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The Venetian harbour of Chania was built between 1320 and 1356. The harbour was used for commerce and also to control the Sea of Crete against pirates.
The Venetian harbour had room for 40 galleys, but it constantly silted up and was never very deep, so it kept having to be dredged, a difficult job with the equipment of the time.
On its north side the harbour is protected by a breakwater. Near the middle of this is a small bulwark like a gun emplacement and the tiny chapel of St Nicholas. This was where the Venetians and Turks executed condemned prisoners.
The Firkas Fortress at the harbour entrance and the St Nicholas bastion in the middle of the breakwater defended the harbour from raiders.
Today, the Venetian harbour offers moorage for fishing boats and other small craft, while the commercial and passenger port of Chania is seven kilometres to the east, in Souda Bay.
The lighthouse is a distinctive feature of the harbour. It was built at the harbour entrance by the Venetians and restored in its present form by the Egyptians (1830-1840). The lighthouse of the Venetian harbour of Chania always fascinates visitors and is one of the most-photographed monuments in Crete.
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Fortress in Kamieniec Podolski, (formerly known as the bulwark of Christianity or the gateway to the Polish) - guarded headland leading to the Old Town.
Originally strengthen existed in prehistoric times. Brick castle was built in the second half of the 14th century, and since 1432 permanently was in the Polish Kingdom.
In 1672, during the Polish-Turkish War, was first time occupied by the Turks.
After the conclusion of a peace treaty in Karłowice in 1699, the castle returned to Polish. It has been expanded and strengthened.
As a result of the second partition of Polish in 1793 Kamieniec became a part of Russia, and never returned to Poland border.
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Twierdza w Kamieńcu Podolskim, (dawniej zwana także przedmurzem chrześcijaństwa lub bramą do Polski) – strzegła cypla prowadzącego do Starego Miasta.
Pierwotnie umocnienia istniały w czasach przedhistorycznych. Zamek murowany został zbudowany w drugiej połowie XIV wieku, a od 1432 na stałe znajdował się w Królestwie Polskim.
W 1672 roku, w trakcie wojny Polsko-Tureckiej, został po raz pierwszy zajęty przez Turków.
Po zawarciu układu pokojowego w Karłowicach w 1699, zamek powrócił do Polski. Został rozbudowany i umocniony.
W wyniku II rozbioru Polski w 1793 r. Kamieniec Podolski znalazł się w granicach Rosji, i już nigdy nie powrócił w granice Polski.
The origin is probably anterior to the thirteenth century, the village was founded as a colony of woodcutters and shepherds from the nearby Benedictine abbey of San Silvestro later becoming the bulwark of raids and looting.
@ Wikipedia
The Torre de Belém is a fortification located on the right bank of the Tagus River, in Lisbon. It was originally surrounded by waters in its entire perimeter but over the centuries it was surrounded by the beach, until it was incorporated today on dry land.
One of the city's highlights, the monument is an icon of 16th century architecture, in a synthesis between the medieval keep and the modern bulwark, where artillery pieces were available.
Classified as a National Monument in 1907, it is considered a World Heritage Site by UNESCO since 1983.
In early 1795 the Zeeland island of Walcheren capitulated to Napoleon's forces. Soon the fierce Dutch Republic was transformed into the Batavian Republic under the tutelage of Napoleon. In 1806 He appointed his brother Louis Napoleon (1778-1846) first king of Holland. The English, fearing that Napoleon would attack them from Walcheren, invaded the island in 1809. But they were driven back as thousands of the British troops succumbed to what was called the 'walcherse ziekte', presumably a kind of malaria.
In the aftermath of that failed invasion, the new king decided to strengthen the defenses of the island. To that end he devised intricate defenses at Veere among which this stone dam, called a 'stenen beer' in Dutch (not to be confused, of course, with the animal, 'bear').
Yes, Napoleon was ultimately defeated. The Dutch regained their independence in 1813, first as a sovereign state under sovereign prince William VI (of Orange-Nassau) but soon as a kingdom onder William turned king William I in 1815.
Dawn came golden over the city and our very own Oudeschans with a view to the Montelbaanstoren. This canal was once in the seventeenth century called the Nieuwe Gracht and the quai on the left the Montelbaansburgwal, after the tower. Now it's all the Oudeschans (=Old Bulwarks). The greenish ship-like structure in the distance is the much-beloved NEMO, a science museum especially for children.