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The Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis) belongs to the genus Branta of black geese, which contains species with largely black plumage, distinguishing them from the grey Anser species.
The Barnacle Goose is a medium-sized goose, 55 - 70 cm long, with a wingspan of 130 - 145 cm and a weight of 1.2 - 2.2 kg. It has a white face and black head, neck, and upper breast. Its belly is white. The wings and its back are silver-gray with black-and-white bars that look like they are shining when the light reflects on it. It flies in packs and long lines, with a noisy chorus of barking or yapping sounds.
Barnacle geese feed on grasses and coastal plants found in salt marshes, grasslands near river estuaries or tidal mud flats.
The wintering population (130.000 birds) in the Netherlands breeds in Arctic Russia and the Baltic.
This picture was taken at the Lauwersmeer, a man-made lake in the north of the Netherlands, on the border of the provinces of Groningen and Friesland. The lake was formed on 1969, when the dike between the bay called Lauwerssea" and the Waddensea was closed. The Lauwersmeer is now one of the famoust birding areas in Western Europe. The area is famous for the huge numbers of birds. During the winter months the Lauwersmeer is famous for the huge numbers of geese. You will see thousands of Barnacle Geese, White Fronted Geese, Greylag Geese and also good numbers of Bean Geese, Brant, Tundra Swan and Whooper Swan.
De brandgans (Branta leucopsis) is een sterke ongeveer 60 cm grote gans, die weinig of geen last ondervindt van vriesweer, met geelachtige witte kop, waarvan de achterzijde zwart is, met een zwarte nek en bovenborst. Als deze gans tijdens de winter aan de Nederlandse kust opduikt, worden ze al vlug verraden door het wit van hun wangen dat fel afsteekt op het zwart van de kop en hals.
Hun broedgebied is het noordelijk deel van de Atlantische Oceaan, van de oostkust van Groenland tot Spitsbergen en het zuiden van Nova Zembla. Het wintergebied bevindt zich vooral aan de kusten van Ierland, de westkust van Schotland en de Noordzeekust van Duitsland en Nederland.
De Nederlandse overwinteraars komen vooral van Nova Zembla. De laatste jaren blijven grote groepen brandganzen in Nederland en zijn dus het hele jaar door op Nederlandse graslanden te vinden.
Deze foto is genomen bij het Lauwersmeer, op de grens van Groningen en Friesland, een van de belangrijkse overwintergebieden voor brandganzen in Nederland.
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All rights reserved. Copyright © Martien Uiterweerd (Foto Martien).
All my images are protected under international authors copyright laws and may not be downloaded, reproduced, copied, transmitted or manipulated without my written explicit permission.
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The Gay Street Commercial Historic District contains forty-five buildings and one object, centered on Gay Street in Downtown Knoxville, Tennessee. It is the historic commercial and retail heart of Knoxville. The buildings within its boundaries were built to house such uses as furniture stores, pharmacies, department stores, and banks. Hotels, theaters, residential apartments, offices, and a newspaper were also located in the district. This area reflects the social, architectural, and economic evolution of Knoxville from the post-Civil War period until the onset of World War II. Architecturally, the district mirrors design changes occurring at the national level and contains some of the best local examples of these styles. Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Renaissance Revival, and Art Deco buildings embellished with stone, brick, and terra cotta trim are well represented in the district.
Located at 618 South Gay Street, this is the Knoxville Journal & Tribune Arcade constructed circa 1924. Built in a Classical Revival design, it is a two-story brick with front elevation clad in stone. Engaged fluted columns capped by acanthus leaf capitals divide front elevation into five bays with a central entryway marked by a cornice supported by console brackets. And, entablature with projecting dentiled cornice adds detail above the second story windows. Although storefront alterations have occurred to some buildings, this one remains virtually untouched and in its originally designed state. Today, it is just known as the Arcade Building and houses office suites.
The photograph above is just one example of the buildings in the Gay Street Commercial Historic District that was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 4, 1986. All of the information above (and much more about the whole district) was found on the original documents submitted for listing consideration and can be viewed here: npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail/7dad2f95-7838-4caa-973...
Three bracketed photos were taken with a handheld Nikon D7200 and combined with Photomatix Pro to create this HDR image. Additional adjustments were made in Photoshop CS6.
"For I know the plans I have for you", declares the LORD, "plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future." ~Jeremiah 29:11
The best way to view my photostream is through Flickriver with the following link: www.flickriver.com/photos/photojourney57/
The Rosette Nebula is a cloud of dust containing enough gas and dust to make about 10,000 stars like our Sun. In the centre of the nebula is a cluster of hot, bright young stars. These are warming up the surrounding gas and dust, making it appear bluer. The small, bright white regions are cocoons of dust in which huge stars are currently being born. These “protostars”, each one of which will probably become a star up to ten times more massive than the Sun, are heating up the surrounding gas and dust and making it clow brighter. The smaller, redder dots on the left side and near the centre of the image also contain protostars, but these are smaller, and will go on to form stars much like our Sun. Just as the centre of the nebula contains bright young stars, in a few tens or hundreds of millions of years these stars will have died, but the protostars will have evolved into fully-fledged stars in their own right. In this way, the star formation will move outwards through the nebula.
1116 131 fuhr am 19.07.2018 mit einem Ganzzug oranger Container beladen mit Sand durch das Ennstal bei Kleinreifling.
Llanthony lies in the Gospel Pass, a long winding valley containing a narrow road which runs through the Black Mountains, from Hay-on-Wye to Abergavenny.
A popular beauty spot, the valley is well-described by W. LLEWELYN WILLIAMS:
"The mountains of Ewyas are those now called the Hatterel Hills, rising above the monastery of Llanthoni, and joining the Black Mountains of Talgarth at Capel y Ffin, or the chapel upon the boundary, near which the counties of Hereford, Brecknock, and Monmouth form a point of union. But English writers have generally confounded all distinction, calling them indiscriminately the Black Mountains, or the Hatterel Hills."
Art installation by Marinella Senatore entitled "We Rise by Lifting Others". One of the Winter Light 2023-24 series of public artworks on the South Bank.
It is this time of the year and more fields are planted with an environment friendly mix containing phacelia as a cover crop, bee plant and green manure. I love the green and purple flowers in a spiral form.
Phacelia tanacetifolia, lacy phacelia, blue tansy or purple tansy, scorpionweed, Büschelschön, bijenbrood, bijenvriend
M16 contains two famous pillar groups: the Pillars of Creation, made famous by the iconic 1995 HST image, and the other major pillar which looks to me like a dragon head, also recorded in extreme resolution by the HST.
This image is the result of 4.5 hours of imaging on June 10 and 13, 2013 at Sugar Grove Observatory. See some more information at www.astrobin.com/45246
Perfect for any home this bedroom set contains lots of animations!
Full bento, RLV, INM, Physics, V Bento, VAW, Lovense.
Check out the store for other great items.
The Ataturk Arboretum, comprising part of Belgrade Forest, contains a spectacular collection of plants and trees from around the world. Located only 20 km from Istanbul, this 345 hectare peaceful sanctuary is sanctuary for nature lovers.
The Arboretum is especially popular with students and researchers, who come to admire and study the wide variety of greenery. Ataturk Arboretum has been established in 1949. Home to more than 2,000 species of living trees here such as the American tulip tree, Spanish fir and red-leaved Judas tree. The Ataturk Arboretum has contact with other botanic institutions worldwide and they are involved with regular exchanges of seeds.
2.5 hectares are entirely dedicated to various oaks. Exotic species include the Chinese scythe tree, Asian sweet gum, Japanese hydrangea and Arizona cypress. There are captions displaying the names of the trees and country of origin.
This shot is of a soapbubble. We could have the impression it's a planet or exo-planet. Science can observe those planets at a very far distance, several lighyears away. They could contain life or could have contained life. The distance with their sun should be perfect, so that water is available in its 3 fases: liquid, gas and ice. The image title is also the name of a real exo-planet.
An old gas pump I spotted at the Virginia Transportation Museum. Peeling paint + rust = take picture. :-)
Tonight, I am going to see Owl City, my love Adam Young, with Sara Rae and Chloe.
words cannot express my current state of joy :]]]]
also, ive found that i love my hair like this and its so much easier than straightening it every day
106/365
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Aldborough Roman Site contains the remains of the Roman town of Isurium Brigantium as well as an interesting museum looking at the history of the settlement.
Before the Roman occupation, the region in which modern Aldborough stands was ruled by the Celtic Brigantes. The Brigantes were one of the dominant tribes of the Iron Age in Britain, controlling the area which is now Yorkshire and Lancashire. At the time the Aldborough area was a Brigantian settlement called Iseur, however the Romans built their own settlement here and named the town Isurium Brigantium.
After the Roman invasion of Britain the Brigantes were initially compliant with Roman rule; 'Brigantia' became a client state. Indeed it was the Brigantes Queen Cartimunda who handed over a major adversary of Rome, the Catuvellauni chieftain Caratacus.
After Cartimunda divorced her husband, Venutius, in favour of his armour bearer, Venutius rebelled, and the Brigantian territories descended into civil war. Cartimunda was rescued by Roman aid. Soon after, however, the Romans took advantage of the unrest to take control of the region. In AD71, Petilius Cerialis, the Roman governor of Britain, subjugated the local population and established Isurium Brigantium as the headquarters for controlling the regional population.
In the beginning Isurium Brigantium would simply have been a fort, with a civilian population inhabiting the perimeter of the town. During the second century, the military capacity of the town was much reduced, and it established itself as a civilian centre. Approximately 55 acres in area, Isurium Brigantium was surrounded by a significant stone wall, reaching 12 feet in height, and in some parts, having a depth of 9 feet.
However, the town seems to have diminished during the later Empire period, and with the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain much of the original Roman town suffered.
Today, very little of the original Roman town remains, except for an area which is managed by English Heritage.
The entrance to Aldborough Roman Site is through an area close to the original Roman south gate. Visitors immediately arrive at the Aldborough Roman Museum, which has on display fascinating architectural finds from the town.
Some parts of the southern wall remain intact, as well as the foundations of two defensive towers. Visitors can also follow the path through the gardens to view the highlight of the site, two magnificent mosaics. The mosaics date from the second or third century AD, and were discovered in the nineteenth century, the first by accident when a calf was being buried by an innkeeper. This mosaic has sustained some damage, and depicts a lion resting under a tree. The second remains well preserved, and shows an eight sided star in the centre.
In 2011, scientists using geomagnetic sensors located the remains of the Roman amphitheatre at Aldborough, under Studforth Hill, just outside the village.
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BREAK 222 LET'S TOAST SET
Contains 7 Couple Pose + Glass + Bottle.
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All poses with accessories were configured with other people's usability in mind. Therefore, all of them come with the objects configured to be rezzed at the time of use.
- No transfer
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Loch Ard Gorge Cemetery. The cemetery contains the graves of some of those killed in the ship wreck of the "Loch Ard" in June 1878. The ship, which was bound for Melbourne via Liverpool, struck rocks near the opening of a gorge, and only two out of 52 people on board survived the wreck. Only 4 bodies were recovered and they were buried here with cross spars from the wreckage used as markers until later replaced with headstones.
Two images (1 sky and 1 foreground) blended in ON1 and cleaned up with Topaz DeNoise AI.
Sony A7Rm2 with Zeiss Batis 18mm lens.
A purely experimental image containing home-grown frost, a flashlight, a chuck of shiny blue chalcopyrite, and a Trioplan lens. Read on for how these ingredients interact!
(NOTE: Come see me at the CanAm Photo Expo this year in Buffalo NY March 31 – April 2. Well worth the time with 17 outstanding instructors and I’ll be showcasing all my macro magic in person. Prepare to be educated and inspired: canamphotoexpo.com/ )
We’ve got cold weather. Technically it’s spring when we should be seeing early flowers starting to bloom, but temps have dropped to -18C / 0.4F for a few nights in a row now with more on the way. Trying to continue my winter experiments as the opportunities allow, I placed an ultrasonic humidifier in an outdoor shed and turned it up to full blast. The result in the morning was magnificent – hoarfrost on the shelves and ceiling of the shed, allowing for plenty of photographic ideas to unfold in my mind.
I did some “ordinary” shots of the frost, and I liked them, but they seemed too static and “documentary”. I then experimented with printing gradients of orange-to-blue to place in the background, but it felt too staged and ultimately uninteresting. That’s when I grabbed one of my recent mineral acquisitions, a beautiful blue hue of Chalcopyrite, and placed it behind the frost, far enough to be out of focus.
Knowing that the crystal facets of the mineral will create coloured specular highlights, I knew it was an opportunity for some intense bokeh. I grabbed my trusty Trioplan 100 lens and set out to work with its “soap bubble” bokeh with a composition around one of the larger arms of frost on the top shelf of the shed. I aimed a (very bright) flashlight at the mineral with light spilling off onto the frost with an appropriate balance, and set to work to try and get something in focus.
Interesting, there is no part of the image that I could classify as truly sharp, even though I’ve seen sharpness from this lens at the widest aperture required for the best bokeh, F/2.8 I think this is due to the nature of the frost surface having so many facets that instantly start creating bokeh-like features as soon as focus falls off, and these overlap the areas that would otherwise be in focus as well. I’ve found a number of simple lenses that also generate sizeable chromatic aberration when shooting snowflakes and frost, and this was one of them. Cleaned it up in the frost, but left it in the bokeh for extra subtle ripples of colour.
Even the tip of the frost is fading out of focus and generating interesting bokeh. I shot this with an initial intent to focus stack a few frames together to increase the depth of field, but I fell in love with the abstract nature of the frost falling into the background. It’s a colourful, happy, abstract image. Maybe too colourful and artsy, but that’s where today’s experimentation brought me. I’d love to know your thoughts!
If you’d be interested in hearing musings like this live, with presentations and inventive demos that illustrate exactly how images like this come to life, you should absolutely attend the CanAm Photo Expo in Buffalo NY this year, held at the end of March / Beginning of April. I’m one of many instructors and am honoured to find myself in such a fantastic group of people who educate and inspire: canamphotoexpo.com/ - I’d love to shake your hand in person and show you how my “mad scientist” ideas come about, and how I follow through with them!
EYES AND BLOOD TEARS
Landgraff - Tormento
05 Landgraff - Tormento BLOOD TEARS - BOTH EYES
02 Landgraff - Tormento RED EYE BLUSH 100%
Landgraff - Tormento Eyes (Lelutka)
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POSE
[pdb] I am
FLOATING DOLLS
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This Cool and animesh dolls are avaiable for buy at LEVEL Event
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BREAK 218 Love on Skateboard SET
Contains 7 Couple Pose + Skateboard.
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Containing the 'spill over' of climate change on the Indian subcontinent.
Part of the commisioned assignment on Global Warming (2009) by SEEDSINDIA and Christian Aid.
M2 contains over 150,000 stars. The first globular cluster to be added to the Messier catalog, M2 is located roughly 37,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Aquarius.
Image Details:
- Imaging Scope: Celestron C8 SCT
- Imaging Camera: ZWO ASI183MC Color with ZWO IR cut filter
- Guider: Celestron Starsense Autoguider
- Mount: Celestron CGEM
- Acquisition Software: Sharpcap
- Guiding Software: Celestron
- Light Frames: 25*2 mins @ 100 Gain, Temp -10C
- Dark Frames: 10*2 mins
- Stacked in Deep Sky Stacker
- Processed in PixInsight, Adobe Lightroom, and Topaz Denoise AI
The Bodie Lighthouse contains a first-order Fresnel lens. The lens is about 12 feet tall. Unlike many other light houses, the lens in this lighthouse does not rotate. The dark lanes are the window frames. Instead of rotating the light is a 1000 Watt bulb that is dark for 22.5 seconds, turns on for 5, off for 5 then on again for 5 seconds. The 22.5 seconds of darkness makes it possible to get an image that does not "wash out" a shot if you time the shot to start just as the last on-cycle is ending... of course that's what we did.
Our first trip to the lighthouse had enough moisture in the air that capturing the "beams" proved an interesting challenge.
Lenbachhaus - The gallery
The gallery contains a variety of works by Munich painters and contemporary artists, in styles such as The Blue Rider and New Objectivity.
Munich painters
The gallery displays masterpieces by Munich artists such as Jan Polack, Christoph Schwarz, Georges Desmarees ("Countess Holstein" 1754), Wilhelm von Kobell, Georg von Dillis, Carl Rottmann, Carl Spitzweg, Eduard Schleich, Carl Theodor von Piloty, Franz von Stuck, Franz von Lenbach, Friedrich August von Kaulbach, Wilhelm Leibl, Wilhelm Trübner and Hans Thoma.
Works by members of the Munich Secession are also on display. The group was founded in 1892, and includes artists such as the impressionist painters Lovis Corinth, Max Slevogt and Fritz von Uhde.
The Blue Rider
Franz Marc, The tiger 1912
The Lenbachhaus is most famous for the large collection of paintings by Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a group of expressionist artists established in Munich in 1911 which included, among others, the painters Wassily Kandinsky, Gabriele Münter, Franz Marc, August Macke, Marianne von Werefkin, and Paul Klee. Münter donated 1,000 “Blue Rider” works to the museum on her 80th birthday.
New Objectivity
Artists of the New Objectivity like Christian Schad and Rudolf Schlichter are exhibited in several rooms.
Contemporary art
The museum gives a very profound view of international contemporary art with works by Franz Ackermann, Dennis Adams, Christian Boltanski, Joseph Beuys, James Coleman, Thomas Demand, Olafur Eliasson, Valie Export, Dan Flavin, Günther Förg, Günter Fruhtrunk, Rupprecht Geiger, Isa Genzken, Liam Gillick, Katharina Grosse, Michael Heizer, Andreas Hofer, Jenny Holzer, Stefan Huber, Asger Jorn, Ellsworth Kelly, Anselm Kiefer, Michaela Melian, Gerhard Merz, Maurizio Nannucci, Roman Opałka, Sigmar Polke, Arnulf Rainer, Gerhard Richter, Michael Sailstorfer, Richard Serra, Katharina Sieverding, Andy Warhol, Lawrence Weiner, Martin Wöhrl as well as artists of the Viennese Actionism.
Young artists are promoted in exhibitions in the affiliated Kunstbau above the Subway Station Königsplatz.
Stephanie Weber curated a solo show of Mark Boulos and film series of Charles Simonds and Christoph Schlingensief, all the while commissioning performances by Tom Thayer and C. Spencer Yeh and adding to the collection works by Vito Acconci, VALIE EXPORT and Martha Rosler. Since starting at Munich's Lenbachhaus in September, she's been hard at work on a retrospective of Polish-born feminist artist Lea Lublin that opens this summer.
Source: Wikipedia
Toft Point contains several outstanding native plant communities concentrated on a 1-mile-wide peninsula along Door County’s Lake Michigan coast. The natural areas provide habitat for more than 440 vascular plant species and one of the most diverse bryophyte (mosses and liverworts) floras in Wisconsin. The site is named for Kersten Toft who received the land as compensation for his work at a limestone quarry nearby. Remaining on site is a historic kiln, which is the state’s best intact example of the early circular kilns.
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Dense ice has encroached upon the entire surface of this pond, now thick enough to walk on, at lease around the margins. The greenish color is caused by it's density, containing very little trapped air within it's structure.
Staro selo museum, Kumrovec, Croatia.
The village center contains the joint household estate of the Broz family and the birth house of the statesman Josip Broz Tito, with an ethnographic and historical exhibition.
Apart from the preserved architecture of around 40 reconstructed facilities, the museum houses valuable objects, crafts and traditions typical of this region. In this traditional country setting you will learn about forging, pottery making and weaving or the manufacture of traditional wooden toys inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Beim Knaller des Tages war es wieder mal sehr knapp!
Kam doch CFL 185 554 mit einen BlackBoxx Container zur gleichen Zeit Richtung Westen gefahren! (Im Hintergrund noch erkennbar, blauer Container)
The Himalayas contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic.[15] The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 (3,000 cubic miles) of fresh water.[16] Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim).
Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around 5,500 metres (18,000 ft).[17] In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have a snow line some 900 metres (2,950 ft) lower.[18] The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large perennial rivers, most of which combine into two large river systems:
The western rivers, of which the Indus is the largest, combine into the Indus Basin. The Indus begins in Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows southwest through India and then through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. It is fed by the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej rivers, among others.
Most of the other Himalayan rivers drain the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. Its main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Yamuna, as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the Yarlung Tsangpo River in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of Assam. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in Bangladesh, and drain into the Bay of Bengal through the world's largest river delta, the Sunderbans.
Metrans 386 014-5 mit einem Containerzug auf der KBS 100 zwischen Büchen und Schwarzenbek in Müssen
Metrans 386 014-5 with a container train on the KBS 100 between Büchen and Schwarzenbek in Müssen
“Ice contains no future, just the past, sealed away. As if they're alive, everything in the world is sealed up inside, clear and distinct. Ice can preserve all kinds of things that way - cleanly, clearly. That's the essence of ice, the role it plays.”
― Haruki Murakami, Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman
IMG_7848.jpgr
as for the rest of the city's residents, they went on with their days exactly as they always had. they worked and they slept. they wrote letters and they talked over dinner. sometimes they married. they never knew if they could have been more to each other than what they were, but on the other hand they were already so much--too much to fathom or bear sometimes. every one of them was like a sealed box with an impenetrable mystery at its center.
as are you, and as am i.
and i do love you, you know.
kevin brockmeier, "a fable containing a reflection," the view from the seventh layer
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Minster
The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York, commonly known as York Minster, is the cathedral of York, England, and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe. The minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England, and is the cathedral for the Diocese of York. It is run by a dean and chapter, under the Dean of York. The title "minster" is attributed to churches established in the Anglo-Saxon period as missionary teaching churches, and serves now as an honorific title.[1] Services in the minster are sometimes regarded as on the High Church or Anglo-Catholic end of the Anglican continuum.[2]
The minster has a very wide Decorated Gothic nave and chapter house, a Perpendicular Gothic Quire and east end and Early English North and South transepts. The nave contains the West Window, constructed in 1338, and over the Lady Chapel in the east end is the Great East Window, (finished in 1408), the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the world. In the north transept is the Five Sisters Window, each lancet being over 52 feet (16 m) high.[citation needed] The south transept contains a rose window, while the West Window contains a heart-shaped design colloquially known as 'The Heart of Yorkshire'.
History
York has had a verifiable Christian presence from the 4th century. However, there is circumstantial evidence pointing to much earlier Christian involvement. According to Bede, missionaries were sent from Rome by Eleutherius at the request of the chieftain Lucius of Britain in AD 180 to settle controverted points of differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials which were disturbing the church. Tradition speaks of 28 British bishops, one for each of the greater British cities, over whom presided the Archbishops of London, York and Caerleon-on-Usk.
The first recorded church on the site was a wooden structure built hurriedly in 627 to provide a place to baptise Edwin, King of Northumbria. Moves toward a more substantial building began in the decade of the 630s. A stone structure was completed in 637 by Oswald and was dedicated to Saint Peter. The church soon fell into disrepair and was dilapidated by 670 when Saint Wilfrid ascended to the See of York. He repaired and renewed the structure. The attached school and library were established and by the 8th century were some of the most substantial in Northern Europe.[citation needed][3]
In 741 the church was destroyed in a fire. It was rebuilt as a more impressive structure containing thirty altars. The church and the entire area then passed through the hands of numerous invaders, and its history is obscure until the 10th century. There was a series of Benedictine archbishops, including Saint Oswald of Worcester, Wulfstan and Ealdred, who travelled to Westminster to crown William in 1066. Ealdred died in 1069 and was buried in the church.[4]
The church was damaged in 1069 during William the Conqueror's harrying of the North, but the first Norman archbishop, Thomas of Bayeux, arriving in 1070, organised repairs. The Danes destroyed the church in 1075, but it was again rebuilt from 1080. Built in the Norman style, it was 111 m (364.173 ft) long and rendered in white and red lines. The new structure was damaged by fire in 1137 but was soon repaired. The choir and crypt were remodelled in 1154, and a new chapel was built, all in the Norman style.
The Gothic style in cathedrals had arrived in the mid 12th century. Walter de Gray was made archbishop in 1215 and ordered the construction of a Gothic structure to compare to Canterbury; building began in 1220. The north and south transepts were the first new structures; completed in the 1250s, both were built in the Early English Gothic style but had markedly different wall elevations. A substantial central tower was also completed, with a wooden spire. Building continued into the 15th century.
The Chapter House was begun in the 1260s and was completed before 1296. The wide nave was constructed from the 1280s on the Norman foundations. The outer roof was completed in the 1330s, but the vaulting was not finished until 1360. Construction then moved on to the eastern arm and chapels, with the last Norman structure, the choir, being demolished in the 1390s. Work here finished around 1405. In 1407 the central tower collapsed; the piers were then reinforced, and a new tower was built from 1420. The western towers were added between 1433 and 1472. The cathedral was declared complete and consecrated in 1472.[5]
The nave of York Minster
The English Reformation led to the looting of much of the cathedral's treasures and the loss of much of the church lands. Under Elizabeth I there was a concerted effort to remove all traces of Roman Catholicism from the cathedral; there was much destruction of tombs, windows and altars. In the English Civil War the city was besieged and fell to the forces of Cromwell in 1644, but Thomas Fairfax prevented any further damage to the cathedral.
Following the easing of religious tensions there was some work to restore the cathedral. From 1730 to 1736 the whole floor of the minster was relaid in patterned marble and from 1802 there was a major restoration. However, on 2 February 1829, an arson attack by a non-conformist, Jonathan Martin,[6] inflicted heavy damage on the east arm. An accidental fire in 1840 left the nave, south west tower and south aisle roofless and blackened shells. The cathedral slumped deeply into debt and in the 1850s services were suspended. From 1858 Augustus Duncombe worked successfully to revive the cathedral.
During the 20th century there was more concerted preservation work, especially following a 1967 survey that revealed the building, in particular the central tower, was close to collapse. £2,000,000 was raised and spent by 1972 to reinforce and strengthen the building foundations and roof. During the excavations that were carried out, remains of the north corner of the Roman Principia (headquarters of the Roman fort, Eboracum) were found under the south transept. This area, as well as remains of the Norman cathedral, re-opened to the public in spring 2013 as part of the new exhibition exploring the history of the building of York Minster.[7]
On 9 July 1984, a fire believed to have been caused by a lightning strike[8] destroyed the roof in the south transept, and around £2.5 million was spent on repairs. The fire was photographed from just south of the minster in the early hours by Bettison photographers. This picture was subsequently published showing the South transept alight with a list of North Yorkshire firefighters attending. The stations attending ranged from Scarborough to Harrogate. Huge amounts of water were needed to provide jets at great height to hit the roof timbers and protect the Rose Window. Most of the water was pumped from the Ouse nearby because the water supplies around the minster were inadequate. Fire crews from the main York fire station in Clifford Street worked hard to protect the Rose Window and stop the fire spreading into the tower and organ. Many crews worked for hours and some were on high levels of the minster at the time when the South transept roof fell in. Luckily, those few firefighters inside when the roof crashed down were not directly beneath. But what they saw after the ventilation released the smoke, was a pile of timber covering the whole of the south transept floor to a height of at least six feet. When daylight came the whole scene was occupied by media. At about 8am an officer was approached by two ladies looking for information. "Have you an account for The Times"? They said. The officer replied, "Actually, I spoke to the London and New York Times at about four thirty" The ladies then announced that they were from the Church Times. Reports of the fire travelled across both hemispheres. The Restoration work was completed in 1988, and included new roof bosses to designs which had won a competition organised by BBC Television's Blue Peter programme. In 2007 renovation began on the east front, including the Great East Window, at an estimated cost of £23 million.[9][10]
In 2000, the Dean and Chapter allowed the York Mystery Plays to be performed for the first time inside the Minster, directed by Greg Doran.[11]
Architecture of the present building
York Minster is the second largest Gothic cathedral of Northern Europe and clearly charts the development of English Gothic architecture from Early English through to the Perpendicular Period. The present building was begun in about 1230 and completed in 1472. It has a cruciform plan with an octagonal chapter house attached to the north transept, a central tower and two towers at the west front. The stone used for the building is magnesian limestone, a creamy-white coloured rock that was quarried in nearby Tadcaster. The Minster is 173 yards (158 m) long[citation needed] and the central tower has a height of 230 feet (70 m) high.[citation needed] The choir has an interior height of 102 feet (31 m).[citation needed]
The north and south transepts were the first parts of the new church to be built. They have simple lancet windows, including the Five Sisters in the north transept. These are five lancets, each 52 feet (16 m) high[citation needed] and glazed with grey (grisaille) glass, rather than narrative scenes or symbolic motifs that are usually seen in medieval stained glass windows. In the south transept is a rose window whose glass dates from about 1500 and commemorates the union of the royal houses of York and Lancaster. The roofs of the transepts are of wood, that of the south transept was burnt in the fire of 1984 and was replaced in the restoration work which was completed in 1988. New designs were used for the bosses, five of which were designed by winners of a competition organised by the BBC's Blue Peter television programme.
The chapter house.
Work began on the chapter house and its vestibule that links it to the north transept after the transepts were completed. The style of the chapter house is of the early Decorated Period where geometric patterns were used in the tracery of the windows, which were wider than those of early styles. However, the work was completed before the appearance of the ogee curve, an S-shaped double curve which was extensively used at the end of this period. The windows cover almost all of the upper wall space, filling the chapter house with light. The chapter house is octagonal, as is the case in many cathedrals, but is notable in that it has no central column supporting the roof. The wooden roof, which was of an innovative design, is light enough to be able to be supported by the buttressed walls. The chapter house has many sculptured heads above the canopies, representing some of the finest Gothic sculpture in the country. There are human heads, no two alike, and some pulling faces; angels; animals and grotesques. Unique to the transepts and chapter house is the use of Purbeck marble to adorn the piers, adding to the richness of decoration.
The Kings Screen and organ.
The nave was built between 1291 and c. 1350 and is also in the decorated Gothic style. It is the widest Gothic nave in England and has a wooden roof (painted so as to appear like stone) and the aisles have vaulted stone roofs. At its west end is the Great West Window, known as the 'Heart of Yorkshire' which features flowing tracery of the later decorated gothic period.
The east end of the Minster was built between 1361 and 1405 in the Perpendicular Gothic style. Despite the change in style, noticeable in details such as the tracery and capitals, the eastern arm preserves the pattern of the nave. The east end contains a four bay choir; a second set of transepts, projecting only above half-height; and the Lady Chapel. The transepts are in line with the high altar and serve to throw light onto it. Behind the high altar is the Great East Window, the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the world, which is currently undergoing a massive conservation project, due to be completed in 2015–16. Below the Great East Window currently sits the Orb, a stainless steel dome which opened at the end of October 2012, containing five of the conserved panels from the window, one of which is changed each month. The Orb enables visitors to see the work of renowned medieval artist, John Thornton, up close, revealing the remarkable detail in each panel.
The sparsely decorated Central Tower was built between 1407 and 1472 and is also in the Perpendicular style. Below this, separating the choir from the crossing and nave is the striking 15th century choir screen. It contains sculptures of the kings of England from William the Conqueror to Henry VI with stone and gilded canopies set against a red background. Above the screen is the organ, which dates from 1832. The West Towers, in contrast with the Central Tower, are heavily decorated and are topped with battlements and eight pinnacles each, again in the Perpendicular style.
English Heritage has recently made publicly available a monograph[12] on the architectural history of York Minster. The book charts the construction and development of the minster based on the architectural recording of the building from the 1970s. The full report can be downloaded from the Archaeology Data Service website.
Stained glass
York as a whole, and particularly the minster, have a long tradition of creating beautiful stained glass. Some of the stained glass in York Minster dates back to the 12th century. The Minster's records show that much of the glass (white or coloured) came from Germany.[13] Upon arrival at York, it was intricately painted, fired, then glazed together with lead strips into the windows. The 76-foot (23 m)[citation needed] tall Great East Window, created by John Thornton in the early 15th century, is the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the world. Other windows in the minster include an ornate rose window and the 50-foot (15 m)[citation needed] tall Five Sisters window. Because of the extended time periods during which the glass was installed, different types of glazing and painting techniques which evolved over hundreds of years are visible in the different windows. Approximately two million individual pieces of glass make up the cathedral's 128 stained glass windows. Much of the glass was removed before and pieced back together after the First and Second World Wars, and the windows are constantly being cleaned and conserved to keep their beauty intact.
In 2008 a major conservation project of the Great East Window commenced, involving the removal, repainting and re-leading of each individual panel.[14] While the window was in storage in the minster's stonemasons' yard, a fire broke out in some adjoining offices, due to an electrical fault, on 30 December 2009.[15] The window's 311 panes, stored in a neighbouring room, were undamaged and were successfully moved to safety.[16][17] In September 2015 Phase One of the renovation project of the East Front of the Minster was completed.[18]
Towers and bells
The two west towers of the minster hold bells, clock chimes and a concert carillon. The north-west tower contains Great Peter (216 cwt or 10.8 tons) and the six clock bells (the largest weighing just over 60 cwt or 3 tons). The south-west tower holds 14 bells (tenor 59 cwt or 3 tons) hung and rung for change ringing and 22 carillon bells (tenor 23 cwt or 1.2 tons) which are played from a baton keyboard in the ringing chamber (all together 35 bells.)
The clock bells ring every quarter of an hour during the daytime and Great Peter strikes the hour. The change ringing bells are rung regularly on Sundays before church services and at other occasions, the ringers practise on Tuesday evenings. York Minster became the first cathedral in England to have a carillon of bells with the arrival of a further twenty-four small bells on 4 April 2008. These are added to the existing "Nelson Chime" which is chimed to announce Evensong around 5.00 pm each day, giving a carillon of 35 bells in total (three chromatic octaves). The new bells were cast at the Loughborough Bell Foundry of Taylors, Eayre & Smith, where all of the existing minster bells were cast. The new carillon is a gift to the minster. It will be the first new carillon in the British Isles for 40 years and first hand played carillon in an English cathedral. Before Evensong each evening, hymn tunes are played on a baton keyboard connected with the bells, but occasionally anything from Beethoven to the Beatles may be heard.[19]
Shrines
When Thomas Becket was murdered and subsequently enshrined at Canterbury, York found itself with a rival major draw for pilgrims. More specifically, pilgrims spent money and would leave gifts for the support of the cathedral. Hence Walter de Gray, supported by the King, petitioned the Pope. On 18 March 1226, Pope Honorius issued a letter to the effect that the name of William (Fitzherbert), formerly Archbishop of York, was "inscribed in the catalogue of the Saints of the Church Militant." Thus there was now St William of York (whose name is perhaps more often associated with the adjacent St William's College). York had its saint but it took until 1279, when William de Wickwane (William de Wykewayne) was elected archbishop, for the remains of the canonised William to be transferred to a shrine prepared for them behind the high altar.[20] This was placed on a platform raised upon the arches of the crypt removed to this position for that purpose. On 29 December King Edward I himself, together with the bishops who were present, carried on their shoulder the chest or feretory containing the relics to their new resting-place and Anthony Beck, consecrated the same day as Bishop of Durham, paid all the expenses.
The tomb of Walter de Gray was erected in the south transept. His remains were interred on "the vigil of Pentecost, 1255"[20] under his effigy "in full canonicals" carved in Purbeck marble under a canopy resting on ten light pillars. It was subsequently somewhat hidden behind a screen of ironwork erected by Archbishop William Markham in the early 19th century.
Organ
The choir
The fire of 1829 destroyed the organ and the basis of the present organ dates from 1832, when Elliot and Hill constructed a new instrument. This organ was reconstructed in 1859 by William Hill and Sons. The case remained intact, but the organ was mechanically new, retaining the largest pipes of the former instrument.
In 1903, J.W. Walker and Sons built a new instrument in the same case. They retained several registers from the previous instrument.
Some work was undertaken in 1918 by Harrison & Harrison when the Tuba Mirabilis was added and the Great chorus revised. The same firm rebuilt this Walker-Harrison instrument in 1931 when a new console and electro-pneumatic action were added together with four new stops. The smaller solo tubas were enclosed in the solo box. In 1960, J.W. Walker & Sons restored the actions, lowered wind pressures and introduced mutations and higher chorus work in the spirit of the neo-classical movement. They cleaned the organ in 1982.
The fire of 1984 affected the organ but not irreparably; the damage hastened the time for a major restoration, which was begun in 1991 and finished two years later by Principal Pipe Organs of York, under the direction of their founder, Geoffrey Coffin, who had at one time been assistant organist at the Minster.[21]
Organists
The organists of York Minster have had several official titles, the job description roughly equates to that of Organist and Master of the Choristers. The current Organist and Director of Music of the minster is Robert Sharpe. There is also an assistant director of music, David Pipe, and an organ scholar.
Among the notable organists of York Minster are four members of the Camidge family, who served as the cathedral's organists for over 100 years, and a number of composers including John Naylor, T. Tertius Noble, Edward Bairstow, Francis Jackson, and Philip Moore.
Dean and chapter
Dean: The Very Revd Vivienne Faull (since 1 December 2012 installation[22])
Precentor: The Revd Canon Peter Moger (since 12 September 2010 installation[23])
Pastor: The Reverend Michael Smith
Chancellor: The Reverend Canon Christopher Collingwood
Archdeacon: The Reverend Canon David Butterfield
Burials
Bosa of York, Bishop of York and Saint (died c. 705)
Eanbald I, Archbishop (780–796)
Osbald, King of Northumbria (died 799)
Ealdred (archbishop of York) (1061–1069)
Thomas of Bayeux, Archbishop (1070–1100)
Gerard, Archbishop (1100–1108)
Thomas II of York, Archbishop (1108–1114)
William of York, Archbishop (1141–1147, 1153–1154)
Henry Murdac, Archbishop (1147–1153)
Roger de Pont L'Eveque, Archbishop {1154–1181}
Walter de Gray, Archbishop (1216–1255)
Sewal de Bovil, Dean and Archbishop (1256–1258)
Godfrey Ludham, Archbishop (1258–1265)
William Langton, Archbishop (1265)
Walter Giffard, Archbishop (1266–1279)
John le Romeyn, Archbishop (1286–1296)
Henry of Newark, Archbishop (1296–1299)
William Greenfield, Archbishop (1306–1315)
Prince William of Hatfield, Infant son of Edward III (1337)
William Melton, Archbishop (1317–1340)
William Zouche, Archbishop (1342–1352)
Henry Percy, soldier (1364–1403)
Richard le Scrope, Archbishop (1398–1405)
Henry Bowet, Archbishop (1407–1423)
Thomas Savage, Archbishop (1501–1507)
Hugh Ashton, Archdeacon of York (died 1522)
John Piers, Archbishop (1589–1594)
George Meriton, Dean of York (1579–1624)
Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, (1730-1782)
John Farr Abbott, barrister (1756–1794)
Astronomical clock
The astronomical clock was installed in the North Transept of York Minster in 1955. The clock is a memorial to the airmen operating from bases in Yorkshire, County Durham and Northumberland who were killed in action during the Second World War.[24]
Illuminations
In November 2002, York Minster was illuminated in colour, devised by York-born Mark Brayshaw, for the first time in its history. The occasion was televised live on the BBC1 Look North programme. Similar illuminations have been projected over the Christmas period in subsequent years.
York Minster was also artistically illuminated on 5 November 2005, celebrating the 400th anniversary of the foiling of York-born Guy Fawkes' gunpowder plot. This was done by Patrice Warrener using his unique "chromolithe" technique with which he 'paints' with light, picking out sculpted architectural details.
In October 2010, York Minster's south transept was selected for "Rose", a son et lumiere created by international artists Ross Ashton and Karen Monid which lit up the entire exterior of the south transept of the minster and illuminated the Rose Window. There were also satellite illuminate events in Dean's Park.
CONTAIN 03 BOM LAYER (04 OPACITY EACH)
EYE VENIS DARK CIRCLES (MOUTH VEINS
FOR LELUTKA EVO X ONLY
eyes
04 STYLES OF EYE FOR
BOM LELUTKA EVO X & OMEGA
MESH EYE INCLUDED
ABSTRAKT EVENT // OPEN JANUARY 15:
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Available in store at the end of the event
Landgraff