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After the Anatolians, Hittites, Greeks, Persians, Romans, and Byzantines, came the Turks and Ottomans, each building on top of earlier structures. So this relatively 'modern' citadel developed on top of the hill that housed the 'historic' theatre.
Located at the crossroads of several trade routes from the 2nd millennium B.C., Aleppo was ruled successively by the Hittites, Assyrians, Arabs, Mongols, Mamelukes and Ottomans. The 13th-century citadel, 12th-century Great Mosque and various 17th-century madrasas, palaces, caravanserais and hammams all form part of the city's cohesive, unique urban fabric, now threatened by overpopulation.
View from the walls of the 16th century Citadel in Victoria, Gozo, of the fertile plain which has been farmed for at least 3500 years.
Reconstruction work on the citadel of Bam. The citadel was once the largest adobe structure in the world before it was mostly destroyed in the 2003 earthquake that levelled most of the city. The citadel served as the centre of a prosperous trading community that reached its heigh between the 7th and 11th centuries.
Read more about Hue, its Citadel and find a Hue Google Map: treasuresofvietnam.blogspot.com/2009/10/hue-impressions.html
I visited the Citadel on September 1st, which was also the start date for all four of Halifax's universities. These two young men were relaxing at the top of the hill, enjoying the late afternoon shade provided by the fort.
bridge and fortified keep, Citadel, Aleppo, Syria. This part of the ancient structure dates from the early 13th Century (AD 1213), part of renovations to the site carried out by Ayyubid sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi, son of Salah ad-Din (Saladin).