%. Firm lower limits of IFRs have been established in a number of locations such as New York City and Bergamo in Italy since the IFR cannot be less than the population fatality rate. As of 10 July, in New York City, with a population of 8.4 million, 23,377 individuals (18,758 confirmed and 4,619 probable) have died with COVID-19 (0.3% of the population).Antibody testing in New York City suggested an IFR of ~0.9%,[258] and ~1.4%. In Bergamo province, 0.6% of the population has died. In September 2020 the U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention reported preliminary estimates of age-specific IFRs for public health planning purposes.

 

SEX DIFFERENCES

Early reviews of epidemiologic data showed gendered impact of the pandemic and a higher mortality rate in men in China and Italy. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported the death rate was 2.8% for men and 1.7% for women. Later reviews in June 2020 indicated that there is no significant difference in susceptibility or in CFR between genders. One review acknowledges the different mortality rates in Chinese men, suggesting that it may be attributable to lifestyle choices such as smoking and drinking alcohol rather than genetic factors. Sex-based immunological differences, lesser prevalence of smoking in women and men developing co-morbid conditions such as hypertension at a younger age than women could have contributed to the higher mortality in men. In Europe, 57% of the infected people were men and 72% of those died with COVID-19 were men. As of April 2020, the US government is not tracking sex-related data of COVID-19 infections. Research has shown that viral illnesses like Ebola, HIV, influenza and SARS affect men and women differently.

 

ETHNIC DIFFERENCES

In the US, a greater proportion of deaths due to COVID-19 have occurred among African Americans and other minority groups. Structural factors that prevent them from practicing social distancing include their concentration in crowded substandard housing and in "essential" occupations such as retail grocery workers, public transit employees, health-care workers and custodial staff. Greater prevalence of lacking health insurance and care and of underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and heart disease also increase their risk of death. Similar issues affect Native American and Latino communities. According to a US health policy non-profit, 34% of American Indian and Alaska Native People (AIAN) non-elderly adults are at risk of serious illness compared to 21% of white non-elderly adults. The source attributes it to disproportionately high rates of many health conditions that may put them at higher risk as well as living conditions like lack of access to clean water. Leaders have called for efforts to research and address the disparities. In the U.K., a greater proportion of deaths due to COVID-19 have occurred in those of a Black, Asian, and other ethnic minority background. More severe impacts upon victims including the relative incidence of the necessity of hospitalization requirements, and vulnerability to the disease has been associated via DNA analysis to be expressed in genetic variants at chromosomal region 3, features that are associated with European Neanderthal heritage. That structure imposes greater risks that those affected will develop a more severe form of the disease. The findings are from Professor Svante Pääbo and researchers he leads at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and the Karolinska Institutet. This admixture of modern human and Neanderthal genes is estimated to have occurred roughly between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago in Southern Europe.

 

COMORBIDITIES

Most of those who die of COVID-19 have pre-existing (underlying) conditions, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. According to March data from the United States, 89% of those hospitalised had preexisting conditions. The Italian Istituto Superiore di Sanità reported that out of 8.8% of deaths where medical charts were available, 96.1% of people had at least one comorbidity with the average person having 3.4 diseases. According to this report the most common comorbidities are hypertension (66% of deaths), type 2 diabetes (29.8% of deaths), Ischemic Heart Disease (27.6% of deaths), atrial fibrillation (23.1% of deaths) and chronic renal failure (20.2% of deaths).

 

Most critical respiratory comorbidities according to the CDC, are: moderate or severe asthma, pre-existing COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis. Evidence stemming from meta-analysis of several smaller research papers also suggests that smoking can be associated with worse outcomes. When someone with existing respiratory problems is infected with COVID-19, they might be at greater risk for severe symptoms. COVID-19 also poses a greater risk to people who misuse opioids and methamphetamines, insofar as their drug use may have caused lung damage.

 

In August 2020 the CDC issued a caution that tuberculosis infections could increase the risk of severe illness or death. The WHO recommended that people with respiratory symptoms be screened for both diseases, as testing positive for COVID-19 couldn't rule out co-infections. Some projections have estimated that reduced TB detection due to the pandemic could result in 6.3 million additional TB cases and 1.4 million TB related deaths by 2025.

 

NAME

During the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus" and "Wuhan coronavirus", with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan pneumonia". In the past, many diseases have been named after geographical locations, such as the Spanish flu, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and Zika virus. In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCov and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 guidance and international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent social stigma. The official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 were issued by the WHO on 11 February 2020. Tedros Adhanom explained: CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019). The WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.

 

HISTORY

The virus is thought to be natural and of an animal origin, through spillover infection. There are several theories about where the first case (the so-called patient zero) originated. Phylogenetics estimates that SARS-CoV-2 arose in October or November 2019. Evidence suggests that it descends from a coronavirus that infects wild bats, and spread to humans through an intermediary wildlife host.

 

The first known human infections were in Wuhan, Hubei, China. A study of the first 41 cases of confirmed COVID-19, published in January 2020 in The Lancet, reported the earliest date of onset of symptoms as 1 December 2019.Official publications from the WHO reported the earliest onset of symptoms as 8 December 2019. Human-to-human transmission was confirmed by the WHO and Chinese authorities by 20 January 2020. According to official Chinese sources, these were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals. In May 2020 George Gao, the director of the CDC, said animal samples collected from the seafood market had tested negative for the virus, indicating that the market was the site of an early superspreading event, but that it was not the site of the initial outbreak.[ Traces of the virus have been found in wastewater samples that were collected in Milan and Turin, Italy, on 18 December 2019.

 

By December 2019, the spread of infection was almost entirely driven by human-to-human transmission. The number of coronavirus cases in Hubei gradually increased, reaching 60 by 20 December, and at least 266 by 31 December. On 24 December, Wuhan Central Hospital sent a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) sample from an unresolved clinical case to sequencing company Vision Medicals. On 27 and 28 December, Vision Medicals informed the Wuhan Central Hospital and the Chinese CDC of the results of the test, showing a new coronavirus. A pneumonia cluster of unknown cause was observed on 26 December and treated by the doctor Zhang Jixian in Hubei Provincial Hospital, who informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December. On 30 December, a test report addressed to Wuhan Central Hospital, from company CapitalBio Medlab, stated an erroneous positive result for SARS, causing a group of doctors at Wuhan Central Hospital to alert their colleagues and relevant hospital authorities of the result. The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission issued a notice to various medical institutions on "the treatment of pneumonia of unknown cause" that same evening. Eight of these doctors, including Li Wenliang (punished on 3 January), were later admonished by the police for spreading false rumours and another, Ai Fen, was reprimanded by her superiors for raising the alarm.

 

The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission made the first public announcement of a pneumonia outbreak of unknown cause on 31 December, confirming 27 cases—enough to trigger an investigation.

 

During the early stages of the outbreak, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days. In early and mid-January 2020, the virus spread to other Chinese provinces, helped by the Chinese New Year migration and Wuhan being a transport hub and major rail interchange. On 20 January, China reported nearly 140 new cases in one day, including two people in Beijing and one in Shenzhen. Later official data shows 6,174 people had already developed symptoms by then, and more may have been infected. A report in The Lancet on 24 January indicated human transmission, strongly recommended personal protective equipment for health workers, and said testing for the virus was essential due to its "pandemic potential". On 30 January, the WHO declared the coronavirus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. By this time, the outbreak spread by a factor of 100 to 200 times.

 

Italy had its first confirmed cases on 31 January 2020, two tourists from China. As of 13 March 2020 the WHO considered Europe the active centre of the pandemic. Italy overtook China as the country with the most deaths on 19 March 2020. By 26 March the United States had overtaken China and Italy with the highest number of confirmed cases in the world. Research on coronavirus genomes indicates the majority of COVID-19 cases in New York came from European travellers, rather than directly from China or any other Asian country. Retesting of prior samples found a person in France who had the virus on 27 December 2019, and a person in the United States who died from the disease on 6 February 2020.

 

After 55 days without a locally transmitted case, Beijing reported a new COVID-19 case on 11 June 2020 which was followed by two more cases on 12 June. By 15 June there were 79 cases officially confirmed, most of them were people that went to Xinfadi Wholesale Market.

 

RT-PCR testing of untreated wastewater samples from Brazil and Italy have suggested detection of SARS-CoV-2 as early as November and December 2019, respectively, but the methods of such sewage studies have not been optimised, many have not been peer reviewed, details are often missing, and there is a risk of false positives due to contamination or if only one gene target is detected. A September 2020 review journal article said, "The possibility that the COVID-19 infection had already spread to Europe at the end of last year is now indicated by abundant, even if partially circumstantial, evidence", including pneumonia case numbers and radiology in France and Italy in November and December.

 

MISINFORMATION

After the initial outbreak of COVID-19, misinformation and disinformation regarding the origin, scale, prevention, treatment, and other aspects of the disease rapidly spread online.

 

In September 2020, the U.S. CDC published preliminary estimates of the risk of death by age groups in the United States, but those estimates were widely misreported and misunderstood.

 

OTHER ANIMALS

Humans appear to be capable of spreading the virus to some other animals, a type of disease transmission referred to as zooanthroponosis.

 

Some pets, especially cats and ferrets, can catch this virus from infected humans. Symptoms in cats include respiratory (such as a cough) and digestive symptoms. Cats can spread the virus to other cats, and may be able to spread the virus to humans, but cat-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has not been proven. Compared to cats, dogs are less susceptible to this infection. Behaviors which increase the risk of transmission include kissing, licking, and petting the animal.

 

The virus does not appear to be able to infect pigs, ducks, or chickens at all.[ Mice, rats, and rabbits, if they can be infected at all, are unlikely to be involved in spreading the virus.

 

Tigers and lions in zoos have become infected as a result of contact with infected humans. As expected, monkeys and great ape species such as orangutans can also be infected with the COVID-19 virus.

 

Minks, which are in the same family as ferrets, have been infected. Minks may be asymptomatic, and can also spread the virus to humans. Multiple countries have identified infected animals in mink farms. Denmark, a major producer of mink pelts, ordered the slaughter of all minks over fears of viral mutations. A vaccine for mink and other animals is being researched.

 

RESEARCH

International research on vaccines and medicines in COVID-19 is underway by government organisations, academic groups, and industry researchers. The CDC has classified it to require a BSL3 grade laboratory. There has been a great deal of COVID-19 research, involving accelerated research processes and publishing shortcuts to meet the global demand.

 

As of December 2020, hundreds of clinical trials have been undertaken, with research happening on every continent except Antarctica. As of November 2020, more than 200 possible treatments had been studied in humans so far.

Transmission and prevention research

Modelling research has been conducted with several objectives, including predictions of the dynamics of transmission, diagnosis and prognosis of infection, estimation of the impact of interventions, or allocation of resources. Modelling studies are mostly based on epidemiological models, estimating the number of infected people over time under given conditions. Several other types of models have been developed and used during the COVID-19 including computational fluid dynamics models to study the flow physics of COVID-19, retrofits of crowd movement models to study occupant exposure, mobility-data based models to investigate transmission, or the use of macroeconomic models to assess the economic impact of the pandemic. Further, conceptual frameworks from crisis management research have been applied to better understand the effects of COVID-19 on organizations worldwide.

 

TREATMENT-RELATED RESEARCH

Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the research into COVID-19 treatments. Other candidates in trials include vasodilators, corticosteroids, immune therapies, lipoic acid, bevacizumab, and recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.

 

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Solidarity trial to assess the treatment effects of some promising drugs: an experimental drug called remdesivir; anti-malarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine; two anti-HIV drugs, lopinavir/ritonavir; and interferon-beta. More than 300 active clinical trials were underway as of April 2020.

 

Research on the antimalarial drugs hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine showed that they were ineffective at best, and that they may reduce the antiviral activity of remdesivir. By May 2020, France, Italy, and Belgium had banned the use of hydroxychloroquine as a COVID-19 treatment.

 

In June, initial results from the randomised RECOVERY Trial in the United Kingdom showed that dexamethasone reduced mortality by one third for people who are critically ill on ventilators and one fifth for those receiving supplemental oxygen. Because this is a well-tested and widely available treatment, it was welcomed by the WHO, which is in the process of updating treatment guidelines to include dexamethasone and other steroids. Based on those preliminary results, dexamethasone treatment has been recommended by the NIH for patients with COVID-19 who are mechanically ventilated or who require supplemental oxygen but not in patients with COVID-19 who do not require supplemental oxygen.

 

In September 2020, the WHO released updated guidance on using corticosteroids for COVID-19. The WHO recommends systemic corticosteroids rather than no systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of people with severe and critical COVID-19 (strong recommendation, based on moderate certainty evidence). The WHO suggests not to use corticosteroids in the treatment of people with non-severe COVID-19 (conditional recommendation, based on low certainty evidence). The updated guidance was based on a meta-analysis of clinical trials of critically ill COVID-19 patients.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Just sushi

Some intense spray! From her yells, David and I jumped up to help, but she was fine and got up herself.

It was a great clear day without the recent haze that hit our shore due to the forest fires in Indonesia, not wanting to waste this opportunity to grab some time out to shoot, we made up our mind to head down to the nearest beach in Klang. Reaching the location early we had a few game of “Street Fighter 4″ on our phone and boy it was funny as hell. Ok ok I am going back to the shot here, I know you guys don’t wanna listen to 4 old farts playing kiddo games on the beach, so let’s get to it.

 

Read more on: scapesofmalaysia.wordpress.com/

 

human trying to avoid problems

I always have difficulty with the two- tier boxes-- no clue how to fill them!

 

About the meringue...what's an easier way to use up egg whites than to turn them into meringues? Sadly, they ALWAYS come out wrong (this must be my eighth time making 'em), but luckily everyone's always open to eating them anyway ^_^

 

This is probably my favorite, so far :)

 

All tips on packing two- tier bentos or baking meringues would be greatly appreciated <3

The Kuryong Waterfall Tour Course is one of several tour courses of varying difficulty available to visitors to the Kumgang Mountain area. This course is about 12 mi./19 km. long. It will take the slowest walkers 4-5 hours, and the faster ones only 1-2 hours, to complete the roundtrip. The object is not to race along but to view the various scenic spots and vistas along the way up to the Kuryong Waterfall. The path itself follows a relatively narrow valley up into the mountains. The waterfall is one of the three tallest waterfalls in Korea, measuring 46 ft./74 m. high. One of the unique features of the waterfall and the pond below it is that they are made from one solid rock.

 

At the end of the falls is Kuryong Pond about 13 meters deep. According to a legend, there lived nine dragons in the pond.

 

After our lunch at Mt Difficulty we went up the Felton Road to Felton Road Winery. March 6, 2014 Central Otago, Bannockburn, South Island, New Zealand.

 

Felton Road Winery. is situated on warm, north facing slopes of glacial loess soils in Bannockburn, in the heart of Central Otago. The modern gravity fed winery receives 100% estate grown fruit from its three vineyards that are all farmed biodynamically and are fully certified by Demeter. Minimal intervention in the winemaking with such practices as wild yeast, no fining or filtration, allow the unique vineyard characters to further express their considerable personality.

Since the first vintage in 1997, Felton Road has acquired a formidable worldwide reputation.

 

Zero waste By-products:

Winery waste is, probably more than any other substance, lees. Lees are a mixture of sediments left over from winemaking, and consist mainly of dead yeast and tartaric and malic acid. It isn’t particularly hostile stuff, but acids are a problem in any waste system, so winery waste management systems are designed to deal with this mixture. It takes a lot of money to build a waste management system and a lot of energy to run it so, in a perfect world, we’d do without one. But is it possible to do that? We have demonstrated that it is. Our solution is simple: don’t throw anything away. Nothing whatsoever goes down our drains unless we have failed to find a better use for it. And since almost all waste has some form of value, there is a better use out there. Lees, for example, get separated into fine lees (the more liquid stuff) and the solid gunk. The solids are composted. It might be tricky to compost something this acidic for some wineries, but as we make well over 100 tonnes of compost a year anyway, the lees solids are literally a drop in the manure heap. That leaves the more liquid stuff to deal with. Each year it goes to a beautiful wood fired copper still and is distilled into “Fine”: the term for brandy distilled from wine lees. Roughly a thousand litres of lees yields about 100 litres of wonderful brandy. After 5 years of aging in French oak using a “solera” type system, it is ready to bottle.

 

What better way to recycle something that most regard as an industrial waste product?

Taken from and for more info: www.nzwine.com/winery/felton-road/

Even in Mattels homeland of the U.S. distribution of Matchbox models especially as singles is still notably poor. I regular visit the big diecast websites such as the Lamley Group and Swiftys Garage and collectors constantly bemoan the difficulty in getting hold of what really should be a mass produced inexpensive range of models. The supreme irony of course is that vast quantities of unsold stock of Matchbox ends up in our U.K. Pound shops notably Poundland, this 2015 Ford F-150 started appearing on their pegs around December 2015 and as of May 2016 they can still be found in big quantities. They are certainly no peg warmers and taking into account Poundland have hundreds of stores who usually sell out then restock their Matchbox/Hot Wheels shelves once or twice a week then that is a serious amount of unsold stock which has been sent over the Atlantic! When these first appeared on the pegs I couldn't help buying quite a lot of them, seeing so many excellent licensed Matchbox models which previously were hard to get here in the U.K. in such big quantities was too hard to resist. The f-150 is an excellent little model which although lacks an interior certainly makes up for it with its accurate casting and full tampo detailing to both ends. Since I bought this the later yellow version has also appeared on their pegs in large quantities. Mint and boxed.

Difficulties In Your Life

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Let The Difficulties

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Beeb'z [H@B!B]

 

All Rights Reserved

  

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The Bambatha Rebellion was the last armed resistance against white rule before the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. In the years following the Anglo-Boer War white employers in Natal had difficulty recruiting black farm workers because of increased competition from the gold mines of the Witwatersrand. The colonial authorities introduced a poll tax in addition to the existing hut tax to encourage black men to enter the labour market. Bambatha was one of the chiefs who resisted the introduction and collection of the new tax. The government of Natal sent police officers to collect the tax from recalcitrant districts, and in February 1906 two white officers were killed near Richmond, KwaZulu-Natal resulting in the introduction of martial law. Bambatha fled north to consult King Dinizulu, (who had been exiled on St Helena between 1890 and 1897 see: www.flickr.com/photos/30593522@N05/5340408052/in/set-7215... ) but on returning to the Mpanza Valley discovered that the Natal government had deposed him as chief. He gathered together a small force of supporters and began launching a series of guerrilla attacks. In late April 1906 Colonial troops under the command of Colonel Duncan McKenzie were sent out on an expedition to confront Bambatha and once they succeeded in getting face to face with and surrounding the rebels at Mome Gorge, the British victory in the unequal battle was inevitable, given the vast disparity of forces. Colonial soldiers opened fire with machine guns and cannon on rebels mostly armed only with traditional assegais, knobkerries and cowhide shields and Bambatha was killed and beheaded during the battle. King Dinizulu was arrested, tried, convicted of treason and sentenced to four years imprisonment, though only served two. An estimate of the total number of rebels that took part in the Rebellion is very difficult to arrive at but judging from the reports of Commanding Officers, the aggregate for Natal and Zululand would be about 10,000 to 12,000, of whom about 2,300 were killed. Colonial casualties numbered only 30 killed or died and the cost of the campaign was estimated at £883,000. Bambatha’s men were destroyed by the militia with a thoroughness which disconcerted many even at the time. Winston Churchill, then an Under-Secretary in the Colonial Office in London, was scathing about the colonial reaction, and, on being consulted on the subject of a campaign medal to be awarded to the troops, suggested that it should be struck in bronze, at the colony’s expense, and depict not the head of King Edward VII but the severed head of a rebel leader. The issue of a medal was approved by The King and was granted to those (including nursing sisters), who served between the 11th February and the 3rd August, for a continuous period of not less than twenty days, also to certain civilians, Native Chiefs, and others who had rendered valuable service. The Saint Helena Herald of 18th September 2009 has a photograph of the medal awarded to A.E. Thorpe for service during the Bambatha rebellion.

 

The militia’s actions still make disturbing reading now, they burned homes, looted, and shot Africans, under arms or not, with impunity. The aftermath was equally ruthless. The rank and file of some 4,700 prisoners were tried by their respective Magistrates and by Judges. The great majority of sentences ran from six months to two years, with whipping added. After a number had been flogged, the Government directed suspension of all further whippings. Special arrangements had to be made in Durban and elsewhere for accommodating the prisoners. About 2,500 were confined in a compound at Jacobs near Durban, formerly used by Chinese labourers ; 400 (for the most part with sentences of two years) in a special prison at the Point, Durban ; 100 at Fort Napier, Pietermaritzburg; and the rest in various gaols.

 

By mid-August 1906 twenty-five Chiefs who had supported the rebels had been arrested, charged and tried by Courts Martial for a variety of offences; sedition, public violence, murder, rebellion and high treason. Sentences ranged from death, 10 years plus 500 cattle, 10 years plus 20 lashes and 20 years all of which were later reduced, though all were to be served with hard labour and the prisoners were kept in local custody

 

In early January 1907 correspondence “Relating to the removal of certain native prisoners from Natal” commences with the Governor, Sir Henry McCallum, writing to The Secretary of State for The Colonies in London, Lord Elgin:

As your Excellency is aware, persistent reports are now circulating in Zululand and Natal amongst the natives there by those who have been released that all rebels are about to be released in consequence of an order received from across the sea to effect that the Home Government has told this Government that the rebels were only soldiers acting under orders of their chiefs, and they should not, therefore, have been punished. No more dangerous course therefore could be pursued by Ministers than the adoption of any act which could give the least ground for cultivating so pernicious a belief in the native mind, whether that mind be loyal or wicked. These reports, together with a recent one from Swaziland, induce Ministers to urge the necessity of a course of action which will demonstrate once for all to the native mind that rebellion is not a light matter or one to be followed by trivial consequences. Ministers think it essential that under the circumstances such demonstration can only be given by the immediate deportation of the ringleaders, to the number of about twenty-five, who, as long as they are in local custody, have, and will have, opportunities which no guarding can repress of conveying to their sympathisers outside reports and messages calculated to incite to further disorder, if not to attempts to obtain release.

The Colonial Prisoners Removal Act cap. 31 of 1884 appears to Ministers to provide the machinery to meet just such an emergency as confronts this Colony at this time. Ministers think that question of expediency in this instance can hardly be questioned and suggest that Island of Mauritius is, in respect of climate and other conditions, a locality to which exception could not well be taken.

In view of urgency of matter, Ministers would be glad if your Excellency would cable this application to the Secretary of State whilst simultaneously inquiring of the Mauritius Government by cable if it will be as good as to assist us. As a matter of great emergency I beg for your Lordship's good offices and that with least possible delay. I am repeating this telegram to Governor, Mauritius, that he may have full information on the subject.

 

By January 30, it was agreed and:” Ministers beg me to inform you that satisfactory despatch has been received from Governor, Mauritius, as to taking rebel ringleaders as prisoners. They now only await approval of His Majesty's Government”.

 

On February 25th The Governor of Mauritius sent a telegram to London: Cases of beri-beri reported to me yesterday, five in Central Prison, two fatal; seventeen in Port Louis Prison. Preventive measures against spread of disease by segregation and alteration in diet are being taken and inquiry being made to ascertain cause.

 

The Secretary of State requested: Please furnish me with your opinion as to whether the outbreak of beri-beri at the Central Gaol, reported by you in your telegram of 25th February, can be confined within limits which will secure the immunity of the Zulu chiefs who are to be entrusted to your care.

 

McCallum was becoming increasingly concerned at the delay: Much regret in hearing of outbreak especially as rumours of unrest are becoming daily aggravated. Immediate deportation of ringleaders would probably put end to this. Rank and file of rebels are being employed on Public works in wood and iron temporary buildings secured by double-fenced entanglement enclosures, such as used for safe custody of Boer prisoners. These have proved healthy and satisfactory and Ministers would like the same provided forthwith at Mauritius at cost of Government of Natal till the gaols are immune from beri-beri." Whilst discouraging credence of rumours and reports received I cannot help feeling uneasy, and shall be glad if Ministers' proposal could be approved by you and deportation of ring- leaders take place with least possible delay.

 

Further correspondence left the matter unresolved: Re. Your Lordship's telegram with regard to beri-beri. After consultation with Chief Medical Officer I cannot guarantee immunity from the disease for any person in confinement in any of our prisons and I am advised that no such prison can safely be used for the purpose. This ruled out Mauritius but McCallum had already been in correspondence with Governor Gallwey on St Helena who discussed the matter with Lord Elgin:

 

The Governor of St, Helena to the Secretary of State,

The Castle, St. Helena, March 21, 1907.

 

I have the honour to inform Your Lordship that I received a telegraphic despatch from the Governor of Natal on the 16th instant asking me whether St. Helena would receive twenty-five rebel ringleaders sentenced to various terms of penal servitude, using a portion of empty barracks as a prison ; and, if so, on what terms. Sir Henry McCallum informed me that owing to an outbreak of beri-beri in the Mauritius prisons the arrangement made to send the prisoners to that Colony had fallen through. He further informed me that the Mauritius Government had agreed to take the twenty- five prisoners at a cost of £20 per man per annum, provided the Natal Government sent two European warders with the

men.

I discussed the matter in Council on the 18th instant, when it was unanimously decided to receive the prisoners provided the War Office consented to the use of Ladder Hill Barracks as a prison. I accordingly telegraphed to this effect to the Governor of Natal, adding that the cost per man would not exceed £20 a year, but that the Natal Government must pay actual cost. I made this latter stipulation as this Government has no wish to make money out of the Natal Government whilst being unable to risk the smallest loss under the transaction. The actual feeding of the prisoners, including fuel, will not exceed £10 a year per man consequently the traders and farmers will benefit only to a very small extent. Every little helps, however, in these hard times.

 

Telegrams between McCallum, Gallwey and Lord Elgin give further comment and information:

 

The Castle, St. Helena, March 22, 1907. On the 17th instant, in reply to a telegram I despatched

to Your Excellency the previous day, you informed me that the following was the prisoners' diet:

Breakfast. — 12 ounces mealie meal.

Supper. — 12 ounces mealie meal.

Dinner. — 16 ounces mealie meal, or 2 lbs. potatoes.

Eight ounces fresh meat and four ounces fresh vegetables twice a week. One ounce of salt daily.

 

Your Excellency further stated that if mealies were not obtainable in this Colony that you would send supplies thereof periodically. I may say at once that mealies are obtainable here. I take it that the prisoners themselves make the meal. As regards the cost of feeding the prisoners, I calculate that according to the diet laid down by Your Excellency this will not exceed £10 per man per annum, including fuel. The cost of feeding a prisoner in the gaol here is roughly, including fuel, 1 shilling. a day. The diet, allowed, however, is quite different to the scale laid down for your prisoners. I take it that the two European warders will find themselves in everything but quarters, and the usual barrack furniture. I am not aware as to what furniture, if any, is required for the prisoners. There is a large swimming bath close by to where they will be confined with a continual flow of water passing through. I presume the prisoners do their own cooking. Should cooking and eating utensils and bedding be purchased? I must apologise for troubling Your Excellency with questions of these minor details, but I have no knowledge of the Zulu nor the way he is treated when a prisoner. Your Excellency will see that £20 per man a year should more than cover the recurrent expenditure necessary to keep the prisoners. We have the following items with their approximate cost per annum:

 

Food and fuel £250

Medical attendance £50

Medicines £6

Three warders at £55 £165

Oil, wick, and matches £5

Soap and cleaning materials £6

Water rate £4

Contingencies £5

Total £490

 

I have allowed for three extra warders as there will have to be a man continually on duty day and night, owing to the nature of the buildings in which the prisoners will be confined. This Government can lend rifles for the warders' use if necessary. I take it that the prisoners do not receive anything in the way of tea, coffee, or other groceries with the exception of salt? I ask this question as the Zulus who were interned in this Colony ten years ago received coffee, sugar, and other groceries. In fact, they appear to have been given anything they asked for.

 

April 3. from McCallum. The situation (in Natal) is improving. The atmosphere will be much cleared by transportation of ringleaders. Ministers inquire when they may expect your authority for their removal.

 

April 16. from McCallum. Ministers would respectfully urge upon the Secretary of State necessity for giving immediate authority for the removal to Saint Helena of the native ringleaders concerned in recent rebellion. It is now over three months since the proposal for the deportation of these natives from the Colony was originally made, and the great delay which has taken place through unforeseen circumstances has been unfortunate and embarrassing. Ministers deprecate any further delay, and will be obliged if your Excellency will at once cable to the Secretary of State urging him to accelerate settlement.

 

There then followed the question of the warrants needed for due process:

April 20. Warrants required under the Colonial Prisoners Removal Act, Section 6, must be signed by Secretary of State for the Colonies and by Governor of St. Helena as well as by Governor of Natal before prisoners can leave Natal. Warrants will be forwarded to Governor of St. Helena duly signed by me by the next mail, which leaves on 3rd May, and he has been instructed by telegraph to sign them and forward them to you by the same steamer. We regret the delay but it is inevitable. I would further confirm my telegram to you, wherein I state that I have been informed by the Secretary of State that it will not be possible to move the prisoners from Natal until about the end of May. Lord Elgin informs me that he has sent you for signature the warrants required under Section 6 of the Colonial Prisoners' Removal Act, with a request that you will sign and forward them to me by the same steamer. In this connection I should feel obliged if, when despatching the warrants, you will give directions that they be forwarded from Cape Town overland, as this will avoid a delay of three or four days.

 

Ministers propose to send the prisoners under special arrangement by direct steamer from Durban, and as soon as the details are settled I will apprise you by telegram of the date of their departure, and the probable date of their arrival at St. Helena.

 

The delay caused by the warrants having to be signed in London, St Helena and Pietermaritzburg meant that it was the 1st June when the twenty-five prisoners left Natal on the steamship Inyati to proceed directly to St Helena. . Despite their best efforts the Colonial Office through Lord Elgin failed to persuade the Natal colonial government to treat them as political prisoners and not as ordinary criminals and on arrival at St Helena they were treated as such.

 

Barbara George’s article www.saint.fm/Independent/20090605.pdf quotes the St Helena Guardian of 13th June 1907 reporting their arrival.

The expected steamship Inyati, Captain White, from Natal, with 25 Zulu prisoners in charge of Cunningham and Shepherd, arrived in port on Tuesday evening at 7p.m. The prisoners on landing yesterday at 7.30 a.m. were dressed in khaki jackets and pants. Several of them had the letter L with other marks on their jackets, presumably to indicate their sentences, which range from “Life” to 10 years imprisonment with hard labour. Their ages would appear to be from 20 years to 70. They seemed in a half starved condition and could hardly walk when landed. They were marched off to Ladder Hill Barracks where the Royal Artillery Garrison were stationed, under the escort of the local police armed with rifles. Ladder Hill is to be their future abode and they will be looked after by the Troopers who arrived with them and three of our local labourers as guard. We understand their diet is to be 12 ounces of mealy meal for breakfast and 12 for supper and 18 ounces of the same food for dinner with salt, and during the week some vegetables and 1 lb. of fresh beef per man per week will be issued. To tea, coffee, milk and tobacco they will be strangers. Blankets to lie on only will be furnished to them. Whether these prisoners are to be placed to work on our roads we shall have to learn. Considering the scarcity of work for our own labourers, we hope not. Whether making this island “known to the world” as the “Island of Historic Misfortune”, the prison for men such as the Zulus is a wise step or not, we await with interest to ascertain

 

By July 1907 questions were being asked in The House of Commons. hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1907/jul/18/treatment... This exchange between Ramsey Macdonald and Winston Churchill being one such.

MR. J. RAMSAY MACDONALD I beg further to ask the Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies whether his attention has been drawn to the fact that on arrival at St. Helena the Zulu prisoners were in an emaciated condition and looked half-starved, and some of them were hardly able to walk; whether amongst these is the chief Tilonko, from whom a petition is lying upon the Table of this House setting forth that he was illegally condemned under an indemnity Act wider in scope than has ever been assented to by the Sovereign, and which is alleged to have been unjustly put into operation; and whether he proposes to take any action on the matter.

THE UNDER-SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES (Mr. CHURCHILL, Manchester, N.W.) It was necessary to deport these prisoners under the Colonial Prisoners Removal Act, and they therefore remain in the status of convicts, but it has always been the view of the Secretary of State that the fact of their deportation would justify their receiving, while in St. Helena, liberal treatment in regard to conditions of their imprisonment, especially in the matter of dietary. He will at once call for a Report from the Governor of St. Helena on this subject, and will authorise him to make such modifications in the scale of dietary and general conditions as are possible consistently with this provisions of the law.

These Zulu prisoners were certainly not greeted with the same enthusiasm afforded by the islanders to the Boer prisoners seven years earlier, nor was their time on the island to be as fondly remembered locally as was the imprisonment of Dinizulu in 1890. There is a dearth of material written about this period and their time on the island is barely recorded.

Towards the end of 1910 the eighteen survivors amongst the twenty-five prisoners who had been sent to St Helena were granted parole. They were part of the general amnesty that was granted to about 4,500 prisoners by the Governor General during the formation of the Union of South Africa. Seven had died on the island as the Death Register records but their graves cannot be found and are not in the burial register. Two of the eighteen prisoners were carried on stretchers because they were seriously ill. John Dube, the founder of the Zulu-English newspaper Ilanga lase Natal remarked that the prisoners looked very wasted although they had only served three years of their prison sentences. Most of them looked very old and could not even be recognized. In fact they no longer looked like chiefs at all, but looked like commoners.

 

These were the last of St Helena’s political prisoners until the arrival of three Bahrainis in 1957.

www.flickr.com/photos/30593522@N05/5406764359/in/set-7215...

  

The following sources were used to compile these notes:

www.archive.org/stream/indexingandprci00beakgoog/indexing...

www.napoleon.org/EN/reading_room/articles/files/helena_pr...

www.archive.org/details/historyofzulureb00stua

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion

scnc.ukzn.ac.za/doc/B/Ds/Biography_DIs/Dinizulu/Hadebe,_M...

  

difficulty with parking...

human trying to avoid problems

Freightliner 66542 seen at Kennett as its operates 1Z99 Ipswich-Soham to escort and follow Gbrf 66754 which had got into difficulties running 4L02 Hams Hall-Felixstowe which it followed to its destination...

I hadn't given too much though to the difficulty of the approach to Applebee Dome camp, except for the ladder. I dreaded the ladder on the way up and grew to dread it even more on the way down. The ladder itself iwasn't very difficult, but with a oversized top heavy pack weighing in at over 2/3rds my body weight it was a rather unnerving experience. On top of that the top of the ladder was taken out by a avalanche this past winter. Now the top rung is even with the ground, with only one support bar rising up less than a foot above ground level, with the other being a jagged corner (that's the one under Alanas left hand). To navigate off the ladder safetly without risking tipping over backwards I chose to crawl off the ladder and along the ground until I could find a rock to help me stand up. As it turned out this was the method of choice for most people I talked to. During my stay in the bugs I couldn't help but think about how hard and scary it was going to be to get back on the ladder on the descent. The way down was pretty much as bad as I imagined it would be, luckily I had some help by fellow hikers who helped hold the weight of my pack while I sketickly mounted the ladder. I got down safetly, but I'm sure hoping they fix that ladder for my trip next year.

 

The Bugaboos - August 12-18, 2012

 

Living in Squamish I am very lucky to be surrounded by excellent rock to train my technical climbing skills as well as many great peaks for scrambling. But, until last week I had never had the opportunity to combine the two skills I've been developing for years. That all changed when a friend invited me to be her partner on the yearly trip my friend group takes. Two months after the invitiation, a partner swap, and a week of careful packing and preparation I actually found myself driving east about to embark on what would be the greatest adventure of my life to date.

 

The moment I arrived at basecamp my lofty climbing aspiration were downgraded to starting with a 4th class route and going from there. I received tons of advice from friends that had been going for several years, but still nothing could have prepared me for the reality of being there. The ascent to Applebee basecamp, the scale of the spires, the difficulty of the glaciers, and the exposure did not translate well to maps and photos I found myself in awe and terror. Every single obstacle I encountered was more physically and mentally demanding that I could have expected.

 

Even though we were with a large group of friends, we were on our own when we headed out for the day and often learning as we went. As a result we learned many lessons the hard way, including when to put crampons on, when to switch into rock shoes, how hard preventing rockfall can be, and all the ways rappelling can go wrong.

 

It was both the single most terrifying and rewarding experience of my life. Never did I expect to learn so much in a week, or do so little actual climbing. Instead it was a wild ride of alpine obstacles, and a truly life changing experience shared with great friends old and new.

  

A brief summary of my adventure:

 

Aug 12 - Hike into Applebee base camp with 80+lbs pack full of climbing, camping, and glacier gear as well as 7 days of food, and clothes for everything from -10 to +30 degrees celcius rain and shine.

Aug 13 - Eastpost spire, combination of Northeast and Northwest ridges.

Aug 14 - Crescent Spire, W ridge. - Rained off first attempt, after self arresting and improv. anchor construction.

Aug 15 - Crescent Spire, W ridge - Successful ascent followed by rappelling disaster involving ditching a rope that was later recovered

Aug 16 - Pigeon Spire, W ridge - Got 30m up route then turned back to save terror management skills for descent back down the Bugaboo-Snowpatch col

Aug 17 - Eastpost spire again and bathing in the tarn

Aug 18 - Hike out and long drive home

 

Please feel free to contact me with any questions regarding my experience.

 

Photos from this trip were taken with a combination of my Nikon D7000, Olympus uT8000 & GoPro HD2

"In these days of difficulty, we Americans everywhere must and shall choose the path of social justice…, the path of faith, the path of hope, and the path of love toward our fellow man."

 

Looking north at an inscription in the second "room" of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial in Washington, D.C., on March 15, 2012. The inscription comes from a campaign address delivered in Detroit, Michigan, on October 2, 1932.

 

The memorial was designed landscape architect Lawrence Halprin and dedicated on on May 2, 1997, by President Bill Clinton. It's spread over 7.5 acres (3.0 hectares) of West Potomac Park. (Roosevelt was an avid conservationist. Fittingly, West Potomac Park is made up of silt dredged from the bottom of the Potomac River from 1880 to 1911.) The main entrance is at the north end, although just as many people enter from the south end (walking along the Tidal Basin from the Jefferson Memorial).

 

The memorial consists of four roofless, outdoor "rooms" created by gigantic blocks of rough red South Dakota granite. Each "room" represents one of Roosevelt's terms in office, and each room has a waterfall, inscriptions, and sculpture. The first room's walls are more smoothed and the blocks of stone aligned, and the waterfall is small, smooth, and quiet. The subsequent rooms express the increasing complexity of Roosevelt's presidency as depression and war intruded. The stone becomes less smooth, some blocks of stone are misaligned or jut from the walls; in the third room, massive stones actually lie in the center of the space, tumbled on top of one another. The waterfalls become larger, more complex, more chaotic.

 

Interestingly, the waterfalls were designed to be played in. But the National Park Service, deeply worried that someone would slip and fall on the algae-covered rocks, quickly banned people from doing so.

 

Out of respect for Roosevelt's own disability, the entire memorial is wheelchair accessible. All the sculptures are meant to be touched, and the second "room" contains a huge wall "quilt" of images -- an artwork known as "Social Programs" -- that depicts the people Roosevelt helped (with Braille inscriptions describing each one next to the panels).

 

Stonecarver John Benson did the granite inscriptions seen throughout the memorial. Here's a list of the sculptures in the memorial, along with their creators:

 

* "Prologue" - By Robert Graham, this is the life-size sculpture of Roosevelt in his wheelchair which stands in front of the main entrance to the memorial.

 

* "Presidential Seal, 1932" - By Tom Hardy, this is in the "first room" and depicts the Great Seal of the President of the United States as it existed in 1932 at the time of Roosevelt's first inauguration.

 

* "First Inaugural" - By Robert Graham, this bas-relief panel in the "first room" depicts an image inspired by film footage taken during the first inaugural parade.

 

* "The Fireside Chat" - By George C. Segal, this sculpture in the "first room" depicts a man seated in a chair, listening to one of Roosevelt's radio addresses (the "fireside chats").

 

* "Farm Couple" - By George C. Segal, this life-size sculpture in the "second room" depicts a farmer standing next to his wife (seated in a chair) in front of a barn door (with the upper half of the door open). It symbolizes Roosevelt's commitment to saving American agriculture.

 

* "Depression Bread Line" - By George C. Segal, this sculpture in the "second room" depicts six life-size male figures stand in a line to get free bread. The men face west, and it is just a few feet west of "Farm Couple."

 

* "Social Programs" - By Robert Graham, these 54 bronze panels on a wall and four pillars in the "second room" depict the social programs Roosevelt enacted.

 

* "Funeral Cortege" - By Leonard Baskin, this bas-relief bronze panel in the "fourth room" depicts the funeral of Roosevelt in 1945.

 

* "Eleanor Roosevelt" - By Neil Estern, this life-size statue of the First Lady stands between the "third" and "fourth" rooms. Placed in a niche, it depicts her later in life in a cloth coat, the Seal of the United Nations behind her and to her left. It is the only depiction of a First Lady at a national memorial.

 

* "Fala and Franklin D. Roosevelt" - By Neil Estern, this slightly larger-than-life statue in the "fourth room" is based on depictions of an aging, sick Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference. His cloak masks the chair in which he sits. (If you look closely at the back of the statue, you can see that the chair has wheels, although it is not a wheelchair.) Roosevelt's faithful Scottish Terrier dog, Fala, stands beside him.

 

In the "third room" -- the room dedicated to the war years -- is a massive tumble of granite blocks. Inscribed on a block tilted against another are the words "I Hate"; the block on which this is tilted contains the word "War." This sculpture (for that is what it is) is the "I Hate War" piece. Its placement and design was by Halprin, and Benson carved the words. It was inspired by Roosevelt's 1936 "I Hate War" speech, given in Chautauqua, New York. A longer inscription from the speech is on the stone wall next to the waterfall.

 

It should be noted that the Estern sculpture, as originally planned, more prominently featured Roosevelt in a wheelchair. But this was changed because various project overseers said Roosevelt had not been depicted in a wheelchair in public.

 

Disability advocates strongly criticized this decision when the memorial opened and there was no image of Roosevelt in a wheelchair. The National Park Service permitted disability advocates to add a sculpture near the memorial's entrance, which is the "Prologue" statue by Robert Graham.

 

Memorial designer Lawrence Halprin applauded the move. He said that Roosevelt loved debate and discussion, and rarely made decisions himself but rather ordered his subordinates to "hash it out" and come to a decision. Halprin said adding the sculpture is a true memorial to Roosevelt, for it exemplified people of good will coming together in disagreement but forging a compromise that will allow everyone to move ahead.

By T. W. Windeatt. (Read at Torquay, July, 1893.)

 

The little town and ancient borough of Totnes has during its lengthened history been the birthplace of men, not a few of whom have made their mark in the world, and not the least of these is one born in the present century – Wills, the Australian explorer – whose name deserves to be enshrined in the Transactions of this Association.

 

William John Wills was born in Totnes on the 5th January, 1834, being the son of William Wills, a surgeon then practising in Totnes, and Sarah, youngest daughter of William Galley, an old and respected inhabitant.* They both spent the latter part of their lives in and died at Torquay. As a boy Wills seems to have early developed an enquiring and thoughtful mind. His father says he was never a child in the common acceptation of the term, as he gave early indication of diligence and discretion scarcely compatible with the helplessness and simplicity of such tender years. He was educated at the Ashburton Grammar School, where he went as a boarder when eleven years of age, and of which school Mr. Paige, who still survives, was then the head master. A deep cutting in one of the benches in the old chapel of St Lawrence, then and now the schoolhouse, “W. J. WILLS” is still to be seen and records his sojourn there. Mr. Fabyan Amery, one of his schoolfellows, speaks of him as having always been a very scientific boy, and very observant of natural phenomena, which he always tried to get some scientific reason for. There appears to have been nothing remarkable in his progress at school, though his master commended his steady diligence and uniform propriety of conduct Mr. Paige remarked on one occasion to his father, “It vexes me that John does not take a top prize, for I see by his countenance that he understands as much, if not more, than any boy in my school; yet from want of readiness in answering he allows very inferior lads to win the tickets from him.”

 

* Henry Le Visconte, who was first lieutenant in the Erebus, and perished in the Franklin Expedition, was first cousin to Mrs. Wills.

 

He left school when sixteen and commenced to study medicine in his father’s surgery. In 1852 he studied practical chemistry under Dr. John Stenhouse at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, who spoke of him as one of his most promising pupils, and ventured the assurance that in two years he would be second to none in England in practical chemistry.

 

In 1852 Dr. Wills determined to join the exodus then pouring out from England to Australia, engaged as medical attendant on board the Ballaarat, and arranged to take out the subject of my sketch, and a younger brother Tom with him. A few days after this arrangement was made Wills came to his father, and with that expression in his countenance so peculiarly his own, said, “My dear father, I have a favour to ask of you. I see my mother is grieving, although she says nothing, at our all leaving her together. Let Tom and me go alone. I will pledge myself to take care of him.” After a consultation this new plan was agreed upon. Dr. Wills released himself from his engagement with Messrs. Simpkins and Marshall for the Ballaarat, and secured two berths for the boys in one of Mr. W. S. Lindsay’s ships, which at that time were conveying living freights to Melbourne, their Channel port of departure being Dartmouth.

 

Wills’s love of knowledge in its details is evidenced by a story told by his father of him at this time. “I found,” he said, “that William had shortly before sailing expended some money on a quantity of stuff rolled up like balls of black rope-yarn, and exclaimed with astonishment, ‘In the name of goodness, are you going to chew or smoke all the way to Australia?'” for the commodity was the good old pigtail tobacco. He said smiling, “This is to make friends with the sailors. I intend to learn something about a ship by the time we reach our destination.” His mode of proceeding, as he told his father, was first to secure the good graces of the crew through the persuasive medium of the pigtail; then to learn the name and use of every rope, and of every part of the ship’s tackle from stem to stern. He thus soon acquired the art of splicing and reefing, and was amongst the first to go aloft in a storm, and to lend a hand in taking in topsails.

 

On arriving in Australia the two lads obtained situations as shepherds at Deniliquin, about 200 miles from Melbourne, at £30 a year and their rations. In August, 1853, Dr. Wills reached Melbourne, but it was some two months after landing before he ascertained his sons’ location, and joined them at their sheep station. William subsequently removed to Ballarat with his father, where he remained twelve months attending to patients in his father’s absence, and opening a gold office, where he perfected a plan of his own for weighing specimens containing quartz and gold in water, so as to find the quantity of each component. His thoughts and conversation were, however, constantly reverting to the interior of the great continent, and to the hope that he would some day undertake the journey to the Gulf of Carpentaria. In 1856 Wills obtained an appointment under Mr. F. Byerly, a gentleman in the Survey Department, and under him he commenced to learn surveying. A letter of advice as to the study of science written to his youngest brother at Totnes while he was engaged on a survey at an out station (St. Arnaud) evidenced his earnest love of science, and the following paragraph in it, referring to the study of astronomy, which I venture to think worth quoting, shows he had no difficulty in reconciling science and religion:

 

“As the great object of the science is the correction of error and the investigation of truth, it necessarily leads all those that feel an interest in it to a higher appreciation and desire for truth; and you will easily perceive that a man having a knowledge of all these vast worlds, so much more extensive than our own, must be capable of forming a far higher estimate of that Almighty Being who created all these wonders than one who knows nothing more than the comparatively trifling things that surround us on earth.”

 

Another paragraph at the end of this letter speaks for itself, and gives us the key to the man:

 

“One other piece of advice I must give you before I shut up; that is, never try to show off your knowledge, especially in scientific matters. It is a sin that certain persons we know have been guilty of. The first step is to learn your own ignorance, and if ever you feel inclined to make a display, you may be sure you have as yet learned nothing.”

 

In 1860 an expedition was organized by the colony of Victoria for the exploration of Australia, and to ascertain the nature of the interior of the great continent, which was then a sealed book; for up to that time the efforts towards exploration had been confined to lonely wanderings through the outer boundaries of the unknown continent, and opinions varied as to whether the interior was a vast inland sea, as Oxley and the first of the explorers believed, or whether it was a stony desert unfit for man and beast, as Sturt concluded.

 

Mr. Ambrose Kyte, whose name was, however, concealed from the public at the time, offered £1,000 as an inducement to the Government and others to come forward and raise funds for the exploration. Parliament voted £6,000, and subscriptions from the public raised the fund to £9,000. A Committee of the Royal Society undertook the superintendence of the arrangements. Twenty-four camels were imported from India with native drivers, and provisions and stores for twelve months were provided. After considerable delay the choice of a leader fell upon Robert O’Hara Burke. He was forty years of age, an Irishman from county Galway. When quite a youth he served in an Austrian cavalry regiment, and subsequently in the Irish Constabulary and the Police Force of Victoria; possessing bravery and dauntless courage, he had no special aptitude or scientific training to lead such an Expedition. He was enthusiastic and impulsive but was unfortunately without the indispensable experience of a seasoned bushman.

 

The appointment of second in command fell upon Mr. G. I. Landells, who owed his preferment to the circumstance of his having been employed to bring the camels from India, an appointment, however, which, as the sequel shows, was a most unfortunate one. Wills, who by this time was a seasoned bushman, with great powers of endurance, tendered his services as astronomer and guide without thinking of any distinct post of command, his object being exclusively scientific. Dr. Ludwick Becker was appointed naturalist and artist, Dr. Herman Beckler as botanist and medical adviser. Ten white men, among whom was John King (a private soldier) and three sepoys, were appointed to accompany the Expedition.

 

The explorers left Melbourne on the 20th August, 1860, amid considerable enthusiasm; nearly the whole population suspending ordinary business, and turning out to witness the start. The mayor of Melbourne publicly addressed them, and wished them God-speed, and through the settled districts their progress, which was slow, was a kind of triumphal march. The route marked out for them was to strike the river Darling, then the lower Barcoo (Cooper’s Creek), and from that point to go northwards to the Gulf of Carpentaria.

 

Swan Hill, on the Murray, which, properly speaking, was the northern boundary of the colony of Victoria, was reached on September 8th. At Balranald, beyond the Murray, Burke found it impossible to get on any longer with his foreman (Ferguson) and discharged him. He had, however, no sooner rid himself of this troublesome man than Mr. Landells, his second in command, began to sow dissension, and to exhibit insubordination in an unmistakable manner. This reached a crisis by the time they came to Menindie, on the Darling, and after a violent scene Landells resigned, returning to Melbourne full of violent complaints against Burke, and Dr. Beckler was foolish enough to follow Landells’ example of resigning, on the alleged ground that he did not like the way Burke spoke to Landells. Fortunately for Burke’s reputation a very full account of all that took place was written at the time by Wills to Professor Neumayer, and the committee expressed their entire approbation of Burke’s conduct, an opinion shared in by the general public, as evidenced by the newspapers of that date. Burke, on the resignation of Mr. Landells, immediately promoted Wills to the post he had vacated, which appointment the committee confirmed. Here there was perfect union and reciprocal understanding. Neither had petty jealousies or reserved views. The success of the expedition was their object, not personal glory their aim. The leader had every confidence in his second, and the second was proud of his leader. But Mr. Burke committed an error in the selection of Mr. Wright for the third position in command, without any previous knowledge or experience of his capabilities. In this he acted from his impulsive nature, and the consequences bore heavily on his own and Wills’ fate.

 

Burke then made his second mistake by dividing his party, and on 19th October left Menindie, where he had formed a depot, with about one half of his number, leaving the others behind, and made a rush to the Barcoo. He reached Torowota on 29th October, and from that encampment forwarded a despatch, and an exhaustive surveying report from Wills, to the secretary of the expedition. In his own despatch Burke said:

 

“I consider myself very fortunate in having Mr, Wills as my second in command. He is a capital officer, zealous and untiring in the performance of his duties, and I trust he will remain my second as long as I am in charge of the expedition.”

 

Burke sent Wright back to Menindie with instructions to follow him up with the remainder of the camels to Cooper’s Creek, and Wright himself admitted he gave Burke his word to take the remainder of the party out as soon as he arrived at Menindie. This, however, he omitted to do, and unaccountably delayed making any start until the 26th January, 1861, and to this criminal delay may be attributed the whole of the crushing disaster which subsequently overtook the expedition.

 

Cooper’s Creek, where a camp was formed, was reached on the 11th November. In a letter to one of his sisters from there Wills describes the place as follows:–

 

“To give you an idea of Cooper’s Creek, fancy extensive flat, sandy plains, covered with herbs dried like hay, and imagine a creek or river, somewhat similar in appearance and size to the Dart above the Weir, winding its way through these flats, having its banks densely clothed with gum trees and other evergreens. So far there appears to be a considerable resemblance, but now for the difference. The water of Cooper’s Creek is only a number of waterholes. In some places it entirely disappears, the water in flood-time spreading all over the flats, and forming no regular channel.”

 

While awaiting the arrival of the tardy Wright, short explorations of the adjoining country were made, chiefly by Wills, with the view of examining two or three promising routes to the Gulf of Carpentaria. On the last of these trips Wills penetrated eighty miles, and would have gone further, but the men in charge of the camels fell asleep and let them escape, and the return had to be done on foot in a broiling sun of 146 degrees, no shade, and very little water.

 

Impatient at Wright’s delay, and irritated almost to madness in waiting for him, and seeing the time slipping by, Burke and Wills determined to make a dash for the Gulf of Carpentaria while the opportunity still remained to them.

 

Burke again divided his small party, and taking Wills, King, and Grey, one horse, six camels, and three months’ provisions, started on Sunday, the 16th December, for a dash across the continent. Four men – Brahe, Patten, McDonnough, and Dost Mahomet – with six camels and twelve horses, were left at the camp at Cooper’s Creek, which was made a depot, and Brahe placed in charge until the arrival of Wright or some other person duly appointed by the committee to take command of the remainder of the expedition at Menindie. A surveyor was expected to be sent on to assist Wills, and plenty of work was laid out for all until the return of Burke and Wills – Brahe receiving the most positive orders to remain at Cooper’s Creek until this took place, three or four months being named as the possible time of absence.

 

Wills strongly advised a direct course northward for the exploring party, but Burke hesitated to adopt it unless he could feel confident of a supply of water. The more westerly course was therefore adopted at the commencement of the journey; but after a day or two they turned to the east, and scarcely deviated throughout from the 141st degree of east longitude.

 

Wills kept a diary giving a full account of the journey to the Gulf from the start to February, 1861, which contains very interesting details of each day’s progress. The first point the explorers made for was Eyre’s Creek, and on their first day’s journey they came upon a large tribe of blacks, who, Wills says, came pestering them to go to their camp and have a dance, and nothing but a threat to shoot them would keep them away. They were fine-looking men, but decidedly not of a warlike nature. The explorers crossed Sturt’s supposed “stony desert”, and did not find it the melancholy waste or bad travelling they were led to expect.

 

On 20th December they came upon a large camp of not less that forty or fifty blacks, who brought them presents of fish, for which they gave them beads and matches. On Christmas-eve they reached Gray’s Creek, and took a day’s rest to celebrate the festival. Their camp was really an agreeable place, an oasis in the desert; for there they had all the advantage of food and water attendant on the position of a large creek or river, free from the annoyance of the ants, flies, and mosquitoes invariably met with amongst timber or heavy scrub. The following day they struck a magnificent creek coming from the N.N.W., and this they followed until the 30th, by which time it had tended considerably to the N.E. This stream has since received the name of “Burke’s Creek”. The country adjacent they found an alternation of sand ridges and grassy plains. On 8th January they came into green and luxuriant country, improving at every step. Flocks of pigeons rose and flew, and fresh plants and rich vegetation met the eye on every side. On the 10th, passing over fine open plains, they came to the main creek in those flats, “Patten’s Creek”, flowing along the foot of a stony range. From here they pushed on over fairly good country, coming repeatedly upon blacks in their way, some of whom, being surprised by the explorers coming suddenly upon them, fled, dreadfully frightened. On the 30th January, 1861, having got to within a comparatively short distance of the shores of Carpentaria, Burke and Wills determined to leave Gray and King in charge of the camels, one of whom, having got logged in the creek, had already been left behind, and to proceed onwards on foot, leading the horse. The river or creek down which they passed, and which was quite salt, is named in the journal the Cloncurry. The channel making a sudden turn. Wills remarked that it might be a new river. “If it should prove so,” said Burke, “we will call it after my old friend Lord Cloncurry.”

 

In crossing Billy’s Creek the horse got bogged in a quicksand, and was with difficulty rescued. They came again on blacks, who shuffled off, and near their fire was a fine hut, the best they had ever seen, built on the same principle as those at Cooper’s Creek, but much larger and more complete. Hundreds of wild geese, plovers, and pelicans were enjoying themselves in the watercourses on the marshes, the water of which was too brackish to be drunk. They then soon came to a channel through which the sea-water entered. Here they passed three blacks, who pointed out unasked the best way down. Next morning they started at daybreak for the sea, leaving the horse behind short hobbled. Here Wills’ diary, from which I have been quoting, abruptly ends, and was not resumed until the 19th February, when they had already started on their fatal homeward journey. Burke did not keep any regular journal, but in his notes, under date of the 28th March, 1861, he says: “At the conclusion of the report it would be as well to say that we reached the sea, but could not obtain a view of the open ocean, although we made every endeavour to do so.” There is no doubt whatever that the two explorers reached the verge of the northern ocean.*

 

* In the account of McKinlay’s Expedition from Adelaide, in August, 1861, it is mentioned that when he, in the following February, found himself on the Gulf of Carpentaria, dense walls of mangrove barred his way to the shore, and there can he little doubt that it was the same obstacle which prevented Burke and Wills from viewing the open sea.

 

Having thus accomplished the grand object of their expedition Burke and Wills rejoined Gray and King, where they had left them with the camels, and the four proceeded together on the return journey on the 13th February. Wills’ notes on their scamper back to Cooper’s Creek are brief but powerful. An incessant rainfall made the country boggy, and added to their troubles. On the 2nd March, at Salt-bush Camp, they found Golah, the camel which they had been obliged to leave behind on the outward journey. It was thin and miserable, and had fretted at finding itself left behind, but began to eat as soon as it saw the other camels.

 

On 5th March Burke became ill from eating part of a large snake which they had killed, and poor Golah, being completely done up, and unable to come on, even when pack and saddle were taken off, had to be finally left behind. On 13th March it rained so heavily that Wills had to put his watch and field-book in the pack to keep them dry. All the creeks became flooded, and the poor travellers had to seek shelter under some fallen rocks. Their journey was now slow, as they had to keep on the stony ridge instead of following the flats, which were very boggy owing to the rain. On the 20th they commenced to lighten the loads of the camels by leaving 60 lbs. weight of things behind. Rain continued to fall in torrents, and the ground they passed over was at times either full of water or covered with slimy mud. The names given to some of their camps by Wills – viz., “Humid Camp”, “Muddy Camp”, “Mosquito Camp”, show some of the trials they had to encounter. Gray, who had been complaining of dysentery, stole some of the flour, and was punished by Burke. Five days after this (March 30th) the camel Boocha was killed for food at a place which by gentle irony they called “Boocha’s Rest”; and on the 10th April the horse, which was reduced and knocked up from want of food, was killed also. Down to the 17th nothing very noteworthy is recorded.

 

On that day – the beginning of the end – Wills records the death of Gray, whom the others had thought to be shamming. The survivors sorrowfully buried him in the lonely bush: they were so weak that it was with difficulty they could dig a grave sufficiently deep to lay him in. After a day’s delay to rest their wearied limbs they pushed on, but in a most exhausted state, straining every nerve to reach the goal of their arduous labours, their legs almost paralysed, so that it was a trying task to walk a few yards. Four days afterwards they were cheered by the sight of the familiar landmarks of their old camp at Cooper’s Creek. King describes in vivid language the delight of Burke when he thought he saw the depot camp. “There they are!” he shouted. “I see them.” But, alas! the wish was father to the thought. There was no one there. Lost and bewildered in amazement, he appeared like one stupefied when the horrible truth that the camp had been deserted burst upon him. He was quite overwhelmed, and flung himself on the ground broken-hearted. Wills looked about him in all directions, and presently turning to King said, “They are gone”, and pointing a short way off added, “There are the things they have left.” Calm and quiet as ever, he never once, as King testified, showed the slightest anger or loss of command of himself.

 

On a tree was marked “Dig 21st April”, and from under it a box was extracted containing provisions, and a bottle with a note from Brahe conveying the mortifying intelligence that he had only seven hours before abandoned the depot, and was encamped fourteen miles away, that he had remained four months at Cooper’s Creek, and that Wright had not turned up with the supplies. The explorers felt that, exhausted as they were, it was useless to attempt to overtake Brahe. They rested for two days, and on the morning of Thursday, April 23rd, Burke, Wills, and King, strengthened by the provisions they had found, resumed their journey. Wills and King were desirous of following their track out from Menindie, but unfortunately Burke preferred striking for the South Australian stations, having heard it positively stated at a meeting of the Royal Society that there were settlers within 100 miles of Cooper’s Creek. Wills deferred to his leader, and so they went to their destruction, making for Adelaide via Mount Hopeless (ominous name). There was, in fact, nothing to commend this route, while everything was in favour of that by the Darling. The one road they knew nothing of, the other was familiar to them, and as a matter of fact the nearest police station on the Adelaide line of march was distant between four and five hundred miles. Before starting Wills’ journals were buried in the cache, with the following note from Burke:

 

“Depot No. 2, Cooper’s Creek Camp, 65.

“The return party from Carpentaria, consisting of myself, Wills, and King (Grey dead), arrived here last night and found that the depot party had only started on the same day. We proceed on to-morrow, slowly down the creek towards Adelaide by Mount Hopeless, and shall endeavour to follow Gregory’s track; but we are very weak. The two camels are done up, and we shall not be able to travel faster than four or five miles a day. Grey died on the road from exhaustion and fatigue. We have all suffered much from hunger. The provisions left here will, I think, restore our strength. We have discovered a practicable route to Carpentaria, the chief position of which lies in the 140° of east longitude. There is some good country between this and the Stony Desert. From thence to the tropics the land is dry and stony. Between the Carpentaria a considerable portion is rangy, but well watered and richly grassed. We reached the shores of Carpentaria on the 11th of February, 1861. Greatly disappointed at finding the party here gone.

 

“(Signed) Robert O’Hara Burke, Leader.

“April 22nd, 1861.

“P.S. – The camels cannot travel, and we cannot walk, or we should follow the other party. We shall move very slowly down the creek.”

 

By slow stages the doomed explorers moved on day by day through what was little better than a desert. The second and third days they came upon some friendly blacks, who gave them fish. On 28th April one of the two remaining camels got bogged by the side of a water hole, and it being impossible to get him out, he was shot the next day, his flesh providing them with food. On May 7th the remaining camel would not rise even without any load on its back, and after making every attempt to get him up they had to leave him to himself. Burke and Wills then went down the creek to reconnoitre, and fortunately fell in with some blacks fishing, who gave them food and took them to their camp, where they passed two nights. Some days after, being pressed for food, several excursions were made to find the blacks again, but without success. On May 17th, however, King unexpectedly came upon the nardoo plant, the seed of which is powdered by the natives and baked into a cake. This discovery raised their spirits, as they considered that with this food they would be able to support themselves, even if they had to remain on the creek and wait for assistance from town. On 27th May Wills started alone to the depot at Cooper’s Creek to see if any relief had arrived.

 

Brahe – who, it will be remembered, deserted his post at the depot only seven hours before the wearied explorers returned there – fell in with Wright’s party at Balloo on his way to the Darling on the 28th or 29th April, and on the 3rd May Wright started with him for the depot, which they actually reached on the 9th. It seemed fated, however, that blunder should succeed blunder, for here they remained but a quarter of an hour, and casting but a hurried glance around came to the conclusion that the depot had not been visited in the interval, and with fatal and criminal neglect never even opened the cache. Had they done so the papers and letters deposited would have been found, and all would yet have been well. Wills, who had met natives on the way, and been given food by them, arrived at Cooper’s Creek on this return visit on the 30th May, and naturally enough failed to discover it had been re-visited by Wright and Brahe, who had left no record behind them. He opened the cache, buried the remainder of his journal and letters, with the following touching note:–

 

“Depot Camp, May 30th.

“We have been unable to leave the creek. Both camels are dead, and our provisions are exhausted. Mr. Burke and King are down the lower part of the creek. I am about to return to them, when we shall probably come up this way. We are trying to live the best way we can, like the blacks, but find it hard work. Our clothes are going to pieces fast. Send provisions and clothes as soon as possible.

“W. J. Wills.”

 

“The depot party having left contrary to instructions, has put us in this fix. I have deposited some of my journals here for fear of accident. “W. J. W.”

 

Wills then started to rejoin Burke and King. He received kindly assistance on the way from the blacks, and rejoined his companions on 6th June. His diary which he continued to keep was brief but expressive. They had little but nardoo to live upon, and though it allayed the pangs of hunger, it contained little nourishment; the poor fellows were literally starving to death. In his diary under date of 21st June Wills says:–

 

“I feel much weaker than ever, and can scarcely crawl out of the mia-mia. Unless relief comes in some form or other I cannot possibly last more than a fortnight. It is a great consolation at least, in this position of ours, to know that we have done all we could, and that our deaths were rather be the result of the mismanagement of others than of any rash act of our own. Had we come to grief elsewhere, we could only have blamed ourselves; but here we are returned to Cooper’s Creek, where we had every reason to look for provisions and clothing, and yet have to die of starvation, in spite of the explicit instructions given by Mr. Burke, that the depot party should await our return, and the strong recommendation by the Committee ‘that we should be followed up by a party from Menindie.'”

 

He suffered much from cold, his clothing was reduced to a wide awake, a merino shirt, a regatta shirt without sleeves, the remains of a pair of flannel trousers, two pairs of socks in rags, and a waistcoat. Wills finding his weakness increasing, it was resolved that Burke and King, as the only chance of saving the party, should go in search of natives, and having collected and pounded sufficient nardoo seed to last Wills for eight days, they constructed a rude shelter of boughs for him, placed water and firewood within his reach, and took a sorrowful farewell of him, Wills giving Burke a letter and his watch for his father, and telling King if he survived Burke to carry out his last wishes. In a postscript to this letter Wills says, “I think to live about four or five days. My spirits are excellent.” On the 29th June Wills made his last entry in his diary, shewing that he maintained his calmness of spirit and resignation to the last.

 

“Friday, 29th June, 1861. — Clear, cold night; slight breeze from the east; day beautifully warm and pleasant. Mr. Burke suffers greatly from the cold, and is getting extremely weak. He and King start to-morrow up the creek to look for the blacks; it is the only chance we have of being saved from starvation. I am weaker than ever, although I have a good appetite, and relish the nardoo much; but it seems to give us no nutriment, and the birds here are so shy as not to be got at. Even if we got a good supply of fish, I doubt whether we could do much work on them and the nardoo alone. Nothing now but the greatest good luck can save any of us; and as for myself I may live four or five days if the weather continues warm. My pulse is at forty-eighty and very weak, and my legs and arms are nearly skin and bone. I can only look out, like Mr. Micawber, ‘for something to turn up.’ Starvation on nardoo is by no means very unpleasant, but for the weakness one feels, and the utter inability to move one’s self; for as far as the appetite is concerned it gives the greatest satisfaction. Certainly fat and sugar would be more to one’s taste; in fact, those seem to me to be the great stand-by for one in this extraordinary continent – not that I mean to depreciate the farinaceous food, but the want of sugar and fat in all substances obtainable here is so great that they become almost valueless to us as articles of food without the addition of something else.

 

(Signed) “W. J. Wills.”

 

We are now, alas ! nearing the end of this ill-fated expedition. Burke and King had not travelled many miles when, on the second day from leaving Wills, Burke gave in from sheer weakness, and died early the next morning. King remained two days to recover strength, and then returned to where they had left Wills, taking back with him three crows he had shot, and nardoo he had discovered, and was shocked to find Wills lying dead in his gunwah, where he would appear to have sunk quietly to rest, but in utter loneliness, a few hours after Burke and King had left him. King buried the corpse with sand, and remained there some days prostrated at the death of his companions, and at being left alone in the vast wilderness. The nardoo running short, and being unable to gather it, he tracked some of the natives by their footprints in the sand, and eventually fell in with a number of them, who were kindly disposed, and so was preserved from the fate of his companions.

 

The Exploration Committee at Melbourne seem by their supineness to have helped on the final catastrophe. Although informed of the criminal delay of Wright at Menindie, they took no steps to urge his departure from there. Dr. Wills, our hero’s father, unable to bear the suspense in the month of June, walked with a small pack on his shoulders, and a stick in his hand, from Ballarat to Melbourne, a distance of seventy-five miles, and his energetic appeals led to a search party, under Mr. A. W. Howitt, being sent out.

 

Two of the three camels lost on one of the excursions at Cooper’s Creek on the way out were discovered in South Australia and brought to Adelaide. News of this reaching Melbourne excited the interest of the public, and doubtless contributed to the awakened energy of the Committee. In connection with this Mr. Fabyan Amery has contributed a strange and interesting story. He tells me that a Mr. James Wills, who had been a servant at the Ashburton Grammar School, in special attendance upon the boarders, whilst Wills was a pupil there, was, in 1861, residing with his wife, whom he had married in the Colony, on the banks of the Murray river; and one morning Mrs. Wills, casting her eyes around the horizon, spied in the far distance two animals, which with quick feminine decision she declared to be camels. This she mentioned to her husband, who ridiculed the idea, as no camels were ever known in Australia. She persisted in her opinion, and started towards them to satisfy her curiosity. Sure enough they proved to be two camels, undoubtedly two of those who had escaped from the ill-fated expedition, and which, with the wonderful instinct of their species, had sniffed the water at a great distance, and in an almost exhausted state were making for the river. Mrs. Wills went up to them, when the youngest came and ate out of her hand. Her husband immediately gave information to the police, which he understood was forwarded to the Governor of Victoria, and which he always believed led to the despatch of the Relief Expedition. Howitt started early in July, 1861, taking Brahe with him, who had come down with Wright’s despatches, and made all speed to Cooper’s Creek. On 13th September he arrived at the fatal depot, and on the 15th King was discovered sitting in a hut which the natives had made for him. He presented a melancholy appearance, wasted to a shadow, and only distinguishable as a civilized being by the remnants of clothes upon him. As soon as King was well enough to accompany them the relief party proceeded down to the place where Wills died. The remains were found, carefully collected, and interred where they lay, Howitt reading that sublime chapter – 1 Corinthians xi. – and cutting the following inscription on a tree close by to mark the spot:

 

W. J. WILLS

XLV Yds

W.N.W.

A. H.

 

Burke’s remains were subsequently discovered and buried, wrapped in a Union Jack. Howitt then returned to Melbourne, taking King with him. He subsequently went back again, disinterred the remains of Burke and Wills, and brought them to Melbourne, where, after lying solemnly in state, they were accorded a public funeral, and so –

 

“After life’s fitful fever they sleep well.”

 

No one who has read the simple records of this great expedition, with all its blunders – so successful as far as its great object was concerned, but so fatal as regards the precious lives of the explorers – but must admire the character, actions, and quiet heroism of Wills. None of the blunders which led to the disaster which befell the Expedition are traceable to him. Throughout the toilsome journey he maintained his quiet, equable temperament. Loyal to his leader he deferred to his wishes, never complained of or reflected on others, continued and carefully recorded his scientific observations to the last, and laid himself down to die in utter loneliness in the vast wilderness with perfect resignation and calmness, as if he were but falling asleep in his father’s arms; and “his works do follow him”; for they opened up the way to the march of civilization, and have been rich in results. The greater part of the country he explored is now in a state of cultivation, with homesteads containing prosperous settlers in all directions, and so early as 1867 a stage coach was running not many miles from where he and Burke laid down their lives. The testimony of the colonists to Wills was on all sides that of admiration for his devoted heroism, appreciation of the scientific results achieved by him, and deep regret at the sacrifice of his young and promising life.

 

Sir Henry Barkly, the Governor of Victoria, in a letter to his mother, said of Wills: “You may rely upon it that the name of William John Wills will go down to posterity, both at home and in this colony, amongst the brightest of those who have sacrificed their lives for the advancement of scientific knowledge and the good of their fellow-creatures.” Dr. Mueller, of the Melbourne Botanical Gardens, who as a tribute to his memory named a new plant in the Australian Flora Eremophila Willsii, “to record by botany the glory never to be forgotten of the intrepid and talented but most unfortunate Wills”, maintained that it was only by his skilful guidance and scientific talents that the great geographic success of the expedition was achieved.

 

A portion of the city was directed to be thereafter named Wills Street by order of the Governor. A massive obelisk was erected to the memory of the two martyrs in the cemetery where they were buried; and on April 21st, 1866, a monument raised to them by the Victorian Legislature at a cost of £4,000, consisting of a statue of each of these two distinguished explorers, was unveiled by the Governor in Collins Street, one of the principal thoroughfares of Melbourne. The day chosen for the ceremony was the fourth anniversary of the return of Burke and Wills to Cooper’s Creek, and their surviving companion King was present on the occasion, which to him must have been one of mingled sorrow and pleasure.

 

Wills was not forgotten in his native town. The inhabitants, aided by the contributions of Devonshire men in Australia, erected a granite obelisk on the plains containing this inscription:Inscription on obelisk to W. J. Wills in Totnes

And though more than thirty years have passed since his death Wills is not forgotten in the colony; for only last year one of the colonists from Devon, Mr. Angel, who returned from South Australia on a visit to Totnes, and to his native parish of Littlehempstone, finding the inscription on the memorial becoming obliterated had it renewed on a tablet of white marble let into the granite,* that the coming race may not be unmindful of the patient and courageous life and heroic death of this Devonshire hero, the martyred Wills.

 

* Since this paper was written Mr. F. Horn, marble mason, of Totnes, has executed a successful medallion of Wills, which has been let into the obelisk above the tablet."

 

devonassoc.org.uk/devoninfo/wills-the-australian-explorer...

L’essenza dello spirito dell’uomo sta nelle nuove esperienze.

History

Thalidomide was created by Grünenthal in 1953 and was used in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a "wonder drug" to treat morning sickness, headaches, coughs, insomnia and colds. Thalidomide was marketed in the UK under the name Distaval in 1958, and advertisements emphasized the drug's complete safety, using phrases such as “non-toxic” and “no known toxicity”.

However, in 1961 an Australian doctor, William McBride, wrote to the Lancet after noticing an increase in deformed babies being born at his hospital – all to mothers who had taken Thalidomide.

Between 1958 and 1962 tens of thousands of women throughout Europe found that the baby they were carrying unaccountably miscarried, or, worse, after they gave birth were told it was stillborn. Thousands more discovered that their babies had severe birth defects, missing arms, legs, or with severe reductions to these limbs, or even worse, damage to their internal organs, brain, heart, kidneys, intestines, genitals, etc. During 1962 record keepers began to count all of the children living who were born damaged by the drug. The only complete records are of those who survived long enough to participate in the national compensation schemes, which were established in Germany, Britain, Japan, Sweden and Australia in the 1970s. The difficulty in uncovering the full toll of the disaster begins with the unknown numbers of miscarriages and stillbirths (possibly up to ten times the number of live births), and the widespread practice of infanticide.

The Thalidomide injuries did not stop once the babies were born. At the age of fifty, the Thalidomide Trust’s records show that around half of all survivors are coping with chronic pain – mainly from muscles and joints (musculo-skeletal pain), largely as a result of the challenges of living with missing or damaged limbs. For many, their bodies are deteriorating far faster than able-bodied people. Several have been told words to the effect “your body is getting the problems of someone in their seventies”, which at forty to fifty years of age is not good news. At least a quarter are coping with developing neurological problems, tingling, numbness, and pain in their affected limbs. This means that a person may be holding a cup, for instance, and the next thing they know is it has fallen to the floor and broken, because of the numbness in their hand. For these survivors, the disaster is still slowly unfolding in their day-to-day lives.

Grünenthal scientists were not only negligent in failing to withdraw the drug when reports of problems came in, or for failing to test it according to the standards of the time, but more than most companies they were very well placed to anticipate the possibility that Thalidomide would cause birth defects.

Grünenthal initially denied claims that the drug hadn’t been extensively tested according to the standards of the time, but once the scandal became undeniable, they sought to deflect blame and limit damage.

In 1961 Thalidomide was eventually withdrawn after being found to be a teratogan - a cause of birth defects. 12 years later, the UK company Distillers Biochemicals Limited (now Diageo) – which was responsible for distributing the drug in the UK – reached a compensation settlement following a legal battle by the families of those affected.

Based on incomplete medical evidence and unrealistic expectations of Thalidomide survivors future needs this settlement has turned out to be at an inadequate level. With all Thalidomide survivors in the UK now over the age of 50, it is no longer sufficient to deal with their rising cost of living, and the dramatic deterioration of their health.

To this day, Grünenthal have never accepted responsibility for the suffering caused by Thalidomide. On September 1st 2012, The Grünenthal Group released a statement containing an apology, stating that it "regrets" the consequences of the drug, which led to babies being born without limbs during the 1950s and 1960s. Although the statement was welcomed by some Thalidomide survivors, it is still not an acceptance of responsibility. They just want to live a comfortable life, and that means Grünenthal should be held accountable and pay for their mistake financially.

  

Spanish

Historia

La talidomida fue creado por Grünenthal en 1953 y fue utilizado a finales de 1950 y principios de 1960 como una "droga milagrosa" para el tratamiento de las náuseas, dolores de cabeza, tos, insomnio y resfriados. La talidomida fue comercializada en el Reino Unido bajo el nombre Distaval en 1958, y destacó los anuncios de seguridad completa del medicamento, utilizando frases como "no tóxico" y "no hay toxicidad conocida".

Sin embargo, en 1961 un médico australiano, William McBride, escribió a la revista The Lancet después de notar un aumento en los bebés que nacen deformes en su hospital - todo a las madres que habían tomado Talidomida.

Entre 1958 y 1962, decenas de miles de mujeres de toda Europa descubrieron que el bebé que llevaban inexplicablemente abortado, o, peor aún, después de dar a luz se les dijo que estaba muerto. Miles de personas descubrieron que sus bebés nacieron con defectos congénitos graves, los brazos, las piernas, que faltan o con reducciones severas a estos miembros, o peor aún, el daño a sus órganos internos, cerebro, corazón, riñones, intestinos, genitales, etc Durante 1962 guardianes de los registros empezó a contar toda la vida los niños que nacieron dañado por la droga. Los únicos registros completos son de los que sobrevivieron lo suficiente como para participar en los sistemas nacionales de indemnización, que se establecieron en Alemania, Gran Bretaña, Japón, Suecia y Australia en la década de 1970. La dificultad para descubrir el número de víctimas del desastre comienza con los números desconocidos de abortos involuntarios y mortinatos (posiblemente hasta diez veces el número de nacidos vivos), y la práctica generalizada del infanticidio.

Las lesiones de la talidomida no se detuvo una vez que los bebés nacieron. A la edad de cincuenta años, los registros de la confianza talidomida muestran que cerca de la mitad de todos los sobrevivientes están lidiando con el dolor crónico - principalmente de músculos y articulaciones (dolor musculoesquelético), en gran parte como resultado de los desafíos de vivir con la falta o ramas dañadas. Para muchos, sus cuerpos se deterioran mucho más rápido que las personas sanas. Algunos han dicho palabras en el sentido de "su cuerpo está recibiendo los problemas de alguien en los setenta", que a los cuarenta o cincuenta años de edad no es una buena noticia. Al menos una cuarta están lidiando con el desarrollo de problemas neurológicos, hormigueo, entumecimiento y dolor en las extremidades afectadas. Esto significa que una persona puede ser la celebración de una taza, por ejemplo, y lo siguiente que sé es que ha caído al suelo y se rompe, debido a la sensación de adormecimiento en la mano. Para estos sobrevivientes, el desastre está siendo poco a poco se desarrolla en su día a día.

Grünenthal científicos no sólo fueron negligentes al no haber retirado la droga cuando los informes de problemas de vino, o por no probarlo de acuerdo a los estándares de la época, pero más que la mayoría de las empresas que estaban muy bien situados para prever la posibilidad de que la talidomida haría causar defectos de nacimiento.

Grünenthal inicialmente negó las acusaciones de que el medicamento no ha sido ampliamente probado de acuerdo con los estándares de la época, pero una vez que el escándalo se hizo innegable, trataron de desviar la culpa y limitar el daño.

En 1961, la talidomida fue finalmente retirada después de haber sido encontrado para ser un teratogan - una de las causas de los defectos congénitos. 12 años después, el Reino Unido, Distillers Company Limited (ahora Bioquímicos Diageo) - encargada de la distribución de la droga en el Reino Unido - llegó a un acuerdo de compensación después de una batalla legal por las familias de los afectados.

Sobre la base de evidencia incompleta médica y expectativas poco realistas de la talidomida futuro sobrevivientes necesita esta solución ha resultado ser en un nivel adecuado. Con todos los sobrevivientes de la talidomida en el Reino Unido ahora más de 50 años de edad, ya no es suficiente para hacer frente a su creciente costo de vida, y el dramático deterioro de su salud.

A día de hoy, Grünenthal nunca ha aceptado la responsabilidad por el sufrimiento causado por la talidomida. El 1 de septiembre de 2012, el Grupo Grünenthal emitió una declaración que contenga una disculpa, diciendo que "lamenta" las consecuencias de la droga, lo que llevó a los bebés que nacen sin extremidades durante los años 1950 y 1960. Aunque la declaración fue bien recibida por algunos sobrevivientes de la talidomida, no es todavía una aceptación de responsabilidad. Ellos sólo quieren vivir una vida cómoda, y eso quiere decir Grünenthal deben rendir cuentas y pagar por su error financieramente.

 

Italian

 

Storia

La talidomide è stato creato da Grünenthal nel 1953 ed è stato utilizzato alla fine del 1950 e 1960 come un "farmaco miracoloso" per curare la malattia di mattina, mal di testa, tosse, insonnia e raffreddori. La talidomide è stato commercializzato nel Regno Unito con il nome di Distaval nel 1958, e la pubblicità ha sottolineato sicurezza del farmaco, con frasi come "non tossico" e "nessuna tossicità conosciuto".

Tuttavia, nel 1961 un medico australiano, William McBride, ha scritto al Lancet dopo aver notato un aumento delle nascite di bimbi malformati essendo nati a suo ospedale - tutti da madri che avevano assunto talidomide.

Tra il 1958 e il 1962 decine di migliaia di donne in tutta Europa ha scoperto che il bambino che portavano inspiegabilmente abortito, o, peggio, dopo che ha dato alla luce hanno detto che era morto. Altre migliaia hanno scoperto che i loro bambini hanno gravi difetti di nascita, braccia, gambe, mancanti o con gravi riduzioni a queste arti, o peggio ancora, danni ai loro organi interni, cervello, cuore, reni, intestino, genitali, ecc Nel 1962 custodi record cominciò a contare tutta la vita i bambini che sono nati danneggiati dal farmaco. Le uniche registrazioni complete sono di coloro che sono sopravvissuti abbastanza a lungo per partecipare ai sistemi di indennizzo nazionali, che sono stati stabiliti in Germania, Gran Bretagna, Giappone, Svezia e Australia nel 1970. La difficoltà nello scoprire il bilancio del disastro inizia con i numeri sconosciuti di aborti spontanei e nati morti (forse fino a dieci volte il numero di nati vivi), e la pratica diffusa di infanticidio.

Le lesioni Talidomide non si è fermata una volta che i bambini sono nati. All'età di 50, del Trust talidomide i tabulati mostrano che circa la metà di tutti i sopravvissuti stanno affrontando con dolore cronico - principalmente da muscoli e le articolazioni (il dolore muscoloscheletrico), soprattutto a causa delle sfide della vita con mancanti o arti danneggiati. Per molti, i loro corpi si stanno deteriorando molto più veloce di persone abili. Molti hanno detto parole per l'effetto "il tuo corpo è sempre il problema di qualcuno nei loro anni settanta", che a 40-50 anni di età non è una buona notizia. Almeno un quarto stanno affrontando con lo sviluppo di problemi neurologici, formicolio, intorpidimento e dolore a carico degli arti colpiti. Ciò significa che una persona può essere in possesso di un tazza, per esempio, e la prossima cosa che so è che è caduto a terra e rotto, a causa del torpore in mano. Per questi sopravvissuti, il disastro è ancora lentamente svolgendo nel loro giorno per giorno la vita.

Grünenthal scienziati non erano solo negligenza nel non ritirare il farmaco quando i report di problemi è venuto in, o per non aver testarlo secondo gli standard del tempo, ma più che la maggior parte delle aziende erano molto ben disposti ad anticipare la possibilità che Thalidomide avrebbe causare difetti di nascita.

Grünenthal inizialmente smentito che il farmaco non era stato ampiamente testati secondo gli standard del tempo, ma una volta che lo scandalo è diventata innegabile, hanno cercato di deviare la colpa e di limitare i danni.

Nel 1961 talidomide è stata infine ritirata dopo essere stato trovato per essere un teratogan - una causa di difetti di nascita. 12 anni dopo, i Distillers Company Limited, Regno Unito Biochemicals (ora Diageo) - incaricata di distribuire il farmaco nel Regno Unito - ha raggiunto un accordo di compensazione a seguito di una battaglia legale da parte delle famiglie delle persone colpite.

Sulla base di prove mediche incomplete e le aspettative non realistiche del futuro Thalidomide sopravvissuti ha bisogno di questa soluzione si è rivelata essere ad un livello insufficiente. Con tutti i sopravvissuti Talidomide nel Regno Unito ora di età superiore ai 50 anni, non è più sufficiente per affrontare la loro crescente costo della vita, e il drammatico deterioramento della loro salute.

Fino ad oggi, la Grünenthal non hanno mai accettato la responsabilità per la sofferenza causata dal talidomide. Il 1 ° settembre 2012, il Gruppo Grünenthal ha rilasciato una dichiarazione che contiene delle scuse, affermando che esso "deplora" le conseguenze della droga, che ha portato a bambini nati senza arti nel corso del 1950 e 1960. Anche se la dichiarazione è stata accolta da alcuni sopravvissuti talidomide, non è ancora una assunzione di responsabilità. Vogliono solo vivere una vita comoda, e questo significa che Grünenthal dovrebbero essere ritenuti responsabili e pagare per il loro errore finanziario.

 

And balancing a bag on her head! Girl has talent!

By Franklin Fisher

franklin.s.fisher2.civ@mail.mil

 

CAMP RED CLOUD, South Korea – The U.S. Army in Area I marked this year’s National African American Heritage Month with a Feb. 26 gathering that highlighted the challenges and opportunities of America’s ethnically diverse society.

An audience of more than 140 Soldiers and civilians in the post theater heard first-hand accounts of how open-mindedness, hard work and perseverance overcame various forms of hardship, including, for some, racial antagonism.

National African American Heritage Month, also known as Black History Month, is observed every February. This year’s theme was “At the Crossroads of Freedom and Equality – The Emancipation Proclamation and the March on Washington, 1963.”

One of the speakers, Jessica Santana, was 18 when her parents moved from Ecuador to the United States.

“My father’s goal was to see his daughters become successful and independent,” she said.

Santana served nearly eight years as a U.S. Soldier and now works as supervisory budget analyst with USAG Red Cloud’s and Area I’s Resource Management Office.

“I represent the diversity of which our country the United States of America is made of,” she said.

Scott Knowles, the garrison’s acting safety manager, is a white American who grew up in the segregated South.

He saw crosses burning in his hometown and blacks restricted to riding in the back of buses.

Later, when his work took him to Hawaii, he was surprised that some local residents of Asian ancestry were unfriendly because he was white.

“I wasn’t sure what to make of it and thought, ‘So this is what it feels like to be a minority?’

“For the first time, I began to understand the difficulties that minorities have to deal with.”

Sgt. 1st Class Esther Spears moved to the U.S. from Sierra Leone at age four. She’s now security sergeant-in-charge with the garrison’s Directorate of Plans, Training, Mobilization and Security.

Her father’s expectations that America was a place of opportunity proved true, she said.

“I remember him telling me that this is the place that I will be allowed to go to school and become a strong individual in a society where my opinions will be heard...

“I can truly say that my parents have given me the ultimate gift, the ability of freedom of speech, education, and equality,” said Spears. “Some of which I would not have had if I would have stayed in Africa.”

Yun Heo, director of the garrison’s Directorate of Public Works, came to the U.S. from South Korea at age 12.

He was sometimes subjected to slurs on his Asian ethnicity, some of them from a white wrestling opponent who refused to shake his hand at the start of a match.

Undeterred, he went on to graduate from the Virginia Military Institute and served as a U.S. Air Force officer before starting his current civilian career.

“Nothing comes free in life,” he said.

“But America gives you the basic opportunities...”

Sandra Knight, prevention coordinator at the garrison’s Army Substance Abuse Program, told of growing up in rural poverty in a family of 11 children, and of being unable to speak until age 16.

“My life’s trials caused me ...to study hard, to work even harder…Every one of my trials made me who I am today.”

In presenting a series of speakers rather than just one this year, organizers of the celebration sought to reflect the diversity of today’s Army, said Beverly Poole, director of the garrison’s Resource Management Office. Poole was the guest speaker.

“What it drove home,” she said later, “is that no matter what your background is, we all share some of the same struggles, some of the goals, and there’s nothing really that separates us and we shouldn’t be divided by the color of our skins.”

A video of the entire event is available online at www.ustream.tv/recorded/29574446. x

MYSIA, Kyzikos. Circa 500-450 BC. EL Stater (19mm, 16.27 g). Double-bodied sphinx with one head facing, wearing ouraios; both atop tunny / Quadripartie incuse square. Hurter & Liewald –; cf. Von Fritze I 128 (hekte); cf. Greenwell 101 (same); cf. SNG France 280 (same). Good VF. Well centered. Extremely rare type – unknown in this denomination.

 

The celebrated electrum coinage of Kyzikos began in the first half of the sixth century, and from the beginning the coinage was notable for the variety and inventiveness of its designs. These staters and fractions were regarded as gold coins and circulated throughout a large area along with the gold darics of the Persian Empire. On all of the coins of Kyzikos, large or small, was engraved the tunny-fish (θυννος), which constituted an important product in the Kyzikene economy. The long awaited corpus initiated by the late Friedrich Bodenstedt is now being continued by Maria Kaiser-Raiss. In the meantime we must rely on the synthesis of material put together by von Fritze in 1914, augmented (and corrected) by the articles by Hurter and Liewald. More controversially, Yuri Pokras ("A New Iconography for the Electrum Coins of Kyzikos," The Celator November 2000, pp.18-26) has tried to argue that Athens invested Kyzikos with the status of subsidiary mint, and that the presence of specific types parallels each city-state’s inclusion into an alliance with Athens.

 

The orator Aristotelis, in the second century BC, stated the following in his speech regarding the people of Kyzikos: “It is enough for one just to glance at the location and the nature of this city to immediately understand that the name ‘blissful’ given to it by God was factual, so convenient is its land and its sea. As it is built in front of Asia Minor and since its dominion extends from the Black Sea to the Hellespont, Kyzikos joins the two seas together or rather all the seas that man navigates. Thus, ships continuously pass by or arrive at the harbor or depart from the harbor. Justly it should be called ‘blissful’ just as is Corinth because, as it is built in the mid part of the seas, it joins, as if it was the center of the world, all men who sail the Mediterranean from Gibraltar to Kolchis at the far side of the Black Sea.”

 

The type of a sphinx recurs on a variety of Kyzikene electrum issue, but this variety is perhaps the most unprecedented and intriguing. No detailed study has been conducted on the various representations, but Greenwell, citing Cousinéry, suggests that it is “merely a way of representing [the sphinx] as seen facing, arising from the difficulty of depicting a figure in that position” (Greenwell, p. 102). This depiction is one of the rarest types in the electrum of Kyzikos, and was previously only known on hektai.

 

CNG925160

This is quite an important monument though it is rarely visited or mentioned in guide books, probably due to it's location and the relative difficulty in accessing it. Hosh al-Basha is an Arabic name meaning, ‘Funerary Courtyard of the Pasha’, which was given to the Royal family graveyards and more specifically, the (many) descendants of Mohammed Ali’s family.

 

The tomb complex was built in 1854 and in it are buried Mohammed Ali’s wives, children, the close and devoted servants, distinguished statesmen and counsellors. The tomb complex was first built for the burial of Mohammed Ali's sons, the adopted Ibrahim Pasha (or Ibrahim Paşa, 1789-1848) and the eldest Tusun Pasha (or Tosun Paşa, 1794-1816) who died in their father's lifetime.

 

The six-domed complex still shows much of its original luxurious and rich state. The portal entrance leads to a large open courtyard which is now abandoned and dusty, but was once a lush garden with several water basins. The entrance leads one through a roofed axial corridor with columns on both sides from where you can also step down into the courtyard.

 

From each corner of the courtyard, one can get a different but fascinating view of the ribbed domes overlapping the courtyard. The façades are all carefully decorated with gypsum window openings that all reflect marvellous shades of light through the coloured glass in the interior chambers, creating rainbows of diffused and subtle lighting.

 

Mohammed Ali (r. 1805-1848) was to known to be very attentive to his family and in particular the education of his children. The glory and power he enjoyed did not prevent him from personally attending the examinations of his sons and grandsons in order to reassure himself of their skills in science and art and their dedication to their nation and their commitment to its love and defense.

 

Ibrahim Pasha, the eldest (adopted) son was born in 1789 in the village of Nasrtali, a village near Cavalla, currently located in the East Macedonia and Thrace periphery of Greece. This town was also native to his adoptive father. He came to Egypt in 1805 and took up residence in the Citadel when his father assumed the position of Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt. When Mohammed Ali went to Arabia to prosecute the war against the Wahhabis in 1813, Ibrahim was left in command of Upper Egypt. He continued the war with the broken power of the Mamluks, whom he suppressed. Ibrahim advocated the use of means of Western civilization into Egypt.

 

Tusun Pasha was Mohamed Ali's eldest son (second only to the adopted Ibrahim Pasha). He commanded the campaign against the Wahabis at the age of 16 and achieved several victories. After the Wahabis sued for a truce, Tusun returned to Egypt. His father then sent him to Berinbal near Rashid on a military mission; however, on the way he was stricken with a plague and died in 1815. His body was brought back to Cairo for burial.

 

Following the death of his brother Tusun Pasha, Ibrahim was appointed commander of the Egyptian forces in the Hijaz campaign. He died on 10 November 1848.

 

The third son, Ismail Kamel Pasha was born in Nasrtali and was Egypt's ambassador to the Ottoman Court. After his return from Istanbul where he was accorded a grand reception, Mohamed Ali appointed him governor of the area of Boulaq, then general commander of the Sudanese campaign. In Sudan, King Nimr succeeded in luring the young general into a trap sent him to Cairo burning in fire.

 

Abbas I (1813 -1854) was a son of Tusunn Pasha and grandson of Mohammed Ali. As a young man, Abbas fought in Syria under Ibrahim Pasha. The death of Ibrahim made Abbas regent of Egypt. The following August of 1849, on the death of Mohammed Ali, Abbas succeeded to the pashalik, becoming the Pasha.

 

In July 1854 he was murdered in Benha Palace by two of his slaves, and was later succeeded by his uncle, Said Pasha.

 

Mohamed Said Pasha was the only son of Mohammed Ali who completed his studies and attained higher educational certificates. Mohamed Said joined the navy in which he rose to admiral of the Egyptian fleet.

 

He had a very strict upbringing. His father often scolded him for his obesity and punished him for his extravagance. When, one day, Mohamed Ali learned that Said had borrowed a considerable sum of money, he personally went and sold his son's furniture in order to pay off his debts. Following the peace treaty between Mohamed Ali and the sultan, Mohamed Said traveled to Istanbul where he was granted the ranks of admiral and pasha.

 

Mohamed Abdel-Halim Pasha was born in 1831 and educated by Ottoman and foreign instructors. He did not participate in the Egyptian revival. Rather, he traveled to Paris with Prince Mustafa Fadel and the Khedive Ismail to complete his studies.

 

Mohamed Ali junior was born in 1833 and died in 1861. He was the youngest of Mohammed Ali's sons. Mohamed Ali displayed a special affection for this son and enjoyed displaying his intelligence before foreign guests.

on the telly.

State Theatre of Lower Austria

Object ID: 22667 Town Square 11

Instead of today's theater there were two buildings that were destroyed in a fire in 1657. The city of St. Pölten took over the ruins, where it built the so-called military story house (Stockhaus). 1820 the company of the theater building in Sankt Pölten acquired the house and had it remodelled to the theater. Following financial difficulties, the building 1837-1849 stood empty until the city bought back the theater and continued theater operations. After the Ring Theatre fire in 1881, the theater was closed, the stage sets and the curtain were put into interim storage. In the following years the theater was mainly as a ballroom in use, in 1886 after basic refurbishment theater operations provisionally were resumed. In 1892 followed a fundamental alteration, the auditorium got fixed rows of seats. After intermittent closures in the 1920s and 1930s, the German Reich in 1939 the theater had completely renovated. In 1968 followed the last large renovation, the building was increased under Paul Pfaffenbichler and built a three-storey magazine behind the theater. In 1996, the theater was renovated, since 2004, the former Stadttheater St. Pölten is in state ownership and is now called the State Theatre of Lower Austria.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_denkmalgesch%C3%BCtzten_O...(Stadtteil)

 

(further information is available by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

History of the City St. Pölten

In order to present concise history of the Lower Austrian capital is in the shop of the city museum a richly illustrated full version on CD-ROM.

Tip

On the occasion of the commemoration of the pogroms of November 1938, the Institute for Jewish History of Austria its virtual Memorbuch (Memory book) for the destroyed St. Pölten Jewish community since 10th November 2012 is putting online.

Prehistory

The time from which there is no written record is named after the main materials used for tools and weapons: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age. Using the latest technologies, archaeologists from archaeological finds and aerial photographs can trace a fairly detailed picture of life at that time. Especially for the time from the settling down of the People (New Stone Age), now practicing agriculture and animal husbandry, in the territory of St. Pölten lively settlement activity can be proved. In particular, cemeteries are important for the research, because the dead were laid in the grave everyday objects and jewelry, the forms of burial changing over time - which in turn gives the archeology valuable clues for the temporal determination. At the same time, prehistory of Sankt Pölten would not be half as good documented without the construction of the expressway S33 and other large buildings, where millions of cubic meters of earth were moved - under the watchful eyes of the Federal Monuments Office!

A final primeval chapter characterized the Celts, who settled about 450 BC our area and in addition to a new culture and religion also brought with them the potter's wheel. The kingdom of Noricum influenced till the penetration of the Romans the development in our area.

Roman period, migrations

The Romans conquered in 15 BC the Celtic Empire and established hereinafter the Roman province of Noricum. Borders were protected by military camp (forts), in the hinterland emerged civilian cities, almost all systematically laid out according to the same plan. The civil and commercial city Aelium Cetium, as St. Pölten was called (city law 121/122), consisted in the 4th Century already of heated stone houses, trade and craft originated thriving urban life, before the Romans in the first third of the 5th Century retreated to Italy.

The subsequent period went down as the Migration Period in official historiography, for which the settlement of the Sankt Pöltner downtown can not be proved. Cemeteries witness the residence of the Lombards in our area, later it was the Avars, extending their empire to the Enns.

The recent archaeological excavations on the Cathedral Square 2010/2011, in fact, the previous knowledge of St.Pölten colonization not have turned upside down but enriched by many details, whose full analysis and publication are expected in the near future.

Middle Ages

With the submission of the Avars by Charlemagne around 800 AD Christianity was gaining a foothold, the Bavarian Benedictine monastery of Tegernsee establishing a daughter house here - as founder are mentioned the brothers Adalbert and Ottokar - equipped with the relics of St. Hippolytus. The name St. Ypolit over the centuries should turn into Sankt Pölten. After the Hungarian wars and the resettlement of the monastery as Canons Regular of St. Augustine under the influence of Passau St. Pölten received mid-11th Century market rights.

In the second half of the 20th century historians stated that records in which the rights of citizens were held were to be qualified as Town Charters. Vienna is indeed already in 1137 as a city ("civitas") mentioned in a document, but the oldest Viennese city charter dates only from the year 1221, while the Bishop of Passau, Konrad, already in 1159 the St. Pöltnern secured:

A St. Pöltner citizen who has to answer to the court, has the right to make use of an "advocate".

He must not be forced to rid himself of the accusation by a judgment of God.

A St. Pöltner citizen may be convicted only by statements of fellow citizens, not by strangers.

From the 13th Century exercised a city judge appointed by the lord of the city the high and low jurisdiction as chairman of the council meetings and the Municipal Court, Inner and Outer Council supported him during the finding of justice. Venue for the public verdict was the in the 13th Century created new marketplace, the "Broad Market", now the town hall square. Originally square-shaped, it was only later to a rectangle reduced. Around it arose the market district, which together with the monastery district, the wood district and the Ledererviertel (quarter of the leather goods manufacturer) was protected by a double city wall.

The dependence of St. Pölten of the bishop of Passau is shown in the municipal coat of arms and the city seal. Based on the emblem of the heraldic animal of the Lord of the city, so the Bishop of Passau, it shows an upright standing wolf holding a crosier in its paw.

Modern Times

In the course of the armed conflict between the Emperor Frederick III . and King Matthias of Hungary pledged the Bishop of Passau the town on the Hungarian king. From 1485 stood Lower Austria as a whole under Hungarian rule. The most important document of this period is the awarding of the city coat of arms by King Matthias Corvinus in the year 1487. After the death of the opponents 1490 and 1493 could Frederick's son Maximilian reconquer Lower Austria. He considered St. Pölten as spoils of war and had no intention of returning it to the diocese of Passau. The city government has often been leased subsequently, for instance, to the family Wellenstein, and later to the families Trautson and Auersperg.

That St. Pölten now was a princely city, found its expression in the coat of arms letter of the King Ferdinand I. from 1538: From now on, the wolf had no crosier anymore, and the from the viewer's point of view left half showed the reverse Austrian shield, so silver-red-silver.

To the 16th Century also goes back the construction of St. Pöltner City Hall. The 1503 by judge and council acquired house was subsequently expanded, rebuilt, extended and provided with a tower.

A for the urban history research important picture, painted in 1623, has captured scenes of the peasant uprising of 1597, but also allows a view to the city and lets the viewer read some of the details of the then state of construction. The economic inconveniences of that time were only exacerbated by the Thirty Years War, at the end of which a fifth of the houses were uninhabited and the citizenry was impoverished.

Baroque

After the successful defense against the Turks in 1683, the economy started to recover and a significant building boom began. Lower Austria turned into the land of the baroque abbeys and monasteries, as it is familiar to us today.

In St. Pölten, the change of the cityscape is closely connected to the Baroque architect Jakob Prandtauer. In addition to the Baroquisation of the interior of the cathedral, a number of buildings in St. Pölten go to his account, so the reconstruction of the castle Ochsenburg, the erection of the Schwaighof and of the core building of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Englische Fräuleins - English Maidens) - from 1706 the seat of the first school order of St.Pölten - as well as of several bourgeois houses.

Joseph Munggenast, nephew and co-worker of Prandtauer, completed the Baroquisation of the cathedral, he baroquised the facade of the town hall (1727) and numerous bourgeois houses and designed a bridge over the Traisen which existed until 1907. In the decoration of the church buildings were throughout Tyroleans collaborating, which Jakob Prandtauer had brought along from his homeland (Tyrol) to St. Pölten, for example, Paul Troger and Peter Widerin.

Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II: Their reforms in the city of the 18th Century also left a significant mark. School foundings as a result of compulsory education, the dissolution of the monasteries and hereinafter - from 1785 - the new role of St. Pölten as a bishop's seat are consequences of their policies.

1785 was also the year of a fundamental alteration of the old Council Constitution: The city judge was replaced by one magistrate consisting of five persons, at the head was a mayor. For the first mayor the painter Josef Hackl was chosen.

The 19th century

Despite the Napoleonic Wars - St. Pölten in 1805 and 1809 was occupied by the French - and despite the state bankruptcy of 1811, increased the number of businesses constantly, although the economic importance of the city for the time being did not go beyond the near vicinity.

Against the background of monitoring by the state secret police, which prevented any political commitment between the Congress of Vienna and the 1848 revolution, the citizens withdrew into private life. Sense of family, fostering of domestic music, prominent salon societies in which even a Franz Schubert socialized, or the construction of the city theater were visible signs of this attitude.

The economic upswing of the city did not begin until after the revolution of the year 1848. A prerequisite for this was the construction of the Empress Elisabeth Western Railway, moving Vienna, Linz, soon Salzburg, too, in a reachable distance. The city walls were pulled down, St. Pölten could unfold. The convenient traffic situation favored factory start-ups, and so arose a lace factory, a revolver factory, a soap factory or, for example, as a precursor of a future large-scale enterprise, the braid, ribbon and Strickgarnerzeugung (knitting yarn production) of Matthias Salcher in Harland.

In other areas, too, the Gründerzeit (years of rapid industrial expansion in Germany - and Austria) in Sankt Pölten was honouring its name: The city got schools, a hospital, gas lanterns, canalization, hot springs and summer bath.

The 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th Century the city experienced another burst of development, initiated by the construction of the power station in 1903, because electricity was the prerequisite for the settlement of large companies. In particular, the companies Voith and Glanzstoff and the main workshop of the Federal Railways attracted many workers. New Traisen bridge, tram, Mariazell Railway and other infrastructure buildings were erected; St. Pölten obtained a synagogue. The Art Nouveau made it repeatedly into the urban architecture - just think of the Olbrich House - and inspired also the painting, as exponents worth to be mentioned are Ernst Stöhr or Ferdinand Andri.

What the outbreak of the First World War in broad outlines meant for the monarchy, on a smaller scale also St. Pölten has felt. The city was heavily impacted by the deployment of army units, a POW camp, a military hospital and a sick bay. Industrial enterprises were partly converted into war production, partly closed. Unemployment, housing emergency and food shortages long after the war still were felt painfully.

The 1919 to mayor elected Social Democrat Hubert Schnofl after the war tried to raise the standard of living of the people by improving the social welfare and health care. The founding of a housing cooperative (Wohnungsgenossenschaft), the construction of the water line and the establishment of new factories were further attempts to stimulate the stiffening economy whose descent could not be stopped until 1932.

After the National Socialist regime had stirred false hopes and plunged the world into war, St. Pölten was no longer the city as it has been before. Not only the ten devastating bombings of the last year of the war had left its marks, also the restrictive persecution of Jews and political dissidents had torn holes in the structure of the population. Ten years of Russian occupation subsequently did the rest to traumatize the population, but at this time arose from the ruins a more modern St. Pölten, with the new Traisen bridge, district heating, schools.

This trend continued, an era of recovery and modernization made the economic miracle palpable. Already in 1972 was - even if largely as a result of incorporations - exceeded the 50.000-inhabitant-limit.

Elevation to capital status (capital of Lower Austria), 10 July 1986: No other event in this dimension could have become the booster detonation of an up to now ongoing development thrust. Since then in a big way new residential and commercial areas were opened up, built infrastructure constructions, schools and universities brought into being to enrich the educational landscape. East of the Old Town arose the governmental and cultural district, and the list of architects wears sonorous names such as Ernst Hoffmann (NÖ (Lower Austria) Landhaus; Klangturm), Klaus Kada (Festspielhaus), Hans Hollein (Shedhalle and Lower Austrian Provincial Museum), Karin Bily, Paul Katzberger and Michael Loudon ( NÖ State Library and NÖ State Archive).

European Diploma, European flag, badge of honor, Europe Price: Between 1996 and 2001, received St. Pölten numerous appreciations of its EU commitment - as a sort of recognition of the Council of Europe for the dissemination of the EU-idea through international town twinnings, a major Europe exhibition or, for example, the establishment and chair of the "Network of European medium-sized cities".

On the way into the 21st century

Just now happened and already history: What the St. Pöltnern as just experienced sticks in their minds, travelers and newcomers within a short time should be told. The theater and the hospital handing over to the province of Lower Austria, a new mayor always on the go, who was able to earn since 2004 already numerous laurels (Tags: polytechnic, downtown enhancement, building lease scheme, bus concept) - all the recent changes are just now condensed into spoken and written language in order to make, from now on, the history of the young provincial capital in the 3rd millennium nachlesbar (checkable).

www.st-poelten.gv.at/Content.Node/freizeit-kultur/kultur/...

Designer: Cai Zhenhua (蔡振华)

1981, June

Layer after layer of difficulties, fused in raging flames, breaking through repeated obstructions, illuminating humanity

Cengceng xianzu liehuo ronglian chongpo chongya guangzhao renjian (层层险阻烈火熔炼冲破重压光照人间)

Call nr.: PC-1981-001 (Private collection)

 

More? See: chineseposters.net

Well what a week this turned out to be... The working which was the focus of 2 visits, on the 4th and 5th August succumbed to 'difficulties' in Totley Tunnel which caused passenger mayhem on the Hope Valley Line when a driver, around 10am, reported there was something amiss, when his service came through the tunnel. Northern services were typically running 1 hour late and TPE services were routed from Manchester via Huddersfield, the hourly East Midland Rail services between Liverpool Lime Street via reversal at Sheffield to Nottingham, were also running late. The two sets of 4 pictures show the scene s at Bamford on the 1st time out to catch a Route Learner from Peak Forest, travelling in this direction along the Hope Valley LIne though and then for a reversal further along, just before Totley Tunnel, at Grindleford. Over the 4 days it was supposed to run, it never got as far as Bamford, the upper two pictures, but did manage to do its reversal at the western side of Earles Sidings, shown in the lower two pictures. The mayhem caused by a problem in Totley Tunnel, which resulted in delays to passenger stock moves, presumably affected its use of the line along here, with passenger trains queued up on block further to the west as far as Chinley. The Northern train, parked up on the east-bound platform at the station, with passengers getting a breather having been waiting here for an hour, was the 2S78, Manchester Piccadilly to Sheffield service, due to stop here at 10:35, it got away at 11:41, some of the passengers walked off the station, not clear how they got to Sheffield. Northern class 150 is in charge of the trip, this one, ageing 150224. Shortly after this picture was taken, Earles Sidings Signalbox colour light, ES04, changed to green, the passengers got back on and the train slowly ambled off towards Hathersage, Grindleford and the Totley Tunnel. About 5-6 minutes later, an EMR service, this one 1L08, which usually whizzes though at full line speed, was brought to a stand in front of the red, now once again showing on ES04, as I was on the opposite platform by this time, there was opportunity to quiz the conductor at the back who was peering out the open window. Apparently he told me an earlier, before 10am, Northern service driver had heard a disquieting noise as he passed through Totley Tunnel and presumably the York Control Centre, had requested a following service to drive through slowly and inspect the line, bit like the old days this. It wasn't obvious which line it was but the journey through at 5-10mph must have taken getting on for half an hour.. normally its a minute or so. Having been delayed slightly further west at Earles Sidings, class 158, 158808 was running 5 minutes late and once it got here and further along towards the Tunnel it picked up a further 30 minute delay and is the hourly E.M.R. run between Liverpool Lime Street, with reversal at Sheffield, to Nottingham service, this one, 1L08. Chancing it, as they say, it was clear the sought for working, DBS operated class 67, 67005, 'Queens Messenger', on the 0Z50, Peak Forest Up Sidings via Grindleford for reversal and back west to Peak Forest Up Sidings, had paused at Earles Sidings. I should have got onto this sooner, as it sat at Earles for around 45 minutes and the journey time from here, westwards, was only 10minutes. Taking a punt that it may not leave on time as it had arrived 17 minutes late due to the situation at Totley, I whizzed over and got there just after 12:45 but, not unexpectedly, had it had left 10 minutes earlier, back to the west. This is the view from the west end of Earles Sidings, showing a rake of old EWS HTA coal hoppers parked up in the distance, behind which is a Freightliner class 66. At this end, right next to the bridge, a rake of VTG/JPA cement hoppers, ready to be filled at the Castleton Cement Works whose chimney stack can be seen poking out of the trees in the background, some 3km away to the south. Just in the lower right corner of the shot, a 'STOP' board has been placed on the rail-head, to warn of a fallen tree bough lying across the tracks in front of the buffer stop next to the bridge I am standing on. At lower right, and now the following day, August 5th, having noted the Peak Forest was once again on the move, this time it was straight to Earles Sidings, just in case there were problems again and indeed there still were! Of the 4 days the working, 0Z50, was in the time-table to run, the 1st day Monday the 3rd, it go no further than Peak Forest signalbox and was then Cancelled, on the 2nd day, yesterday, the 4th, it got as far as here, to Earles Sidings, then reversed and went back and I missed it. Today, August 5th having set off seemingly correctly, it got as far as Peak Forest Signalbox but then waited 2 hours before reversing and doing the western section of the diagram around Stockport, Macclesfield, Poynton, Edgeley, Davenport, Hazel Grove once more and then back through Buxton to Peak Forest Up Sidings, so, no go on this day either! On the following day, August 6th, it wasn't listed in the time-table so didn't run at all and on the last day, Friday 7th, it was 'partially Cancelled', so I didn't bother, only to find just now, as I am writing this, that it set out 75 minutes early, but now only got as far as Chinley, on the other side of the hills and then immediately reversed and went straight back to the Up Sidings at Peak Forest, arriving 4 hours early, as it did no section of the diagram at all! What a complete farce. I was told yesterday after abandoning the Friday move as it got 'Cancelled' that the loco, 67005, 'Queens Messenger' has been doing these kind of 'trivial duties' as there isn't much for it to do during the lock-down, many charter and other heritage tours etc having been cancelled, sounded a bit like the days when steam locos were being withdrawn and scrapped, only to find some prestigious, Black 5, Merchant etc undertaking freight wagon shunting duties in some back-water... What a time we are in ...

At lower right, aware that the Peak Forest hadn't run, a shot of the E.M.R. move which was seen yesterday at Bamford, 1L08, on the same service, Liverpool Lime Street via Sheffield to Nottingham, this time with fellow class 158, 158806 operating and about to pick up the same delay as yesterday, 35 minutes, as it approaches Totley Tunnel, which still has restrictions place on moves through it and I didn't find out whether this included, single-line working whist the errant rails were being undertaken. Fortunately there are cross-overs at both ends of the Tunnel, one expects intentionally I guess, for just such an event which has now taken the last 3 days... after today, Thursday the 6th, services were back to normal and I have had no indication what the problem was?? All was not lost however as the next pictures and the following video will show as it wasn't long before the distinctive sound of a class 20 could be heard, making its way down hill to the sidings.. !

Difficulties are meant to rouse, not discourage. The human spirit is to grow strong by conflict.

William Ellery Channing

 

'Stronger' On Black

 

TOUCH visit to projects in Zambia 2011.doc

 

In April and May we made our annual visit to our TOUCH projects throughout Zambia.

The visiting party this year consisted of Pauline McHugh and Seamus Gleeson from the TOUCH Central Group. We travelled 4000 Km approx. visiting TOUCH Ireland projects.

 

Again this year in view of the worsening economic climate and the financial difficulties we are facing at home we would like to extend our appreciation for your continued support through our Child Sponsorship Schemes and Project Funding and to emphasise the overwhelming effect your contributions are having on the lives of these children. It was obvious to us travelling around Zambia the quality of life of the poor is decreasing as a result of the world recession taking place.

 

We travelled North, South, East and West around the country, we arrived on Holy Thursday and on Good Friday morning we were going south.

 

Our first Stop was at the Women’s Training Centre in Chipapa funded by the Kildare Business Women’s Network to see how things were progressing there. Although the centre was not in operation on the day it was great to see it all kitted out with equipment from our Aid container last year and also to see that they had a nutrition classroom in operation. The centre is now accredited to the Skills Training organisation of Zambia. Since our support of building this centre the Sisters of the Holy Rosary have a thriving Community Farm now in operation run by Sr. Catherine, where they managed to get funding for a Dairy Project. They have also built a convent adjacent to the centre and hope through TOUCH Ireland in the near future to construct a School Block for the children of the local community. It is amazing to see a piece of Bush Land transformed into a facility that will now help all the people of the community.

The Training Centre Tailoring Classroom Nutrition Classroom Farm Dairy

 

On Easter Saturday we continued on to Mazabuka to visit the Ndeke Skills Training Centre and Community School where the Offaly TOUCH Group is one of the funding agencies and to visit Kaleya Community School where one of our Child Sponsorship Schemes operates. All was going extremely well at Ndeke and they are still developing the centre with assistance from other organisations from Ireland.

While doing the Child Sponsorship reports at Kaleya Community School we donated an Irish Football kit sponsored by the FAI Ticket Office.

The Children of Kaleya Community School with their football kit (Photo above)

 

On Easter Sunday we arrived at the Pemba Farm project Funded by the ACC Bank on route to Livingstone. We dropped in to see Sr. Mary Lucy and the residents of the farm to see how it was going. It was great as usual here all were looking very prosperous and healthy. We were delighted to see how one person in particular had progressed with his family and his life. His name is Davis, and after his first year’s profit from his farm he went and completed a Mechanics course. He now works as a Mechanic in the copper mines and his sister takes care of the farm. The money he saves from his employment he puts back in to the farm with the profit from it. He now has his own well and irrigation system and this year he also built a piggery. He is a great example for giving people a start and to see what they can do.

It was also great to see that the Irish Embassy through their Micro Projects have assisted here with the construction of a Polly Tunnel. This will allow the community to grow vegetables all year round.

 

Davis at his Piggery Davis at his Well Polly Tunnel funded by Irish Aid (Photo above)

 

On Easter Monday we found ourselves at the Ma Ma Bakita Cheshire Home in Livingstone. This centre has been funded by the TOUCH Law Library Group.

The Centre is looking great and all is reported well here.

The new bus purchased last year has been a great asset to the centre. We met with the management committee and discussed the building of the new Hydro Therapy centre that we hope to start in 2011.

  

The next day we headed back the 600Km to Lusaka where we visited some of our projects there over the next week. Our first visit was to

St. Michaels Community School where we had just completed a Kitchen/Dining Shelter, (Funded by the Galway TOUCH Group) previously we funded two School Blocks and now had some Child Sponsorship to carry out and also see how funds donated by Scoil Bhride, Kill were used. Here we also are funding three people in Teacher Training College with a third person starting this year through the Bronagh Coffey Fund.

 

New Kitchen/Dining Shelter - sponsored children (Photos to follow) School Materials Scoil Bhride

 

Our next visit was to the parish of Chilanga and Guardian Angels Community School where we have built two School Blocks and have another Child sponsorship scheme. Here all is going well with the children and the number of pupils in this school as with all our schools continues to grow. Here we are also sponsoring Patrick with his Teacher Training through the Bronagh Coffey Fund. We are also supporting Simon Phiri aged sixteen with his Grade Twelve (Leaving Cert) through the Education Group. Simon is an orphan who was living with some friends when their house was burned down but during the fire he managed to save his school books such was his awareness of his need for his education. He now needs support with accommodation and food for this year while he completes his Grade 12.

 

Still in the parish of Chilanga we next visited St. Patrick’s Community School where we have funded Two School blocks and Six Teacher Houses. (TOUCH Kildare Construction Group and Shannonside Group)

We are also sponsoring Andrew with his Teacher Training through the Bronagh Coffey Fund.

Here we have another Child Sponsorship scheme and all is going exceptionally well. The committee have managed to get the government to fund a dining room and a new toilet block.

We must commend Alice the principle and her staff for all their hard work.

Dining Room Alice (Principle) and Andrew Sponsored Children (Photos to follow)

 

At the weekend we headed north to Kitwe some 400 Km from Lusaka to visit the Daysprings centre.

Here we have funded Faith Residential Centre an orphanage for young girls and a Skills Training Centre funded by the Meath TOUCH Group and also a Faith Drop in Centre funded by the Derry TOUCH Group.

We also have a Child Sponsorship Scheme here. On the First day we took our photos and reports of the sponsored children and they were all healthy and happy. On our second day we visited the Drop in Centre to see the food program in operation and here we saw the true effects of the economic cut backs from the west. The children that came in from the local compound were hungry and very poor but at least they were getting some food here. We will try to support them through a small Farm Project into the future.

To see a video on this day at the Food Program log on to www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1gZBjKZ0zk

 

We next visited the Training Centre where all was progressing well but there is a need for raw materials to provide courses in Carpentering and Tailoring but the Computer training is going very well.

Sponsored Children Dancing Children from the Local Compound Skills Training

(Photos to follow)

 

We returned to Lusaka for a few days to complete Child Sponsorship at St. Patrick’s and Guardians Angel’s Community Schools and St. Francis Nutrition Centre. We would visit here again at the end of our trip which I will report on later.

On the Tuesday we would head west to Kaoma 500Km and then to Mongu another 200Km for a two week visit. It is always great for us to be back in Kaoma where we have a lot of friends that have now set up TOUCH Zambia. It is through them that we now channel our funding to all our projects in the Western Province. We feel this empowers local people and also does away with the “Great White Hope” scenario.

 

Our first task here was Child Sponsorship at the Cheshire Community Care Centre where TOUCH began twelve years ago. We have 60 children sponsored here spread across three orphanages one of these being Judith House which was funded by TOUCH. It is great to see all the children going to school and at this time are getting so big.

 

We also visited the new Kaoma Hospital which is finally due to open this year; here the Kildare TOUCH Group funded the Paediatric Wing. When the security fence is erected the new hospital is due to open.

KCCC Sponsored Children Paediatric Wing – Kaoma Hospital (Photos to follow)

 

We next visited the Sepo Drop in Centre where we have project funding by the Meath & Kildare TOUCH Groups and by the FAS 3rd World Fund. Here all was going well as they have a small Food Program (TOUCH Central Group) and a Sports program shared with Chilumbo Community School. (TOUCH Education Group). The most obvious thing here was the need for maintenance to the building as it is now opened seven years. We were fortunate to have some funds to put towards this and will send some more funding later this year. They are continuing to train some of the children from the local compounds in Computers and Tailoring.

The Food Program at Sepo Drop in Centre (Photos to follow)

 

Our next visit was to Mangango about 50Km into the bush where TOUCH support Three Community Schools, one was rebuilt and funded by the Naas Pastoral Council. Also a Farm project to support the schools was funded by the ACC Bank Third World Fund. The Farm and schools were going well.

Maize Crop Market Gardening Herd of Cattle Chickens (Photos to follow)

However we will fund the rebuilding of St. Stephens School (Namalazi) early next year. As can be seen from the photos it is dangerous and badly in need of a new school.

St. Stephens School (Namalazi) (Photos to follow)

 

We also have a Child Sponsorship Scheme spread across the three schools (25Km Radius)

 

Our next stop was Mongu for the official opening of the Whisper Centre for mothers and young children.

This centre was funded by the Shannonside and Kildare Construction Groups. This is a small community based organisation whose mission is to ensure that orphans and vulnerable children from birth to three and half years are given an opportunity to survive under acceptable living conditions in their homes by providing them with basic infant food and materials.

The New Whisper Centre Children getting a meal at the opening Mothers and Children

(Photos to follow)

To see a video of the construction and opening log on to www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDyVb9V1E2I

 

On Tuesday of our fourth week we returned to Lusaka to the joyful sight of our 40Ft Aid Container that had arrived on the day before. We were delighted that it had arrived before we were due to depart on Thursday morning not withstanding the fact when we would have hoped to be taking a rest after all our travelling at this time. Thanks to Sylvester and his crew for all their hard work unloading and getting the supplies out to all our projects. Also to Ethel who handled all our paperwork and clearance from Tanzania to Lusaka.

 

Container in Lusaka Sylvester and his Crew Projects collecting their supplies

(Photos to follow)

 

Our last duty was to oversee the distribution of the Whitewater toys from the Giving Tree which were on board the container. Even though at this stage we were very tired after a long month in the heat and the bush this will always be one of the highlights of our trip. On the Wednesday morning we linked up with Sr. Paula Healy from the St. Francis Nutrition Centre funded by TOUCH Ireland to have a Christmas party for the children. To see the excitement on their faces as they tore into the parcels and saw the toys was just worth everything that we all do in TOUCH. I wish all of you could have been there but I hope the photos/video will give you some feeling of the day. See Youtube www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwQ9EY_B53o

 

Sr. Paula and the Children enjoying their Toys thanks to the Patrons of the Whitewater S/C

 

We flew home on Thursday morning as they would say in Zambia “A Little Bit Tired”!

 

Summary

Also during our visit we took a look at our current projects that we will be taking on in Zambia over 2011 and hope to finish in 2012 as follows.

1.Kalunga Bana Farm Project for Street Children near Lusaka

2.Mangango new School Block at St. Stephen’s Community School, Western Province

3.Livingstone Cheshire Hydro Therapy Centre for learning disabilities

4.Teacher Houses at St. Michael’s Community school

5.We hope to use our Facebook Group to fundraise for a Training Centre in Kaoma

 

In addition to the above we will endeavour to keep up all our commitment to support our present current projects in Zambia, Cameroon, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal and Brazil.

We hope that next April we will look at a new round of Projects

 

As always thanks to all our TOUCH Groups and Supporters as it is your efforts that make all this happen for the children. Again this year more than ever we will need your continued support as a result of the economic climate at home so please stay strong and stay with the children.

 

Phone: 00-353-45-874889 (W) or 00-353-86-3260948 (M).

Visit our websites at:http://touchireland.bluewaterroad.ie/ and www.touchireland.ie/

Check out all videos and photos on TOUCH Ireland Facebook at:

www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=87755129435&ref=mf

 

Sincere Thanks to All,

 

Seamus GleesonPauline McHughEmail: seamus@touchireland.ie

DirectorAsst. Director

TOUCH IrelandTOUCH IrelandEmail: seamus@touchireland.ie

 

🚀 Destiny : 🏁 Let's Play (🎮 Video Game Universe) 🔽 🇬🇧

 

💡HOW ? 🔽

📋 No restrictive rights that this will do on our part (However, the Game does not belong to us).

🎵 Music : [---]

🎥 Video : [~~~]

🎮 Game 🏢 Company 🔬 Engine : [###]

️ Play : [***]

 

📋WHAT ? 🔽

ℹ️ Dead Space is a 2008 survival horror video game developed by EA Redwood Shores and published by Electronic Arts. It was released for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows as the debut entry in the Dead Space series. Set on a mining spaceship overrun by deadly monsters called Necromorphs released following the discovery of an artifact called the Marker, the player controls engineer Isaac Clarke as he navigates the spaceship and fights the Necromorphs while struggling with growing psychosis. Gameplay has Isaac exploring different areas through its narrative, solving environmental puzzles and finding ammunition and equipment to survive.

 

Dead Space was pitched in early 2006, with an early prototype running on Xbox. Creator Glen Schofield wanted to make the most frightening horror game he could imagine, drawing inspiration from the video game Resident Evil 4 and films including Event Horizon and Solaris. The team pushed for innovation and realism in their design, ranging from procedural enemy placement to removing HUD elements. The sound design was a particular focus during production, with the score by Jason Graves designed to evoke tension and unease.

 

Dead Space debuted to slow sales but eventually sold over a million copies worldwide. Critics praised its atmosphere, gameplay and sound design. It won and was nominated for multiple industry awards and has been ranked by journalists as one of the greatest video games ever made. The series spawned two numbered sequels (released in 2011 and 2013), several spin-off titles, and other related media, including a comic book prequel and an animated film. A remake is currently in development by EA's Motive Studios and set for release in 2023.

 

### 🐉 Serie 🎮 Game 🏢 Company 🔬 Engine ️ Game Console :

🐉 Dead Space

🎮 Dead Space

🏢 Electronic Arts 🏢 EA Redwood Shores

🔬 Godfather Engine Havok 🔬 Game Dynamics SDK

️ Computer

###

 

🎭 Style : 🔥 Action Adventure Horror 🎯 Third Person Shooter ☢️ Survival

 

📝 Type : 🔉 Audio of the Work 🙊 No Comments ️ Language Integrate 🔷 Work Original 🔞 Adapt for Adult 😑 eMotion Serious 🔮 Future Era 👽 Fantastic ⌨️ Keyboard & Mouse 🏆 Difficulty : Normal 👤 Single Player Intelligence : Artificial 😰 eMotion Fear

 

🚸 May be present during the game : 💉 May Harm: Immoral/Psychopathy

💉 May Harm: Imprudence 💉 May Harm : illicit 💉 May Harm : Gross Language 💉 May Harm : Fear 💉 May Harm : Violent

 

✔️ DOWNLOAD: www.dropbox.com/sh/6tlkbkfto19w04f/AABLvEykjtk5FBkRtzJ0tQ...

 

📖HOW MUCH ? 🔽

⏳ Video From 5 Hours to 10 Hours

 

WHO ? 🔽

📡 Posted by Laurent Guidali

🎮 Play by Laurent Guidali

️ Video by Laurent Guidali (OBS Studio & Adobe Premiere Pro 2022)

🌅 Thumbnail by Laurent Guidali (Adobe Photoshop 2022)

 

🕓WHEN ? 🔽

🎆 2021/2022 (Play)

🎆 2008 (Game)

🕔 Real Time

⏳ Past

 

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~~~ *** 🎥 Video & ️ Play :

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Difficulty Rating 5/5

Posting for friends that play my Where's the Owl? game on Facebook and would like a higher res option with zoom capabilities.

The recent withdrawal of Lothian’s bus service 6 in Edinburgh was another indication of ongoing difficulties in trying to provide a suitable bus service to the Dumbiedykes corner of the city. Ongoing changes to a previous service over 40 years ago indicate this is nothing new. This Dumbiedykes Circle service was introduced on 28 January 1973 from Saint Andrew Square via North Bridge, High Street, St Mary’s Street, Holyrood Road and Viewcraig Street, returning to High Street, then via Bank Street, Mound, Hanover Street and George Street. It was operated by a Seddon Midibus every 20 minutes during the day all week (Sundays only from 1200) with a flat fare of 3p. Hunter states that the midibus proved unpopular and was replaced by a normal single decker. The next timetable print (22nd July 1973) indicates the route has been pulled from Viewcraig Street and the terminus is shown as Holyrood Palace at foot of Holyrood Road. There was a further timetable dated 6th January 1974 and the route now starts at Waverley Bridge via Princes Street, Mound, Bank Street, High Street, Canongate, Horse Wynd, Holyrood Road, St. Mary’s Street, High Street, Bank Street, Market Street and Waverley Bridge. A further timetable dated 6th October 1974 now describes it as Waverley and Meadowbank Circle with frequency reduced to every 30 minutes and flat fare now 5p. The route was the same between Waverley Bridge and Canongate but it then continued outwards via Abbeyhill, Abbeymount, Montrose Terrace, London Road, Meadowbank Terrace, Royal Park Terrace, and Spring Gardens. The return to the city then proceeded via Abbeyhill, Horse Wynd, Holyrood Road, St Mary’s Street, High Street and as before back to Waverley Bridge. The service was taken over by LRT at regionalisation on 16th May 1975 but I am not sure how long it survived after that. There was certainly a service 60 between Dumbiedykes/Holyrood and Bristo Square around 2008 when it was being operated by Lothian under the Mac Tours brand and later that year it seems to have been taken over by Edinburgh Coach Lines. A 2008 photo can be seen here flic.kr/p/W1i4U8

Smith-Fangruida Space Tunnel

 

Smith-Fangruida Space Tunnel

 

A. Earth Space Tunnel-B. Lunar Space Tunnel-C. Mars Space Tunnel ------Cosmic Space Tunnel (Generalized Cosmic Tunnel, Narrow Space Tunnel, not a tunnel or ladder in general interpretation, actually refers to space Space advanced structure channel for transmission motion). The A item is the most important, the technical difficulty is great, and the investment is huge; the B. item is relatively realistic and feasible, and the space tunnel is constructed on the lunar space orbit and the lunar surface. The C item is also far away.

Large-scale space tunnel construction technology is very difficult, and even technical problems cannot be solved in a short period of time. But this is not a scientific fantasy, but a major choice for humans to enter the universe. Rocket ships are of great importance, but without the latter, it will be very difficult to enter the universe, especially the transportation of a large number of physical equipment, the transportation of astronauts, especially the transport channel. Space first tunnel, second tunnel, third tunnel, yes

Humanity has entered the universe and has revolutionized the great achievements of human history and earth history. Humans land on the moon and live on the moon for a long time. In addition to the rocket spacecraft, they need the moon space tunnel to show their magic. A large amount of material equipment and materials need to be transported by means of the lunar space tunnel, and it is kept day and night, with a large amount of transportation, and the passage can be used permanently, which greatly reduces the transportation cost, and is safer and faster than the rocket ship's repeated rise and fall. Human beings want to survive on the moon. Without such a lunar space tunnel, there are too many difficulties and troubles. It can be seen that the extreme importance of the space tunnel is no less than the calculation of the rocket and spacecraft computer. The cost of the space tunnel is much lower than that of the rocket ship hundreds of times. Humans live on the moon, and space tunnels are as important as high-speed heavy-duty rockets.

 

Space tunnels and cosmic tunnels are the iconic revolutions that human beings have vigorously developed outside the earth. The rocket ship flies out of the earth, and the space tunnel, the space tunnel is bound to be an extremely important channel and passage for human activities on other planets. Therefore, it will be very difficult to enter the universe. For example, Earth Space Tunnel, Moon Space Tunnel, Mars Space Tunnel, Jupiter Satellite Space Tunnel, Venus-Saturn-Mercury, etc. Human immigration to the moon, the transformation of the moon, without the huge support of the space tunnel, the hardships and costs can be imagined. Of course, the space tunnel does not simply boil down to a ladder, but is actually a more complicated system channel. Of course, it is not a physical channel, a photon channel or the like.

 

Flying out of the earth, the first force of the various rocket spaceships. Second, it is the space channel, the space ladder, and the space tunnel. Both are significant. Rocket technology is the first priority. The role of space tunnels cannot be underestimated. Earth space tunnels are difficult and complicated, and the technical difficulty is extremely high. The moon space tunnel is relatively easy, and the Mars space tunnel is also complicated and difficult. Some people think that it is ridiculous to realize that there is no time, even impossible, purely scientific fantasy. Others believe that the establishment of a universe tunnel will soon be realized. Both of these views are biased and wrong, and all need to be carefully considered and updated. Humans fly out of the earth, humans take off and land on the moon, take off and land on Mars, of course rocket technology first. However, if human beings really enter the universe, only rocket ships are not enough, and space tunnels need to be built. This is vital to the human and natural universe revolution. This is also the greatest creation and invention of mankind since the birth of mankind. Some people have commented that its great significance far exceeds the synthesis of 100 Nobel Prizes. In fact, it has the great revolutionary significance of opening up the world and turning the tide. The space tunnel, also known as the Smitht Space Tunnel. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, ancient human fantasy flew out of the earth on the moon. For thousands of years, humans have tried to fly out of the earth and enter the moon palace. They can only look at the stars and sigh. Now, hasn't it been realized? Is this a myth and an illusion? Therefore, with the passage of time, science and technology will lead the world and humanity. Space tunnels, space tunnels, space ladders, space gods, will inevitably appear in the universe, the moon, Mars, Jupiter, and other space. No matter how the universe evolves, the space tunnel will undoubtedly be realized.

A. Earth Space Tunnel-B. Lunaire Space Tunnel-C. Mars Space Tunnel ------ Tunnel de l'espace cosmique (tunnel cosmique généralisé, tunnel de l'espace étroit, pas un tunnel ou une échelle en interprétation générale, se réfère en fait à l'espace Canal structure avancée dans l'espace pour le mouvement de transmission). L'élément A est l'élément le plus important, la difficulté technique est énorme et l'investissement est énorme; l'élément B. est relativement réaliste et réalisable, et le tunnel spatial est construit sur l'orbite et la surface lunaires. L'élément C est également loin.

La technologie de construction de tunnels spatiaux à grande échelle est très difficile et même des problèmes techniques ne peuvent pas être résolus en peu de temps. Mais ceci n'est pas un fantasme scientifique, mais un choix majeur pour que les humains entrent dans l'univers. Les roquettes ont une grande importance, mais sans ces dernières, il sera très difficile d'entrer dans l'univers, en particulier le transport d'un grand nombre d'équipements physiques, le transport d'astronautes, en particulier le canal de transport. Espace premier tunnel, deuxième tunnel, troisième tunnel, oui

L'humanité est entrée dans l'univers et a révolutionné les grandes réalisations de l'histoire humaine et de l'histoire de la Terre. Les êtres humains atterrissent sur la lune et y vivent longtemps. En plus de la fusée spatiale, ils ont besoin du tunnel spatial lunaire pour montrer leur magie. Le tunnel spatial lunaire doit transporter une grande quantité de matériel et de matériaux. Il est gardé jour et nuit, et ce passage peut être utilisé en permanence, ce qui réduit considérablement les coûts de transport, et est plus sûr et plus rapide que les montées et les baisses répétées du navire-fusée. Les êtres humains veulent survivre sur la lune. Sans un tel tunnel spatial lunaire, il y a trop de difficultés et de problèmes. On voit que l'extrême importance du tunnel spatial n'est pas moindre que le calcul de l'ordinateur de la fusée et de l'engin spatial.Le coût du tunnel spatial est de beaucoup inférieur à celui de la fusée des centaines de fois. Les humains vivent sur la lune et les tunnels spatiaux sont aussi importants que les roquettes à grande vitesse.

 

Les tunnels spatiaux et les tunnels cosmiques sont les révolutions emblématiques que les êtres humains ont vigoureusement développées en dehors de la Terre. La fusée vole hors de la terre, et le tunnel spatial, ce tunnel est un canal et un passage extrêmement importants pour les activités humaines sur les autres planètes, il sera donc très difficile d'entrer dans l'univers. Par exemple, un tunnel spatial terrestre, un tunnel spatial lunaire, un tunnel spatial martien, un tunnel spatial satellite Jupiter, Vénus-Saturne-Mercure, etc. L’immigration humaine sur la lune, la transformation de la lune, sans l’énorme soutien du tunnel spatial, on peut imaginer les difficultés et les coûts. Bien entendu, le tunnel spatial ne se résume pas à une échelle, mais constitue en fait un canal système plus complexe. Bien sûr, ce n'est pas un canal physique, un canal à photons ou autre.

 

Voler hors de la terre, la première force des différents vaisseaux spatiaux de fusée. Deuxièmement, il s’agit du canal spatial, de l’échelle spatiale et du tunnel spatial. Les deux sont importants. La technologie des fusées est la première priorité. Le rôle des tunnels spatiaux ne peut être sous-estimé. Les tunnels spatiaux Terre sont difficiles et compliqués, et la difficulté technique est extrêmement élevée: le tunnel spatial Lune est relativement facile et le tunnel spatial Mars est également compliqué et difficile. Certains pensent qu'il est ridicule de se rendre compte qu'il n'y a pas de temps, même impossible, une fantaisie purement scientifique, alors que d'autres pensent que l'établissement d'un tunnel de l'univers sera bientôt réalisé. Ces deux points de vue sont biaisés et erronés et doivent tous être soigneusement examinés et mis à jour. Les humains volent hors de la terre, les humains décollent et atterrissent sur la lune, décollent et atterrissent sur Mars, bien sûr en faisant appel à la technologie des fusées. Cependant, si les êtres humains pénètrent réellement dans l’univers, il ne suffit plus que de roquettes, il faut construire des tunnels spatiaux, ce qui est vital pour la révolution de l’homme et de la nature. C’est aussi la plus grande création et invention de l’humanité depuis la naissance de l’humanité. Certaines personnes ont fait remarquer que sa grande signification dépasse de loin la synthèse de 100 prix Nobel. En fait, cela a la grande signification révolutionnaire d'ouvrir le monde et de renverser la tendance. Le tunnel spatial, également appelé tunnel spatial de Smitht. Il y a des centaines de milliers d'années, un fantasme humain ancestral s'est envolé de la Terre sur la Lune. Pendant des milliers d'années, les humains ont essayé de s'envoler pour entrer dans le palais de la Lune. Ils ne pouvaient que regarder les étoiles et soupirer. Maintenant, cela n'a-t-il pas été réalisé? Est-ce un mythe et une illusion? Par conséquent, avec le temps, la science et la technologie guideront le monde et l'humanité. Les tunnels spatiaux, les tunnels spatiaux, les échelles spatiales, les dieux de l'espace, apparaîtront inévitablement dans l'univers, la lune, Mars, Jupiter et d'autres espaces. Quelle que soit l'évolution de l'univers, le tunnel spatial sera sans aucun doute réalisé.

A. Космический туннель Земли-B. Космический туннель Луны-C. Космический туннель Марса ------ Космический космический туннель (Обобщенный космический туннель, Узкий космический туннель, а не туннель или лестница в общем понимании, фактически относится к космосу Космическая усовершенствованная структура канала для передачи движения). Элемент А является наиболее важным, техническая сложность велика, а инвестиции огромны, элемент Б. относительно реалистичен и выполним, а космический туннель построен на орбите Луны и поверхности Луны. Пункт C также далеко.

Технология крупномасштабного строительства космического туннеля очень сложна, и даже технические проблемы не могут быть решены за короткий период времени. Но это не научная фантазия, а главный выбор для людей войти во вселенную. Ракетные корабли имеют большое значение, но без последнего будет очень сложно войти во вселенную, особенно для перевозки большого количества физического оборудования, для транспортировки астронавтов, особенно для транспортного канала. Космический первый туннель, второй туннель, третий туннель, да

Человечество вошло во вселенную и произвело революцию в великих достижениях истории человечества и истории Земли. Люди приземляются на Луну и живут на Луне в течение длительного времени, и в дополнение к ракетному космическому кораблю им нужен лунный космический туннель, чтобы показать свою магию. Большой объем материального оборудования и материалов необходимо транспортировать с помощью лунного космического туннеля, и он поддерживается днем ​​и ночью, с большим объемом транспортировки, и этот проход можно использовать постоянно, что значительно снижает транспортные расходы, и является более безопасным и более быстрым, чем повторяющиеся подъем и падение ракетного корабля. Человеческие существа хотят выжить на Луне. Без такого лунного космического туннеля слишком много трудностей и неприятностей. Можно видеть, что чрезвычайная важность космического туннеля не меньше, чем расчет ракеты и компьютера космического корабля, стоимость космического туннеля намного ниже, чем стоимость ракетного корабля в сотни раз. Люди живут на Луне, и космические туннели так же важны, как и высокоскоростные сверхмощные ракеты.

 

Космические туннели и космические туннели являются знаковыми революциями, которые люди энергично развили за пределами Земли. Ракетный корабль летит из земли, а космический туннель, космический туннель неизбежно станет чрезвычайно важным каналом и проходом для деятельности человека на других планетах, поэтому будет очень трудно войти во вселенную. Например, космический тоннель Земли, космический тоннель Луны, космический тоннель Марса, космический тоннель Юпитера, Венера-Сатурн-Меркурий и т. Д. Человеческая иммиграция на Луну, трансформация Луны, без огромной поддержки космического туннеля, трудности и издержки можно представить. Конечно, космический туннель не просто сводится к лестнице, но на самом деле является более сложным каналом системы. Конечно, это не физический канал, фотонный канал или тому подобное.

 

Вылетает из земли первая сила различных ракетных космических кораблей. Во-вторых, это космический канал, космическая лестница и космический туннель. Оба значимы. Ракетные технологии - это первый приоритет. Роль космических туннелей нельзя недооценивать. Космические туннели Земли сложны и сложны, а техническая сложность чрезвычайно высока. Космический туннель Луны относительно прост, а космический туннель Марса также сложен и труден. Некоторые люди думают, что смешно осознавать, что нет времени, даже невозможно, чисто научная фантазия, другие считают, что создание вселенского туннеля скоро осуществится. Оба эти мнения являются предвзятыми и ошибочными, и все они должны быть тщательно рассмотрены и обновлены. Люди вылетают из земли, люди взлетают и приземляются на Луну, взлетают и приземляются на Марсе, конечно же, в первую очередь ракетные технологии. Однако, если люди действительно входят во вселенную, только ракетных кораблей недостаточно, и необходимо построить космические туннели, что жизненно важно для революции человека и естественной вселенной. Это также величайшее творение и изобретение человечества с момента рождения человечества. Некоторые люди отмечают, что его большое значение намного превосходит синтез 100 Нобелевских премий. На самом деле, он имеет огромное революционное значение: открыть мир и переломить ситуацию. Космический туннель, также известный как Космический туннель Смитта. Сотни тысяч лет назад древние человеческие фантазии вылетели из Земли на Луну. В течение тысячелетий люди пытались вылететь из земли и войти в лунный дворец. Они могут только смотреть на звезды и вздыхать. Разве это не было реализовано? Это миф и иллюзия? Поэтому с течением времени наука и техника возглавят мир и человечество. Космические туннели, космические туннели, космические лестницы, космические боги неизбежно появятся во Вселенной, на Луне, Марсе, Юпитере и в другом пространстве. Независимо от того, как развивается вселенная, космический туннель, несомненно, будет реализован.

 

A。地球空間隧道-B.月球空間隧道-C.火星空間隧道------宇宙空間隧道（廣義宇宙隧道，狹義宇宙隧道，並非一般意義上解讀的隧道或天梯，實際上是指在太空中傳輸運動的空間高級結構通道）。 A項最為重大，技術難度極大，投資巨大；B.項相對比較現實可行，在月球空間軌道和月球地面建造的空間隧道。 C項也比較遙遠。

大規模空間隧道建造技術，難度都很大，甚至短期內不可解決技術難題。但這並非科學幻想，而是人類進軍宇宙的重大選擇。火箭飛船固然十分重要，但沒有後者，進發宇宙將是十分艱難的，特別是大量的物質設備輸運，宇航員的輸運，尤其需要這種輸運通道。太空第一隧道，第二隧道，第三隧道，是

人類進發宇宙的神梯神道，改變人類歷史和地球歷史的偉大創舉。人類登陸月球，在月球上長久生存，除了火箭飛船，就需要月球太空隧道大顯神通。大量的物質設備和材料等都需要藉助月球太空隧道來輸送，而且日夜不停，運輸量極大，通道可以永久使用，極大地降低了運輸成本，而且比火箭飛船反復起落要安全迅速。人類要在月球生存，沒有這樣的月球太空隧道，困難和煩惱就太太多了。由此可見，太空隧道的極端重要性，並不亞於火箭和飛船電子計算機測算表明，太空隧道的成本低和運量大遠遠超過火箭飛船幾百倍幾千倍。人類在月球上生存，太空隧道和高速重載火箭一樣重要。

 

太空隧道，宇宙隧道，是人類在地球之外大力開拓的標誌性革命。火箭飛船飛出地球，而宇宙隧道，空間隧道就必然是人類在其他星球活動的極其重要通道和通路，捨此，進軍宇宙將是十分困難的。比如，地球空間隧道，月球空間隧道，火星空間隧道，木星衛星空間隧道，金星-土星-水星等等。人類移民月球，改造月球，沒有太空隧道的巨大支持，付出的艱難和代價可想而知。當然，太空隧道並不簡單歸結為天梯之類，實際上是比較複雜的系統通道通路。當然也不是所謂物理通道，光子通道之類。

 

飛出地球，首推大力士各種火箭飛船。其次，就是太空通道，太空天梯，太空隧道。二者意義重大。火箭技術是首要。太空隧道作用也不可低估。地球空間隧道比較艱難復雜，技術難度極大，月球空間隧道相對而言比較容易，火星空間隧道也比較複雜艱難。有人以為，實現遙遙無期，甚至不可能，純粹是科學幻想，荒唐可笑；也有人認為，建立宇宙隧道很快就會實現。這倆種觀點都是偏頗的錯誤的，都需要認真思考和更新。人類飛出地球，人類在月球上起降，在火星上起降，當然火箭技術第一。但是，人類真正進入宇宙，僅有火箭飛船還不足夠，需要建造太空隧道，這對人類和自然宇宙革命至關重要，絕非兒戲。這也是自人類誕生以來，人類最最偉大的創造和發明。有人評價說，它的偉大意義遠遠超過100個諾貝爾獎的綜合。事實上，它具有開天闢地，扭轉乾坤的偉大的革命性意義。太空隧道，也就是Smitht太空隧道。幾萬年幾十萬年以前，古人類幻想登月飛出地球，幾千年以來人類試圖飛出地球，進入月宮，只能遙望星空，長嘆而已。如今，不已經實現了麼。這難道是神話和幻覺麼？所以，隨著時間的推移，科學技術必將引領世界和人類。太空隧道，宇宙隧道，太空神梯，太空神道，必然會出現在地球，月球，火星，木星衛星，等宇宙空間。不論宇宙如何演變，太空隧道都會毫無疑問的實現。

History of the Lodge

 

Constituted 1872

 

More than a century ago, when the great pines were falling and giving rise to the Town of Stayner, among those pioneers who here sought homes for themselves were a number of Masons.

 

Always eager for the fellowship of the Lodge, they soon became members of Manito Lodge already meeting in the Town of Collingwood. But as the Town of Stayner grew so did the number of Masons. With the increase in numbers came the desire to form a Lodge in the Town. On February 8th, 1871, Manito Lodge passed a resolution recommending to Grand Lodge the petition of the Brethren of Stayner for a Lodge of their own. On October 4th of the same year the recommendation was again made and steps were then taken for the institution of Northern Light Lodge in Stayner.

 

The Charter bears the signatures of M. W. Bro. James Seymour as Grand Master, Thomas Harris as Grand Secretary, W. Bro. Arthur Moberly, Worshipful Master, Robert B. Hannah, Senior Warden, Benjamin Beatty as Junior Warden. The date of the Charter is July llth, 1872, so it is now at this time of writing, one hundred and thirty-five years since the Lodge was instituted.

 

For the first few years the Lodge met on main street in Stayner in a room over Devitt's Furniture store on the site later occupied by Besse's Dairy Products for a long period and is now two smaller retail stores. Here it met with misfortune when the building and much of the Lodge equipment was destroyed by fire. Following the fire the Lodge met in an upstairs room in the Gartland Block. It then moved to the 2nd floor of the building, just then completed by Mr. Richard Coleman, which later became the Pearson Block.

 

It should be noted, however, that the history of Northern Light Lodge includes other and more serious difficulties than that of finding shelter. During its earlier years the Lodge was not numerically strong and the revenue was frequently less than adequate. Indeed it is recorded that concerts were sometimes arranged as a means of balancing slender budgets. In those days it did not occur to the Brethren to raise their dues, or if it did the idea may have been dismissed as impractical. However that may be, it is recorded that on one occasion the financial outlook was so dark that M. W. Bro. John Ross Robertson advised that the Lodge be closed.

 

Happily such drastic action never became necessary, for early in the 1900's there fortunately came a new era of growth and prosperity. Gradually but steadily the membership of the Lodge increased and, down through the years, the Townships of Nottawasaga and Sunnidale as well as the Town of Stayner, (now known as the Township of Clearview) and in more recent years the Town of Wasaga Beach, have continued to offer some of their finest sons as candidates for Masonry. Indeed this healthy growth reached such proportions that in 1961, it finally became necessary to abandon the inadequate Lodge quarters in the Pearson Block, and to erect the new building on Louisa Street in which the Lodge is now comfortably housed.

 

It is perhaps an understatement to say that the building of a new Temple in the summer of 1961 was an accomplishment of which the brethren of Northern Light Lodge are proud. The completion of that project was the realization of a long-cherished dream and the story of how it came about that the dream was realized is long, interesting, and even dramatic. But here it must be told briefly.

 

There had been, of necessity, much previous deliberations and planning. Delegations from Northern Light Lodge had visited other Lodges with a view of gaining inspiration and studying their building plans. Indeed Grand Lodge had already approved a building plan that had been drawn by W. Bro. C. V. Tebbey to embody Northern Light Lodge's ideas. But it was not until the Lodge meeting held April 4th, 1961, that the Trustees introduced the following resolution. "That we be empowered to acquire land for a building site, and to build a Lodge building thereon, and to furnish it, and that we be further empowered to incur such expenditure as in our judgment shall become necessary and desirable."

 

As a matter of record, not only did the brethren of Northern Light Lodge clothe their trustees with those broad powers, but they also proceeded to set up executive committees: R. W. Bro. W. A. Blackburn was named General Chairman; W. Bro. Clarence Wood became Chairman of the Building Committee; and W. Bro. N. A. Oehm was appointed Chairman of the Finance Committee. Clearly the stage was set for action and, by way of underlining that fact, the Worshipful Master, Paul Stotesbury, spoke these significant words: "Brethren, it is time for us to be on the move."

 

With those marching orders ringing in their ears, the brethren moved accordingly. By common consent, Bro. Aubrey Perry (who mysteriously acquired the unofficial title of "Hiram") organized and directed the willing workers. So expeditiously and efficiently did they work that, in less than five months after the turning of the first sod on May 22nd, 1961, the new Temple was completed. With special dispensation from Grand Lodge, the first Lodge meeting was held in the new Lodge building on November 7th, 1961, on which occasion this resolution was adopted: "Resolved that we, the brethren of Northern Light Lodge here assembled in this newly-built Lodge Hall, desire to place on record our heartfelt thanks and appreciation to the Worshipful Master, to the Committee men, and all others who have assisted in erecting this new building with its splendid appointments. Realizing as we do that it would be invidious to mention the names of the individuals, we nevertheless wish all those whose support made this project a success, to know that we are sincerely grateful for a job well done. We salute all who gave of their time, their talent, and their substance."

 

Although the first meeting of the new lodge was held in November, 1961, it was not until April 9th, 1962, that the Grand Master, M. W. Bro. R. W. Treleaven, and his Grand Lodge Officers, found it possible to come to Stayner to dedicate the new Temple. On this auspicious occasion they were welcomed on behalf of the brethren of Northern Light Lodge by W. Bro. Alex H. Walker, Worshipful Master, as were a host of other distinguished guests including the D.D.G.M. of Georgian District, R. W. Bro. T. J. Purvis, and all twenty Masters of Georgian District.

 

Thus ninety years after the founding of the Lodge in 1872, history was made; thus was a project completed; and thus did a dream come true.

 

The brethren of Northern Light Lodge had hardly had time to settle in their new home when they began to make preparations for yet another important and historic milestone. In just ten short years, they would celebrate their one hundredth anniversary and the brethren looked ahead with eager anticipation to the centennial festivities.

 

Many months of hard work and preparation culminated on the evening of February 22, 1972 when a gratifyingly large number of members and visitors gathered for the dedication, rededication and consecration of the regalia, etc., of Northern Light Lodge. The packed Lodge room received a special treat that evening as the M. W. Bro. Harry L. Martyn journeyed from Toronto to be the guest speaker of the evening, and to invest our centennial Master, W. Bro. Ken Heatherington. On that splendid evening as the sun set in the west to close the day, the glitter of gold in our Lodge room was matched only by the proud, beaming faces of the brethren who had given so much of their time and resources to make this night the dazzling success it turned out to be. Northern Light was fortunate indeed in their centennial year to share several of our biggest moments with the brethren of Seven Star Lodge of Alliston, who were also celebrating their centennial.

 

On June 16th, 1972 an enthusiastic and happy throng of brethren and their wives crowded the Nottawasaga Inn in Alliston, where the two Lodges hosted a joint Ladies Night. The evening was without a doubt an unqualified success. Following a brief summer recess, the brethren of both Lodges gathered on Sunday, September 10th, for an outdoor church service in a beautiful outdoor setting in Stayner. The officials of the United Missionary Church had generously made the facilities of their Camp Grounds in the Pine Grove available for a Masonic Church Service jointly sponsored by the two Lodges. The speaker that afternoon was R. W. Bro. The Rev. Marshal Jess, Past Grand Chaplain of Collingwood. R. W. Bro's. Mancini and Borthwick assisted. The soloist, W. Bro. John Agnew, contributed greatly to the success of the service. Members of the two Lodges, their families and many well wishers from the whole District thus worshipped together on a beautiful Sunday afternoon with the scent of pines adding to the sacredness of the hour.

 

Unquestionably the high point of our year came on Friday, October 13th, 1972, when again in conjunction with Seven Star Lodge from Alliston we hosted the Grand Master M. W. Bro. William K. Bailey at a reception held at the Nottawasaga Inn in Alliston.

 

A large crowd of interested Masons from near and far gathered on that occasion to pay tribute to the Centennial Lodges and to greet the Grand Master. One could only say that the evening surpassed the most hopeful expectations of all who attended and provided a fitting climax to the centennial celebrations of our Lodges.

 

At such a time, it may not be amiss to pause and once again glance retrospectively at the past one hundred and thirty-four years.

 

On eight occasions Northern Light Lodge has been honoured by having its members elected as D. D. G. M. of Georgian District, R. W. Bro. W. B. Saunders in 1894, R. W. Bro. J. W. Bethune in 1908, R. W. Bro. R. J. Campbell in 1921, R. W. Bro. R. E. Ives in 1938, R. W. Bro. W. A. Blackburn in 1949, and to add further honour to our centennial year, R. W. Bro. T. Borthwick was elected to this high office in 1972. In 1990 the district was divided into Georgian South and Georgian North District, with R. W. Bro. Robert M. McArthur being elected in 1997 to celebrate the 125th Anniversary of the Lodge, and R. W. Bro. Earl T. McGauley in 2005.

 

Other members of Northern Light Lodge who are Past Grand Lodge Officers are: R. W. Bro. George Hinton, Past Grand Junior Warden; V. W. Bro. Ken Kerr, Past Grand Steward; V. W. Bro. J. R. Flynn, Past Grand Steward; V. W. Bro. E. E. Pottage, Past Grand Steward; V. W. Bro. Douglas Culham, Past Grand Steward; V. W. Bro. Robert Bates, Grand Steward in 1997; V. W. Bro. William Bates, Grand Standard Bearer in 1998. V. W. Bro. William Trotter, Past Grand Steward in 2005; and most recently V. W. Bro. Gary Christopher, Grand Steward in 2006.

 

In 1974 the first District Curling Bonspiel was held, the trophy was the Thomas Borthwick Trophy donated by R. W. Bro. Thomas Borthwick, Past D. D. G. M. During the 1980's the Lodge exchanged visits with Phoenix Lodge in Perrysburg, Ohio.

 

In 1993 Northern Light was again honoured when W. Bro. James Cooper was appointed Grand Chaplain and at a special meeting held at Northern Light Lodge on September 21, 1993, was installed into that office by M. W. Bro. C. Edwin Drew, Grand Master, and a number of Grand Lodge officers.

 

We in Northern Light Lodge have reason to be proud of these members of Grand Lodge. Masonry in this district is more highly respected and honoured because of their splendid contributions.

 

Our Lodge has now grown to a membership of one hundred and fifty and in one hundred and thirty-four years has initiated just over six hundred candidates.

 

In retrospect, the current members of Northern Light Lodge can indeed be proud of their Masonic Heritage. The hard times, though often trying, were endured with faith and served only to strengthen the spirit of Masonry in the brethren. The good times were a cause for joy and inspiration to all concerned.

 

In 1886, the cost of the Lodge notices was 23 cents per month. For the year 1906 our Secretary's account for postage and stationary was $5.10. By 1908 the rent for our Lodge Hall had risen to $36.00 per year and in 1916 annual dues were increased to $3.50.

 

Those days of course are gone forever and are memories for us to cherish. We similarly revere the memory of all who have preceded us in Northern Light Lodge.

 

In 1989 Northern Light Lodge changed their installation date from December to June with the first June installation in June of 1989.

 

In 1998 Northern Light Lodge celebrated their 125th Anniversary along with Seven Star Lodge in Alliston again and were joined by Minerva Lodge from Stroud. A reception for the Grand Master, M. W. Bro. William T. Anderson, was hosted and held in the Community Centre in Stayner. A total of 350 Masons from all over Ontario joined the three Lodges in their historic celebration.

 

Northern Light Lodge has been a generous donator to many community projects such as supplying a Palliative Care room in Collingwood Hospital, donation to Stayner Arena, donation to Stayner Library. Northern Light Lodge is a regular contributor for a bursary to the Stayner Collegiate.

 

Today, Northern Light Lodge is in a flourishing condition following our one hundred and thirty ninth birthday. We enjoy a steady stream of new members of high quality. We have adequate revenue. Peace and Harmony prevail; none may more truly say, "Happy to meet, sorry to part; Happy to meet again."

After our lunch at Mt Difficulty we went up the Felton Road to Felton Road Winery. March 6, 2014 Central Otago, Bannockburn, South Island, New Zealand.

 

Felton Road Winery. is situated on warm, north facing slopes of glacial loess soils in Bannockburn, in the heart of Central Otago. The modern gravity fed winery receives 100% estate grown fruit from its three vineyards that are all farmed biodynamically and are fully certified by Demeter. Minimal intervention in the winemaking with such practices as wild yeast, no fining or filtration, allow the unique vineyard characters to further express their considerable personality.

Since the first vintage in 1997, Felton Road has acquired a formidable worldwide reputation.

 

Zero waste By-products:

Winery waste is, probably more than any other substance, lees. Lees are a mixture of sediments left over from winemaking, and consist mainly of dead yeast and tartaric and malic acid. It isn’t particularly hostile stuff, but acids are a problem in any waste system, so winery waste management systems are designed to deal with this mixture. It takes a lot of money to build a waste management system and a lot of energy to run it so, in a perfect world, we’d do without one. But is it possible to do that? We have demonstrated that it is. Our solution is simple: don’t throw anything away. Nothing whatsoever goes down our drains unless we have failed to find a better use for it. And since almost all waste has some form of value, there is a better use out there. Lees, for example, get separated into fine lees (the more liquid stuff) and the solid gunk. The solids are composted. It might be tricky to compost something this acidic for some wineries, but as we make well over 100 tonnes of compost a year anyway, the lees solids are literally a drop in the manure heap. That leaves the more liquid stuff to deal with. Each year it goes to a beautiful wood fired copper still and is distilled into “Fine”: the term for brandy distilled from wine lees. Roughly a thousand litres of lees yields about 100 litres of wonderful brandy. After 5 years of aging in French oak using a “solera” type system, it is ready to bottle.

 

What better way to recycle something that most regard as an industrial waste product?

Taken from and for more info: www.nzwine.com/winery/felton-road/

How do I get this pic?

While teaching a lighting workshop (using portable flashes/strobes) I was talking about the difficulty of creating a silhoutte if the backlight is trigger by on camera flash.

 

The solution is either to use a IR trigger (which may not work if the receiving flash is not line up properly) or a radio trigger (no such limitations!).

 

We ends up using the radio trigger.

 

One of the participants shots inspired me so (I checked on the lcd monitor of their respectives cams to see how they progresses in the workshop), so I decided to improves on his shots by adding a light towards the face via a snooted SB-800.

 

Who says we can't learn from newbies?

 

This entry I dedicated to ena, www.flickr.com/photos/_ena_/372213488/, and all past participants who entered various my lighting workshops.

 

For Strobist folks:

SB-26 with radio trigger for the background aim at the wall.

SB-800 with DIY snoot (courtesy of Doc Faisal) in SU-4 mode in manual output.

LOCATION

 

Anvaya Cove is an easy and comfortable drive 2 ½ hours from Metro Manila. The travel to the north has improved greatly due to the rehabilitation on the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX). It is expected to improve further once the Clark Subic Tollway is completed in 2007.

  

MORONG, BATAAN

 

Anvaya Cove’s location takes advantage of the pristine beaches and verdant forests of Morong, Bataan. The shores of Morong, Bataan serve as nesting habitats for the endangered pawikan.

 

SUBIC BAY

 

Anvaya Cove is a convenient 20-minute drive from favorite vacation hotspot, Subic Bay Freeport. Subic’s offerings complete the variety of recreation options your family is looking for.

 

Teenage Thrills

 

* Kart racing at Le Mans Go-kart track

* Car races at the Subic International Raceway

* JEST (Jungle Environment & Survival Training) Camp

* Wreck-diving at Subic Bay

 

Adult Activities

 

* A round or two of golf at the SBMA Golf Course

* Yachting at the Subic Bay Yacht Club

* Shopping at the duty free stores and Nike outlet

   

PROJECT FACT SHEET

 

Anvaya Cove is Ayala Land, Inc.’s (ALI) first leisure community. It is strategically located in an area which boasts of natural surroundings and yet is close enough to the varied range of leisure offerings of Subic.

 

Overview of the Site

 

* Approximately 320 hectares of land area

* 3.5-km coastline with 2 private coves

* Peak elevation of 130 meters above sea level

* Rolling hills of mango and narra trees and bamboo groves

* Natural stream with fresh running water

 

Low Impact Development

 

Anvaya Cove strives to preserve the natural beauty of the site. Guidelines adapt to the natural beauty of the land, which ensures the preservation of wide open spaces.

 

* Safeguarding of natural features like trees, wetlands and other scenic qualities.

* Rolling asphalt roads

* Low impact pedestrian, bicycle and cart paths

 

Envisioned to be a place where families will be brought closer through unique natural experiences.

 

Exclusive Amenities

 

* • Anvaya Cove Beach and Nature Club

* • Chapel

* • View Pavillions

* • Nature’s camp

   

Families will be able to interact with nature in interesting ways. Anvaya Cove will endeavor to retain ecologically valuable areas where migratory birds, wildlife thrive and occasionally visit within and around the area, such as the pawikan and the Philippine Mallard.

 

Resort-quality Service

 

The needs of families and their guests will be attended to with great detail.

 

* Activity coordinators to assist families or planning and customizing their activities.

* Marine and Forest Rangers to guide and assist families on outdoor activities.

 

Product Offerings

 

Taking advantage of the sites best qualities, homeowners will have breathtaking views and scenic surroundings. Initial product offerings include:

 

* Membership shares in the Anvaya Cove Beach and Nature Club

* Choice of residential lots at The Cliffside at Anvaya Cove

 

Membership and Ownership

 

Membership in the Anvaya Cove Beach and Nature Club is a prerequisite to acquiring a residential lot or seaside villa.

 

Anvaya Cove is a joint development of Ayala Land Inc. and SUDECO, a privately owned real estate holding company.

 

BEACH AND NATURE CLUB PROJECT FACT SHEET

     

The only exclusive club of its kind in the country, Anvaya Cove Beach and Nature Club redefines leisure by providing varied activities for all members of the family in a setting where the amenities are integrated into the natural landscape. It is at the center of the community, offering multiple alternatives for respite and recreation, pleasure and pampering.

 

Adding to its uniqueness is its architecture which carries a unified Tropical-Asian theme that blends with its natural surroundings.

 

Targeted club opening is on the summer of 2007.

 

Facilities and Amenities:

 

RECREATIONAL BEACH AREA

 

The Recreational Beach area will have an active area for fun in the sun, as well as a passive area for quiet relaxation.

 

* Water Sports Pavilion

 

Water sports equipment rental such as jet skis and kayaks and arrangements for diving and fishing expeditions.

 

* Beach Cabanas

 

Charming open air huts for lounging that can accommodate whole families.

 

* Lookout Tower

 

Landmark where people can look far out into the sea from an elevated view check. At its best will be the Tower Bar, a lively hangout for party goers.

 

* Pawikan Bar and Grill

 

All fresco restaurant that will serve grilled seafood, cocktails and other tropical food favorites.

 

NATURE CAMP*

 

Will be nestled in the forested area east of the Club. Amenities and provisions for classic outdoor activities such as:

 

* Ziplines

 

An exciting ride through the forest harnessed on lofted cables

 

* Ropes Course

 

Obstacle course involving ropes and heights that will challenge the mind, body and team spirit

 

* Camping & Picnic Grounds

 

* Ecological Trails with varying degrees of difficulty which can be enjoyed by walking, hiking or biking

 

• Other Nature Camp facilities include the Nature Playground, the Nature Discovery Classroom and the Kiddie Obstacle Course.

 

*The Nature camp facilities will be separately owned and developed by Ayala Land but will be available for the benefit and enjoyment of Anvaya Cove Beach & Nature Club Members

 

SPA AREA

 

The Spa Area will be set within a tropical garden that overlooks the beach.

 

* Veda Spa

 

Offers various health and beauty treatments in individual and group rooms.

 

* Beach Massage Salas

 

Provides a blissful outdoor massage experience.

   

RECREATIONAL LAGOON AREA

 

For fishing, paddling boats and remote controlled boats. With a wide open expanse for field games such as kite flying and Frisbee throwing. This will also serve as a venue for large outdoor functions.

   

MAIN PAVILLION

 

* Welcome Pavilion

 

Members and guests will be treated to a vacation resort arrival. Here, visitors can make arrangements for lodging and can plan their schedule of activities with the help of activity coordinators.

 

* Bamboo Café

 

Main dining facility which serves buffet and ala carte meals in both elegant and casual dining settings.

 

* Wine Room

 

For a sophisticated dining and drinking experience. Enjoy the Club’s collection of fine wine, cheeses and cold cuts.

 

* Sambali Lounge

 

For relaxing, easy-listening music after an activity-filled day.

 

* Narra Room and Molave Room

 

Private function rooms for corporate meetings, family parties and special gatherings.

 

* Other facilities in the Main Pavilion are the Game Room, Library Lounge, Convenience Shop and Clinic.

 

RECREATIONAL POOL AREA

   

* Infinity-edged Swimming Pool with a lapping area

 

* Pool Deck with lounging areas

 

* Seashore Kiddie Village, a gated children’s activity area with Pool, Arts & Crafts Center and Indoor & Outdoor Play Zones.

  

Why YOU need a Real Estate Broker?

 

•Save you time and makes buying a real estate property much easier.

•Providing prospective clients with information that can help them identify areas to look for property

•Researching listings of property for sale

•Helping buyers identify properties that meet their needs

•Showing homes to clients

•Protect your investments by having a clear marketable title to your property.

•Negotiating purchase agreements with sellers and/or their agents

•Coordinating various aspects of the closing process on behalf of clients

•You do not pay extra for our service; it’s the SELLER\DEVELOPER who pays the brokerage fee.

•In Project Selling we follow Standard Price (same price as the Developer)

   

Contact us for more information…

 

Real Estate Broker Jennie P Malit

PRC Lic: 0002679

Wow Bahay Realty

Website: www.wowbahay.com

Email: jennie@wowbahay.com

salesbroker@gmail.com

Tel No.: (+63) (45) 436.4637 (PLDT)

Mobile No.: (+63) 0916.343.0877 (Globe)

 

for US and CANADA (magicjack)

Tel No.: +650.993.1568

  

Real Estate Broker Sherwin Rex Malit

PRC Lic: 0003933

Mobile No.: (+63) 0919.744.6577 (Smart)

(+63) 0922.980.1996 (Sun)

(+63) 0917.503.0877 (Globe)

Landline: 436-4637 (PLDT line)

Email: sherwin@wowbahay.com

Yahoo Messenger: bahaylistahan

 

that the colours may look pretty, but the source of this oil slick, in a stream close to the Thames in Abingdon, was probably from one of the gourdy canal boats moored nearby, and was killing the local wildlife

Smith-Fangruida Space Tunnel

 

A. Earth Space Tunnel-B. Lunar Space Tunnel-C. Mars Space Tunnel ------Cosmic Space Tunnel (Generalized Cosmic Tunnel, Narrow Space Tunnel, not a tunnel or ladder in general interpretation, actually refers to space Space advanced structure channel for transmission motion). The A item is the most important, the technical difficulty is great, and the investment is huge; the B. item is relatively realistic and feasible, and the space tunnel is constructed on the lunar space orbit and the lunar surface. The C item is also far away.

Large-scale space tunnel construction technology is very difficult, and even technical problems cannot be solved in a short period of time. But this is not a scientific fantasy, but a major choice for humans to enter the universe. Rocket ships are of great importance, but without the latter, it will be very difficult to enter the universe, especially the transportation of a large number of physical equipment, the transportation of astronauts, especially the transport channel. Space first tunnel, second tunnel, third tunnel, yes

Humanity has entered the universe and has revolutionized the great achievements of human history and earth history. Humans land on the moon and live on the moon for a long time. In addition to the rocket spacecraft, they need the moon space tunnel to show their magic. A large amount of material equipment and materials need to be transported by means of the lunar space tunnel, and it is kept day and night, with a large amount of transportation, and the passage can be used permanently, which greatly reduces the transportation cost, and is safer and faster than the rocket ship's repeated rise and fall. Human beings want to survive on the moon. Without such a lunar space tunnel, there are too many difficulties and troubles. It can be seen that the extreme importance of the space tunnel is no less than the calculation of the rocket and spacecraft computer. The cost of the space tunnel is much lower than that of the rocket ship hundreds of times. Humans live on the moon, and space tunnels are as important as high-speed heavy-duty rockets.

 

Space tunnels and cosmic tunnels are the iconic revolutions that human beings have vigorously developed outside the earth. The rocket ship flies out of the earth, and the space tunnel, the space tunnel is bound to be an extremely important channel and passage for human activities on other planets. Therefore, it will be very difficult to enter the universe. For example, Earth Space Tunnel, Moon Space Tunnel, Mars Space Tunnel, Jupiter Satellite Space Tunnel, Venus-Saturn-Mercury, etc. Human immigration to the moon, the transformation of the moon, without the huge support of the space tunnel, the hardships and costs can be imagined. Of course, the space tunnel does not simply boil down to a ladder, but is actually a more complicated system channel. Of course, it is not a physical channel, a photon channel or the like.

 

Flying out of the earth, the first force of the various rocket spaceships. Second, it is the space channel, the space ladder, and the space tunnel. Both are significant. Rocket technology is the first priority. The role of space tunnels cannot be underestimated. Earth space tunnels are difficult and complicated, and the technical difficulty is extremely high. The moon space tunnel is relatively easy, and the Mars space tunnel is also complicated and difficult. Some people think that it is ridiculous to realize that there is no time, even impossible, purely scientific fantasy. Others believe that the establishment of a universe tunnel will soon be realized. Both of these views are biased and wrong, and all need to be carefully considered and updated. Humans fly out of the earth, humans take off and land on the moon, take off and land on Mars, of course rocket technology first. However, if human beings really enter the universe, only rocket ships are not enough, and space tunnels need to be built. This is vital to the human and natural universe revolution. This is also the greatest creation and invention of mankind since the birth of mankind. Some people have commented that its great significance far exceeds the synthesis of 100 Nobel Prizes. In fact, it has the great revolutionary significance of opening up the world and turning the tide. The space tunnel, also known as the Smitht Space Tunnel. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, ancient human fantasy flew out of the earth on the moon. For thousands of years, humans have tried to fly out of the earth and enter the moon palace. They can only look at the stars and sigh. Now, hasn't it been realized? Is this a myth and an illusion? Therefore, with the passage of time, science and technology will lead the world and humanity. Space tunnels, space tunnels, space ladders, space gods, will inevitably appear in the universe, the moon, Mars, Jupiter, and other space. No matter how the universe evolves, the space tunnel will undoubtedly be realized.

A. Earth Space Tunnel-B. Lunaire Space Tunnel-C. Mars Space Tunnel ------ Tunnel de l'espace cosmique (tunnel cosmique généralisé, tunnel de l'espace étroit, pas un tunnel ou une échelle en interprétation générale, se réfère en fait à l'espace Canal structure avancée dans l'espace pour le mouvement de transmission). L'élément A est l'élément le plus important, la difficulté technique est énorme et l'investissement est énorme; l'élément B. est relativement réaliste et réalisable, et le tunnel spatial est construit sur l'orbite et la surface lunaires. L'élément C est également loin.

La technologie de construction de tunnels spatiaux à grande échelle est très difficile et même des problèmes techniques ne peuvent pas être résolus en peu de temps. Mais ceci n'est pas un fantasme scientifique, mais un choix majeur pour que les humains entrent dans l'univers. Les roquettes ont une grande importance, mais sans ces dernières, il sera très difficile d'entrer dans l'univers, en particulier le transport d'un grand nombre d'équipements physiques, le transport d'astronautes, en particulier le canal de transport. Espace premier tunnel, deuxième tunnel, troisième tunnel, oui

L'humanité est entrée dans l'univers et a révolutionné les grandes réalisations de l'histoire humaine et de l'histoire de la Terre. Les êtres humains atterrissent sur la lune et y vivent longtemps. En plus de la fusée spatiale, ils ont besoin du tunnel spatial lunaire pour montrer leur magie. Le tunnel spatial lunaire doit transporter une grande quantité de matériel et de matériaux. Il est gardé jour et nuit, et ce passage peut être utilisé en permanence, ce qui réduit considérablement les coûts de transport, et est plus sûr et plus rapide que les montées et les baisses répétées du navire-fusée. Les êtres humains veulent survivre sur la lune. Sans un tel tunnel spatial lunaire, il y a trop de difficultés et de problèmes. On voit que l'extrême importance du tunnel spatial n'est pas moindre que le calcul de l'ordinateur de la fusée et de l'engin spatial.Le coût du tunnel spatial est de beaucoup inférieur à celui de la fusée des centaines de fois. Les humains vivent sur la lune et les tunnels spatiaux sont aussi importants que les roquettes à grande vitesse.

 

Les tunnels spatiaux et les tunnels cosmiques sont les révolutions emblématiques que les êtres humains ont vigoureusement développées en dehors de la Terre. La fusée vole hors de la terre, et le tunnel spatial, ce tunnel est un canal et un passage extrêmement importants pour les activités humaines sur les autres planètes, il sera donc très difficile d'entrer dans l'univers. Par exemple, un tunnel spatial terrestre, un tunnel spatial lunaire, un tunnel spatial martien, un tunnel spatial satellite Jupiter, Vénus-Saturne-Mercure, etc. L’immigration humaine sur la lune, la transformation de la lune, sans l’énorme soutien du tunnel spatial, on peut imaginer les difficultés et les coûts. Bien entendu, le tunnel spatial ne se résume pas à une échelle, mais constitue en fait un canal système plus complexe. Bien sûr, ce n'est pas un canal physique, un canal à photons ou autre.

 

Voler hors de la terre, la première force des différents vaisseaux spatiaux de fusée. Deuxièmement, il s’agit du canal spatial, de l’échelle spatiale et du tunnel spatial. Les deux sont importants. La technologie des fusées est la première priorité. Le rôle des tunnels spatiaux ne peut être sous-estimé. Les tunnels spatiaux Terre sont difficiles et compliqués, et la difficulté technique est extrêmement élevée: le tunnel spatial Lune est relativement facile et le tunnel spatial Mars est également compliqué et difficile. Certains pensent qu'il est ridicule de se rendre compte qu'il n'y a pas de temps, même impossible, une fantaisie purement scientifique, alors que d'autres pensent que l'établissement d'un tunnel de l'univers sera bientôt réalisé. Ces deux points de vue sont biaisés et erronés et doivent tous être soigneusement examinés et mis à jour. Les humains volent hors de la terre, les humains décollent et atterrissent sur la lune, décollent et atterrissent sur Mars, bien sûr en faisant appel à la technologie des fusées. Cependant, si les êtres humains pénètrent réellement dans l’univers, il ne suffit plus que de roquettes, il faut construire des tunnels spatiaux, ce qui est vital pour la révolution de l’homme et de la nature. C’est aussi la plus grande création et invention de l’humanité depuis la naissance de l’humanité. Certaines personnes ont fait remarquer que sa grande signification dépasse de loin la synthèse de 100 prix Nobel. En fait, cela a la grande signification révolutionnaire d'ouvrir le monde et de renverser la tendance. Le tunnel spatial, également appelé tunnel spatial de Smitht. Il y a des centaines de milliers d'années, un fantasme humain ancestral s'est envolé de la Terre sur la Lune. Pendant des milliers d'années, les humains ont essayé de s'envoler pour entrer dans le palais de la Lune. Ils ne pouvaient que regarder les étoiles et soupirer. Maintenant, cela n'a-t-il pas été réalisé? Est-ce un mythe et une illusion? Par conséquent, avec le temps, la science et la technologie guideront le monde et l'humanité. Les tunnels spatiaux, les tunnels spatiaux, les échelles spatiales, les dieux de l'espace, apparaîtront inévitablement dans l'univers, la lune, Mars, Jupiter et d'autres espaces. Quelle que soit l'évolution de l'univers, le tunnel spatial sera sans aucun doute réalisé.

A. Космический туннель Земли-B. Космический туннель Луны-C. Космический туннель Марса ------ Космический космический туннель (Обобщенный космический туннель, Узкий космический туннель, а не туннель или лестница в общем понимании, фактически относится к космосу Космическая усовершенствованная структура канала для передачи движения). Элемент А является наиболее важным, техническая сложность велика, а инвестиции огромны, элемент Б. относительно реалистичен и выполним, а космический туннель построен на орбите Луны и поверхности Луны. Пункт C также далеко.

Технология крупномасштабного строительства космического туннеля очень сложна, и даже технические проблемы не могут быть решены за короткий период времени. Но это не научная фантазия, а главный выбор для людей войти во вселенную. Ракетные корабли имеют большое значение, но без последнего будет очень сложно войти во вселенную, особенно для перевозки большого количества физического оборудования, для транспортировки астронавтов, особенно для транспортного канала. Космический первый туннель, второй туннель, третий туннель, да

Человечество вошло во вселенную и произвело революцию в великих достижениях истории человечества и истории Земли. Люди приземляются на Луну и живут на Луне в течение длительного времени, и в дополнение к ракетному космическому кораблю им нужен лунный космический туннель, чтобы показать свою магию. Большой объем материального оборудования и материалов необходимо транспортировать с помощью лунного космического туннеля, и он поддерживается днем ​​и ночью, с большим объемом транспортировки, и этот проход можно использовать постоянно, что значительно снижает транспортные расходы, и является более безопасным и более быстрым, чем повторяющиеся подъем и падение ракетного корабля. Человеческие существа хотят выжить на Луне. Без такого лунного космического туннеля слишком много трудностей и неприятностей. Можно видеть, что чрезвычайная важность космического туннеля не меньше, чем расчет ракеты и компьютера космического корабля, стоимость космического туннеля намного ниже, чем стоимость ракетного корабля в сотни раз. Люди живут на Луне, и космические туннели так же важны, как и высокоскоростные сверхмощные ракеты.

 

Космические туннели и космические туннели являются знаковыми революциями, которые люди энергично развили за пределами Земли. Ракетный корабль летит из земли, а космический туннель, космический туннель неизбежно станет чрезвычайно важным каналом и проходом для деятельности человека на других планетах, поэтому будет очень трудно войти во вселенную. Например, космический тоннель Земли, космический тоннель Луны, космический тоннель Марса, космический тоннель Юпитера, Венера-Сатурн-Меркурий и т. Д. Человеческая иммиграция на Луну, трансформация Луны, без огромной поддержки космического туннеля, трудности и издержки можно представить. Конечно, космический туннель не просто сводится к лестнице, но на самом деле является более сложным каналом системы. Конечно, это не физический канал, фотонный канал или тому подобное.

 

Вылетает из земли первая сила различных ракетных космических кораблей. Во-вторых, это космический канал, космическая лестница и космический туннель. Оба значимы. Ракетные технологии - это первый приоритет. Роль космических туннелей нельзя недооценивать. Космические туннели Земли сложны и сложны, а техническая сложность чрезвычайно высока. Космический туннель Луны относительно прост, а космический туннель Марса также сложен и труден. Некоторые люди думают, что смешно осознавать, что нет времени, даже невозможно, чисто научная фантазия, другие считают, что создание вселенского туннеля скоро осуществится. Оба эти мнения являются предвзятыми и ошибочными, и все они должны быть тщательно рассмотрены и обновлены. Люди вылетают из земли, люди взлетают и приземляются на Луну, взлетают и приземляются на Марсе, конечно же, в первую очередь ракетные технологии. Однако, если люди действительно входят во вселенную, только ракетных кораблей недостаточно, и необходимо построить космические туннели, что жизненно важно для революции человека и естественной вселенной. Это также величайшее творение и изобретение человечества с момента рождения человечества. Некоторые люди отмечают, что его большое значение намного превосходит синтез 100 Нобелевских премий. На самом деле, он имеет огромное революционное значение: открыть мир и переломить ситуацию. Космический туннель, также известный как Космический туннель Смитта. Сотни тысяч лет назад древние человеческие фантазии вылетели из Земли на Луну. В течение тысячелетий люди пытались вылететь из земли и войти в лунный дворец. Они могут только смотреть на звезды и вздыхать. Разве это не было реализовано? Это миф и иллюзия? Поэтому с течением времени наука и техника возглавят мир и человечество. Космические туннели, космические туннели, космические лестницы, космические боги неизбежно появятся во Вселенной, на Луне, Марсе, Юпитере и в другом пространстве. Независимо от того, как развивается вселенная, космический туннель, несомненно, будет реализован.

 

A。地球空間隧道-B.月球空間隧道-C.火星空間隧道------宇宙空間隧道（廣義宇宙隧道，狹義宇宙隧道，並非一般意義上解讀的隧道或天梯，實際上是指在太空中傳輸運動的空間高級結構通道）。 A項最為重大，技術難度極大，投資巨大；B.項相對比較現實可行，在月球空間軌道和月球地面建造的空間隧道。 C項也比較遙遠。

大規模空間隧道建造技術，難度都很大，甚至短期內不可解決技術難題。但這並非科學幻想，而是人類進軍宇宙的重大選擇。火箭飛船固然十分重要，但沒有後者，進發宇宙將是十分艱難的，特別是大量的物質設備輸運，宇航員的輸運，尤其需要這種輸運通道。太空第一隧道，第二隧道，第三隧道，是

人類進發宇宙的神梯神道，改變人類歷史和地球歷史的偉大創舉。人類登陸月球，在月球上長久生存，除了火箭飛船，就需要月球太空隧道大顯神通。大量的物質設備和材料等都需要藉助月球太空隧道來輸送，而且日夜不停，運輸量極大，通道可以永久使用，極大地降低了運輸成本，而且比火箭飛船反復起落要安全迅速。人類要在月球生存，沒有這樣的月球太空隧道，困難和煩惱就太太多了。由此可見，太空隧道的極端重要性，並不亞於火箭和飛船電子計算機測算表明，太空隧道的成本低和運量大遠遠超過火箭飛船幾百倍幾千倍。人類在月球上生存，太空隧道和高速重載火箭一樣重要。

 

太空隧道，宇宙隧道，是人類在地球之外大力開拓的標誌性革命。火箭飛船飛出地球，而宇宙隧道，空間隧道就必然是人類在其他星球活動的極其重要通道和通路，捨此，進軍宇宙將是十分困難的。比如，地球空間隧道，月球空間隧道，火星空間隧道，木星衛星空間隧道，金星-土星-水星等等。人類移民月球，改造月球，沒有太空隧道的巨大支持，付出的艱難和代價可想而知。當然，太空隧道並不簡單歸結為天梯之類，實際上是比較複雜的系統通道通路。當然也不是所謂物理通道，光子通道之類。

 

飛出地球，首推大力士各種火箭飛船。其次，就是太空通道，太空天梯，太空隧道。二者意義重大。火箭技術是首要。太空隧道作用也不可低估。地球空間隧道比較艱難復雜，技術難度極大，月球空間隧道相對而言比較容易，火星空間隧道也比較複雜艱難。有人以為，實現遙遙無期，甚至不可能，純粹是科學幻想，荒唐可笑；也有人認為，建立宇宙隧道很快就會實現。這倆種觀點都是偏頗的錯誤的，都需要認真思考和更新。人類飛出地球，人類在月球上起降，在火星上起降，當然火箭技術第一。但是，人類真正進入宇宙，僅有火箭飛船還不足夠，需要建造太空隧道，這對人類和自然宇宙革命至關重要，絕非兒戲。這也是自人類誕生以來，人類最最偉大的創造和發明。有人評價說，它的偉大意義遠遠超過100個諾貝爾獎的綜合。事實上，它具有開天闢地，扭轉乾坤的偉大的革命性意義。太空隧道，也就是Smitht太空隧道。幾萬年幾十萬年以前，古人類幻想登月飛出地球，幾千年以來人類試圖飛出地球，進入月宮，只能遙望星空，長嘆而已。如今，不已經實現了麼。這難道是神話和幻覺麼？所以，隨著時間的推移，科學技術必將引領世界和人類。太空隧道，宇宙隧道，太空神梯，太空神道，必然會出現在地球，月球，火星，木星衛星，等宇宙空間。不論宇宙如何演變，太空隧道都會毫無疑問的實現。

Smith-Fangruida Space Tunnel

 

Smith-Fangruida Space Tunnel

 

A. Earth Space Tunnel-B. Lunar Space Tunnel-C. Mars Space Tunnel ------Cosmic Space Tunnel (Generalized Cosmic Tunnel, Narrow Space Tunnel, not a tunnel or ladder in general interpretation, actually refers to space Space advanced structure channel for transmission motion). The A item is the most important, the technical difficulty is great, and the investment is huge; the B. item is relatively realistic and feasible, and the space tunnel is constructed on the lunar space orbit and the lunar surface. The C item is also far away.

Large-scale space tunnel construction technology is very difficult, and even technical problems cannot be solved in a short period of time. But this is not a scientific fantasy, but a major choice for humans to enter the universe. Rocket ships are of great importance, but without the latter, it will be very difficult to enter the universe, especially the transportation of a large number of physical equipment, the transportation of astronauts, especially the transport channel. Space first tunnel, second tunnel, third tunnel, yes

Humanity has entered the universe and has revolutionized the great achievements of human history and earth history. Humans land on the moon and live on the moon for a long time. In addition to the rocket spacecraft, they need the moon space tunnel to show their magic. A large amount of material equipment and materials need to be transported by means of the lunar space tunnel, and it is kept day and night, with a large amount of transportation, and the passage can be used permanently, which greatly reduces the transportation cost, and is safer and faster than the rocket ship's repeated rise and fall. Human beings want to survive on the moon. Without such a lunar space tunnel, there are too many difficulties and troubles. It can be seen that the extreme importance of the space tunnel is no less than the calculation of the rocket and spacecraft computer. The cost of the space tunnel is much lower than that of the rocket ship hundreds of times. Humans live on the moon, and space tunnels are as important as high-speed heavy-duty rockets.

 

Space tunnels and cosmic tunnels are the iconic revolutions that human beings have vigorously developed outside the earth. The rocket ship flies out of the earth, and the space tunnel, the space tunnel is bound to be an extremely important channel and passage for human activities on other planets. Therefore, it will be very difficult to enter the universe. For example, Earth Space Tunnel, Moon Space Tunnel, Mars Space Tunnel, Jupiter Satellite Space Tunnel, Venus-Saturn-Mercury, etc. Human immigration to the moon, the transformation of the moon, without the huge support of the space tunnel, the hardships and costs can be imagined. Of course, the space tunnel does not simply boil down to a ladder, but is actually a more complicated system channel. Of course, it is not a physical channel, a photon channel or the like.

 

Flying out of the earth, the first force of the various rocket spaceships. Second, it is the space channel, the space ladder, and the space tunnel. Both are significant. Rocket technology is the first priority. The role of space tunnels cannot be underestimated. Earth space tunnels are difficult and complicated, and the technical difficulty is extremely high. The moon space tunnel is relatively easy, and the Mars space tunnel is also complicated and difficult. Some people think that it is ridiculous to realize that there is no time, even impossible, purely scientific fantasy. Others believe that the establishment of a universe tunnel will soon be realized. Both of these views are biased and wrong, and all need to be carefully considered and updated. Humans fly out of the earth, humans take off and land on the moon, take off and land on Mars, of course rocket technology first. However, if human beings really enter the universe, only rocket ships are not enough, and space tunnels need to be built. This is vital to the human and natural universe revolution. This is also the greatest creation and invention of mankind since the birth of mankind. Some people have commented that its great significance far exceeds the synthesis of 100 Nobel Prizes. In fact, it has the great revolutionary significance of opening up the world and turning the tide. The space tunnel, also known as the Smitht Space Tunnel. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, ancient human fantasy flew out of the earth on the moon. For thousands of years, humans have tried to fly out of the earth and enter the moon palace. They can only look at the stars and sigh. Now, hasn't it been realized? Is this a myth and an illusion? Therefore, with the passage of time, science and technology will lead the world and humanity. Space tunnels, space tunnels, space ladders, space gods, will inevitably appear in the universe, the moon, Mars, Jupiter, and other space. No matter how the universe evolves, the space tunnel will undoubtedly be realized.

A. Earth Space Tunnel-B. Lunaire Space Tunnel-C. Mars Space Tunnel ------ Tunnel de l'espace cosmique (tunnel cosmique généralisé, tunnel de l'espace étroit, pas un tunnel ou une échelle en interprétation générale, se réfère en fait à l'espace Canal structure avancée dans l'espace pour le mouvement de transmission). L'élément A est l'élément le plus important, la difficulté technique est énorme et l'investissement est énorme; l'élément B. est relativement réaliste et réalisable, et le tunnel spatial est construit sur l'orbite et la surface lunaires. L'élément C est également loin.

La technologie de construction de tunnels spatiaux à grande échelle est très difficile et même des problèmes techniques ne peuvent pas être résolus en peu de temps. Mais ceci n'est pas un fantasme scientifique, mais un choix majeur pour que les humains entrent dans l'univers. Les roquettes ont une grande importance, mais sans ces dernières, il sera très difficile d'entrer dans l'univers, en particulier le transport d'un grand nombre d'équipements physiques, le transport d'astronautes, en particulier le canal de transport. Espace premier tunnel, deuxième tunnel, troisième tunnel, oui

L'humanité est entrée dans l'univers et a révolutionné les grandes réalisations de l'histoire humaine et de l'histoire de la Terre. Les êtres humains atterrissent sur la lune et y vivent longtemps. En plus de la fusée spatiale, ils ont besoin du tunnel spatial lunaire pour montrer leur magie. Le tunnel spatial lunaire doit transporter une grande quantité de matériel et de matériaux. Il est gardé jour et nuit, et ce passage peut être utilisé en permanence, ce qui réduit considérablement les coûts de transport, et est plus sûr et plus rapide que les montées et les baisses répétées du navire-fusée. Les êtres humains veulent survivre sur la lune. Sans un tel tunnel spatial lunaire, il y a trop de difficultés et de problèmes. On voit que l'extrême importance du tunnel spatial n'est pas moindre que le calcul de l'ordinateur de la fusée et de l'engin spatial.Le coût du tunnel spatial est de beaucoup inférieur à celui de la fusée des centaines de fois. Les humains vivent sur la lune et les tunnels spatiaux sont aussi importants que les roquettes à grande vitesse.

 

Les tunnels spatiaux et les tunnels cosmiques sont les révolutions emblématiques que les êtres humains ont vigoureusement développées en dehors de la Terre. La fusée vole hors de la terre, et le tunnel spatial, ce tunnel est un canal et un passage extrêmement importants pour les activités humaines sur les autres planètes, il sera donc très difficile d'entrer dans l'univers. Par exemple, un tunnel spatial terrestre, un tunnel spatial lunaire, un tunnel spatial martien, un tunnel spatial satellite Jupiter, Vénus-Saturne-Mercure, etc. L’immigration humaine sur la lune, la transformation de la lune, sans l’énorme soutien du tunnel spatial, on peut imaginer les difficultés et les coûts. Bien entendu, le tunnel spatial ne se résume pas à une échelle, mais constitue en fait un canal système plus complexe. Bien sûr, ce n'est pas un canal physique, un canal à photons ou autre.

 

Voler hors de la terre, la première force des différents vaisseaux spatiaux de fusée. Deuxièmement, il s’agit du canal spatial, de l’échelle spatiale et du tunnel spatial. Les deux sont importants. La technologie des fusées est la première priorité. Le rôle des tunnels spatiaux ne peut être sous-estimé. Les tunnels spatiaux Terre sont difficiles et compliqués, et la difficulté technique est extrêmement élevée: le tunnel spatial Lune est relativement facile et le tunnel spatial Mars est également compliqué et difficile. Certains pensent qu'il est ridicule de se rendre compte qu'il n'y a pas de temps, même impossible, une fantaisie purement scientifique, alors que d'autres pensent que l'établissement d'un tunnel de l'univers sera bientôt réalisé. Ces deux points de vue sont biaisés et erronés et doivent tous être soigneusement examinés et mis à jour. Les humains volent hors de la terre, les humains décollent et atterrissent sur la lune, décollent et atterrissent sur Mars, bien sûr en faisant appel à la technologie des fusées. Cependant, si les êtres humains pénètrent réellement dans l’univers, il ne suffit plus que de roquettes, il faut construire des tunnels spatiaux, ce qui est vital pour la révolution de l’homme et de la nature. C’est aussi la plus grande création et invention de l’humanité depuis la naissance de l’humanité. Certaines personnes ont fait remarquer que sa grande signification dépasse de loin la synthèse de 100 prix Nobel. En fait, cela a la grande signification révolutionnaire d'ouvrir le monde et de renverser la tendance. Le tunnel spatial, également appelé tunnel spatial de Smitht. Il y a des centaines de milliers d'années, un fantasme humain ancestral s'est envolé de la Terre sur la Lune. Pendant des milliers d'années, les humains ont essayé de s'envoler pour entrer dans le palais de la Lune. Ils ne pouvaient que regarder les étoiles et soupirer. Maintenant, cela n'a-t-il pas été réalisé? Est-ce un mythe et une illusion? Par conséquent, avec le temps, la science et la technologie guideront le monde et l'humanité. Les tunnels spatiaux, les tunnels spatiaux, les échelles spatiales, les dieux de l'espace, apparaîtront inévitablement dans l'univers, la lune, Mars, Jupiter et d'autres espaces. Quelle que soit l'évolution de l'univers, le tunnel spatial sera sans aucun doute réalisé.

A. Космический туннель Земли-B. Космический туннель Луны-C. Космический туннель Марса ------ Космический космический туннель (Обобщенный космический туннель, Узкий космический туннель, а не туннель или лестница в общем понимании, фактически относится к космосу Космическая усовершенствованная структура канала для передачи движения). Элемент А является наиболее важным, техническая сложность велика, а инвестиции огромны, элемент Б. относительно реалистичен и выполним, а космический туннель построен на орбите Луны и поверхности Луны. Пункт C также далеко.

Технология крупномасштабного строительства космического туннеля очень сложна, и даже технические проблемы не могут быть решены за короткий период времени. Но это не научная фантазия, а главный выбор для людей войти во вселенную. Ракетные корабли имеют большое значение, но без последнего будет очень сложно войти во вселенную, особенно для перевозки большого количества физического оборудования, для транспортировки астронавтов, особенно для транспортного канала. Космический первый туннель, второй туннель, третий туннель, да

Человечество вошло во вселенную и произвело революцию в великих достижениях истории человечества и истории Земли. Люди приземляются на Луну и живут на Луне в течение длительного времени, и в дополнение к ракетному космическому кораблю им нужен лунный космический туннель, чтобы показать свою магию. Большой объем материального оборудования и материалов необходимо транспортировать с помощью лунного космического туннеля, и он поддерживается днем ​​и ночью, с большим объемом транспортировки, и этот проход можно использовать постоянно, что значительно снижает транспортные расходы, и является более безопасным и более быстрым, чем повторяющиеся подъем и падение ракетного корабля. Человеческие существа хотят выжить на Луне. Без такого лунного космического туннеля слишком много трудностей и неприятностей. Можно видеть, что чрезвычайная важность космического туннеля не меньше, чем расчет ракеты и компьютера космического корабля, стоимость космического туннеля намного ниже, чем стоимость ракетного корабля в сотни раз. Люди живут на Луне, и космические туннели так же важны, как и высокоскоростные сверхмощные ракеты.

 

Космические туннели и космические туннели являются знаковыми революциями, которые люди энергично развили за пределами Земли. Ракетный корабль летит из земли, а космический туннель, космический туннель неизбежно станет чрезвычайно важным каналом и проходом для деятельности человека на других планетах, поэтому будет очень трудно войти во вселенную. Например, космический тоннель Земли, космический тоннель Луны, космический тоннель Марса, космический тоннель Юпитера, Венера-Сатурн-Меркурий и т. Д. Человеческая иммиграция на Луну, трансформация Луны, без огромной поддержки космического туннеля, трудности и издержки можно представить. Конечно, космический туннель не просто сводится к лестнице, но на самом деле является более сложным каналом системы. Конечно, это не физический канал, фотонный канал или тому подобное.

 

Вылетает из земли первая сила различных ракетных космических кораблей. Во-вторых, это космический канал, космическая лестница и космический туннель. Оба значимы. Ракетные технологии - это первый приоритет. Роль космических туннелей нельзя недооценивать. Космические туннели Земли сложны и сложны, а техническая сложность чрезвычайно высока. Космический туннель Луны относительно прост, а космический туннель Марса также сложен и труден. Некоторые люди думают, что смешно осознавать, что нет времени, даже невозможно, чисто научная фантазия, другие считают, что создание вселенского туннеля скоро осуществится. Оба эти мнения являются предвзятыми и ошибочными, и все они должны быть тщательно рассмотрены и обновлены. Люди вылетают из земли, люди взлетают и приземляются на Луну, взлетают и приземляются на Марсе, конечно же, в первую очередь ракетные технологии. Однако, если люди действительно входят во вселенную, только ракетных кораблей недостаточно, и необходимо построить космические туннели, что жизненно важно для революции человека и естественной вселенной. Это также величайшее творение и изобретение человечества с момента рождения человечества. Некоторые люди отмечают, что его большое значение намного превосходит синтез 100 Нобелевских премий. На самом деле, он имеет огромное революционное значение: открыть мир и переломить ситуацию. Космический туннель, также известный как Космический туннель Смитта. Сотни тысяч лет назад древние человеческие фантазии вылетели из Земли на Луну. В течение тысячелетий люди пытались вылететь из земли и войти в лунный дворец. Они могут только смотреть на звезды и вздыхать. Разве это не было реализовано? Это миф и иллюзия? Поэтому с течением времени наука и техника возглавят мир и человечество. Космические туннели, космические туннели, космические лестницы, космические боги неизбежно появятся во Вселенной, на Луне, Марсе, Юпитере и в другом пространстве. Независимо от того, как развивается вселенная, космический туннель, несомненно, будет реализован.

 

A。地球空間隧道-B.月球空間隧道-C.火星空間隧道------宇宙空間隧道（廣義宇宙隧道，狹義宇宙隧道，並非一般意義上解讀的隧道或天梯，實際上是指在太空中傳輸運動的空間高級結構通道）。 A項最為重大，技術難度極大，投資巨大；B.項相對比較現實可行，在月球空間軌道和月球地面建造的空間隧道。 C項也比較遙遠。

大規模空間隧道建造技術，難度都很大，甚至短期內不可解決技術難題。但這並非科學幻想，而是人類進軍宇宙的重大選擇。火箭飛船固然十分重要，但沒有後者，進發宇宙將是十分艱難的，特別是大量的物質設備輸運，宇航員的輸運，尤其需要這種輸運通道。太空第一隧道，第二隧道，第三隧道，是

人類進發宇宙的神梯神道，改變人類歷史和地球歷史的偉大創舉。人類登陸月球，在月球上長久生存，除了火箭飛船，就需要月球太空隧道大顯神通。大量的物質設備和材料等都需要藉助月球太空隧道來輸送，而且日夜不停，運輸量極大，通道可以永久使用，極大地降低了運輸成本，而且比火箭飛船反復起落要安全迅速。人類要在月球生存，沒有這樣的月球太空隧道，困難和煩惱就太太多了。由此可見，太空隧道的極端重要性，並不亞於火箭和飛船電子計算機測算表明，太空隧道的成本低和運量大遠遠超過火箭飛船幾百倍幾千倍。人類在月球上生存，太空隧道和高速重載火箭一樣重要。

 

太空隧道，宇宙隧道，是人類在地球之外大力開拓的標誌性革命。火箭飛船飛出地球，而宇宙隧道，空間隧道就必然是人類在其他星球活動的極其重要通道和通路，捨此，進軍宇宙將是十分困難的。比如，地球空間隧道，月球空間隧道，火星空間隧道，木星衛星空間隧道，金星-土星-水星等等。人類移民月球，改造月球，沒有太空隧道的巨大支持，付出的艱難和代價可想而知。當然，太空隧道並不簡單歸結為天梯之類，實際上是比較複雜的系統通道通路。當然也不是所謂物理通道，光子通道之類。

 

飛出地球，首推大力士各種火箭飛船。其次，就是太空通道，太空天梯，太空隧道。二者意義重大。火箭技術是首要。太空隧道作用也不可低估。地球空間隧道比較艱難復雜，技術難度極大，月球空間隧道相對而言比較容易，火星空間隧道也比較複雜艱難。有人以為，實現遙遙無期，甚至不可能，純粹是科學幻想，荒唐可笑；也有人認為，建立宇宙隧道很快就會實現。這倆種觀點都是偏頗的錯誤的，都需要認真思考和更新。人類飛出地球，人類在月球上起降，在火星上起降，當然火箭技術第一。但是，人類真正進入宇宙，僅有火箭飛船還不足夠，需要建造太空隧道，這對人類和自然宇宙革命至關重要，絕非兒戲。這也是自人類誕生以來，人類最最偉大的創造和發明。有人評價說，它的偉大意義遠遠超過100個諾貝爾獎的綜合。事實上，它具有開天闢地，扭轉乾坤的偉大的革命性意義。太空隧道，也就是Smitht太空隧道。幾萬年幾十萬年以前，古人類幻想登月飛出地球，幾千年以來人類試圖飛出地球，進入月宮，只能遙望星空，長嘆而已。如今，不已經實現了麼。這難道是神話和幻覺麼？所以，隨著時間的推移，科學技術必將引領世界和人類。太空隧道，宇宙隧道，太空神梯，太空神道，必然會出現在地球，月球，火星，木星衛星，等宇宙空間。不論宇宙如何演變，太空隧道都會毫無疑問的實現。

مسرح الدمى وهو من اروع الوسائل التعليمية التي بدورها تساعد الطالب على تنمية قدراته التعبيرية والخيالية واللفظية وزيادة الثقة بالنفس