Any adult in town?

 

April 13, 2019 - WASHINGTON DC - 2019 World Bank/ IMF Spring Meetings.Development Committee Meeting. Photo: World Bank

 

Photo ID : 041319_DEV COM Overhead Photo_PRESTON

A flyer from the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, a nationwide broad coalition of anti-Viet War groups, calling for immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops and a mass demonstration to be held in the nation’s capital November 15, 1969.

 

Demands were also made under three broad categories of “Stop the War,” “Stop the War Machine,” and “Stop the Death Machine and included self-determination for black America, an end to racism and poverty, free speech for GIs, self-government for the District of Columbia, the freeing of political prisoners and an end to the draft.

 

A feature of the demonstration was a two-day procession preceding the main march where individuals paraded single-file from Arlington National Cemetery, past the White House where each individual stopped and called out the name of a slain U.S. soldier, and then continued on to the U.S. Capitol.

 

A two-day nationwide work stoppage was called for Nov. 14-15 by the Vietnam Moratorium Committee. A previous Moratorium in October had an estimated two million people participate across the country.

 

Upwards of 500,000 attended the Nov. 15th march—the largest of the Vietnam War era up to that point in time.

 

While the March Against Death and the main march were mostly devoid of drama, some of the fiercest street fighting with police of that era occurred the evening of Nov. 14th around Dupont Circle during an attempted march on the South Vietnamese Embassy and on Nov. 15th at the Justice Department following the main march.

 

President Richard Nixon began a slow withdrawal of troops while the antiwar movement kept up pressure culminating in the 1973 Paris Peace Agreement that effectively ended the U.S. combat role in that country.

 

Forces of the Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of (South) Vietnam overran the forces of the Republic of (South) Vietnam in 1975 gaining independence from foreign powers and unifying the country.

 

For a PDF of this 2-sided, 8 ½ x 11 flyer, see washingtonareaspark.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/1969-1...

 

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsk9riRMa

 

Original held in the Bonnie Atwood papers, 1965-2005, Collection, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.

 

Photo Credit: Gerardo Romo / NYC Council Media Unit.

Headstock

Syrian Constitutional Committee, Geneva. 25 March 2022 . UN Photo by Violaine Martin

الملكة رانيا أثناء زيارتها الى الرمثا للاطلاع على خدمات لجنة الانقاذ الدولية

الرمثا، الأردن / 23 اذار 2016

  

Queen Rania while visiting the IRC Women’s Protection and Empowerment Center in Ramtha

Ramtha, Jordan / March 23, 2016

 

© Royal Hashemite Court

Although I initially thought that the girls were mainly for show, they helped stabilize and unload the boats. One was even coached by an elder to do a better job. The training seemed to be an ongoing process.

 

100_3985e; Welcoming Committee

Members of the Riyadh women fish retailers' committee in Kafr El Sheik governorate, Egypt.

October 14, 2017 - WASHINGTON, DC. World Bank / IMF 2017 Annual Meetings. Development Committee

 

World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim; International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde; Chair of the Development Committee Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Minister of Finance of Indonesia; Development Committee Executive Secretary Yvonne Tsikata, World Bank Vice President and Corporate Secretary. Photo: World Bank / Simone D. McCourtie

 

Photo ID: 101417-DevCommittee-0117f

International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde answers questions at the Development Committee press briefing during the 2013 World Bank/IMF Annual Meetings at IMF Headquarters, Washington, D.C., October 12, 2013IMF Photo

Angkor Wat or "Capital Temple" is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. It was first a Hindu and later a Buddhist temple. It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura, present-day Angkor, the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum.

 

Breaking from the Shiva tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious center since its foundation. The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors. Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple-mountain and the later galleried temple, based on early Dravidian architecture, with key features such as the Jagati. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs, and for the numerous devatas adorning its walls.

 

The modern name, Angkor Wat, means "Temple City" or "City of Temples" in Khmer; Angkor, meaning "city" or "capital city", is a vernacular form of the word nokor (នគរ), which comes from the Sanskrit word nagara (नगर). Wat is the Khmer word for "temple grounds" (Sanskrit: वाट vāṭa ""enclosure").

 

HISTORY

Angkor Wat lies 5.5 kilometres north of the modern town of Siem Reap, and a short distance south and slightly east of the previous capital, which was centred at Baphuon. It is in an area of Cambodia where there is an important group of ancient structures. It is the southernmost of Angkor's main sites.

 

According to one legend, the construction of Angkor Wat was ordered by Indra to act as a palace for his son Precha Ket Mealea.

 

According to the 13th century Chinese traveler Daguan Zhou, it was believed by some that the temple was constructed in a single night by a divine architect. The initial design and construction of the temple took place in the first half of the 12th century, during the reign of Suryavarman II (ruled 1113-C. 1150). Dedicated to Vishnu, it was built as the king's state temple and capital city. As neither the foundation stela nor any contemporary inscriptions referring to the temple have been found, its original name is unknown, but it may have been known as "Varah Vishnu-lok" after the presiding deity. Work seems to have ended shortly after the king's death, leaving some of the bas-relief decoration unfinished.

 

In 1177, approximately 27 years after the death of Suryavarman II, Angkor was sacked by the Chams, the traditional enemies of the Khmer. Thereafter the empire was restored by a new king, Jayavarman VII, who established a new capital and state temple (Angkor Thom and the Bayon respectively) a few kilometers to the north.

 

In the late 13th century, Angkor Wat gradually moved from Hindu to Theravada Buddhist use, which continues to the present day. Angkor Wat is unusual among the Angkor temples in that although it was somewhat neglected after the 16th century it was never completely abandoned, its preservation being due in part to the fact that its moat also provided some protection from encroachment by the jungle.

One of the first Western visitors to the temple was António da Madalena, a Portuguese monk who visited in 1586 and said that it "is of such extraordinary construction that it is not possible to describe it with a pen, particularly since it is like no other building in the world. It has towers and decoration and all the refinements which the human genius can conceive of."

 

In the mid-19th century, the temple was visited by the French naturalist and explorer, Henri Mouhot, who popularised the site in the West through the publication of travel notes, in which he wrote:

 

"One of these temples - a rival to that of Solomon, and erected by some ancient Michelangelo - might take an honorable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged."

 

Mouhot, like other early Western visitors, found it difficult to believe that the Khmers could have built the temple, and mistakenly dated it to around the same era as Rome. The true history of Angkor Wat was pieced together only from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site. There were no ordinary dwellings or houses or other signs of settlement including cooking utensils, weapons, or items of clothing usually found at ancient sites. Instead there is the evidence of the monuments themselves.

 

Angkor Wat required considerable restoration in the 20th century, mainly the removal of accumulated earth and vegetation. Work was interrupted by the civil war and Khmer Rouge control of the country during the 1970s and 1980s, but relatively little damage was done during this period other than the theft and destruction of mostly post-Angkorian statues.The temple is a powerful symbol of Cambodia, and is a source of great national pride that has factored into Cambodia's diplomatic relations with France, the United States and its neighbor Thailand. A depiction of Angkor Wat has been a part of Cambodian national flags since the introduction of the first version circa 1863. From a larger historical and even transcultural perspective, however, the temple of Angkor Wat did not become a symbol of national pride sui generis but had been inscribed into a larger politico-cultural process of French-colonial heritage production in which the original temple site was presented in French colonial and universal exhibitions in Paris and Marseille between 1889 and 1937. Angkor Wat's aesthetics were also on display in the plaster cast museum of Louis Delaporte called musée Indo-chinois which existed in the Parisian Trocadero Palace from C. 1880 to the mid-1920s. The splendid artistic legacy of Angkor Wat and other Khmer monuments in the Angkor region led directly to France adopting Cambodia as a protectorate on 11 August 1863 and invading Siam to take control of the ruins. This quickly led to Cambodia reclaiming lands in the northwestern corner of the country that had been under Siamese (Thai) control since 1351 AD (Manich Jumsai 2001), or by some accounts, 1431 AD. Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953 and has controlled Angkor Wat since that time.

 

ARCHITECTURE

SITE AND PLAN

Angkor Wat, located at 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″E, is a unique combination of the temple mountain, the standard design for the empire's state temples and the later plan of concentric galleries. The temple is a representation of Mount Meru, the home of the gods: the central quincunx of towers symbolises the five peaks of the mountain, and the walls and moat the surrounding mountain ranges and ocean. Access to the upper areas of the temple was progressively more exclusive, with the laity being admitted only to the lowest level. Unlike most Khmer temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west rather than the east. This has led many (including Maurice Glaize and George Coedès) to conclude that Suryavarman intended it to serve as his funerary temple.Further evidence for this view is provided by the bas-reliefs, which proceed in a counter-clockwise direction - prasavya in Hindu terminology - as this is the reverse of the normal order. Rituals take place in reverse order during Brahminic funeral services. The archaeologist Charles Higham also describes a container which may have been a funerary jar which was recovered from the central tower. It has been nominated by some as the greatest expenditure of energy on the disposal of a corpse. Freeman and Jacques, however, note that several other temples of Angkor depart from the typical eastern orientation, and suggest that Angkor Wat's alignment was due to its dedication to Vishnu, who was associated with the west.

 

A further interpretation of Angkor Wat has been proposed by Eleanor Mannikka. Drawing on the temple's alignment and dimensions, and on the content and arrangement of the bas-reliefs, she argues that the structure represents a claimed new era of peace under King Suryavarman II: "as the measurements of solar and lunar time cycles were built into the sacred space of Angkor Wat, this divine mandate to rule was anchored to consecrated chambers and corridors meant to perpetuate the king's power and to honor and placate the deities manifest in the heavens above." Mannikka's suggestions have been received with a mixture of interest and scepticism in academic circles. She distances herself from the speculations of others, such as Graham Hancock, that Angkor Wat is part of a representation of the constellation Draco.

 

STYLE

Angkor Wat is the prime example of the classical style of Khmer architecture - the Angkor Wat style - to which it has given its name. By the 12th century Khmer architects had become skilled and confident in the use of sandstone (rather than brick or laterite) as the main building material. Most of the visible areas are of sandstone blocks, while laterite was used for the outer wall and for hidden structural parts. The binding agent used to join the blocks is yet to be identified, although natural resins or slaked lime has been suggested. The temple has drawn praise above all for the harmony of its design. According to Maurice Glaize, a mid-20th-century conservator of Angkor, the temple "attains a classic perfection by the restrained monumentality of its finely balanced elements and the precise arrangement of its proportions. It is a work of power, unity and style." Architecturally, the elements characteristic of the style include: the ogival, redented towers shaped like lotus buds; half-galleries to broaden passageways; axial galleries connecting enclosures; and the cruciform terraces which appear along the main axis of the temple. Typical decorative elements are devatas (or apsaras), bas-reliefs, and on pediments extensive garlands and narrative scenes. The statuary of Angkor Wat is considered conservative, being more static and less graceful than earlier work. Other elements of the design have been destroyed by looting and the passage of time, including gilded stucco on the towers, gilding on some figures on the bas-reliefs, and wooden ceiling panels and doors.

 

FEATURES

OUTER ENCLOSURE

The outer wall, 1024 by 802 m and 4.5 m high, is surrounded by a 30 m apron of open ground and a moat 190 m wide. Access to the temple is by an earth bank to the east and a sandstone causeway to the west; the latter, the main entrance, is a later addition, possibly replacing a wooden bridge. There are gopuras at each of the cardinal points; the western is by far the largest and has three ruined towers. Glaize notes that this gopura both hides and echoes the form of the temple proper. Under the southern tower is a statue of Vishnu, known as Ta Reach, which may originally have occupied the temple's central shrine.Galleries run between the towers and as far as two further entrances on either side of the gopura often referred to as "elephant gates", as they are large enough to admit those animals. These galleries have square pillars on the outer (west) side and a closed wall on the inner (east) side. The ceiling between the pillars is decorated with lotus rosettes; the west face of the wall with dancing figures; and the east face of the wall with balustered windows, dancing male figures on prancing animals, and devatas, including (south of the entrance) the only one in the temple to be showing her teeth. The outer wall encloses a space of 820,000 square metres, which besides the temple proper was originally occupied by the city and, to the north of the temple, the royal palace. Like all secular buildings of Angkor, these were built of perishable materials rather than of stone, so nothing remains of them except the outlines of some of the streets. Most of the area is now covered by forest. A 350 m causeway connects the western gopura to the temple proper, with naga balustrades and six sets of steps leading down to the city on either side. Each side also features a library with entrances at each cardinal point, in front of the third set of stairs from the entrance, and a pond between the library and the temple itself. The ponds are later additions to the design, as is the cruciform terrace guarded by lions connecting the causeway to the central structure.

 

CENTRAL STRUCTURE

The temple stands on a terrace raised higher than the city. It is made of three rectangular galleries rising to a central tower, each level higher than the last. Mannikka interprets these galleries as being dedicated to the king, Brahma, the moon, and Vishnu.

 

Each gallery has a gopura at each of the points, and the two inner galleries each have towers at their corners, forming a quincunx with the central tower. Because the temple faces west, the features are all set back towards the east, leaving more space to be filled in each enclosure and gallery on the west side; for the same reason the west-facing steps are shallower than those on the other sides.

 

The outer gallery measures 187 by 215 m, with pavilions rather than towers at the corners. The gallery is open to the outside of the temple, with columned half-galleries extending and buttressing the structure. Connecting the outer gallery to the second enclosure on the west side is a cruciform cloister called Preah Poan (the "Hall of a Thousand Gods"). Buddha images were left in the cloister by pilgrims over the centuries, although most have now been removed. This area has many inscriptions relating the good deeds of pilgrims, most written in Khmer but others in Burmese and Japanese. The four small courtyards marked out by the cloister may originally have been filled with water.

 

North and south of the cloister are libraries.

 

Beyond, the second and inner galleries are connected to each other and to two flanking libraries by another cruciform terrace, again a later addition. From the second level upwards, devatas abound on the walls, singly or in groups of up to four. The second-level enclosure is 100 by 115 m, and may originally have been flooded to represent the ocean around Mount Meru.

 

Three sets of steps on each side lead up to the corner towers and gopuras of the inner gallery. The very steep stairways represent the difficulty of ascending to the kingdom of the gods. This inner gallery, called the Bakan, is a 60 m square with axial galleries connecting each gopura with the central shrine, and subsidiary shrines located below the corner towers. The roofings of the galleries are decorated with the motif of the body of a snake ending in the heads of lions or garudas. Carved lintels and pediments decorate the entrances to the galleries and to the shrines. The tower above the central shrine rises 43 m to a height of 65 m above the ground; unlike those of previous temple mountains, the central tower is raised above the surrounding four. The shrine itself, originally occupied by a statue of Vishnu and open on each side, was walled in when the temple was converted to Theravada Buddhism, the new walls featuring standing Buddhas. In 1934, the conservator George Trouvé excavated the pit beneath the central shrine: filled with sand and water it had already been robbed of its treasure, but he did find a sacred foundation deposit of gold leaf two metres above ground level.

 

DECORATION

Integrated with the architecture of the building, and one of the causes for its fame is Angkor Wat's extensive decoration, which predominantly takes the form of bas-relief friezes. The inner walls of the outer gallery bear a series of large-scale scenes mainly depicting episodes from the Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Higham has called these, "the greatest known linear arrangement of stone carving".

 

From the north-west corner anti-clockwise, the western gallery shows the Battle of Lanka (from the Ramayana, in which Rama defeats Ravana) and the Battle of Kurukshetra (from the Mahabharata, showing the mutual annihilation of the Kaurava and Pandava clans). On the southern gallery follow the only historical scene, a procession of Suryavarman II, then the 32 hells and 37 heavens of Hindu mythology.

 

On the eastern gallery is one of the most celebrated scenes, the Churning of the Sea of Milk, showing 92 asuras and 88 devas using the serpent Vasuki to churn the sea under Vishnu's direction (Mannikka counts only 91 asuras, and explains the asymmetrical numbers as representing the number of days from the winter solstice to the spring equinox, and from the equinox to the summer solstice). It is followed by Vishnu defeating asuras (a 16th-century addition). The northern gallery shows Krishna's victory over Bana (where according to Glaize, "The workmanship is at its worst"). and a battle between the Hindu gods and asuras. The north-west and south-west corner pavilions both feature much smaller-scale scenes, some unidentified but most from the Ramayana or the life of Krishna. Angkor Wat is decorated with depictions of apsaras and devata; there are more than 1,796 depictions of devata in the present research inventory. Angkor Wat architects employed small apsara images (30–40 cm) as decorative motifs on pillars and walls. They incorporated larger devata images (all full-body portraits measuring approximately 95–110 cm) more prominently at every level of the temple from the entry pavilion to the tops of the high towers. In 1927, Sappho Marchal published a study cataloging the remarkable diversity of their hair, headdresses, garments, stance, jewelry and decorative flowers, which Marchal concluded were based on actual practices of the Angkor period.

 

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

The stones, as smooth as polished marble, were laid without mortar with very tight joints that are sometimes hard to find. The blocks were held together by mortise and tenon joints in some cases, while in others they used dovetails and gravity. The blocks were presumably put in place by a combination of elephants, coir ropes, pulleys and bamboo scaffolding. Henri Mouhot noted that most of the blocks had holes 2.5 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep, with more holes on the larger blocks. Some scholars have suggested that these were used to join them together with iron rods, but others claim they were used to hold temporary pegs to help manoeuvre them into place. The monument was made out of millions of tonnes of sandstone and it has a greater volume as well as mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The Angkor Wat Temple consumes about 6 million to 10 million blocks of sandstone with an average weight of 1.5 tons each. In fact, the entire city of Angkor used up far greater amounts of stone than all the Egyptian pyramids combined, and occupied an area significantly greater than modern-day Paris. Moreover, unlike the Egyptian pyramids which use limestone quarried barely half a km away all the time, the entire city of Angkor was built with sandstone quarried 40 km (or more) away. This sandstone had to be transported from Mount Kulen, a quarry approximately 40 km to the northeast. The route has been suggested to span 35 kilometres along a canal towards Tonlé Sap lake, another 35 kilometres crossing the lake, and finally 15 kilometres upstream and against the current along Siem Reap River, making a total journey of 90 kilometres. However, Etsuo Uchida and Ichita Shimoda of Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan have discovered in 2012 a shorter 35-kilometre canal connecting Mount Kulen and Angkor Wat using satellite imagery. The two believe that the Khmer used this route instead.

 

Virtually all of its surfaces, columns, lintels even roofs are carved. There are miles of reliefs illustrating scenes from Indian literature including unicorns, griffins, winged dragons pulling chariots as well as warriors following an elephant-mounted leader and celestial dancing girls with elaborate hair styles. The gallery wall alone is decorated with almost 1000 square metres of bas reliefs. Holes on some of the Angkor walls indicate that they may have been decorated with bronze sheets. These were highly prized in ancient times and were a prime target for robbers. While excavating Khajuraho, Alex Evans, a stonemason and sculptor, recreated a stone sculpture under 1.2 m, this took about 60 days to carve. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone. The labor force to quarry, transport, carve and install so much sandstone must have run into the thousands including many highly skilled artisans. The skills required to carve these sculptures were developed hundreds of years earlier, as demonstrated by some artifacts that have been dated to the seventh century, before the Khmer came to power.

 

ANGKOR WAT TODAY

The Archaeological Survey of India carried out restoration work on the temple between 1986 and 1992. Since the 1990s, Angkor Wat has seen continued conservation efforts and a massive increase in tourism. The temple is part of the Angkor World Heritage Site, established in 1992, which has provided some funding and has encouraged the Cambodian government to protect the site. The German Apsara Conservation Project (GACP) is working to protect the devatas and other bas-reliefs which decorate the temple from damage. The organisation's survey found that around 20% of the devatas were in very poor condition, mainly because of natural erosion and deterioration of the stone but in part also due to earlier restoration efforts. Other work involves the repair of collapsed sections of the structure, and prevention of further collapse: the west facade of the upper level, for example, has been buttressed by scaffolding since 2002, while a Japanese team completed restoration of the north library of the outer enclosure in 2005. World Monuments Fund began conservation work on the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery in 2008 after several years of conditions studies. The project restored the traditional Khmer roofing system and removed cement used in earlier restoration attempts that had resulted in salts entering the structure behind the bas-relief, discoloring and damaging the sculpted surfaces. The main phase of work ended in 2012, and the final component will be the installation of finials on the roof of the gallery in 2013. Microbial biofilms have been found degrading sandstone at Angkor Wat, Preah Khan, and the Bayon and West Prasat in Angkor. The dehydration and radiation resistant filamentous cyanobacteria can produce organic acids that degrade the stone. A dark filamentous fungus was found in internal and external Preah Khan samples, while the alga Trentepohlia was found only in samples taken from external, pink-stained stone at Preah Khan. Angkor Wat has become a major tourist destination. In 2004 and 2005, government figures suggest that, respectively, 561.000 and 677.000 foreign visitors arrived in Siem Reap province, approximately 50% of all foreign tourists in Cambodia for both years. The site has been managed by the private SOKIMEX group since 1990, which rented it from the Cambodian government. The influx of tourists has so far caused relatively little damage, other than some graffiti; ropes and wooden steps have been introduced to protect the bas-reliefs and floors, respectively. Tourism has also provided some additional funds for maintenance - as of 2000 approximately 28% of ticket revenues across the whole Angkor site was spent on the temples - although most work is carried out by foreign government-sponsored teams rather than by the Cambodian authorities. Since Angkor Wat has seen significant growth in tourism throughout the years UNESCO and its International Co-ordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor (ICC), in association with representatives from the Royal Government and APSARA, organized seminars to discuss the concept of "cultural tourism". Wanting to avoid commercial and mass tourism, the seminars emphasized the importance of providing high quality accommodation and services in order for the Cambodian government to benefit economically, while also incorporating the richness of Cambodian culture. In 2001, this incentive resulted in the concept of the "Angkor Tourist City" which would be developed with regard to traditional Khmer architecture, contain leisure and tourist facilities, and provide luxurious hotels capable of accommodating large amounts of tourists. The prospect of developing such large tourist accommodations has encountered concerns from both APSARA and the ICC, claiming that previous tourism developments in the area have neglected construction regulations and more of these projects have the potential to damage landscape features. Also, the large scale of these projects have begun to threaten the quality of the nearby town's water, sewage, and electricity systems. It has been noted that such high frequency of tourism and growing demand for quality accommodations in the area, such as the development of a large highway, has had a direct effect on the underground water table, subsequently straining the structural stability of the temples at Angkor Wat. Locals of Siem Reap have also voiced concern over the charming nature and atmosphere of their town being compromised in order to entertain tourism. Since this charming local atmosphere is the key component to projects like Angkor Tourist City, local officials continue to discuss how to successfully incorporate future tourism without sacrificing local values and culture. At the ASEAN Tourism Forum 2012, both parties have agreed Borobudur and Angkor Wat to become sister sites and the provinces will become sister provinces. Two Indonesian airlines are considering the opportunity to open a direct flight from Yogyakarta, Indonesia to Siem Reap.

 

WIKIPEDIA

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 19, 2019 WASHINGTON DC. 2019 ANNUAL MEETINGS. Development Committee

 

World Bank Group President David Malpas, International Monetary Fund Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva. Photo: World Bank / Grant Ellis

 

Photo ID: 101919-Development Committee-176-FF

Ahmad Kuzbari, Government Co-Chair attends the Syrian Constitutional Committee, Geneva. 25 March 2022. UN Photo by Violaine Martin

United States Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen and Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres talk before the Development Committee Plenary during the 2022 Annual Meetings at the World Bank.

 

IMF Photo/Cory Hancock

14 October 2022

Washington, DC, United States

Photo ref: CH221014058.arw

Burnley & Pendle or Burnley, Colne and Nelson Joint Transport Committee as it was previously known operated a large fleet of Leyland Leopards until quite late. Whilst the Leopard was a great chassis for a coach. I have often wondered why it was used so much as a bus, with a high floor line and lots of steps to climb boarding at bus stops seemed to take ages especially when so many low(er) floor chassis were available. The obvious answer to this must be that the likes of Burnley must have found that the Leopard was far more reliable than all the other types, as they dabbled with Panthers and Bristol REs and even Mk1 Nationals before turning to the Leopard!

East Lancs bodied Leopard PSU4E/4R No 36 coasts down through Clitheroe town centre in October 1996.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 19, 2019 WASHINGTON DC. 2019 ANNUAL MEETINGS. Development Committee

 

World Bank Group President David Malpass, International Monetary Fund Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva. Photo: World Bank / Simone D. McCourtie

 

Photo ID: 101919-DevCommittee-0077F

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 19, 2019 WASHINGTON DC. 2019 ANNUAL MEETINGS. Development Committee

 

World Bank Group President David Malpass, International Monetary Fund Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva. Photo: World Bank / Simone D. McCourtie

 

Photo ID: 101919-DevCommittee-0067F

I imagine that the other ghouls were at the maul after school and they meet Renee. Laura's in her fearleading outfit because the varsity fearleaders had a planning meeting for the next fearleading expedition.

Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva and Magdalena Andersson, Chairman for the International Monetary Fund and Financial Committee, participate in the IMFC Press Conference during the 2021 Spring Meetings at the International Monetary Fund.

 

IMF Photo/Cory Hancock

8 April 2021

Washington, DC, United States

Photo ref: CH210408851.arw

 

Deputising for a poorly BMC, Metro has provided this First registered BMC on loan to Halifax Joint Committee.

Geir O. Pedersen, United Nations Special Envoy for Syria attends the Syrian Constitutional Committee, Geneva. 3 June 2022. UN Photo / Jean Marc Ferré

Syrian Constitutional Committee, Geneva. 1 June 2022. UN Photo by Violaine Martin

Water & Light at Sassi Mazar Balochistan May30, 2015

 

SUN SHINES IN THE NIGHT

Sassi punnu mausoleum got Solar Energy

Every year thousands of peoples from various parts of Sindh, Baluchistan and Punjab gather at the shrine of Sassi and Punnu in Singher village to attend a 3 days carnival. Singher village is , 52 Kilometers away from Hub town. Singher means chain, as the village is surrounded by the chain of hills where it is believed that Sassi and Punnu were buried under a landslide.

Before the monsoon a carnival organizing committee receives donation from the Baloch tribal chiefs of Sindh and Balochistan to bear the expenditures of the event. Collected funds are mostly used for providing food, water and accommodation to all the devotees there. Sufi Faqirs (singers) from Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab travel to perform songs on the occasion to pay homage to Sassi Punnu, the popular tragic romance of Sindh and Balochistan. Besides folk songs, a traditional Sindhi game malakhro similar to Japanese wrestling sumo also attracts a large number of the people to come there.

 

Lands from mountains with old graves scattered in the area and rainy water ways are quite difficult to cross for the travellers. Despite this, devotees, males and females, travel long distance to visit the site the entire year. For the local people, camel is the only means of transport and people gather there during the occasion.

 

There is only one well, which is useful for the communities otherwise the entire area underground water level is unsafe for human consumption. In case the area receives monsoon rains the people use rainy water from ponds.

 

For the benefit of peoples living in surroundings as well as devotees who visit during carnival and over the year, Masood Lohar, country Manager UNDP, GEF small grant program decided to use solar energy for providing clean and safe water and lighting on the mausoleum.

 

On 30th May 2015, Shaan Technologies Private Limited installed a 3 HP Solar Powered pump on a 250 ft deep well that is located near the tomb. Operating on a 3 kilowatt solar panel bank this pump provide 30 Gallon water per minutes & eliminates requirement of diesel generator operated pump that organizing committee previously used to supply water during the festival.

 

Now solar pump serves as a continuous source of clean water without any additional cost. A water tank is provided to store pumped water. This tank helped as a 24 hours ready source of water for the local people.

 

In addition to that 2 solar powered floodlights were also installed in front yard of tomb. These 14 watt LED lights runs on a 35 watt solar panel that provide sufficient power to run LED lamps up to 12 hours. Dusk to Dawn photo sensors is also used in the system that automatically turns on the light just before the sunset and turns off at dawn. This project was financed by the UNDP GEF Small grant program. Lodhie foundation contributed 10% cost of the project under its poverty alleviation initiative.

  

Project Summary

 

Location: Sassi Punnu Moseleum, Singher Village, Near Hub Dam, Baluchistan

Coordinates: 25°18'41"N 66°53'21"E

Nearby cities: Karachi, Hub City, Sonmiani / Winder city

Initiated By: UNDP, GEF Small Grant Program in association of Lodhie Foundation

Implemented by: Shaan Technologies Private Limited Karachi

Implantation Date: 30Th May 2015

Equipment installed:

(1) One 3HP DC Submersible water pump with 3KW Solar panels and Pump Controller

(2) Two Solar Powered LED Floodlights

Beneficiaries: Up to 2500 people living in the Singher village and surroundings

    

Folktale of Sassi & Punnu

 

Sassi Punnu is a famous folktale of love told in the length and breadth of Sindh, Pakistan. The story is about a faithful wife who is ready to undergo all kinds of troubles that would come her way while seeking her beloved husband who was separated from her by the rivals

Sassi was the daughter of a Brahman Hindu Rajah from Rohri . Upon Sassui's birth, astrologers predicted that she was a curse for the royal family’s prestige. The Raja ordered that the child be put in a wooden box and thrown in the Sindhu, present day’s river Indus. However, she was saved by a washer-man belonging to Bhanbhor, near Gharo district, Thatta . The washer-man raised her as his own daughter.

When Sassui became a young girl, she was as beautiful as the fairies of heaven. Stories of her beauty reached Punhun a prince from Kech Makran Balochistan and he became desperate to meet Sassi. The handsome young Prince therefore travelled to Bhambore. He sent his clothes to Sassi's father (a washerman) so that he could catch a glimpse of Sassi. When he visited the washerman's house, they fell in love at first sight. Sassui's father was dispirited, hoping that Sassi would marry a washerman and no one else. He asked Punnhun to prove that he was worthy of Sassui by passing the test as a washerman. Punnhun agreed to prove his love. While washing, he tore all the clothes as, being a prince, he had never washed any clothes; he thus failed the agreement. But before he returned those clothes, he hid gold coins in the pockets of all the clothes, hoping this would keep the villagers quiet. The trick worked, and Sassui's father agreed to the marriage.

At last Punnu (Punhoon) married her. However, his father, Ari, the King of Ketch, did not like his son getting married to a low-caste girl, so he instructed his other sons to go to Bhanbhor and bring back Punnu at any cost. They visited Punnu as his guests and during the night they intoxicated him and his wife. Later, they put their brother on one of the camels and left. When Sassi woke up in the morning, she was shocked to find Punnu missing and all his brothers gone. She understood their trickery. She left Bhambhor immediately to Kech Makran on foot in search of him. The Kech Makran is located along the Makran Coastal Highway in Baluchistan, Pakistan.

After crossing Pab Mountain, she reached the Harho range. She could not proceed further when her path was blocked by the Phor River. So she started retracing her steps. Soon she was accosted by a beastly goatherd who intended to molest her. Sassi prayed to God for protection. Immediately the ground below her feet started caving in like quicksand and she disappeared within seconds. Seeing the miracle, the goatherd repented sincerely, and to make amends for his misconduct, he made a grave in the site and became its custodian.

Punnu found no peace of mind at Kech. He languished and soon became an invalid. Under the circumstances, his father allowed him to return to Bhambhor.

During his return journey, Punnu happened to pass by the site where Sassi had met her death. When the goatherd came to know his story, he told him as to what had happened to Sassi. Punnu was beside himself on hearing the horrible news.

He prayed to God to unite him with Sassi. Again the ground became quicksand and he soon disappeared into the bowels of the earth. So came to an end the tragic love story of Sassi and Punnu. The legendary grave still exists in this valley.

The famous Sufi saint and poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai sings this historic tale in his sufi poetry “Shah jo Risalo” as an example of eternal love and union with Divine.

Sassi’s resting place is said to be about 45 miles away in the Pub range to the west of Karachi. A local man of some importance constructed a simple mausoleum in 1980 over the joint grave of Sassi and Punnu. It is often visited by tourists.

The Sixteenth Session of WIPO's Committee on Development and Intellectual Property (CDIP) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from November 9 to November 13, 2015.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

The Committee of 100 Luncheon on September 17, 2019 at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, MO. Photographer / David Riffel

~*Photography Originally Taken By: www.CrossTrips.Com Under God*~

 

The flag of the United States of America consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 U.S. states and the 13 stripes represent the original Thirteen Colonies that rebelled against the British Crown and became the first states in the Union.[1] Nicknames for the flag include the stars and stripes, Old Glory,[2] the American flag, and the star-spangled banner (also the name of the country's official national anthem).

 

Because of its symbolism, the starred blue canton is called the "union". This part of the national flag can stand alone as a maritime flag called the Union Jack.

 

Symbolism

 

The flag of the United States is one of the nation's widely recognized and used symbols. Within the U.S. it is frequently displayed, not only on public buildings, but on private residences, as well as iconically in forms such as decals for car windows, and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world it is used in public discourse to refer to the U.S., both as a nation state, government, and set of policies, but also as an ideology and set of ideas.

 

Many understand the flag to represent the freedoms and rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights and perhaps most of all to be a symbol of individual and personal liberty as set forth in the Declaration of Independence. The flag is a complex and contentious symbol, around which emotions run high.

 

Apart from the numbers of stars and stripes representing the number of current and original states, respectively, and the union with its stars representing a constellation, there is no legally defined symbolism to the colors and shapes on the flag. However, folk theories and traditions abound; for example, that the stripes refer to rays of sunlight and that the stars refer to the heavens, the highest place that a person could aim to reach.[4] Tradition holds that George Washington proclaimed: "We take the stars from Heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing Liberty."

 

Design

 

Specification

 

The basic design of the current flag is specified by 4 U.S.C. § 1; 4 U.S.C. § 2 outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states. The specification gives the following values:

 

* Hoist (width) of the flag: A = 1.0

* Fly (length) of the flag: B = 1.9[6]

* Hoist (width) of the Union: C = 0.5385 (A x 7/13, spanning seven stripes)

* Fly (length) of the Union: D = 0.76 (B × 2/5, two fifths of the flag length)

* E = F = 0.0538 (C/10, One tenth the height of the field of stars)

* G = H = 0.0633 (D/12, One twelfth the width of the field of stars)

* Diameter of star: K = 0.0616

* Width of stripe: L = 0.0769 (A/13, One thirteenth of the flag width)

 

Colors

 

The exact shades of red, white, and blue to be used in the flag are specified as follows:

 

Dark Red 70180 193 C #BF0A30 (191,10,48)

 

White 70001 Safe #FFFFFF (255,255,255)

 

Navy Blue 70075 281 C #002868 (0,40,104)

 

The 49- and 50-star unions

 

When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s, more than 1,500 designs were spontaneously submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although some of them were 49-star versions, the vast majority were 50-star proposals. At least three, and probably more, of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50-star flag.[10] At the time, credit was given by the Executive Department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design.

 

Of these proposals, one created by 18-year old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project has received the most publicity. His mother was a seamstress, but refused to do any of the work for him. He originally received a B- for the project. After discussing the grade with his teacher, it was agreed (somewhat jokingly) that if the flag was accepted by Congress, the grade would be reconsidered. Heft's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the union in 1959. He got an A.

 

Decoration

 

Traditionally, the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper. Ceremonial displays of the flag, such as those in parades or on indoor posts, often utilize fringe to enhance the beauty of the flag. The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835, and the Army used it officially in 1895. No specific law governs the legality of fringe, but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe (and the number of stars) "...is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy..." as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian. However, according to the Army Institute of Heraldry, which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered, there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe.

 

Flag etiquette

 

Main article: United States Flag Code

 

The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use, display, and disposal of the flag. For example, the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing, unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation. (This tradition comes from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII: the American team captain Martin Sheridan refused, famously proclaiming that "this flag dips to no earthly king."[13]). The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and, if flown at night, must be illuminated. If the edges become tattered through wear, the flag should be repaired or replaced. When a flag is so tattered that can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States, it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct dignified flag-burning ceremonies, often on Flag Day, June 14. It is a common myth that if a flag touches the ground or a flag that is soiled must be burned as well. While a flag that is currently touching the ground and a soiled flag are unfit for display, neither situation is permanent and thus the flag does not need to be burned if the unfit situation is remedied. [14]

  

Although US Flag Code states that "The flag should not be used as part of a costume or athletic uniform, except that a flag patch may be used on the uniform of military personnel, firefighters, police officers, and members of patriotic organizations", many athletic teams have worn the flag as a part of their uniform. Notably, Major League Baseball placed the flag on the back of all uniforms following the 9/11 attacks, and the US team in the 2006 World Baseball Classic wore a flag patch on their left sleeve. For Independence Day and 9/11 2008, with the exception of the Toronto Blue Jays, All MLB teams will wear navy-blue versions of their hats, with an American flag imposed inside their own logo.

 

Although the Flag Code is U.S. Federal law, there is no penalty for failure to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced—indeed, punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established in this area.

 

Folding the flag

 

Though not part of the official Flag Code, according to military custom flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use. (The Philippines, a former American territory, also has this custom for folding its flag.) To properly fold the flag:

 

1. Begin by holding it waist-high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground.

2. Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars, holding the bottom and top edges securely.

3. Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside.

4. Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag. Starting the fold from the left side over to the right

5. Turn the outer end point inward, parallel to the open edge, to form a second triangle.

6. The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner (usually thirteen triangular folds, as shown at right). On the final fold, any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle (or in the case of exactly even folds, the last triangle) is tucked into the previous fold.

7. When the flag is completely folded, only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible.

 

Display

 

The flag is customarily flown year-round at most public buildings, and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full-size flags. Some private use is year-round, but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day, Veterans Day, Presidents' Day, Flag Day, and on Independence Day. On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans.

 

Places of continuous display

 

By presidential proclamation, acts of Congress, and custom, American flags are displayed continuously at certain locations.

 

* Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag (15 stars, 15 stripes) are flown at two sites in Baltimore, Maryland: Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine (Presidential Proclamation No. 2795, July 2, 1948) and Flag House Square (Public Law 83-319, approved March 26, 1954).

* United States Marine Corps War Memorial (Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima), Arlington, Virginia (Presidential Proclamation No. 3418, June 12, 1961).

* Lexington, Massachusetts Town Green (Public Law 89-335, approved November 8, 1965).

* The White House, Washington, DC (Presidential Proclamation No. 4000, September 4, 1970).

* Fifty U.S. Flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument, Washington, DC. (Presidential Proclamation No. 4064, July 6, 1971, effective July 4, 1971).

* By order of Richard Nixon at United States Customs Service Ports of Entry that are continuously open (Presidential Proclamation No. 4131, May 5, 1972).

* By Congressional decree, a Civil War era flag (for the year 1863) flies above Pennsylvania Hall (Old Dorm) at Gettysburg College. This building, occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg, served as a lookout and battlefield hospital.

* Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania (Public Law 94-53, approved July 4, 1975).

* Mount Slover limestone quarry (Colton Liberty Flag), in Colton, California (Act of Congress). First raised July 4, 1917.[15]

* Washington Camp Ground, part of the former Middlebrook encampment, Bridgewater, New Jersey, Thirteen Star Flag, by Act of Congress.

* By custom, at the Maryland home, birthplace, and grave of Francis Scott Key; at the Worcester, Massachusetts war memorial; at the plaza in Taos, New Mexico (since 1861); at the United States Capitol (since 1918); and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood, South Dakota.

* On the south pole, in the center of the Antarctic, an American flag is posted separate from the cluster of worldwide flags.

* In addition, the American flag is on continuous display on the surface of the Moon, having been placed there by the astronauts of Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17. It is possible that Apollo 11's flag was knocked down by the exhaust force of liftoff for return to lunar orbit.

 

Particular days of display

 

The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days:

 

* January 1 - New Year's Day

* January 20 - Inauguration Day

* February 12 - Lincoln's Birthday

* Third Monday in February - Presidents' Day, originally Washington's birthday

* Third Saturday in May - Armed Forces Day

* Last Monday in May - Memorial Day (half-staff until noon)

* June 14 - Flag Day

* July 4 - Independence Day

* First Monday in September - Labor Day

* September 11 - Patriot Day

* September 17 - Constitution Day

* Second Monday in October - Columbus Day

* October 27 - Navy Day

* November 11 - Veterans Day

* Fourth Thursday in November - Thanksgiving Day

* and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States; the birthdays of States (date of admission); and on State holidays.

 

When Displaying the flag at half staff

 

The US Flag is displayed at half staff as a sign of respect or mourning. Nationwide, this action is proclaimed by the president of the United States; state-wide or territory-wide, the proclamation is made by the governor. In addition, there is no prohibition against municipal governments, private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half staff as a local sign of respect and mourning. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1, 1954 standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half staff from all federal buildings, grounds, and naval vessels; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued. However, they are only guidelines to all other entities: typically followed at state and local government facilities, and encouraged of private businesses and citizens. It is worthy of note that the rules regarding the display of the flag are the "Flag Code", not the Flag Law or Flag Act: there are no legal penalties for flying the flag at half staff (or upside down) improperly.

 

To properly fly the US flag at half staff, the protocol is to first hoist it briskly to full staff, then reverently (slowly) lower it to half-staff. Similarly, when the flag is to be lowered from half staff, it should be first hoisted briskly to full staff, then lowered reverently to the base of the flagpole.

 

Federal guidelines state the flag should be flown at half staff at the following dates/times:

 

* May 15 - Peace Officers Memorial Day

* Last Monday in May - Memorial Day (until noon)

* July 27 - Korean War Veterans Day

* September 11 - Patriot Day[16]

* December 7 - Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day

* For 30 days - Death of a US President or former President

* For 10 days - Death of a US Vice President, Supreme Court Chief Justice/retired Chief Justice, or Speaker of the House of Representatives.

* From death until the day of interment - US Supreme Court Associate Justice, member of the Cabinet, former Vice President, President pro-tempore of the Senate, or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives. Also for federal facilities within a state or territory, for the governor.

* On the day after the death - US Senators, Members of Congress, territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico

 

History

 

See also: Timeline of the Flag of the United States

 

The flag has been changed 26 times since the new, 13-state union adopted it. The 48-star version went unchanged for 47 years, the longest time the flag went unmodified until July 4, 2007, when the current 50-star flag broke the record.

 

First flag

 

At the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, the United States had no official national flag. The Grand Union Flag has historically been referred to as the "First National Flag"; although it has never had any official status, it was used throughout the American Revolutionary War by George Washington and formed the basis for the design of the first official US flag.

 

This flag is properly considered the de facto first naval ensign of the United States. It was first raised aboard Continental Navy Commodore Esek Hopkins' flagship Alfred on the Delaware River on December 3, 1775,[17] possibly (according to his claim) by the ship's senior lieutenant John Paul Jones.

 

The origins of the design are unclear. It closely resembles the British East India Company (BEIC) flag of the same era, and an argument dating to Sir Charles Fawcett in 1937 holds that the BEIC flag indeed inspired the design.[18] However, the BEIC flag could have from 9 to 13 stripes, and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean.[19] Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign, a common flag throughout Britain and its colonies.

 

Another theory holds that the red-and-white stripe—and later, stars-and-stripes—motif of the flag may have been based on the Washington family coat-of-arms, which consisted of a shield "argent, two bars gules, above, three mullets gules" (a white shield with two red bars below three red stars).[20]

 

More likely it was based on a flag of the Sons of Liberty, one of which consisted of 13 red and white alternating horizontal stripes.

 

See also: Flags of the American Revolution

 

The Flag Resolution of 1777

 

On June 14, 1777, the Marine Committee of the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated: "Resolved, That the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation."[21] Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. A false tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June of 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment.[22]

 

The 1777 resolution was probably meant to define a naval ensign, rather than a national flag. It appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee. On 10 May 1779 Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters, Jr. expressed concern "it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States."[23]

 

The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars. The pictured flag shows thirteen outwardly-oriented five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag. Although the Betsy Ross legend is not taken seriously by many historians, the design itself is the oldest version of any U.S. flag to appear on any physical relic[citation needed], since it is historically referenced in contemporary battlefield paintings by John Trumbull and Charles Willson Peale, which depict the circular star arrangement. Popular designs at the time were varied and most were individually crafted rather than mass-produced. Other examples of 13-star arrangements can be found on the Francis Hopkinson flag, the Cowpens flag, and the Brandywine flag. Given the scant archaeological and written evidence, it is unknown which design was the most popular at that time.

 

The origin of the stars and stripes design cannot be fully documented. A popular story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch by George Washington who personally commissioned her for the job. However, no evidence for this theory exists beyond Ross' descendants' much later recollections of what she told her family. Another woman, Rebecca Young, has also been credited as having made the first flag by later generations of her family. Rebecca Young's daughter was Mary Pickersgill, who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag.

 

It is likely that Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November of 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June of 1777. This contradicts the Betsy Ross legend, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776.[21][24] Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a bill to Congress for his work. He asked for a "Quarter Cask of the Public Wine" as payment initially. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress, and he was not the only person to have contributed to the design. It should be noted that no one else contested his claim at the time.

 

Later flag acts

 

In 1795, the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15-star, 15-stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner," now the national anthem.

 

On April 4, 1818, a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid[25] in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted, but the number of stripes would remain at thirteen to honor the original colonies. The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 (Independence Day) following admission of one or more new states. The most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short-lived 49-star flag.

 

As of July 4, 2007, the 50-star flag has become the longest rendition in use.

 

First salute

 

The Netherlands was the first country to salute the Grand Union flag, when gun salutes by American ships were returned by officials on Dutch islands in the West Indies in late 1776: on St. Croix in October, and on St. Eustatius in November. (Though later, the better documented St. Eustatius incident involving the USS Andrew Doria is traditionally regarded as the "first salute".) France was the first country to salute the Stars and Stripes, when a fleet off the French mainland returned a gun salute by Captain John Paul Jones commanding USS Ranger on February 14, 1778.

 

Historical progression of designs

 

See also: List of U.S. states by date of statehood

 

In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag, the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns, often associated with the United States Navy. Canton designs, prior to the proclamation of the 48-star flag by President William Howard Taft on 29 October 1912, had no official arrangement of the stars. Furthermore, the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934.

 

Future of the flag

 

The United States Army Institute of Heraldry has plans for flags with up to 56 stars, using a similar staggered star arrangement should additional states accede. There are political movements supporting statehood in Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia, among other areas.

 

Non-standard flags

 

A number of non-standard flags appeared in the early years of American independence. One example is the design approximated here, of a flag traditionally believed to have been carried by the American troops at the Battle of Guilford Court House in 1781. This is disputed by some other historians who think it dates to the nineteenth century. The original flag is at the North Carolina Historical Museum.

 

Similar flags

 

The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance, showing the ex–American-slave origin of the country. The Liberian flag has similar red and white stripes, though only 11 of them, as well as a blue square for the union, but with only a single large white star.

 

The flag of Malaysia also has a striking resemblance, with red and white stripes (14 total), and a blue canton, but displaying instead of stars a star and crescent emblem. This might be due, however, to the great influence of the British East India Company, rather than the later United States flag

 

The flag of Hawaii, in use since it was a kingdom in the 19th century, with eight stripes in red, white, and blue, and the British Union Flag in the canton, has some resemblance to the U.S. Grand Union Flag of the 18th century.

 

The flag of Amazonas was adopted by law No. 1513 of January 14, 1982. The 25 stars in the topleft corner represent the 25 municipalities which existed on August 4, 1897. The bigger star represents the capital Manaus. The two horizontal white bars represent hope, while the red bar in the middle represents the struggles overcome.

 

The flag of Ohio was adopted in 1902 and designed by John Eisemann. The large blue triangle represent Ohio's hills and valleys, and the stripes represent roads and waterways. 17 stars symbolize that Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the union. The white circle with its red center not only represents the first letter of the state name, but also its nickname "the Buckeye State".

 

The flag of Georgia was adopted on May 8, 2003. The flag has three red and white stripes, with the state coat of arms (taken from the state seal) on a blue field in the upper left corner. In the coat of arms, the arch symbolizes the state's Constitution and the pillars represent the three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. The words of the state motto, "Wisdom, Justice, Moderation," are wrapped around the pillars, guarded by a male figure dressed in Colonial attire like a soldier of the War of Independence, with a drawn sword representing the defense of the Constitution. An additional motto, In God We Trust, appears under these elements, though it is not part of the state seal nor coat of arms. The flag has thirteen stars, representing Georgia and the 12 other original states that formed the United States of America.

 

The flag of Piaui was created on 24 July 1922. The blue canton and a star represents the state itself and the green and yellow bars represent Piauí's union with Brazil. It is similar to an old flag of Brazil used for four days after the republican coup that established the United States of Brazil in November 1889.

 

The flags of Chile and of Texas have similar simplified designs, each with a single red and white stripe, and a "lone star" in the canton.

 

Today's Chile flag was conceived by Bernardo O'Higgins's Minister of War José Ignacio Zenteno and designed by Antonio Arcos, although some claim that is was Gregorio de Andía y Varela who drew it.

 

Though more dissimilar in appearance, the flag of Cuba was also inspired by the flag of the United States. Its origins date from 1849, when Cuban liberation movements emerged among Cuban exiles in the U.S.[28]

 

Another flag design tied to that of the U.S. flag is the flag of Puerto Rico. There are specific shades of red and blue for the construction of the flag, however there might be slight variations depending on the flag-flyer's political beliefs. The pro-independence groups use sky blue, while the pro-statehood groups use a darker shade of blue more similar to that of the U.S. flag. The official version uses an intermediate shade, so as not to take sides.

 

The green bars in the flag of Goiás symbolize the spring and the yellow bars gold. The blue rectangle in the topleft corner symbolizes the sky, with the five stars forming the constellation of the Southern Cross. The flag was adopted on July 30, 1919. It is a toned down version of the original Republican flag of Brazil, in itself not original.

April 12, 2014 - WASHINGTON DC. 2014 IMF / World Bank Group Spring Meetings. Development Committee Meeting. Development Committee Chair Marek Belka; World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim; IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde. Photo: Eugenio Salazar / World Bank

Costumed dancers greet tourists disembarking tourist ships,

 

Kuşadası, Turkey.

Syrian Constitutional Committee, Geneva. 2 June 2022. UN Photo by Violaine Martin

H764PVW seen on arrival from Ensign, Kent, at Albert Road, Halifax. Previously with Trustybus, Harlow. As it requires minimal work (legal lettering, blinds, removal of old fleet identity), it will be prepared for service and out on the Huddersfield New College contract on September 1st. Repainting will be slotted in later. Trustybus would later (2009) be taken over by Centrebus, which is the company behind Huddersfield Bus Co, which commenced operations in Calderdale from a depot in Elland, in January 2010, and which took over most of Halifax Joint Committee's stage carriage services in October 2010.

April 18, 2015 - Washington DC., 2015 World Bank Group / IMF Spring Meetings.

Photo: Yuri Gripas / World Bank

April 18, 2015 - Washington DC., 2015 World Bank Group / IMF Spring Meetings.

Photo: Yuri Gripas / World Bank

And here are my little aliens for the BBC March swap... I've made a few extra! I still have to top stitch and add a little bling! LOL! The pattern is taken from a children's coloring page...

Sorry the picture is a little blurry!

Witnesses John Doyle and John Gray give evidence.

Audit Committee looking at Coatbridge college in Committee Room 6.

OCT 28 2015

Bal Harbour Ritz Carlton (previously known as Regent Hotel Bal Harbour and One Bal Harbour hotel)

10295 Collins Ave, Bal Harbour, FL 33154

 

*** Some Bal Harbour history...

 

The Ritz Carlton address - 10295 Collins Ave - Collins Avenue is also known as State Route A1A. SR A1A is a north-south Florida State Road that runs along the Atlantic Ocean, from Key West at the southern tip of Florida, to Fernandina Beach, just south of Georgia on Amelia Island. Jimmy Buffett's 1974 album title "A1A" makes sense - as the road is a beach lover's paradise. Locally 1A means the road by the beaches running from South Beach of Miami to Fort Lauderdale. 10295 Collins Ave. was previously the address for the Harbour House North which was demolished in 2004. The adjacent address 10275 Collins Ave was previously the address for the Harbour House Hotel now a condominium known as the New Harbour House. Collins Avenue leaves Bal Harbour via the Baker's Haulover Bridge. Before the channel was deepened and the bridge was built, a certain Mr. Baker used to haul-over fishing boats from the bay to ocean across the spit of land. The inlet was carved in 1925 to connect Biscayne Bay with the Atlantic Ocean. In 1949 a new bridge was built over Baker Haulover as earlier versions were damaged in hurricanes.

 

In 1929 a Detroit-based real estate development corporation purchased 245 acres of Bay Harbour raw land. Miami Beach Heights, Inc. was headed by Graham Paige automobile manufacturer Robert C. Graham, with associates Carl Fisher (Fisher's firm made nearly every headlamp used on automobiles in the U.S) and Walter O. Briggs (Briggs Manufacturing Company and owner of Detroit Tigers). The task of crafting a new community began.

 

The dream village that was envisioned over 70 years ago started with a name. Bay Harbour was not good enough, it did not represent the city's location on the Atlantic Ocean. The "b" was taken from the word “bay” and the "al" from “Atlantic” to create "Bal," signifying a city running from the bay to the Atlantic Ocean.

 

They hired urban planning firm Harland Bartholomew & Associates, to design the Bal Harbour Village. From the beginning, the Village was envisioned as a modern community that would maintain exceptionally high standards, provide superior services and foster civic pride. The west side was zoned for hotels and the east side zoned for residential. The development was halted during World War II, when the land was leased to the US Military for $1 a year. The Air Corps used the land to train soldiers and established a Prisoner of War camp. Bal Harbour was the first planned community in Florida to have its utilities placed underground. Following the war the first home was built in 1945 at 160 Bal Cross Drive. It was built by Mr. Robert C. Graham Jr., who was the son of Bal Harbour Developer Robert C. Graham.

 

In December 1946, the first hotel, Kenilworth-by-the-Sea, opened Oceanfront at 102nd Street for business. The the 160-room ten-story Kenilworth promoted the concept of “luxurious leisure.” Thomas E. Raffington was the Owner/Managing Director. The Kenilworth was made famous in the U.S. because Arthur Godfrey broadcast his tv show from a hotel balcony overlooking the Atlantic. Raffington sold the Kenilworth to associates of Arthur Godfrey and in 1953 re-opened the Golden Strand Hotel & Villas at 179th and Collins. In 1953 Raffington swapped the Golden Strand for the Copa Cabana later named the Ivanhoe Hotel (101st and Collins). In 1958, Raffington who lived at 148 Bal Bay Drive, sold the Ivanhoe to actress Gloria Vanderbilt and Herman Phillips. Phillips. Phillips was a majority owner of the Sherry Netherlands in NYC.

 

In 1965, the Bal Harbour Shops was built by Stanley Whitman at a cost of $7 million, excluding the land. Stanley Finch Whitman was born into South Florida's ruling class. His father, William Francis Whitman, was a millionaire businessman from Chicago who built a successful business largely by printing the Sears Roebuck catalogue. He retired in 1915 with his wife, Leona, to a sparsely inhabited stretch of swampland named Miami Beach. Stanley grew up in an oceanfront mansion on 32nd Street and Collins Avenue with two brothers William Jr and Dudley. His father, who died in 1936, was the developer of Espanoia Way and builder of the Indian Creek apartments and the Whitman by-the-Sea Hotel (later named the Robert Richter Hotel). The Whitman family mansion was sold in 1948 to Chicago banker George D. Sax (he introduced drive-in banking) and in its place is the Saxony Hotel. The Saxony was the first luxury hotel built in Miami Beach and was the first hotel to have central air-conditioning. The profits from Mrs. whitman's property sales were largely used by Stanley Whitman to buy the land which became the Bar Harbour Shops.

 

In the 50's Stanley Whitman sensed that Lincoln Road to the south of Bal Harbour, which had long been the Fifth Avenue of Miami, was floundering. He teamed up with Robert Graham, the original Bal Harbour developer and later bought 16 acres of land from Mr. Graham which were originally planned for a gas station and grocery store. Whitman bought the land in 1957 for $2 per sq ft. or approximately $1.3 million for the 15 acres. Designed by Mark Hampton of the firm Herbert H. Johnson & Associates (Welton Becket & Associates started the design but were fired) the center would have 107,000 of lease space, 70 shops, restaurants and 1,000 parking spaces. Hampton's design tapped into the natural beauty of the area - using greenery and the outdoor light.

 

At opening in 1966 the high fashion stores in Bal Harbour Shops were paying Whitman an average of $5 a square foot or 5-6 per cent of gross sales, which ever was larger. A disappointment at opening was Whitman's inability to attract a specialty department store such as a Saks or a Bergdorf Goodman. One of the original restaurants was 257-seat Schraffts fountain, bar-lounge & restaurant. Schraffts was booted out following its purchase by Pet, Inc. and a decline in quality. Whitman got Stanley Marcus to open a 60,000 sq ft Neiman-Marcus department store in 1971, the first Neiman-Marcus outside the state of Texas. The longest lasting original tenant was FAO Schwarz which departed in 2006. Dining occupies 10 percent of the center’s square footage. Stanley Whitman hired a scientist to study wind flow through the walkways - and the walkways were changed to allow cooling sea breezes flow through the center. Bal Harbour Shop's security guards were uniformed like traditional Bahamian police, or gendarmes, in military-style black trousers, red tops, and white helmets. The official logo of the Shops is a silk-screened silhouette of a helmeted gendarme. Bal Harbour Shops are considered the world’s most productive shopping center. Bal Harbour in 2011 lost Louis Vuitton, Dior, Cartier and Hermes. Bal Harbour's leases prohibit tenants from opening a second store within 20 miles unless the center received a percentage of sales from the addditional store.

 

Stanley Whitman was very influential in the Bal Harbour community, helping to acquire a new zip code, traffic plans, landscaping and beach restoration, an improved water main and a resort tax. Stanley Whitman died in 2017 at age of 98. The Whitman family continues today to operate and own Bal Harbour Shops.

 

*** The Hotel Development...

 

In the 1950s, Bal Harbour and Miami Beach were considered America’s Riviera, a magnet for the era’s top musicians and entertainers. During the 50's and 60's a total of nine resorts would line the Village’s Atlantic Ocean beachfront — the Sea View Hotel, the Bal Harbour, the Balmoral, the Ivanhoe, the Colony, the Singapore, the Beau Rivage and the Americana. These resorts attracted an upscale clientele. By 2004 all hotels had been demolished in favor of high rise condominiums except the 220-room Sea View Hotel located directly across from the Bal Harbour Shops at 9909 Collins Avenue.

 

WCI Communities would build the first hotel in Bal Harbour in 47 years. The 2004 original plans were for 185 condominium units (with some priced as high as $12 million) and 126 hotel units. WCI was the homegrown building and development company built by Florida developer Al Hoffman Jr. In the 1990s, Hoffman engineered the union of his own company, Florida Design Communities, with Westinghouse Communities, taking the combined company public in 2002. Hoffman was once the Republican National Committee's finance chair. WCI's specialty was leisure-oriented, amenity-rich master-planned communities and condo-hotels targeting affluent homebuyers. In 2000 revenue reached $1.1 billion. Profits reach $186 million in 2005 and plummet to $9 million in 2006. WCI filed for bankruptcy in 2008.

 

Smith Property had owned two apartment rental houses known as Harbour House North (10295 Collins Avenue) and Harbour House South (10275 Collins Avenue). Smith Property's intention was to sell-off Harbour House North and its 5 acres to a condo developer and have the building torn down (reducing the rentals market) and with the cash help with the renovation of Harbour House South. WCI acquired the 5 acre site from Smith Property Holdings. In 2004 WCI Communities signed an agreement for Regent International Hotels to manage WCI's 124 unit condo/hotel at One Bal Harbour tower. The new hotel will be known as The Regent Bal Harbour. Regent Hotels is a subsidiary of Carlson Hospitality Worldwide, the Minneapolis-based owner of the Radisson hotel chain. The residential condominium component was named The Regent Residences at One Bal Harbour.

 

Culpepper, McAuliffe and Meaders, Inc., (CMMI), an Atlanta-based international design firm, provided planning and interior design services for the condominium hotel, and interior design for public amenity spaces in the condominiums. The Coral Gables architectural firm of Nichols, Brosch, Sandoval & Associates designed the hotel structure's curvilinear façade with glass exteriors. Two side wings of the building dramatically intersect a 26-story tower. Pricing for the condos was $600,000 for 511 sq ft studio and $975,000 for 1,075 sq ft one bedroom. Each guestroom suite has a custom-designed private elevator featuring wood floors and a foyer with leather walls and custom artwork. All guestrooms have six-fixture bathrooms (sink, sink, toilet, shower, bathtub, bidet) either overlooking the ocean or Intracoastal Waterway. The glass-enclosed showers feature a signature Regent touch: the “toe-tap” groove for testing water temperature before entering.

 

In May 2006 three construction workers were killed at WCI's One Bal Harbour construction site. The workers were on the 27th level of the building, pouring its concrete roof, when the supporting frame structure below them gave way, dropping them to the 26th floor. Despite efforts by co-workers to save the men, a 3-foot layer of hardening concrete encased one worker and partly buried the others. The construction contractor was Boran Craig Barber Engel.

 

In March 2008, and over a year late, the $225 million Regent Bal Harbour celebrated its grand opening with opening room rates starting at $750 per night. The signature Mediterranean-influenced restaurant was known as 1 Bleu. Helmed by chef Gerdy Rodriguez (followed by Mark Militello in 2009) the restaurant was partnered with Le Cordon Bleu. The country’s first Guerlain spa was at the Regent. Later names of the restaurant were One Kitchen, Bistro Bal Harbour and currently known as the Artisan Beach House with Chef Paula DaSilva is at the helm.

 

The opening general manager was Guenter H. Richter. In the 1970s, Richter held General Manager and Managing Director posts at The Washington Hilton, Washington DC; The Palmer House, Chicago; and The Waldorf Astoria, New York. During the 1980s, he was Vice President/Managing Director of the St. Regis Hotel, in New York, before becoming Vice President of Operations for Rosewood Hotels & Resorts, with posts including The Mansion on Turtle Creek in Dallas, Texas and The Bel Air Hotel in Beverly Hills. Prior to joining The Regent Bal Harbour, Richter was the Managing Director of The St. Regis in New York. Since 2015 The current general manager is Sase "Sasha" Gjorsovski. Previously he was general manager at Turnberry Ocean Colony from January 2014 thru April 2015 and General Manager The Acqualina Resort and Spa from 2008 thru 2014.

 

In August 2008, six months after opening the Regent Bal Harbour, owner WCI Communities, Inc. filed for bankruptcy. WCI had $1.9 billion in debt of which $758 million was in default. The former trophy development of WCI Communities was sold in 2009 for $14.6 million to Bogota, Columbia natives 34 year-old Jorge Arevalo and 29 year-old Juan Arevalo and their company Elcom Hotels. Arevalo's money partner was Thomas Sullivan the owner of Lumber Liquidators. The sell to Elcom (elevation community) included the hotel's common areas, now named One Bal Harbour Resort & Spa, and 51 units. The land remained with the condo owners association. Regent Hotels departed upon date of the sale.

 

Gary Daniels, the president of 10295 Collins Avenue Hotel Condominium Association, was uneasy about the 2009 sale to Jorge and Juan Arevalo. The Arevalo's had no experience in managing a 5-star hotel, let alone the financial aspects of a condo-hotel. During the period 2009 through 2013 the Arvvalos were sued by condo-hotel owners for misappropriation of $1.1 million from the FF&E escrow account, for failure to pay $11.8 million in assessment fees for the 51 condos owned by Elcom and the siphoning of $2.6 million from hotel operations for sports cars and lavish entertaining. Elcom's former finance director said she was asked to doctor financial records. For a short while Benchmark Hospitality managed the hotel for the court appointed receiver. On October 2, 2014, Elcom Hotel & Spa, LLC went out of business.

 

On Oct 2, 2014 the condo owners association One Bal Harbour Hotel Facilities, LLC and its affiliates sold the Hotel for $12 million to LK Hotel LLC and LK Units LLC, affiliates of Miami's Lionstone Development. Lionstone paid $12 million at the bankruptcy-auction to the buildings condominium assocation to gain control of the One Bal Harbour Hotel, which included 9 hotel rooms and certain hotel operating areas. Ritz-Carlton assumed management of ONE Bal Harbour Resort & Spa on October 2, 2014. The luxury resort was named The Ritz-Carlton Bal Harbour, Miami. Headed by Alfredo Lowenstein and Diego Lowenstein, Lionstone Development also owns the Ritz-Carlton South Beach, the Epic Hotel & Residences in Miami and other hotels.

 

Lionstone is a family-owned company run by Diego Lowenstein, who serves as CEO, and his father, Alfredo Lowenstein. The company name comes from "lowen" which means lion in German and "stein" means stone. In 1966, the Lowenstein family purchased The White House Hotel, on the Ocean at Fifteenth Street, Miami Beach, which was their first Miami Beach investment. Lionstone’s interests include three hotels and two casinos in Curaçao, a hotel in Aruba, and a future development in Puerto Rico. Lionstone also has partnered with Sir Richard Brandon’s Virgin Group to establish Virgin Hotels in Chicago.

 

Compiled by Dick Johnson, March 2018

richardlloydJohnson@hotmail.com

  

April 13, 2019 - WASHINGTON DC - 2019 World Bank/ IMF Spring Meetings.Development Committee Meeting. Photo: World Bank

 

Photo ID: 041319-Dev-Com-145-F

2014 Internationl Monetary Fund / World Bank Group Spring Meetings. Photo: Deborah Campos

April 12, 2014 - WASHINGTON DC. 2014 IMF / World Bank Group Spring Meetings. Development Committee Meeting. Development Committee Chair Marek Belka; World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim; IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde. Photo: Eugenio Salazar / World Bank

Committee of the Whole (COW) at the IAEA 66th General Conference. IAEA, Vienna, Austria. 30 September 2022

 

Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA

Yep. for the second time this year, I'm Stateside along with Captain Metal Mike. This time we are in the mid-West and here's one of the first trains of the trip.

 

I have no idea of where it was going, even less so of what it was doing. But it's an eclectic mix of traction up front, the details of which I will post when researched...

 

East Bottoms, Kansas City MO, 27 September 2015.

 

Welcome to the United States :)

October 14, 2017 - WASHINGTON, DC. World Bank / IMF 2017 Annual Meetings. Development Committee

 

World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim; International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde; Chair of the Development Committee Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Minister of Finance of Indonesia; Development Committee Executive Secretary Yvonne Tsikata, World Bank Vice President and Corporate Secretary. Photo: World Bank / Simone D. McCourtie

 

Photo ID:101417-DevCommittee-0109f

April 13, 2019 - WASHINGTON DC - 2019 World Bank/ IMF Spring Meetings.Development Committee Meeting

  

Photo ID: 041319-DevelopmentCommittee-0101

October 10, 2015 - LIMA, Peru. 2015 World Bank / IMF Annual Meetings. Development Committee Meeting. UN Secretary General Ban ki-moon; World Bank's Corporate Secretary and President's Special Envoy on Millennium Development Goals Mahmoud Mohieldin; Development Committee Chairman Marek Belka; World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim; International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde. Photo: Franz Mahr / World Bank