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psychosocial therapies are part of the standard management of schizophrenic illnesses, but have not been subjected to systematic evaluation and are therefore not included in this guideline. This does not imply that they are not essential components of good practice.
The remainder of this section describes the evidence for the effectiveness of Education Programmes, Family Interventions, and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in the management of schizophrenia. Section 3 provides recommendations for the application of these interventions in clinical practice, according to the phase of the illness.
Education programmes
Education Programmes are directed at either patients or carers/family members and have several aims. Improvement in knowledge of schizophrenia and its course and in compliance with treatment has been shown. There is also evidence of greater satisfaction with services provided. Some programmes go beyond the provision of information and take an educational approach to skills training or problem solving.
Education Programmes for patients may be undertaken in individual or in group settings. Simple information-giving is less effective than interactive sessions. The focus includes giving information about the course and management of the illness, including the importance of compliance with medication and the management of stress.
Providing carers and family members with information on the likely course of the illness, the treatments available, the importance of compliance and the services available is an essential element of good practice It may be undertaken as part of a Family Intervention programme
Specific techniques, e.g. use of homework or video, have not been shown to improve the assimilation of information, but a group setting has advantages
Family interventions
The aims of 'Family Intervention' include reduction of frequency of relapse into illness and reduction of hospital admissions, reduction in the burden of care on families and carers, and improvement in compliance with medication.
Some Family Intervention Programmes have targeted families where there are high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement. 'High expressed emotion' is a measure of these features and programmes which reduce this or reduce the amount of 'face to face' contact between the patient and family members have been shown to reduce the frequency of relapse. However, the measurement of expressed emotion is a research technique which is not practical for everyday use. Family Intervention Programmes which are not derived from this theoretical background have been shown to be effective.
Most intervention strategies contain more than one technique. Separating and defining the effects of the components of an intervention strategy is not possible at present as few studies examine the effect of a single technique and only a general description of interventions used in research studies is usually given. However, a number of practice guides have been published which give detailed descriptions of the techniques employed in some studies. Family Intervention has been shown to be effective with some variation in the components of the programme, but family sessions to address the problems identified in the analysis may not be effective if the patient is not included. Social skills training and vocational rehabilitation were included in some studies. These are not covered as separate interventions in the guideline.
Cognitive behaviour therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for psychosis is a modification of standard cognitive behavioural therapy. The aim is to modify symptoms (e.g. delusions, hallucinations) or the consequences of the symptoms which may be cognitive, emotional, physiological or behavioural. The treatment programme is intensive (involving about 20 hours of individual treatment) and based on an individually tailored formulation which provides an explanation of the development, maintenance and exacerbation of symptoms and of pre-morbid mood, interpersonal and behavioural difficulties.
There is now good evidence that treatment resistant symptoms (delusions, hallucinations) can be substantially reduced in a significant proportion of those who complete therapy. It is not yet clear who is most likely to benefit from treatment and many patients may be unwilling to participate. The treatment is well tolerated. However, reduction of symptoms has not been shown to lead to significant social or lifestyle improvements.
A combination of the following techniques has been shown to be most effective in lessening symptoms of psychosis resistant to other forms of treatment:
◦enhancement of cognitive behavioural coping strategies5
◦developing a rationale to explain symptoms28◦realistic goal setting
◦modification of delusional beliefs29◦modification of dysfunctional assumptions.
A number of these techniques are a refinement of normal good practice using a systematic approach.
'Early Intervention Studies' have aimed to identify prodromal symptoms or the 'signature' preceding relapse. The approach is not a form of cognitive therapy, but early intervention with medication or Cognitive Behaviour Therapy may be facilitated
Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) is a large even-toed ungulate with one hump on its back. Its native range is unclear, but it was probably the Arabian Peninsula. The domesticated form occurs widely in North Africa and the Middle East; the world's only population of dromedaries exhibiting wild behaviour is an introduced feral population in Australia.
The dromedary camel is a member of the camel family. Other members of the camel family include the llama and the alpaca in South America. The Dromedary has one hump on its back, in contrast to the Bactrian camel which has two.
Adult males grow to a height of 1.8–2.0 m, and females to 1.7–1.9 m. The weight is usually in the range of 400–600 kg for males, with females being 10% lighter. They show remarkable adaptability in body temperature, from 34 °C to 41.7 °C, this being an adaptation to conserve water.
Male dromedaries have a soft palate, which they inflate to produce a deep pink sack, which is often mistaken for a tongue, called a doula in Arabic, hanging out of the sides of their mouth to attract females during the mating season. Dromedaries are also noted for their thick eyelashes and small, hairy ears.
Dromedaries were first domesticated in central or southern Arabia some thousands of years ago. Experts are divided regarding the date: some believe it was around 4000 BC, others as recently as 1400 BC. There are currently almost 13 million domesticated dromedaries, mostly in the area from Western India via Pakistan through Iran to northern Africa. None survive in the wild in their original range, although the escaped population of Australian feral camels is estimated to number at least 300,000 and possibly over 1 million. Around the second millennium BC, the dromedary was introduced to Egypt and North Africa. In the Canary Islands, the dromedaries were introduced recently as domestic animals.
Although there are several other camelids, the only other surviving species of true wild camel today is the Bactrian Camel. The Bactrian camel was domesticated sometime before 2500 BC in Asia, well after the earliest estimates for the dromedary. The Bactrian camel is a stockier, hardier animal, being able to survive from Iran to Tibet. The dromedary is taller and faster: with a rider they can maintain 8-9 mph (13-14.5 km/h) for hours at a time. By comparison, a loaded Bactrian camel moves at about 2.5 mph (4 km/h).
Wild Asia
Bronx Zoo New York
It still fascinates me, how different life forms, of many sizes and scales can create a micro-ecosystem directly relevant to the surface, temperatures, exposures etc. etc. etc.
Album Title: Exotic Behaviour
Model: 虹羚
Photographer: Edwin Setiawan
Place: 士林官邸
Date: 2009/07/12
Just about Photography: edwinsetiawan.wordpress.com
Edwin Setiawan Photography: www.edwinsetiawan.com
There's something about Flamingoes that I really like. Maybe the colour or maybe its just the behaviour as they put on a constant show of activity.
Nestlé Research Center studies behaviour to understand drivers of pleasure and healthy food choices.
This is a unique behaviour of this species I observed after a long time, for which I had no idea before! It seemed to me like a kind of mating rituals. I waste not my time to record this event. I remained scared lest they get disturbed, and thereby I knew that I was breaking some basic ethics of a nature lover. The whole event went for 20 minutes or so, and I recorded only a fraction of this whole event.
My sweet water aquariums are always my wonderful windows to underwater nature. These are of my amazing micro-nature study and I spend hours and hours to experience and document fascinating behaviour of fishes and other creatures, plants, and even macroscopic members of a micro ecosystem under various conditions. Sometimes I study activities of minute creatures at night under low light conditions when all the fishes sleep. My hobby educates me every single moment I observe so close to them. I enjoy beauties of life everyday from so close, and they are my immense source of energies to stay happy.
I think this is a Warbler, possibly an Audubon Warbler, getting at food on the underside of this rock formation.
Clay nest pot of heath potter wasp ( Eumenes coarctatus) on gorse. Dorset, UK.
The female lays a single egg in each pot and supplies it with paralysed caterpillars before sealing the entrance.
Models: Palvi Sharma & Sandy M
Makeup: Simran Sagoo - Hair Stylist & Make Up Artist
Jewellery: Accessoreez Bazaar
Outfits: Onitaa - The Essence of Asia Couture
I think this is mating behaviour of females getting ready to leave the nest, hibernate and become new queens next year. They were attracting the attentions of multiple males, sometimes the whole group would lose footing and fall from the nest.
Showing aggressive behaviour after close-approach for check-up. On Codfish Island / Whenua Hou, New Zealand.
Tried to take a picture of a really pretty Robin in a tree, right when I took the pic it took flight. For a minute I was annoyed at how not clear the image is, but then I realized I had captured a pretty awesome moment!
Greater Manchester Police has praised the behaviour of visitors to Manchester during a weekend of sport in the city.
On Friday 20 May 2016, the Great City Games saw a number of athletes compete in various events on a purpose-built athletics arena in Albert Square and track on Deansgate.
The following day (21 May 2016) saw Manchester United beat Crystal Palace 2-1 to win the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium, with a number of fans watching the match in public venues throughout Greater Manchester.
The weekend extravaganza concluded on Sunday 22 May 2016 with over 30,000 lining up to take part in the Great Manchester Run before England defeated Turkey 2-1 at the Etihad Stadium in a UEFA Euro 2016 warm-up match in the evening.
The events saw tens of thousands of visitors to the city centre, creating a buzzing and carnival-like atmosphere.
Assistant Chief Constable John O’Hare said: “This has been a fantastic weekend for Manchester and the atmosphere in the city has been superb from start to finish.
“It was great to see so many pictures of smiling faces and people having a good time and I hope everyone who has visited the city this weekend will be going away with some great memories.
“I would like to thank everyone who has played a key role in ensuring that the weekend has been successful.”
For more information about Policing in Greater Manchester please visit www.gmp.police.uk
To report crime call police on 101 the national non-emergency number.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
Most Western tourism theorists agree that tourism is about seeing. People go to places to gaze (Urry, 2002) at images (Boorstin). Even the most semiotic of analyses (MacCannell, Culler) has (Western) tourists go to sites where they apply "markers" (guidebooks, signs, labels) to sights. Very occasionally MacCannell notes, such in the case of a piece of moonrock, the labels maybe of more interest than the sights themselves.
The Japanese have been going to see markers since time immemorial. The author of Japan most famous travellogue - The Narrow Road to the Deep North - went to see "Ruins of Identity" (Hudson) Matsuo Basho, places were once great things happened but where now there is no trace even of ruins, only the markers (such as a commemorative stone) remains. Basho wrote a poem and wept. This trope is continued in other Japanese travellogues, and tourism behaviour, which is often described as being "nostalgic".
This "nostalgia" is sometimes thought to be a reaction to Westernisation, but it has clearly been going on for a lot longer. The Japanese have been waxing lyrical about ruins, since the beginning of recorded time. This practice originates in Shinto. Shinto shrines and visiting them - the central praxis of the Shinto religion - are themselves ruins, markers to events that, supposedly, took place in the time of the gods.
The first Tourist attraction that Matsuo Basho visitied Muro no Yashima, is a shrine to the a god that gave birth to one of the (divine) emperial ancestors in a doorless room (Muro) which was on fire. It has since been traditional to use the word "smoke" (kemuri) in poems about that location.
The Japanese worship markers. In Japan the sign has fully present and evident corporeality.
I thought at first that the Japanese were going to names to provide the sights, the images. In these days of television, sight is as portable as information. While (as described below) Westerners are inclinded to believe in the spooky immateriality of the sign (used as they are to talking to themselves in the "silence" of their minds) so the thought of travelling to a sign is probably not very attractive. Signs are everywhere and no-where. Signs are within. We travel to see "it" that thing out there "with our own eyes".
But for the Japanese signs have to be transported. The first of these, the Mirror of the sungodess was transported from heaven, to be the marker of the most important deity. The imperial ancestors then distributed mirrors to the regional rulers and some of these were enshrined. Subsequently Japanese gods have been be stamping their namess on pieces of paper and being transported all around the country to be enshrined far and wide.
The Japanese do not travel for sights but for markers and since markers are portable, then one might think that it would be the Japanese that might stay at home. Why don't they set up a marker saying Paris and visit it instead? This is indeed what they do. As Hendry points out, throughout Japan there are markers to places abroad, Spanish towns, shakespeare's birthplace "more authentic than the original!" (Hendry's exclamation mark). If the marker has been transported, and the sights have been provided, then the Japanese are happy to visit that transported marker instead, or in preference to the original. "Foriegn villages" (gaikoku mura) have a tremendous history streatching back as far as their have been shrines but more recently, again, the first tourist attraction that Matsuo Basho visited, as well as being associated with the actions of the gods, was also "the shrine of seven islands." In the grounds of the Muro no Yashiam (Room of Seven Islands) shrine there are miniature version of eight other shrines all around the country (in those days abroad). In other words, Basho's first destination of call was a "foriegn village." Likewise as Vaporis elucidates the most popular site in the Tourism City which was Edo (the place which all feudal lords had to travell to, the place with the most famous sites and still today the most visited place in Japan: Tokto) was Rakan-ji a temple in which all of the 88 buddha statues of a famous pilgrimage were collected to gether. As if going to an international village, by going to that one temple, the Japanese were able to feel that they had completed a pilgrimage in the afternoon. The 88 stop pilgrimage has itself been copied into many smaller, piligrimages all around Japan, sometimes at a single temple, including at my village of Aio Futajima. In sort of nested copying, the copied 88 sites of the larger pilgrimage are themselves copied to one of the temples where again, one can complete the pilgrimage at one visit.
The Japanese are also fond of post-tourism via the use of guildebooks and maps, which are like super-minature "foreign villages."
Taking a deconstructive turn, I associate the Western practice of going to see sights, such as Frenchyness and proclaiming them Frenchy, with the ongoing efforts of Western philosophers to promote dualism (Derrida). Derrida argues that the dualisms for mind and body, or thinking matter and extendend matter, locutionary and illoluctionary acts, speech and writing, etc, are all designed to purify the habit of listening to oneself speak, to frame this habit as thinking. As other deconstructive criticism has argued, the creation of dualities does not only take place at the Philosophers' desk but also in pictorial art, literature, mythology (Brenkman) and society. If the philosophers are interesting it is because they give us clues of to the tactics by which dualities can be preserved. One of the most recent such tactics is that provided by Jackson in his papers regarding Mary in a black and white room.
Mary grows up in a black and white room. She sees the world through black and white monitors. She knows everything there is to know, physically, about the world except she has never seen colour. When she leaves here room and sees some red flowers, she is (we are persuaded) surprised. "Wow, so that is what red is." This demonstrates to somethat there is something non-physical about the world. Even if one has all the data, all the information, all the language about the world, there is something about the sights, the seeing, the images, that makes us go wow, and proves that the world is not only physical. This thought experiment persuades some of duality.
Tourists are all Mary. They go in search of Frenchiness and in a mass trancendental meditation, they see Frenchiness, the niagra falls, and are assued that there there is a world out there, and a private world in here.
But what of the Japanese? The seem to be going to see the marker, the sign saying "This is red." I had thought perhaps they they then provide the sight from their imagination to go with it. I.e. we go to sights to mark them, Japanese go to markers to site them. But this is not entirely the case. Yes, there is some "image provision" going on on the part of the tourists. Someone intending to visit the site of the famous duel between Miyamto Musashi and XYZ in the straits of Kanmon -another completely empty ruin of a tourist attraction - said that the the place brought up many images (omoi wo haseru). Someone taking a super miniature foreign village style-tour aroud a map of Edo said that just looking at the map brought back "the mental image of the Edo capital" (omokage wo shinobaseta).
But that is not what is going on in Japanese tourism as I found out this weekend. Before writing about Japanese tourism I thought it would be a good idea to do some, so I visited some of the J-Tourism style ruins in my local village and was powerfully impressed.
In the local town there is a ruin of an ancient governmental site from about 1200 years ago. All that remains is a field and some commemorative stones. There are benches lined up beneath the trees at one side of the site, in front of the empty field with some "markers" explaining what used to be in the field. Imaging the tourists rathe than the ancient town hall, I could not but laugh out loud.
In my village of Aio, there are ten tourist attractions, two of which are empty. One is to the early twentieth century European style Japanese painter Kobayashi Wasaku. There is a bust. Two commerotive stones and an empty area of tarmac. And finally and most movingly, close to our beach house, on the road on the way there is the site of the birthplace of one of the Choushu Five, Yamao Youzou a young revolutionary, who was sent to study in my hometown, London, towards the end of the nineteenth century. He studied engineering in London and Scotland and came back to Japan to lead the Westernization of its technology education, founding what is now the engineering department of the University of Tokyo. At the site of his birth place there is a large black stone upon which there is a poem.
There is a poem which goes something like
At the end of a long journey
Which is the heart
Is Japan
はるかなる心のすえはやまとなる
Nothing beside remains. Laughing at myself all the while, I had a Matsuo Basho momement and cried. It was not that I imagined the figure of Mr. Yamao but, as was suggested to the readers of a modern guide to Basho's work, he travelled all over Japan to the sites visited by the ancient so as too "commute with their hearts" (kokoro wo kayowaseru) and that we by visiting the same sites, or just reading the guide book can do the same through the filter of Basho. By the same logic, can you feel my heart in the above photo?
The attraction of the small hillock next to a stone surrounded by bamboo it was not the sights, or the marker, nor the tourists gaze (my gaze), but the gaze of Mr. Yamao who had also stood there well before setting off to London, and back to change the world. I felt I saw the world through Mr. Yamao's eyes.
Had I imagined things, then I might have attempted to keep up the dualism between name and vision. On the contrary however this desination seemed to have been designed to make me feel the gaze of another, together. I will have to use Kitayama Osamu's gazing together theory too.
A distant shot but at least with the action spread out you don't require such a drastic crop.
St Aidan's Nature Park.
Male Buffalo beetles use their wings to move between populations and search out females.
Video by Chris Boccia
Ebony Jewelwing (Calopteryx maculata) female ovipositing while male hover-guarding nearby.
Location not recorded. :-(
July 3, 1992.
Scanned from original (underexposed) Kodachrome 64 transparency
*NOTE: Since posting this image, I've taken technically superior digital photographs of this hover-guarding behaviour here:
www.flickr.com/photos/74102791@N05/18622073071/
www.flickr.com/photos/74102791@N05/18617846475/
I include this photo not for its photographic excellence, but because it demonstrates some very cool natural history--the way Ebony Jewelwings lay their eggs.
Males "hover-guard" the female they've mated with, while they oviposit, chasing away all potential rivals. This ensures that his genes safely make it to the next generation.
Other species or families of damselfly remain joined (in tandem) while the female oviposits. Here are some examples of that behaviour...
www.flickr.com/photos/74102791@N05/7468510762
www.flickr.com/photos/74102791@N05/7475360860
www.flickr.com/photos/74102791@N05/7475470762
Male damselflies are pretty devious when it comes to sex. The male damselfly's penis has a little scooping device. When they mate, they can actually clear out the previous male's sperm and replace it with their own. You can see why it would be advantageous to guard their mate and supervise her safe delivery of his progeny.
Photographs, Text and Videos ©Jay Cossey, PhotographsFromNature.com (PFN)
All rights reserved. Contact: PhotographsFromNature@gmail.com
My second book, "Familiar Butterflies of Indiana and their Natural History" is now available!
Please check out my first book, "Southern Ontario Butterflies and their Natural History". :-)
www.flickr.com/photos/74102791@N05/32381163732/
My website: www.PhotographsFromNature.com
Almost all interesting systems are chaotic, in a mathematical sense. Chaotic behaviour can be thought of as taking place in a phase space whose dimensions are determined by the variables of interest – for example, position, x, and momentum, p. As the position and momentum of the object changes, it curves through phase space. If objects that start close together in phase space rapidly diverge you can be sure you're dealing with a chaotic system.
There's a difference between counting and measuring. You can never measure anything with absolute precision. This means that you can't tell, exactly, where an object is in phase space. If you measure it a thousand times as precisely as you can, you'll get lots of very slightly different measurements. In the end, your measurements result in a cloud of points, and the object is probably somewhere near the middle of the cloud. The more precisely you measure, the more closely clustered will be the cloud.
No matter how closely clustered, that cloud means that the object may move off on any of the neighbouring phase-space trajectories that start that close together. We don't quite know where the object is, and however tiny our ignorance at the start, we soon find our guess at where the object will land up at some later point becomes rapidly less certain. The nice tight cluster explodes into a delocalised scatter.
People (theoretical physicists are people too) used to think that Heisenberg uncertainty principle meant that spacetime has no features at scales less than the unimaginably tiny Planck distance. At the turn of last century, however, a physicist called Zurek found that phase space can have features smaller than the Planck scale.
His work shows that what limits structure is interference, not the uncertainty principle, and that structure expressed at this scale represents how likely quantum states are to decohere.
Decoherence is an important characteristic of the quantum world, one of whose consequences is that you and I aren't subject to quantum mechanical weirdness in our daily lives. Zurek found out that when coherent quantum states interfere with one another they set up something conceptually rather like this photo — fringes with sub-Planck dimensions. And quantum states interfere inevitably when the system is chaotic, and it is very hard indeed to conceive of states at that scale that are not chaotic.
Not that this has anything to do with this photograph, which is ripples on the surface of a pool. But I thought you might like to know about sub-Planck quantum chaotic interference. It's quite a conversation stopper.
EXPLORE FEB 2 2009
Human vision is untrustworthy, subjective and selective. Camera vision is total and non – objective. - Andreas Feininger,
Buffalo beetles forage on the ground, and are usually found feeding on fallen fruit and other vegetable detritus.
Video by Chris Boccia
Day 39 - 25 January 2012
The behaviour of the Snaggletooth Underwear Monster has never been seen. Until today that is, when the somewhat confused monster, crawled out of the underwear drawer (for some fresh air, we suspect). Bewildered by the flash, it quickly disappeared into the drawer again.
Canon EOS 550D
f/3.5
1/100 sec
ISO 200
A solitary bee found clinging to a leaf with its mandibles on a cold morning.
It was raining the night before and it was still to cold for the solitary bee to fly away so it was still biting on to the leaf where it spent the night.
Species belongs to the Anthophoridae family
Drug detection dog at the ready.
Police Crackdown In Urmston And Partington.
Greater Manchester Police’s Urmston and Partington Neighbourhood Policing Team along with officers of the Force’s Specialist Operations Branch combined last Friday (7/5/10) in the latest of the Force’s Supervortex operations.
As part of the operation, Neighbourhood Policing Team and Mounted Unit officers patrolled hot spot areas and parks while officers also conducted home visits to 30 prolific offenders and visited licensed premises along with a drug detection dog.
Traffic officers conducted ANPR (Automatic Number Plate Recognition) checks on vehicles and members of the Force’s Tactical Aid Unit conducted raids on the homes of suspected offenders.
Local residents had identified anti social behaviour, youth nuisance and drugs as the priority issues for police to tackle.
Inspector Wayne Readfern of the Urmston and Partington Neighbourhood Policing Team said: “During the operation, we were approached by members of the public who said that they were very pleased to see us taking action and providing a visible presence to deter criminals.
“The actions send out a clear message to the communities of Urmston and Partington that we will deal with the issues that matter to them and will proactively target and deal with criminals who think that they are above the law.”
For more information about Neighbourhood Policing in Greater Manchester please visit our website.
Hurled out of a passing chariot by wicked dogs, damn their eyes!!! We disposed of it in a nearby rubbish bin. In some countries they could be [if they were caught] heavily fined and had their miserable gurt great fat chariot summarily crushed.
I had a most enjoyable time this afternoon, rolling about my neighbour's field, taking photos of her beautiful horse Sly, and his friend Scruffy. This is Sly, framing himself with his legs.
I don't normally say it on Flickr, but this image really is better viewed large. There's some lovely detail, including his pretty eyelashes. I don't think Flickr displays portrait images very well.
Going around the outskirts of Yardley Crematorium and Cemetery (I didn't go into the grounds, just walked along the paths outside the fences of the grounds.
Being that this sign is here, assume that youths cause ASB down here at night.
Anti-social behaviour can be a crime
Police operations are being carried out in this area
West Midlands Police