View allAll Photos Tagged Behaviour
The boat gently leans into a turn, rather like a motor cycle - except in this case it is automatic. The mechanism is not widely agreed, but I strongly believe that when the boat turns at speed, the side of the boat on the inner side of the turn is subject to low pressure underwater. This gently pulls the boat downwards on that side, causing it to lean into the turn. The behaviour is beneficial, because it helps to prevent people being thrown overboard on sharp turns. Incidentally, as predicted, the boat still leans into the turn with the mast up, overcoming the centrifugal force from the mast.
This is a unique behaviour of this species I observed after a long time, for which I had no idea before! It seemed to me like a kind of mating rituals. I waste not my time to record this event. I remained scared lest they get disturbed, and thereby I knew that I was breaking some basic ethics of a nature lover. The whole event went for 20 minutes or so, and I recorded only a fraction of this whole event.
My sweet water aquariums are always my wonderful windows to underwater nature. These are of my amazing micro-nature study and I spend hours and hours to experience and document fascinating behaviour of fishes and other creatures, plants, and even macroscopic members of a micro ecosystem under various conditions. Sometimes I study activities of minute creatures at night under low light conditions when all the fishes sleep. My hobby educates me every single moment I observe so close to them. I enjoy beauties of life everyday from so close, and they are my immense source of energies to stay happy.
The Japanese rate themselves to be the most risk averse nation in the world with more than 70% of Japanese saying that they are NOT someone who enjoys taking risks (World Values Survey). I believe that the differences between Japan and other developed nations are qualitative rather than quantitative so there should be some area of Japanese behaviour in which they are shown to take risks. I think it unlikely that they would say that they enjoy taking risks since this would be similar to standing out in their linguistic self expressions - something that they have no interest in doing.
Eating blowfish and getting on roller coasters are both not very risky behaviours when compared to skydiving (the 5th most dangerous sport after BASE jumping, swimming, cycling and running).
Guzman and Pohlman (2014) highlight the following classes of risky behaviour among youth worldwide: "Self-Injurious Behaviours, Violence, and Suicide, Substance Use, Risky Sexual Behaviour, and Behaviours Related to Obesity and Unhealthy Dieting." Only suicide is clearly elevated in Japan but that is a special case of risky behaviour. I am not sure that self annihilation is actually "taking a risk," but may on the contrary be a way of avoiding risk, and heightening certainty. The only other risky behaviour on that list that might be high in Japan is risky sexual behaviour.
However, Japanese sexual behaviour does not appear to be all that risky. While no where near as risk averse as their self rating would appear to indicate, the Japanese are below the global average (47%) of percent of adults who have had unprotected sex with a person whose sexual history one is unaware at 42%. And the Japanese have better than the global average (77%) of persons who have never had a sexual accident, my term for unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted disease, at 84%. Both sets of data are from the Durex World Sex Survey (2005).
So where is Japanese risky behaviour?
It's fun to see Ava's personality and quirks emerge as she's getting bigger. She has 2 behaviours that are trademark of each of her parents. The first being how she lays down with one paw pulled in a bit closer to her - totally momma Nina's repose.
The other is water. Water brat. Water rat... it's hard to keep this puppy dry. She's in the water dish every chance she gets with both legs and starts to bale it out, hence all the towels on the floor near the low dish. I'm changing the pups to a hanging water bucket but she's still trying to get into that feet first.
The water bowl is her favourite place to nap with a leg or ear leather in the water getting wet or draping herself around it like a cat. None of her brothers abuse the water dish as they're play pool. The desire to splash water is completely daddy Chase's spiel. I may need to buy more towels.
We're in the midst of a deep chill, can hardly wait until I can get Ava and her siblings outside for pictures instead of everything in the house.
Ava stats: 50 days old, 10.65 lbs (almost maxing my accurate baking scale in weight) and she's wet as often as often as she's dry.
Bronica S2A - Ilford Delta 3200
Rodinal - 16-22C for 13 mins.
Human life before the conecept of posing is understood, hooray!
Umpiring at a Rowing Regatta at Dorney Lake and one of the officials is feeling naughty. Taken on Fuji X-H1 with Fringer adapter and Canon 100-400 L f/4.6-5.4
Eastern Screech Owls are nocturnal animals. In this shot we see an owl exhibiting the typical daytime behaviour of resting in the hollow of a tree.
Gesture, attitude, behaviour : a workshop with dancers Mauro Paccagnella and Alessandro Bernardeschi on march 6, 2007 at Erg (Ecole de Recherche Graphique, Brussels) for bachelor 1 students. Professors : Sabine Voglaire and Marc Wathieu. Pictures by Yves André.
Staying safe at Halloween
GMP is sending would-be trick or treaters advice on how to stay safe this Halloween.
Although the day is an opportunity for children to get dressed up and can be a lot of fun, it can also be distressing and intimidating for older and more vulnerable residents.
Advice has been published on the safe4autumn website and includes the following tips:
Don’t…
Trick or treat alone – go in a small group or with friends and family, after all it’s more fun if you’re in a group.
Go into anyone’s home – stay at the doorstep where your accompanying adult can see you.
Play pranks or damage property – damaging property is a criminal offence and can lead to your arrest and even a criminal record.
Demand money or intimidate anyone – while Halloween is something you’ve been looking forward to, it’s not for everyone, so be polite and show respect.
Throw eggs and flour – this could lead to your arrest.
Do…
Look out for Treacle posters – these will tell you if you’re welcome or not.
Be careful when crossing roads – during the dark nights you’re more at risk of an accident.
Go with an adult – responsible adults can help you if there’s a problem.
Wear clothes you can be seen in – wearing bright, reflective clothing or carrying a lamp or torch will mean that you are seen by drivers and others.
Respect your neighbours – don’t go trick or treating when it’s late, only knock or ring once, be prepared to take 'no' for an answer and remember to be polite.
Also available on the website are posters that residents can display in their windows to inform trick or treaters if they are welcome or not.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
You should call 101, the new national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
Governments around the world are drawing on behavioural insights to improve public policy outcomes: from automatic enrolment for pensions, to better tax compliance, to increasing the supply of organ donation.
But those very same policy makers are also subject to biases that can distort decision making. The Behavioural Insights Team has been studying those biases and what can be done to counter them, in collaboration with Jill Rutter and Julian McCrae of the Institute for Government.
The report was launched with remarks from Alex Chisholm, Permanent Secretary at the Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy.
Dr Michael Hallsworth, Director of the Behavioural Insights Team in North America presented the key findings.
The findings, their relevance to policy making today, and what they mean for the way governments make decisions were discussed by:
Polly Mackenzie, Director of Policy for the Deputy Prime Minister, 2010–15 and now Director of Demos
Dr Tony Curzon Price, Economic Advisor to the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.
The event was chaired by Jill Rutter, Programme Director at the Institute for Government.
#IfGBIT
Photos by Candice McKenzie
So frustrating it's not properly sharp, worth putting on though I thought, at least it's not another badger. The same red kite that was being chased over our house in April. Shooting the badgers by remote's gone wrong already 'cause the stupid thing's conked out again, could anything else go wrong, hmmphhh.
Over the past few months a significant amount of work has been occurring in re-shaping the Force’s commitment towards Anti-Social Behaviour (ASB).
All three districts now have dedicated teams of PCSOs and a Sergeant working very closely with the local authorities and housing associations to recognise the risk associated with ASB, the impact on victims and also determine joint strategies and actions to tackle it. Some of the new systems recently implemented by Bedfordshire Police will have a direct impact on tackling ASB.
The introduction of STORM, the new call handling system, means that Force Control Room agents can now recognise and deal in the first instance with reports of ASB, and quickly inform the ASB teams.
Once this initial action has taken place the Priority ASB Teams will pick up the issue and review all incidents of ASB. This may involve other agencies such as local authorities, housing associations, etc. There has also been the introduction of additional software to help manage ASB cases, which is also accessible to relevant outside agencies. This means that information can be shared quickly resulting in quicker action and more efficient use of resources.
This new and revised approach to tackling and managing ASB also brings about changes and integration with the Force’s approach to repeat victimisation, as very often there is no distinction between Crime and ASB. The Community Policing Teams are again leading the way in identifying repeat victims for both Crime and ASB and providing a key role within their communities.
At Bedfordshire Police our aim is "fighting crime, protecting the public."
We cover 477 square miles, serve a population of around 550,000 and employ in the region of 1,260 Police Officers, 950 police staff and 120 Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs). For more details about the force, visit our website www.bedfordshire.police.uk
This is the goldcrest from the other day who was doing some sort of display aimed at another one who'd just flown past, dunno if it's agressive or a ' green light 'as it were. It was wiggling its wings around and looking upwards.
After studies have been conducted on the specific group of users, it’s switched right into a profile or user persona that imitates a genuine customer. Basically, a persona is personified data produced from user behaviours, attitudes, discomfort points, as well as their wants and needs inside a particular product. Instead of tailoring an software developer to meet the requirements of the generic group, a persona was created having a specific number of users in your mind.
Personas illustrate the goals and behaviors of users while areas examine patterns in census for example age, location, sex, salary, and so forth. Both of them are essential however, personas offer lots of advantages throughout the development process.
1. Promote User-Focused Outcomes
Frequently, an application can morph in to the desires from the designer as opposed to the user. To avert this, the expansion process must focus on a person-focused goal all actions should be created using the consumer in your mind. With this to happen, they must adopt the outlook during the finish user to create an application that resonates using its users. Personas ought to be used through the development process and never as just one phase. Reinforcing the consumer persona through the entire process will be sure that the entire team remains centered on their primary goal. Without having done this, the end result from the final software developer might not match the users’ wants.
lady-smartphone-girl-technology
2. Establishes Consensus During Development
Raw information is frequently hard to interpret however, a persona encapsulates the study and communicates the trends to other people in a manner that they are able to understand and visualize. Inside a team of developers, you will find usually individuals with different skills and expertise that could cause a positive change of opinions. A person persona is a superb tool to prevent confusion and miscommunications through the development process. The persona communicates ideas and ideas using the team of developers, stakeholders, and users. Effectively, it helps to ensure that everybody is on a single page and understands who the prospective audience is.
Startup Stock Photos
3. Validates All Decisions
An application idea is made, but could it be really exactly what the user needs and wants? While it’s important to determine who the application will target, it’s more essential to understand the consumer particularly desires. Without validation, the end result won’t deliver just what the finish user needs and can ultimately be pointless. All decisions and actions which are made throughout the development process must have a person-focused reasoning. When the development process starts to stray from concentrating on meeting the users’ needs, the application will likely fail.
User personas are valuable for everybody throughout the development process to be able to boost the quality and efficiency of the work. A persona increases product quality since it directly addresses the finish users discomfort points and fixes issues that software developer presently experience. Understanding and meeting a particular categories of users’ needs will be sure that the application is really a success. Narrowing in on the specific group of users will yield greater download rates and most importantly, it'll keep up with the engagement from the users.
Gesture, attitude, behaviour : a workshop with dancers Mauro Paccagnella and Alessandro Bernardeschi on march 6, 2007 at Erg (Ecole de Recherche Graphique, Brussels) for bachelor 1 students. Professors : Sabine Voglaire and Marc Wathieu. Pictures by Yves André.
"UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOUR IS OCCURRING in these toilets"
Pic taken @ London Bridge station.
See where the photo was taken at maps.yuan.cc/.
Gesture, attitude, behaviour : a workshop with dancers Mauro Paccagnella and Alessandro Bernardeschi on march 6, 2007 at Erg (Ecole de Recherche Graphique, Brussels) for bachelor 1 students. Professors : Sabine Voglaire and Marc Wathieu. Pictures by Yves André.
Teaching children the right behaviours in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic is one of the ways to help them stay safe. Through Lafya’s questions, a story booklet published by UNICEF with EU humanitarian funding is helping explain the pandemic in a way children can understand. The booklet is also used for awareness raising among displaced and refugee children in the country.
© UNICEF CHAD, 2020. All rights reserved. Licensed to the European Union under conditions.
The Longsight and Ardwick Neighbourhood Policing Team of Greater Manchester Police's Metropolitan Division struck a crushing blow to anti social behaviour on the Coverdale Estate last weekend.
Over the last few months residents have informed the police and local council that there has been numerous incidents involving mini motorbikes. This has caused great concern and has had an impact on the quality of peoples lives in the area. In response the local police team have stepped up patrols in this area and seized more than 20 bikes.
The bikes were crushed at an event on Cringleford Close on Saturday 5th February.
Invitations were sent out to local people to come along and see the work in progress and meet their local officers.
For more information about Policing in Greater Manchester please visit our website.
Hand-painted earthenware plate designed for the tile manufacturer Fabrica Sant'Anna, Lisbon. Signed Mário da Graça, 2015.
It's large-sized. You can serve your enemy's head on it.
Psychiatry: Schizophrenia (Understanding Disease Series)-When a person feels hallucination, delusions and his behaviour becomes disorganised, it shows he might be suffering from a mental disorder ‘Schizophrenia’. A schizophrenic person lose interest in things, which he used to like earlier. Schizophrenia is of five types. Two know about the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of Schizophrenia, link to an appropriate page. This is a snippet from the video.
www.focusappsstore.com/understanding-diseases/psychiatry/...
Watch this video on Vimeo. Video created by Focus Apps Store.
Greater Manchester Police has praised the behaviour of visitors to Manchester during a weekend of sport in the city.
On Friday 20 May 2016, the Great City Games saw a number of athletes compete in various events on a purpose-built athletics arena in Albert Square and track on Deansgate.
The following day (21 May 2016) saw Manchester United beat Crystal Palace 2-1 to win the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium, with a number of fans watching the match in public venues throughout Greater Manchester.
The weekend extravaganza concluded on Sunday 22 May 2016 with over 30,000 lining up to take part in the Great Manchester Run before England defeated Turkey 2-1 at the Etihad Stadium in a UEFA Euro 2016 warm-up match in the evening.
The events saw tens of thousands of visitors to the city centre, creating a buzzing and carnival-like atmosphere.
Assistant Chief Constable John O’Hare said: “This has been a fantastic weekend for Manchester and the atmosphere in the city has been superb from start to finish.
“It was great to see so many pictures of smiling faces and people having a good time and I hope everyone who has visited the city this weekend will be going away with some great memories.
“I would like to thank everyone who has played a key role in ensuring that the weekend has been successful.”
For more information about Policing in Greater Manchester please visit www.gmp.police.uk
To report crime call police on 101 the national non-emergency number.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
Most of the anti-social behaviour which I witnessed concerned modifiations to late victorian terraces. I except stone cladding generally.
That's her name. Amazing to watch her glide smoothly over the chop. Wish I had time to increase the shutter speed to have captured more of her approach to the harbour.
This is the 900th image the Force has posted on Flickr since we launched our photostream at the end of 2009. Thanks for all support we have received over this period. We hope you continue to enjoy watching the Force at work on behalf of the people of Greater Manchester.
A member of the Sale Neighbourhood Policing Team of Greater Manchester Police’s Trafford Division poses for an image to publicise an operation targeting anti social behaviour in Sale town centre.
Tackling anti social behaviour is one of the Force’s priorities and at the centre of much Neighbourhood Policing activity.
For more information about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
Habitat and behaviour
Woodlands, gardens and open areas with large trees, from sea level to the mountains. Feeds on soft berries especially wild figs, Jamaican Mistletoe, soft fruits such as soursop, guava, and peach, tender young shoots of cho-cho, and many different buds and flowers. Nest (March-May) is usually globular, made of Tillandsia down with a side entrance, hidden in a bunch of Tillandsia, Spanish Moss, or under other bromeliads.
extracted from Ann Haynes-Sutton, Audrey Downer and Robert Sutton A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Jamaica.
Attachment theory describes several behavioural systems, the function of which is to regulate human attachment, fear, exploration, care-giving, peer-affiliation and sex. Attachment is defined as any form of behaviour that results in a person attaining and retaining proximity to a differentiated other. The primary caregiver is the source of the infants stress regulation and, therefore, sense of safety and security. Attachment theory emphasises the role of the parent as mediator, reflector and moderator of the childs mind and the childs reliance on the parent to respond to their affective states in ways that are contingent to their internal experience, a process often referred to as secure base/safe haven functioning. Within the close parent-child relationship neural networks dedicated to feelings of safety and danger, attachment and the core sense of self are sculpted and shaped. These networks are conceptualised as internal working models of attachment.
Characteristic patterns of interaction operating within the familys caregiving-attachment system give rise to secure, insecure and disorganized patterns of attachment. These discrete patterns have been categorized using the Strange Situation research procedure, which observes the young childs behaviour when separated and reunited with his or her primary caregiver. Attachment patterns are represented in the childs internal working models of self-other relationships. Secure attachment is promoted by the interactive regulation of affect, which facilitates the recognition, labelling and evaluation of emotional and intentional states in the self and in others, a capacity known as reflective function or mentalization. The recognition of affects as having dynamic, transactional properties is the key to understanding behaviour in oneself and in another. The child comes to recognize his or her mental states as meaningful self-states via a process of parental affect mirroring and marking. Secure children are able to use sophisticated cognitive strategies to integrate and resolve their fear of separation and loss.
When the parent is unavailable, inconsistent or unpredictable, the infant develops one of two organized insecure patterns of attachment: avoidant or ambivalent-resistant. These defensive strategies involve either the deactivation or hyper-activation of the attachment system. Deactivation is characterized by avoidance of the caregiver and by emotional detachment. In effect, the avoidant child immobilizes the attachment system by excluding thoughts and feelings that normally activate the system. Hyper-activation is manifested by an enmeshed ambivalent preoccupation with the caregiver and with negative emotions, particularly anger. However, in common with the avoidant child, the ambivalent child appears to cognitively disconnect feelings from the situation that elicited the distress. Disorganised-disoriented attachment is discussed below.
Attachment research, then, demonstrates that discrete patterns of secure, insecure, and disorganized attachment have as their precursor a specific pattern of caregiver-infant interaction and their own behavioural sequelae. Repeated patterns of interpersonal experience are encoded in implicit-procedural memory and conceptualized as self-other working models of attachment. These mental models consist of generalized beliefs and expectations about relationships between the self and key attachment figures, not the least of which concerns ones worthiness to receive love and care from others.
In sum, the care-giving environment generally, and the infant-caregiver attachment relationship particularly, initiate the child along one of an array of potential developmental pathways. Disturbance of attachment is the outcome of a series of deviations that take the child increasingly further from adaptive functioning. Child abuse and cumulative developmental trauma violate the childs sense of trust, identity and agency and have pernicious and seminal influences on the developing personality. In essence, internal working models of early attachment relationships provide the templates for psychopathology in later life, which may include violent, destructive and self-destructive forms of behaviour. In attachment theory, the main purpose of defence is the regulation of emotions. The primary mechanisms for achieving this are distance regulation and the defensive exclusion of thoughts and feelings associated with attachment trauma.
Early trauma in the form of abuse, loss, neglect and severe parent-child misattunement compromises brain-mediated functions such as attachment, empathy and affect regulation. From an attachment theory perspective, patterns of attachment are encoded and stored as generalized relational patterns in the systems of implicit memory. These are conceptualized as cognitive-affective internal working models which are seen as mediating how we think and feel about ourselves, others and the relationships we develop. Although open to change and modification in the light of new attachment experiences, whether positive or negative, these non-conscious procedural models, scripts or schemas within which early stress and trauma are retained, tend to persevere and guide, appraise and predict attachment-related thoughts, feelings and behaviours throughout the life cycle via the implicit memory system. Psychopathology is seen as deriving from an accumulation of maladaptive interactional patterns that result in character traits and personality types and disorders.
Disorganised attachment may occur when the childs parent is both the source of fear and the only protective figure to whom to turn to resolve stress and anxiety. In such instances, neither proximity seeking nor proximity avoiding is a solution to the activation of the childs attachment and fear behavioural systems. If the trauma remains unresolved and is carried into adulthood, it leaves the individual vulnerable to affect dysregulation in interpersonal conflict situations that induce fear, hate, shame and rage. In such cases, alcohol and illicit drugs are often resorted to as a maladaptive means of suppressing dreaded psychobiological states and restoring a semblance of affective equilibrium.
Findings show that disorganised attachment developed in infancy shifts to controlling behaviour in the older child and adult, reflecting an internalized mental model of the self as unlovable, unworthy of care and support, and fearful of rejection, betrayal and abandonment. Disorganised attachment is associated with a predisposition to relational violence, to dissociative states and conduct disorders in children and adolescents, and to personality disorders in adults. This state of mind constitutes a primary risk factor for the development of borderline, anti-social and sociopathic personality disorders. The rate of such disorders in forensic settings is particularly high. Clinically, dissociated traumatic experience is unsymbolized by thought and language, being encapsulated within the personality as a separate, non-reflective reality which is cut off from authentic human relatedness. The information contained in implicit memory may be retrieved by state-dependent moods and situations. Dissociated archaic internal working models are then activated, influencing and distorting expectations of current events and relationships outside of conscious awareness, particularly in situations involving intense interpersonal stress. In such situations, the self is felt to be endangered, thereby increasing the risk of an angry and potentially violent reaction.
Attachment theory describes several behavioural systems, the function of which is to regulate human attachment, fear, exploration, care-giving, peer-affiliation and sex. Attachment is defined as any form of behaviour that results in a person attaining and retaining proximity to a differentiated other. The primary caregiver is the source of the infants stress regulation and, therefore, sense of safety and security. Attachment theory emphasises the role of the parent as mediator, reflector and moderator of the childs mind and the childs reliance on the parent to respond to their affective states in ways that are contingent to their internal experience, a process often referred to as secure base/safe haven functioning. Within the close parent-child relationship neural networks dedicated to feelings of safety and danger, attachment and the core sense of self are sculpted and shaped. These networks are conceptualised as internal working models of attachment.
Characteristic patterns of interaction operating within the familys caregiving-attachment system give rise to secure, insecure and disorganized patterns of attachment. These discrete patterns have been categorized using the Strange Situation research procedure, which observes the young childs behaviour when separated and reunited with his or her primary caregiver. Attachment patterns are represented in the childs internal working models of self-other relationships. Secure attachment is promoted by the interactive regulation of affect, which facilitates the recognition, labelling and evaluation of emotional and intentional states in the self and in others, a capacity known as reflective function or mentalization. The recognition of affects as having dynamic, transactional properties is the key to understanding behaviour in oneself and in another. The child comes to recognize his or her mental states as meaningful self-states via a process of parental affect mirroring and marking. Secure children are able to use sophisticated cognitive strategies to integrate and resolve their fear of separation and loss.
When the parent is unavailable, inconsistent or unpredictable, the infant develops one of two organized insecure patterns of attachment: avoidant or ambivalent-resistant. These defensive strategies involve either the deactivation or hyper-activation of the attachment system. Deactivation is characterized by avoidance of the caregiver and by emotional detachment. In effect, the avoidant child immobilizes the attachment system by excluding thoughts and feelings that normally activate the system. Hyper-activation is manifested by an enmeshed ambivalent preoccupation with the caregiver and with negative emotions, particularly anger. However, in common with the avoidant child, the ambivalent child appears to cognitively disconnect feelings from the situation that elicited the distress. Disorganised-disoriented attachment is discussed below.
Attachment research, then, demonstrates that discrete patterns of secure, insecure, and disorganized attachment have as their precursor a specific pattern of caregiver-infant interaction and their own behavioural sequelae. Repeated patterns of interpersonal experience are encoded in implicit-procedural memory and conceptualized as self-other working models of attachment. These mental models consist of generalized beliefs and expectations about relationships between the self and key attachment figures, not the least of which concerns ones worthiness to receive love and care from others.
In sum, the care-giving environment generally, and the infant-caregiver attachment relationship particularly, initiate the child along one of an array of potential developmental pathways. Disturbance of attachment is the outcome of a series of deviations that take the child increasingly further from adaptive functioning. Child abuse and cumulative developmental trauma violate the childs sense of trust, identity and agency and have pernicious and seminal influences on the developing personality. In essence, internal working models of early attachment relationships provide the templates for psychopathology in later life, which may include violent, destructive and self-destructive forms of behaviour. In attachment theory, the main purpose of defence is the regulation of emotions. The primary mechanisms for achieving this are distance regulation and the defensive exclusion of thoughts and feelings associated with attachment trauma.
Early trauma in the form of abuse, loss, neglect and severe parent-child misattunement compromises brain-mediated functions such as attachment, empathy and affect regulation. From an attachment theory perspective, patterns of attachment are encoded and stored as generalized relational patterns in the systems of implicit memory. These are conceptualized as cognitive-affective internal working models which are seen as mediating how we think and feel about ourselves, others and the relationships we develop. Although open to change and modification in the light of new attachment experiences, whether positive or negative, these non-conscious procedural models, scripts or schemas within which early stress and trauma are retained, tend to persevere and guide, appraise and predict attachment-related thoughts, feelings and behaviours throughout the life cycle via the implicit memory system. Psychopathology is seen as deriving from an accumulation of maladaptive interactional patterns that result in character traits and personality types and disorders.
Disorganised attachment may occur when the childs parent is both the source of fear and the only protective figure to whom to turn to resolve stress and anxiety. In such instances, neither proximity seeking nor proximity avoiding is a solution to the activation of the childs attachment and fear behavioural systems. If the trauma remains unresolved and is carried into adulthood, it leaves the individual vulnerable to affect dysregulation in interpersonal conflict situations that induce fear, hate, shame and rage. In such cases, alcohol and illicit drugs are often resorted to as a maladaptive means of suppressing dreaded psychobiological states and restoring a semblance of affective equilibrium.
Findings show that disorganised attachment developed in infancy shifts to controlling behaviour in the older child and adult, reflecting an internalized mental model of the self as unlovable, unworthy of care and support, and fearful of rejection, betrayal and abandonment. Disorganised attachment is associated with a predisposition to relational violence, to dissociative states and conduct disorders in children and adolescents, and to personality disorders in adults. This state of mind constitutes a primary risk factor for the development of borderline, anti-social and sociopathic personality disorders. The rate of such disorders in forensic settings is particularly high. Clinically, dissociated traumatic experience is unsymbolized by thought and language, being encapsulated within the personality as a separate, non-reflective reality which is cut off from authentic human relatedness. The information contained in implicit memory may be retrieved by state-dependent moods and situations. Dissociated archaic internal working models are then activated, influencing and distorting expectations of current events and relationships outside of conscious awareness, particularly in situations involving intense interpersonal stress. In such situations, the self is felt to be endangered, thereby increasing the risk of an angry and potentially violent reaction.
Unfortunately because of anti-social behaviour I decided that it was best to move on so I did not get the opportunity to explore this park which was a pity.
The park has many fine mature trees, beautiful flowers, horticultural displays and grassland areas.
In June 1866, Belfast Corporation (now Belfast City Council) purchased 101 acres of land on Falls Road from the Sinclair family. Some of the land was set aside for the building of Belfast City Cemetery, but the rest was earmarked for a new park.
However, because the land initially fell outside the Belfast city boundary, the area was not considered a public park until the Public Parks (Ireland) Act was passed in 1869.
The area, now known as Falls Park, was eventually established in 1873.
In 1924, an outdoor swimming pool, known locally as ‘the Cooler’, was added to the park. It cost £3,000 to build and was fed by the Ballymurphy Stream, which still flows through the area today. The pool closed in 1979 for public health reasons.