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"Jamais je n'ai rien vu de laid dans la nature; il n'est point de sujet que l'ombre, la lumière, la perspective ne puissent rendre agréable" Victor Cherbuliez
All is beautifull in nature; it is not subject that the shade, the light, the prospect cannot make pleasant
Nature builds up her refined and invisible architecture, with a delicacy eluding our conception, yet with a symmetry and beauty which we are never weary of admiring.
~John Herschel
A tower keep castle is a strongly fortified residence in which the keep is the principal defensive feature. The keep may be free-standing or surrounded by a defensive enclosure; they are normally square in shape, although other shapes are known. Internally they have several floors providing accommodation of various types. If the keep has an attached enclosure this will normally be defined by a defensive wall, frequently with an external ditch. Access into the enclosure was provided by a bridge across the ditch, allowing entry via a gatehouse. Additional buildings, including stabling for animals and workshops, may be found within the enclosure. Tower keep castles were built throughout the medieval period, from immediately after the Norman Conquest to the mid- 15th century, with a peak in the middle of the 12th century. A few were constructed on the sites of earlier earthwork castle types but most were new creations. They provided strongly fortified residences for the king or leading families and occur in both urban or rural situations. Tower keep castles are widely dispersed throughout England with a major concentration on the Welsh border. They are rare nationally with only 104 recorded examples. Considerable diversity of form is exhibited with no two examples being exactly alike. With other castle types, they are major medieval monument types which, belonging to the highest levels of society, frequently acted as major administrative centres and formed the foci for developing settlement patterns. Castles generally provide an emotive and evocative link to the past and can provide a valuable educational resource, both with respect to medieval warfare and defence, and to wider aspects of medieval society. All examples retaining significant remains of medieval date are considered to be nationally important.
Rochester Castle was one of the first Norman castles to be fortified in stone, and also has the distinction of being the tallest tower keep in England. The construction of a castle in Rochester can be dated to between 1066 and 1088. Although a large number of these defensive structures were built between the 12th and 15th centuries, many have been lost through factors such as robbing and quarrying, subsidence, modification and adaptation to other uses. Rochester Castle has survived in its original form, and although some features have been lost over time, it still dominates the town, cathedral and the river crossing it was built to defend. No major excavations have been undertaken in the bailey of the castle and this part of the site will therefore contain significant buried archaeological remains relating to the structure of the site, the history of its occupation and the changing fortunes of its inhabitants.
Details
Rochester Castle, which includes a tower keep, a bailey with a curtain wall and an outer ditch, dominates the point where the Roman Watling Street - originally the main road between Canterbury and London - crosses the River Medway. Although the castle dates from the immediate post-Conquest period and has a well-documented history from its foundation onwards, the earliest occupation of the site is likely to have been in the Roman period. The western curtain wall overlies an earlier Roman wall at this point, making it likely that the area of the castle was once within the Roman town of Durobreve. The earliest references to the castle are in Domesday Book - where it is recorded that the Bishop of Rochester had been given land in Aylesford `in exchange for land on which the castle stands' - and in the Textus Roffensis, where the land on which the castle was built is said to be `the best part of the city'. The first fortification of the site in stone is generally accredited to Bishop Gundulf after the siege of 1088. The wording of the agreement for work to be carried out also implies that an earlier castle, not built of stone, originally occupied the site, although no trace of this structure has yet been identified. The four-storeyed stone keep, one of the largest in England, is 21m square with walls up to 3.5m thick and 34.5m high to the top of the parapet. The south east corner of the keep has been rebuilt, probably as a result of the breaching during the siege of 1215. To the north of the keep, an irregular bailey, some 120m from north to south, is now partly defined by the curtain wall which once enclosed it; this survives on the west side of the bailey where it is all that can be seen of the Gundulfian period of construction. This section was built on top of the foundations of the Roman city wall and was subsequently altered in the 13th century. A long section of the curtain wall on the south side of the castle was demolished in modern times, but at the east end a section of wall with drum towers (the work of Henry III) survives. Beyond the curtain wall on the landward side, but only now visible to the east and north of the castle itself, are the remains of the castle ditch. Although this has been partly infilled and built on over the years, it still survives as a relatively deep buried feature. Below the levels of modern disturbance, deposits will survive providing evidence for the occupation of the site and the environment and economy of the surrounding area. It has been suggested that a second bailey existed immediately to the south west of the keep. However there is currently no confirmation of this and the area is not included in the scheduling. In 1127 Henry I gave the custody of Rochester Castle to the Archbishop of Canterbury and his successors, and shortly after this Archbishop William de Corbeuil began the construction of a stone keep in the southern part of the bailey. Various repairs to the castle and town defences are recorded in the Pipe Rolls for 1166-1167, 1170-1171 and the castle itself was strengthened during the reign of Richard I (1189-1199). During the siege of 1215, the curtain wall and the south east corner of the keep were undermined by King John's engineers, and the castle eventually fell to the besiegers. Subsequently, urgent repairs were made to the keep and the curtain wall, with the tower on the south east angle being rebuilt between 1221 and 1222 on a circular plan, thereby making it much more difficult to undermine. In 1237 mention is made of a southern gateway to the castle wall and the construction of a drawbridge - no trace of which can now be seen. In 1264 the castle was subjected to another siege, when Earl Warrene and Roger de Leybourne held it for the king against Simon de Montfort and Gilbert de Clare. The barons breached the city wall and the outer defences of the castle, but the great keep held out and they were eventually forced to withdraw. Little effort was made to repair the damage caused by this onslaught, and in the 1340 survey made for Edward III, it was reported that there were `dilapidations over the whole extent of the castle'. Thus in 1367 a programme of rebuilding was begun. Of the two mural towers to the south of the main gate on the east of the castle, the northernmost was built new at this time and the southern one was rebuilt. By 1370 the programme was complete. Between 1378 and 1383, a new tower was built on the north angle of the curtain wall. Further demolitions and alterations are known to have taken place c.1872. The keep and curtain wall are Listed Grade I, and are included in the scheduling as is the ground beneath them. All modern features within the bailey are excluded: these include: rubbish bins, lamp posts, the bandstand, the two lavatory blocks to the north east of the keep, the kiosk at the north of the bailey, the iron railings flanking the steps down to the Esplanade, the steps themselves and their associated Victorian gates (which are Listed Grade II), the surfaces of all paths, the modern wooden stairs leading into the keep and all modern features within the keep (the flagpole, wooden platforms, handrails, metal window bars, perspex panels in the window openings, the modern protective roof, the metal grille in the south west turret, all electrical fittings and cables and all the modern additions in the English Heritage shop in the forebuilding); similarly, all modern features within The Lodge are excluded, although the ground beneath all these features is included within the scheduling. Outside the bailey in the castle ditch, the surface of all car parks, roads and paths, lamp posts, rubbish bins, all modern walling and railings are excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath these features is included.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Valley
Monument Valley (Navajo: Tsé Biiʼ Ndzisgaii, pronounced [tsʰépìːʔ ǹtsɪ̀skɑ̀ìː], meaning "valley of the rocks") is a region of the Colorado Plateau characterized by a cluster of sandstone buttes, with the largest reaching 1,000 ft (300 m) above the valley floor. The most famous butte formations are located in northeastern Arizona along the Utah–Arizona state line. The valley is considered sacred by the Navajo Nation, the Native American people within whose reservation it lies.
Monument Valley has been featured in many forms of media since the 1930s. Famed director John Ford used the location for a number of his Westerns. Film critic Keith Phipps wrote that "its five square miles [13 km2] have defined what decades of moviegoers think of when they imagine the American West".
Sourc: navajonationparks.org/navajo-tribal-parks/monument-valley/
History
Before human existence, the Park was once a lowland basin. For hundreds of millions of years, materials that eroded from the early Rock Mountains deposited layer upon layer of sediment which cemented a slow and gentle uplift, generated by ceaseless pressure from below the surface, elevating these horizontal strata quite uniformly one to three miles above sea level. What was once a basin became a plateau.
Natural forces of wind and water that eroded the land spent the last 50 million years cutting into and peeling away at the surface of the plateau. The simple wearing down of altering layers of soft and hard rock slowly revealed the natural wonders of Monument Valley today.
From the visitor center, you see the world-famous panorama of the Mitten Buttes and Merrick Butte. You can also purchase guided tours from Navajo tour operators, who take you down into the valley in Jeeps for a narrated cruise through these mythical formations. Places such as Ear of the Wind and other landmarks can only be accessed via guided tours. During the summer months, the visitor center also features Haskenneini Restaurant, which specializes in both native Navajo and American cuisines, and a film/snack/souvenir shop. There are year-round restroom facilities. One mile before the center, numerous Navajo vendors sell arts, crafts, native food, and souvenirs at roadside stands.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "米国" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis" "ארצות הברית" "संयुक्त राज्य" "США"
(Arizona) "أريزونا" "亚利桑那州" "אריזונה" "एरिजोना" "アリゾナ州" "애리조나" "Аризона"
(Utah) "يوتا" "犹他州" "יוטה" "यूटा" "ユタ州" "유타" "Юта"
(Monument Valley) "وادي النصب التذكاري" "纪念碑谷" "Vallée des monuments" "מוניומנט ואלי" "स्मारक घाटी" "モニュメントバレー" "모뉴먼트 밸리" "Долина Монументов" "Valle de los Monumentos"
"Each flower fades away like incense;
The violin thrills like a tortured heart;
A melancholy waltz, a soft and giddy dizziness!
The sky is sad and beautiful like some great resting-place"
An epic storm came through Chelsea right on sunset. The colours were amazing. My daughter stood at the water's edge in awe as she watched it come in.
Whatever I am , is a gift from you. Even if whole world walks away, I know you will give me enough reason to live!
An old dictionary and a tulip from the garden. Flower placed close to the dictionary definition. Taken with a macro lens on a tripod vertically above the flower . Natural light. Reflector to bounce light on to the flower. Basic adjustments in Lightroom as always shoot in RAW, vignette applied.
“One very important difference between color and monochromatic photography is this: in black and white you suggest; in color you state. Much can be implied by suggestion, but statement demands certainty… absolute certainty.” – Paul Outerbridge
Beautiful and graceful, varied and enchanting, small but approachable, butterflies lead you to the sunny side of life. And everyone deserves a little sunshine.
Jeffrey Glassberg
Sixty-One and looking out from my hotel widow. Connecting the lines and dots to make some sense of it all. If life was just this simple. Everything in it's place and oh so defined.
"If you truly love nature, you will find beauty everywhere." Vincent Van Gogh.
That's true, one can find it, even with a scene such as this. The fly met it's end at the jaws of a beautifully coloured crab spider, on the petals of a wild rose blossom.
One of the defining features of the Oregon Coast is its many sea stacks and remnants of an ancient marine terrace. These stacked rocks are amazing structures. They offer photo opportunities and the occasional cave for exploring. Wizard’s Hat is a natural rock formation that resembles a Wizard’s Hat on Bandon Beach near Face Rock.
Bandon is a city in Coos County, Oregon.
Deze foto is gemaakt in de Amsterdamse duinwaterleiding,
deze damhert is bezig om zijn bronstkuil te maken.
Tijd en zin om te eten hebben ze niet, ze hebben het druk met het afbakenen van hun territorium,
Het is de tijd van de jaarlijkse bronsperiode van de damherten.
De hormonen gieren in deze periode door het lijf van de damherten, de bronst is begonnen.
Overal vind je bronstkuilen en schuurplekken van de opgewonden mannetjes.
Ze doen hun uiterste best om de hindes voor zich te winnen.
This photo was made in the Amsterdam dune water pipeline,
this fallow deer is busy making its rut.
They don't have the time or desire to eat, they are busy defining their territory,
It is the time of the fallow deer annual bronze period.
The hormones vulture through the body of the fallow deer during this period, the rut has begun.
Everywhere you will find rutting pits and scouring places of the excited males.
They do their utmost to win over the Hindes.
Lucky San Francisco has been caught with a nice streak of nice weather, which has lasted us a couple days now. While the sun is out, I am super grateful, however the breeze still carries with it an unnerving chill at times. Especially if your'e meandering around in the shade.
Every day we're out we walk by so many things, and so many people. I am inclined to say that when we walk by all of these things, many of us neglect to remember to look at the small things. Often times it is the small things that define the larger things. Observing seemingly normal things in certain detail can bring the once "ordinary" in to a more exquisite and appreciable light.
Lighting: Au naturel