fortified villages , towns and cities of britain
View allAll Photos Tagged Defensive
In 961 Ani became the capital of Armenia under Bagratyd. The heyday was in time reign of Gagik I, at the beginning of the 11th century. It was established at that time a lot of valuable buildings and the city had a population of about 100 thousand inhabitants. In 1319 years it destroyed earthquake. The ruins of Ani are the biggest and the greatest testimony of the Armenian culture, religion and the power of the past. In 1915 you could still see the remains of 43 churches, then their number gradually decreased.
It is now a "ghost town" and in 2016 was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
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W 961 roku Ani stało się stolicą Armenii pod rządami Bagratydów. Okres świetności to czasy panowania Gagika I, na początku XI wieku. Powstało w tym czasie wiele cennych budowli a miasto liczyło około 100 tys mieszkańców. W 1319 roku zniszczyło je trzęsienie ziemi. Ruiny Ani są największym i najwspanialszym świadectwem ormiańskiej kultury, religii i potęgi z przeszłości. W 1915 można było jeszcze zobaczyć pozostałości 43 kościołów, potem ich liczba sukcesywnie malała.
Obecnie jest to "miasto widmo" a w 2016 roku zostało wpisane na listę światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO.
Chocim Castle (Хотинська фортеця) - a defensive structure located on the high, rocky shore of the Dniester. Construction of the castle began in 1325, and work on it lasted until 1380.
The history of this castle is turbulent. From the 10th to the 13th century it belonged to the Ruthenian duchies, from the 14th century in various periods to Moldavia, Turkey and Poland.
In the 17th-18th century Turkish border fortress. The place of two great battles of the forces of the Commonwealth with the Turks in 1621 and 1673. In 1812, incorporated into Russia, from 1918 in Romania. In the years 1940-1991 together with northern Bukowina within the boundaries of the Ukrainian SSR.
Since 1991 it belongs to Ukraine.
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Zamek w Chocimiu (Хотинська фортеця) – budowla obronna usytuowana na wysokim, skalistym brzegu Dniestru. Budowa zamku rozpoczęła się w roku 1325, a prace nad nią trwały do 1380 roku.
Dzieje tego zamku są burzliwe. Od X do XIII wieku należał do księstw ruskich, od XIV wieku w różnych okresach do Mołdawii, Turcji i Polski.
W XVII–XVIII wieku turecka twierdza graniczna. Miejsce dwóch wielkich bitew wojsk Rzeczypospolitej z Turkami w 1621 r. i 1673 r. W 1812 r. włączony do Rosji, od 1918 r. w Rumunii. W latach 1940–1991 wraz z północną Bukowiną w granicach Ukraińskiej SSR.
Od 1991 r. należy do Ukrainy.
Lugo is city founded in the first century BC by Paulo Fabio Máximo, legion commander during the reign of Emperor Augustus. Its aim was to strengthen the Roman rule in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Significant monument are the walls from Roman times, the best preserved in Spain over the entire length.
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Lugo jest miastem założonym w I wieku p.n.e. przez Paulo Fabio Máximo, dowódcę legionu w okresie panowania cesarza Oktawiana Augusta. Miało ono na celu umocnienie panowania rzymskiego w północnej części Półwyspu Iberyjskiego. Znaczącym zabytkiem są mury obronne z czasów rzymskich, najlepiej zachowane w Hiszpanii na całej długości.
Chocim Castle (Хотинська фортеця) - a defensive structure located on the high, rocky shore of the Dniester. Construction of the castle began in 1325, and work on it lasted until 1380.
The history of this castle is turbulent. From the 10th to the 13th century it belonged to the Ruthenian duchies, from the 14th century in various periods to Moldavia, Turkey and Poland.
In the 17th-18th century Turkish border fortress. The place of two great battles of the forces of the Commonwealth with the Turks in 1621 and 1673. In 1812, incorporated into Russia, from 1918 in Romania. In the years 1940-1991 together with northern Bukowina within the boundaries of the Ukrainian SSR.
Since 1991 it belongs to Ukraine.
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Zamek w Chocimiu (Хотинська фортеця) – budowla obronna usytuowana na wysokim, skalistym brzegu Dniestru. Budowa zamku rozpoczęła się w roku 1325, a prace nad nią trwały do 1380 roku.
Dzieje tego zamku są burzliwe. Od X do XIII wieku należał do księstw ruskich, od XIV wieku w różnych okresach do Mołdawii, Turcji i Polski.
W XVII–XVIII wieku turecka twierdza graniczna. Miejsce dwóch wielkich bitew wojsk Rzeczypospolitej z Turkami w 1621 r. i 1673 r. W 1812 r. włączony do Rosji, od 1918 r. w Rumunii. W latach 1940–1991 wraz z północną Bukowiną w granicach Ukraińskiej SSR.
Od 1991 r. należy do Ukrainy.
Castelgrande
The Castles of Bellinzona are a group of fortifications located around the town of Bellinzona, the capital of the Swiss canton of Ticino. Situated on the Alpine foothills, the group is composed of fortified walls and three castles named Castelgrande, Montebello and Sasso Corbaro. Castelgrande is located on a rocky peak overlooking the valley, with a series of walls that protect the old city and connect to Montebello. Sasso Corbaro, the highest of the three castles, is located on an isolated rocky promontory south-east of the other two. The Castles of Bellinzona with their defensive walls have been an UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.
Thank goodness the Roseate's have been very cooperative here of late, and besides the fly-by's I posted earlier they also please with nicely posed images as well. Have a great day everyone and thank you for the visit.
The defensive architecture of the settlements of the Aegean Sea forced the inhabitants to build their houses close to each other, while the roads are narrow and with irregular paths. Often the lack of space leads to the partial abolition of the distinction between public and private space, as here where the street is also the yard of the house: a chair, a table and a couple of potted plants, are just enough to sit and relax.
Olympos, Karpathos island, Greece.
Jared Odrick, a former defensive end for the NFL, gifted the massive bronze sculpture – titled “Conversation with Myself,” by Colorado-based artist Lorri Acott. The sculptures are in the Coleman Park of Lebanon, PA, one of which is 11′ tall, the other 6′. These sculptures created a lot of mixed responses in the social media. Some people thought the sculptures, were creepy, stunning and provoking, hauntingly beautiful, an adult preying on kids, an alien encounter, etc. People wasn't prepared for this kind of art but the sculptures are still there and Odrick said he hopes the statue gives people who see it “an opportunity to stop, to pause, and take some time to interpret it.”
Chocim Castle (Хотинська фортеця) - a defensive structure located on the high, rocky shore of the Dniester. Construction of the castle began in 1325, and work on it lasted until 1380.
The history of this castle is turbulent. From the 10th to the 13th century it belonged to the Ruthenian duchies, from the 14th century in various periods to Moldavia, Turkey and Poland.
In the 17th-18th century Turkish border fortress. The place of two great battles of the forces of the Commonwealth with the Turks in 1621 and 1673. In 1812, incorporated into Russia, from 1918 in Romania. In the years 1940-1991 together with northern Bukowina within the boundaries of the Ukrainian SSR.
Since 1991 it belongs to Ukraine.
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Zamek w Chocimiu (Хотинська фортеця) – budowla obronna usytuowana na wysokim, skalistym brzegu Dniestru. Budowa zamku rozpoczęła się w roku 1325, a prace nad nią trwały do 1380 roku.
Dzieje tego zamku są burzliwe. Od X do XIII wieku należał do księstw ruskich, od XIV wieku w różnych okresach do Mołdawii, Turcji i Polski.
W XVII–XVIII wieku turecka twierdza graniczna. Miejsce dwóch wielkich bitew wojsk Rzeczypospolitej z Turkami w 1621 r. i 1673 r. W 1812 r. włączony do Rosji, od 1918 r. w Rumunii. W latach 1940–1991 wraz z północną Bukowiną w granicach Ukraińskiej SSR.
Od 1991 r. należy do Ukrainy.
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The ruins of a 14th-century castle are one of the biggest attractions of the area. The castle, located on a hill, among limestone rocks, is part of the Trail of the Eagles' Nests. It belonged to a system of fortifications, built by King Kazimierz Wielki, to protect western Lesser Poland from Czechs, to whom Silesia belonged at that time. For some time, as a fee, it belonged to Prince Władysław Opolczyk. Taken away from him in 1396, the castle was then handed by King Władysław Jagiełło to a local nobleman, Jan Odrowąż of Szczekociny. The castle was invaded several times by Silesian princes in the 15th century, and with the advancement of warfare, its fortifications became obsolete. In 1655, it was captured by the Swedes, and since then, it became a ruin. In 1722, it was partly demolished, with bricks used to build a parish church at Olsztyn. Currently, only fragments of defensive walls remain. The most impressive still standing part of the castle is a 35-meter round tower, built in the 13th century, which served as a prison.
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Commanding a strong defensive position above the river Gwendraeth Fach, Kidwelly Castle was constructed in stone by the 13th century replacing the earlier Norman earth and wood fortress on this spot. Construction of the prominent gatehouse, the nearest set of towers, was started in the 14th century and completed in 1422.
The Wschowa defensive walls along with the moat surrounded the area of the former Old Town. To this day preserved fragments of walls, probably built on the site of wood and earth fortifications, and then expanded and strengthened many times during the XV, XVI and XVII centuries. The walls are made mainly of stone and partly of brick, in considerable sections, they are maintained at the height of about 2 - 4 m from the level of the moat. The fortifications consisted of two gates leading to the city center. In the 19th century, the gates and part of the defensive walls were pulled down.
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Mury obronne Wschowy razem z fosą, otaczały teren dawnego Starego Miasta. Do dziś zachowane fragmenty murów, zbudowano zapewne na miejscu umocnień drewniano - ziemnych, a następnie rozbudowywano i wzmacniano wielokrotnie w ciągu XV, XVI i XVII wieku. Mury wykonane są głównie z kamienia i częściowo z cegły, na znacznych odcinkach zachowane w wysokości około 2 - 4 m od poziomu fosy. W skład obwarowań wchodziły dwie bramy prowadzące do centrum miasta. W XIX wieku bramy i część murów obronnych rozebrano.
The fortifications and walls of Dubrovnik are most interesting tourist attraction of this city. They are about 1940 m long, up to 25 m high and 1.5 to 6 m thick. The walls, built from the 9th to the 17th century, additionally strengthen five bastions and towers.
The first walls were probably built at the end of 8th century. The rapid development of city, and especially the appearance of aggressive neighbors, prompted the citizens of Ragusa to build more powerful fortifications. In 867, the city was attacked by Arab troops. Later, many times the walls defended the city against hostile invasions. They were also rebuilt and modernized many times.
Outside the walls are two fortresses (Lovrijenac and Revelin), which were the first line of defense of city.
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Fortyfikacje i mury Dubrownika stanowią najciekawszą atrakcję turystyczną tego miasta. Mają około 1940 m długości, wysokość do 25 m i grubość w granicach 1,5 - 6 m. Mury, budowane od IX do XVII wieku, wzmacnia dodatkowo pięć bastionów oraz wieże.
Pierwsze mury zbudowano prawdopodobnie pod koniec VIII wieku. Szybki rozwój miasta, a zwłaszcza pojawienie się agresywnych sąsiadów skłoniło obywateli Ragusy do wzniesienia potężniejszych umocnień. W 867 roku miasto zostało zaatakowane przez wojska arabskie. Później jeszcze wielokrotnie mury broniły miasto przed wrogimi najazdami. Były również wielokrotnie przebudowywane i modernizowane.
Po za murami są zlokalizowane dwie fortece (Lovrijenac i Revelin), które były pierwszą linią obrony miasta.
Burchell's (or Plains) Zebra (Equus quagga burchellii) on alert as they are being watched by a coalition of four male cheetah. The Burchell's zebra has a characteristic shadow stripe that runs between the thicker black and white stripes. They are a southern subspecies of the plains zebra.
Santawani Reserve, Botswana
Conservation Status: Near Threatened
Thank you for your views and comments. They are all greatly appreciated.
Petralia Soprana is located in the heart of Sicily, in the province of Palermo.
It is the highest town in the Madonie mountains, it dominates a vast landscape that ranges from the snow-capped peaks of Etna, to the city of Enna and the mountains of Palermo and then the wide valleys and waterways of the countryside that surround it.
A center of considerable importance during the Greek and Carthaginian domination, Petralia was the first Sicilian city to be dominated by the Romans, called "Petra" it was one of the cities that supplied the largest quantities of grain to the Roman Empire.
Following the Arab conquest, its name was changed to “Batraliah” and it became a powerful defensive stronghold at the time of the Normans.
Even today the town still preserves its medieval urban structure intact, with narrow paved streets, churches and noble palaces, suggestive courtyards and linear stone houses that widen into suggestive little squares and splendid views.
In 2018 it was awarded the title of "Most beautiful village in Italy".
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Petralia Soprana si trova nel cuore della Sicilia, in provincia di Palermo.
E' il più alto paese delle Madonie, domina un ampio paesaggio che spazia dalle cime innevate dell'Etna, alla città di Enna e ai monti del palermitano e poi le ampie vallate e i corsi d'acqua delle campagne che la circondano.
Centro di notevole importanza durante la dominazione greca e cartaginese, Petralia fu la prima città siciliana ad essere dominata dai Romani, denominata “Petra” era una delle città che forniva le maggiori quantità di grano all'Impero Romano.
In seguito alla conquista araba, il suo nome venne mutato in “Batraliah” e divenne una potente roccaforte difensiva all'epoca dei Normanni.
Ancora oggi il paese conserva integra la struttura urbanistica medievale, con strade strette dal manto lastricato, chiese e palazzi nobiliari, suggestivi cortili e lineari case in pietra che si allargano in suggestive piazzette e splendidi panorami.
Nel 2018 si e' aggiudicato il titolo di “Borgo piu' bello d'Italia”.
The Torre Guinigi or Guinigi Tower is one of the 9 still existing defensive tower houses of Lucca; there were up to 250 at one point. Although the tower dates back to the 14th century, the rooftop garden has been traced back to the 17th century. The views from the tower are spectacular.
The Church of St. Jadwiga in Wilkowo Polskie was built around 1540 by Piotr Ossowski, the then owner of the village. The church is an oriented, hall and single-nave building, reinforced with buttresses in the Gothic style. The windows are located on the southern and eastern sides, closed with an pointed arch.
Inside, there is a stellar vault and figural polychrome from around the mid-16th century. A Gothic passion group from the mid-16th century is set on the rood beam. In addition, the temple is equipped with three baroque altars and late gothic sculptures.
The church area is surrounded by a wall from 1712. Next to the church there is a belfry rebuilt from a gothic defensive tower, most likely a remnant of the former seat of the owner.
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Kościół św. Jadwigi w Wilkowie Polskim był zbudowany około 1540 roku przez Piotra Ossowskiego ówczesnego właściciela wsi. Kościół jest budowlą orientowaną, halowa i jednonawową, wzmocniony szkarpami w stylu gotyckim. Okna znajdują się po południowej i wschodniej stronie, zamknięte ostrołukiem.
Wewnątrz znajduje się sklepienie gwiaździste i polichromia figuralna pochodząca z około połowy XVI wieku. Na belce tęczowej ustawiona jest gotycka grupa pasyjna z połowy XVI wieku. Oprócz tego na wyposażeniu świątyni są trzy barokowe ołtarze oraz późnogotyckie rzeźby.
Teren kościelny otacza mur z 1712 roku. Przy kościele stoi dzwonnica przebudowana z gotyckiej wieży obronnej, najprawdopodobniej pozostałość po dawnej siedzibie właściciela.
Vischering Castle was built by Bischop Gerhard von der Mark to counter the second castle built by the Von Lüdinghausen family. It became the seat of the Droste zu Vischering Family. Droste is the local title for the hereditary noble administrators serving the Bishops of Münster. The moat is constantly replenished by a side-arm of the River Stever. The outer defensive courtyard contains the business and farm buildings. The main building is a horseshoe-shaped three-story structure with heavy outer wall. Its inner courtyard is closed off by the chapel and a lower defense wall. A castle keep is missing, having been removed during Renaissance renovations. Fire destroyed the castle in 1521. Rebuilding took place on the existing foundation. Windows and the addition of a large bay made the castle more liveable but diminished its defensive character. The whole site however retains the character of a feudal age moated castle.
For the Macro Monday challenge "Spiky" (November 23rd 2020)
This morning's garden work gave me my final choice for this challenge, as I donned gauntlets to cut back the firethorn bushes by the house! The spines are ferocious, and it is one of my least favourite garden chores. The birds love the berries, but it amazes me how they never get impaled on these spikes!
The size guide is in the first comment field.
HMM!!
My 2020 Macro Mondays set: Here
and previous years of the challenge:
My 2019 Macro Mondays set: Here
My 2018 set: 2018 Macro Mondays
My 2017 set: 2017 Macro Mondays
My 2016 set: 2016 Macro Mondays
My 2015 set: 2015 Macro Mondays
My 2014 set: 2014 Macro Mondays
My 2013 set: 2013 Macro Mondays
The Castle was rebuild after it was decided to abandon plans to built a fortress ( a former Roman Castrum ). It was ,at the time ,one the biggest defensive fortification ever built on Portuguese territory ,indicating not only the size of the project but also the importance of the Order of the Temple .(Founded in Jerusalem in 1118 by Hugues de Payens ,a cousin of St. Bernard of Clairvaux ,with Godefroi de St. Omer .)
Il Castello fu ricostruito dopo che fu deciso di abbandonare il piano per costruire la Rocca ( a forma di Castro Romano ).
Esso fu nello stesso tempo la più grande fortificazione difensiva in territorio Portoghese , ma aumentò l'importanza dell'Ordine del Tempio ( Fondato a Gerusalemmme nel 1118 da Ugo di Payens ,un cugino di S. Bernardo di Clairvaux con Goffredo di S. Omer )
The Old City (Hebrew: הָעִיר הָעַתִּיקָה, Ha'Ir Ha'Atiqah, Arabic: البلدة القديمة, al-Balda al-Qadimah) is a 0.9-square-kilometer (0.35 sq mi) walled area within the modern city of Jerusalem.
The history of the Old City has been documented in significant detail, notably in old maps of Jerusalem over the last 1,500 years. This area constituted the entire city of Jerusalem until the late 19th century; neighbouring villages such as Silwan, and new Jewish neighborhood such Mishkenot Sha'ananim, later became part of the municipal boundaries.
The Old City is home to several sites of key religious importance: the Temple Mount and Western Wall for Jews, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for Christians and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Muslims. It was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 1981.
Traditionally, the Old City has been divided into four uneven quarters, although the current designations were introduced only in the 19th century. Today, the Old City is roughly divided (going counterclockwise from the northeastern corner) into the Muslim, Christian, Armenian and Jewish Quarters. The Old City's monumental defensive walls and city gates were built in 1535–1542 by the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)
Cape Cobra spreading its hood in response to the ground squirrel's approach. Though the cobra did strike a couple of times the squirrel managed to stay out of reach, and after a while these two went their separate ways.
Cape Cobras are extremely dangerous to humans and will stand their ground when confronted. Their venom is neurotoxic and bites are often fatal.
Along the road in the Nossob riverbed, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, South Africa
© 2020 Gerda van Schalkwyk - All Rights Reserved
This folks is another one of about 40+ images in this series and all very interesting or else they would not be here, but will spare you the others and make this the last one.
Thank you all so much much for visiting, and have a super day. Oh another great day today as well.
Elantxobe, Vizcaya, País Vasco, España.
Elantxobe es un municipio español situado en la costa nordeste de la provincia de Vizcaya, a 50 km de Bilbao, en la comunidad autónoma del País Vasco.
Elantxobe se sitúa en la ladera este de la mole rocosa del cabo Ogoño, que protege el puerto pesquero, pero cuya enorme inclinación conforma una cascada de calles estrechas y empinadas en las que las casas parecen formar una escalera de tejados que llega hasta la misma orilla del mar. Esta disposición obliga a que el pueblo tenga dos accesos totalmente separados, uno por abajo hacia el puerto y otro hacia la parte alta, donde una mínima anchura plana es lo único que puede considerarse una plaza, con un magnífico mirador y una sorprendente plataforma giratoria que deben utilizar los vehículos de mayor tamaño para poder girar y salir del pueblo.
La villa surge en 1524 con el puerto pesquero, tomando cierta importancia en el siglo XVII como puerto defensivo de la costa vizcaína, que en la actualidad tiene uso como puerto deportivo. Hasta 1858 fue un barrio del vecino municipio de Ibarrangelu. Celebra su fiesta patronal el 6 de diciembre, día de San Nicolás de Bari.
En el siglo XIX la industria pesquera de Elantxobe vive un momento de auge, llegando a albergar siete fábricas de escabeche y una de conservas, entre ellas Conservas Garavilla (Isabel) y conservas Serrats.
Este momento quedó reflejado en la construcción de la Iglesia de San Nicolás de Bari, fruto de las donaciones de los pescadores.
Elantxobe is a Spanish municipality located on the northeast coast of the province of Vizcaya, 50 km from Bilbao, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country.
Elantxobe is located on the eastern slope of the rocky mass of Cabo Ogoño, which protects the fishing port, but whose enormous slope forms a cascade of narrow and steep streets in which the houses seem to form a staircase of roofs that reaches the very shore. from sea. This layout forces the town to have two completely separate entrances, one from below towards the port and the other towards the upper part, where a minimum flat width is the only thing that can be considered a square, with a magnificent viewpoint and an amazing revolving platform that they must use the larger vehicles to be able to turn and leave town.
The town emerged in 1524 with the fishing port, gaining some importance in the 17th century as a defensive port on the Biscayan coast, which is currently used as a marina. Until 1858 it was a neighborhood of the neighboring municipality of Ibarrangelu. It celebrates its patronal festival on December 6, the day of San Nicolás de Bari.
In the 19th century, Elantxobe's fishing industry experienced a boom, coming to house seven pickle factories and one canning factory, including Conservas Garavilla (Isabel) and Conservas Serrats.
This moment was reflected in the construction of the Church of San Nicolás de Bari, the result of donations from fishermen.
I'm not on the wrong side of the fence, you are!
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Prescott-Russell Recreational Trail, Ottawa, Ontario
384. Clancy, 6yrs 40wks
Clancy's YEARBOOK 7: www.flickr.com/photos/130722340@N04/albums/72157703683494665
Nové Město nad Metují was founded by Jan Černčický of Kácov on 10 August 1501. It was destroyed by fire in 1526. In 1527, the manor was acquired by the Pernštejn family. In 1527–1548, most of the houses on the square were then reconstructed in uniform Renaissance and late Gothic design. The elementary ground plan was kept. The connected gables, so-called swallow tails, gave the town the appearance of the northern Italian Renaissance.
One of elusive Kingfishers in Java, Indonesia the Javan Kingfisher. We have one bird hide/spot to photographing this one in Batu, East Java.
Remains of stone fortifications come from the beginning of the fourteenth century. They replaced earth and wooden fortifications, which were buillid by decades. The walls were made of erratic stones, in the upper parts they were supplemented with brick. On the north side, 21 towers stood, which strengthened the defensive line. In the south-eastern part there was a Teutonic castle, which had its own defense system. From the outside, the city was additionally defended by Warta River from the south, and a moat. Entrance to the city was possible through Santocka gate from the east, Młynska gate from the west and Mostowa gate from the south.
To this day survived only a fragment of defensive wall with four towers at Zabytkowa street, over a length of 130 m. There is no trace of the remaining fortifications and gates.
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Pozostałości murowanych obwarowań pochodzą z początku XIV wieku. Zastąpiły one ziemno-drewniane fortyfikacje, których wymiana na murowane trwała kilkadziesiąt lat. Mury wykonano z kamieni narzutowych, w górnych partiach uzupełniano je cegłą. Po stronie północnej, stanęło 21 baszt, które wzmocniły linię obronną. W południowo-wschodniej części znajdował się zamek krzyżacki, który miał własny system obronny. Od zewnątrz miasto było dodatkowo bronione przez rzekę Wartę od południa, oraz fosę. Wjazd do miasta był możliwy przez bramę Santocką od wschodu, Młyńską od zachodu i Mostową od południa.
Do dzisiaj zachował się jedynie fragment muru obronnego z czterema basztami przy ul. Zabytkowej, na długości 130 m. Po pozostałych fortyfikacjach i bramach nie ma już śladu.
Long exposure photo of Torre Paola.
Torre Paola is a defensive coastal tower located on the Promontory of Circeo (LT - Italy) on the border with the long beach of Sabaudia.
It was erected between the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.
In 1563 by the will of Pope Pius IV (1559-1565) it was further updated by the lords of Sermoneta and San Felice Circeo to counter the continuous raids of Saracen pirates.