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De Citadel by Christian de Portzamparc architects [urban design OMA/Koolhaas architects] in the new Almere city center, the Netherlands
Part of the 10km perimeter defence Citadel Wall begun in 1804 by Emperor Gia Long, originally made of earth then tens of thousands of workers laboured to cover this in a layer of bricks 2mts thick in the style of the French military architect Vauban .
Hue Vietnam .
The outer walls & mote of the Hue Citadel, Hue, Central Vietnam.
© 2005 davidMbyrne.com
1. Click here to view this picture with a more detailed description in my Gallery.
2. Click here to see this picture as it first appeared in my 2005-2006 Travelpod.com travel blog.
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Carcassonne is famous for its citadel, the “Cité de Carcassonne”, a medieval fortress whose construction began in the 11th century, on the site of earlier fortifications dating back to the Roman era. Carcassonne was an independent fiefdom in the medieval era and became a stronghold of the Cathars in the late 12th to early 13th centuries.
The Cathars were a Christian sect who rejected the ostentatious wealth of the Roman Catholic Church for a much simpler, egalitarian society. They were based in this south west region of France. This of course incurred the wrath of the Pope who declared the Inquistition and launched a bloody and barbaric Crusade to wipe out the Cathar heretics. The Papal Crusaders captured Carcassonne in 1209 and the city submitted to the rule of the kingdom of France in 1247.
During the Hundred Years' War, English forces under the command of Edward the Black Prince unsuccessfully besieged the city in 1355, although they destroyed the lower town. By the end of the 17th century the castle’s strategic significance was reduced and the fortifications fell into disrepair. Beginning in 1853 the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began the decades long task of restoring the citadel. His vision was somewhat controversial as the style of the towers, turrets and other features was not necessarily very authentic. However, today it is generally regarded as a masterpiece of restoration and in 1997 was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Today it is France’s third most visited tourist attraction after Paris and Mont St Michel. Be warned, it gets horrendously busy in the peak summer period, if you’re planning a visit avoid July and August!
The view over the River Aude from Pont Neuf towards the medieval Cite of Carcassonne.
The medieval cite of Carcassonne stand like a fairy tale citadel on top of a hill overlooking the River Aude and the more modern parts of the town down below, though they too are hundreds of years old.
A UNESCO World Heritage site, the fortress-like structure dates back as far as the sixth century, though much of what can be seen today is the result of much more recent renovation work.
Carcassonne was one of the centres of the Cathar religion – a mix of Christianity and Islam that was denounced by the church – in the 13th century. Cathars were seen as heretics by the Catholic religion and as a result the city was laid siege to many times as the Catholic forces attempted to rid the area of the group.
A former frontier town between France and Spain, the town now stands as a monument to times past, restored in the 19th century by Viollet-de-Luc, in a manner that was based more on his own whims and visions than on any historical fact.
The town trades on its medieval appearance and is a mecca for tourists.
After 18 or 19 years away from miniatures, this is my second attempt. It's a big improvement on the first, but the belt isn't great. I think I chose a wash that was too close to the base colour and made a bit of a mess of the drybrushing, but the bone and metal came out OK.
Ngo Mon Gate of The Citadel, the ancient capital of southern Vietnam during the 18th century. Once a forbidden city, its now a monument to days gone by. Hue, Vietnam.
Read more about my two-year trip around the world on my travelogue at www.noboundaries.org
Please do not use these photos without expressed written consent of the author.
Citadel
After the era of the independent communes of northern Italy, the wars and the ongoing armed conflict forced Verona to rebuild its fortifications. The advent of the lordship of the Scaliger (1259-1387) favored the development of the city that had already expanded its possessions on a large part of the Venetian territory in the northwest. Cangrande I della Scala (1311-1329) decided to further expand and reorganize the ramparts defending the city to withstand long sieges. The power of defenses was such that Verona remained a stronghold at the following times, dominated by Venice and Austria. This destination had an impact on the urbanization of the city that began a long cycle of buildings, especially the great basilicas and major administrative units. In 1387 Giangaleazzo Visconti of Milan conquered Verona he kept for a short time, building new walls and the citadel in the southern part of the city.
From 1405 to 1797, Verona was an active and rich city of the Republic of Venice. Apart from a conflict that broke out in the early sixteenth century, it was a period of peace. The Venetians engaged the military Veronese architect Michele Sanmicheli (1484-1559), to reinforce the medieval fortifications. He conceived the series of polygonal bastions placed at regular intervals and built three new gates: Porta Nuova and Porta Palio Porta San Zeno, of great architectural value. The arrangement of these gates favored the development of the city in the area between the walls of the Commune and those of the period Scaliger south. The Venetians forbade the extension of the city beyond this limit for reasons of military security, and the ban was upheld by the Austrian Empire. Thus, the city built within these limits, thereby contributing to a development unit. The Venetian period was characterized by great economic independence of the city that had repercussions on the culture and administration. This era was marked by the construction of many prestigious palaces built by wealthy families and many religious and public buildings.