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SUNTERS WITH AN ABSORPTION COLUMN 60MTRS LONG 7MTRS WIDE & 257 TON ON ROUTE TO THE T8 PLANT I.C.I WILTON
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animal products (meat & dairy) are acidic & have a negative calcium absorption
"The Best Food for Bones: Fruits & Vegetables
Millions of women have been falsely led to believe that there is a correlation b/t osteoporosis & the inadequate intake of dairy foods. Bone health is much more than just calcium. Vegetables, beans, fruits, & nuts are rich sources of calcium, potassium, vitamin K, magnesium, & vegetable protein, as well as the phytochemicals & micronutrients that are gaining recognition to be important for bone strength. Calcium is an important component, but like protein, we don’t need as much of it as most people think. The current U.S. daily calcium recommendation of 1200 - 1500 mg for postmenopausal women is an attempt to offset the ill-effects of the Standard American Diet (SAD) which creates excessive calcium loss in the urine b/c most people consume so much sodium, caffeine & animal protein.
Contrary to popular belief, you do not need dairy products to get sufficient calcium. Every natural food contains calcium. When you eat a healthy diet, rich in natural foods such as vegetables, beans, nuts, & seeds, it is impossible not to obtain sufficient calcium. In fact, the addition of more natural plant foods to the diet has been shown to have a powerful effect on increasing bone density & bone health. Fruits & vegetables strengthen bones. Researchers found that those who eat the most fruits & vegetables have denser bones. These researchers concluded that fruits & vegetables are not only rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium & other nutrients essential for bone health, but, because they are alkaline, not acid-producing, they do not induce urinary calcium loss. Green vegetables, in particular have a powerful effect on reducing hip fractures, for they are not only rich in calcium, but other nutrients as well, such a vitamin K, which is crucial for bone health.
So most unprocessed, natural foods contain calcium & green vegetables have particularly high levels. In fact, one 4oz serving of steamed collards or kale has about the same amount of calcium as 1C of milk. Take a look at some natural foods & their approximated calcium levels.
Collard Greens 2C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600 mg
Turnip Greens 2C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500 mg
Spinach 2C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 mg
Kale 2C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 mg
Sesame Seeds ¼C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 mg
Bok Choy 2C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 mg
Tahini (sesame seed paste) 2Tbsp . . . . .300 mg
Calcium-Fortified Orange Juice 8oz . . . .300 mg
Milk 1C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 mg (-stored calcium extracted from bones to neutralize acids in stomach)
Soybeans 1C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 mg
Broccoli 2C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 mg
Garbanzo Beans 1C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 mg
Romaine Lettuce 4C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 mg
Sweet Potato 2C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 mg
Tofu 1C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 mg
Orange 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 mg
Green vegetables also have calcium absorption rates of over 50%, compared w/ about 32% for milk. And, since animal protein induces calcium excretion in the urine, compared to dairy, the calcium retention from vegetables is higher. All green vegetables are high in calcium.
The American “chicken & pasta” diet-style is significantly low in calcium, so adding dairy as a calcium source to this mineral-poor diet makes superficial sense—it certainly is better than no calcium in the diet. However, it is much more than just calcium that is missing. The only reason cow’s milk is considered such an important source of calcium is b/c the American diet is centered on animal foods, refined grains, & sugar, all of which are void of calcium."
Why Royalè-C?
• Easily Absorbed by the System
• Alkaline –Non-Acidic
• Tummy-Friendly
• Mother of all Vitamins
Benefits of Royalè-C:
• Boosts Immune System
• Strengthens Bones and Joints
• Increases Iron Absorption
• Anti-Oxidant
• Promotes Collagen Renewal
• Adjunct in the Prevention of Cardio Vascular Problems
• Detoxifies
• Strengthens the capillaries & other blood vessels
• Stops constipation & shrink hemorrhoids
• Reduces insulin requirement of Diabetics
• Prevents infertility as it maintains the ovaries
• Prevents weakening of the sperm
• Enhances sexual performance by aiding endocrine glands
Addresses the harmful effects of the following:
• Fatigue stress
• Loose teeth
• Nose bleed
• Poor digestion
• Rough skin
• Scurvy
• Cough
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Effects of air pollution
• Allergies
• Cancer
• Cataracts
• Discomfort from arthritis
• Effects of radiation
• Free radicals
• Glaucoma
• Alcoholism
• Mental illness
• Periodontal disease
• Depression
• Bleeding gums
• Bone abnormalities
• Confusion
• Dental cavities
• Easy bruising
• Colds
Royalè-C Sodium Ascorbate
Alkaline Based (7.2-7.8 pH) Ascorbic acid Acid based
(2.5-3 pH)
• 100% pure and natural
• Dissolve 5x to 8x faster for quicker absorption
• Stays from 12 to 14 hours in the body
• Non-irritant to the stomach
• Maintains pH level at 7.2-7.8
• Safe for babies
• Can be taken in mega dose for better health result
• 95% is absorbed by the body
• Neutralizes acidity
• With binders
• Dissolves slowly
• Stays for 3-4 hours in the body
• Irritates stomach
• Low pH at 2.5 to 3
• Non Advisable
• Body cannot tolerate more than 500mg per day
• Only 25% is absorbed by the body
• Reinforces acidity
Why do we need Sodium Ascorbate?
The GLO Gene is absent in many people, scientists believe that this happened around 60 million years ago. The absence of this gene makes us unable to biosynthesize specific enzyme L- gulonolactone oxidase. This is an end stage liver enzyme that bio-converts blood glucose to Ascorbate, this means our bodies cannot produce any Ascorbate. In the long term, a lack of Ascorbate causes our bones to dissolve and teeth to fall out in other words sub-clinical scurvy and a tendency to development of cancer.
Ascorbic Acid is produced in large quantities in almost all animals, e.g. 6 grams a day in a goat, or up to 100grams daily if the goat is stressed. But it is not Ascorbic Acid that our body requires, rather a SALT of Ascorbic Acid. A daily supplementation of Ascorbate several times a day is a simple way to make up for this genetic defect.
Ascorbate is also essential for the hydroxylation of the amino acid Proline which forms hydroxyproline - a major component of collagen. Collagen is an essential structural protein in the body accounting for around a quarter of all the protein in our bodies and is critical to the structural integrity of our bodies.
Linus Pauling PhD (Twice Nobel Laureate) stated "It is highly probable that most people in the world would only receive 1- 2% of the amounts of Ascorbate that would keep them in the best of health".
Robert F Cathcart MD, another medical pioneer who has had great success with Ascorbate, successfully treating over 25,000 patients with large doses, often as high as 150gms per day healing all kinds of chronic degenerative disease.
Dr Klenner UMD FCCP began his Ascorbate studies in the 40's and treated 30 or 40 patients a day in North Carolina until his death in 1984, treating many degenerative diseases. He also found that treating with Ascorbate during pregnancy resulted in a much healthier mom and baby. If a mother takes high dose of Ascorbate in addition to other measures such as folic acid and avoiding cigarettes and alcohol, she will deliver an extremely healthy baby and studies have shown the labour will be quicker and less painful. Giving the child 1 gram of Ascorbate per day up until the age of 10 will bypass all regular childhood diseases including measles, mumps, chicken pox etc as well as common airborne infections.
Web Link:
advancedhomewellness.com/cycloastragenol-protect-dna-telo...
Product Links
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Cycloastragenol: Preserve Your DNA, Boost Your Vitality, Prevent Early Aging and Extend Your Lifespan with Nature’s Fountain of Youth
Learn about the do’s and don’t of cycloastragenol and how it can help you preserve your DNA, helping to keep you young and vital for many decades.
The Nobel prize for science in 2009 went to a team at UCLA for their work in showing that aging is essentially what happens when our DNA strands get split ends, start to unravel and shorten in length. When the end of our DNA strands slowly unravels and the length shortens, cell replication becomes less and less precise.
They evidenced that shortened telomeres in our DNA strands are really the fundamental underlying cause for aging and degenerative disease.
Telomerase is the body’s natural way of maintaining the health of the ends of the strands of DNA. And usually somewhere in our 30s, the body stops producing enough natural telomerase and our DNA begins to shorten in length, thus the slow crawl of aging begins.
Of course, pharmaceutical companies have been researching ways to extend shortened telomeres and prevent them from shrinking, but it turns out that nature has already created a perfect compound to replace telomerase in the roots of astragalus.
Cycloastragenol is a nearly identical analogue to the natural telomerase in our body, which means it has the exact same DNA preserving effects. Studies have already been done showing that cycloastragenol can be profoundly beneficial in preserving the length of our telomeres.
But don’t just go taking cycloastragenol!
For starters, make sure you are around 40 years old or older.
You never want to take cycloastragenol before your telomerase starts to naturally decline. This is not a supplement for vitality. This is not a tonic for youthful vigor and strength. Concentrated cycloastragenol is basically telomerase, which you need to keep your DNA healthy. But if you take this supplement when you’re young, your body may stop producing its own.
Further, even if you are over 40, then you need to take it carefully.
It can make you very ill if you take too much, and especially if you take a lot with a full stomach. Its really best to lick your finger and dip it into the powder and dissolve a small amount of powder in your mouth on an empty stomach. You let your saliva digest it in your mouth, and swallow it back only once it is all liquid and tasteless, and drink some water afterward as well.
This is a good way to take it at first, and you can gradually build up to more. You may want to this daily if you in your 50s, 60s or 70s, as this will greatly help to preserve the length of your telomeres.
Cycloastragenol is being ignored by the mainstream medical industry and pharmaceutical companies especially -likely because they cannot patent it.
And so far there really are no effective drugs on the market to lengthen or preserve telomeres.
Now, Stanford can perform a surgery which does the trick, and they have actually managed to re-extend shortened telomeres, “reversing the clock” so to speak, with a new RNA technique. This is beyond the prowess of cycloastragenol, which preserves telomeres but does not re-lengthen them.
Despite the success of this experimental surgery at Stanford, there are still no pharmaceutical drugs on the market to re-lengthen telomeres, nor to preserve them.
And maybe that’s really for the best, I think, after all pharmaceuticals are notorious for unwanted side effects and unknown long-term complications.
And moreover, why create a chemical drug when nature has already provided the perfect solution? Oh yeah…. because you can’t patent it!
Really the only caveat with cycloastragenol is that it a whole lot more expensive than most natural supplements. But when you compare it with the cost of surgery at Stanford or the probable price of a comparative pharmaceutical product…well then it looks very cheap indeed.
You know, for someone in their late 30s or 40s, a hundred dollars worth is enough to last a year, as you really only need to take tiny amounts.
If you are in your 50s or 60s, then you may want to invest closer to $1000 a year on these products, as natural telomerase declines very steadily after 40. Even at $1000 a year, or around $85 a month, cycloastragenol is well worth the investment into preserving the integrity of the most fundamental and important part of our bodies, our DNA itself.
A red giant whose spectrum is dominated by strong absorption bands of carbon-containing molecules. The Swan bands of C2 are especially prominent, with absorption by CN, CH, C3, SiC2, and C aII present to varying degrees, with often a strong sodium D line.
Carbon stars, also known as C stars, have carbon/oxygen ratios that are typically four to five times higher than those of normal red giants and show little trace of the light metal oxide bands that are the usual red giant hallmark. They resemble S stars in their relative proportion of heavy and light metals, but contain far more carbon in their upper layers. The carbon is likely the dredged-up ashes of nuclear helium burning in the stellar interior. Carbon stars lose a significant fraction of their total mass in the form of a stellar wind which ultimately enriches the interstellar medium – the source of material for future generations of stars.
Carbon stars were previously classified as stars of spectral type R (hotter, with surface temperatures of 4,000 to 5,000 K) and N (up to 10 times more luminous but cooler, with a temperature of about 3,000 K). They are typically associated with some circumstellar material in the form of sooty shells, disks, or clouds.
www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/carbon_star.html
Its radius is about 250 times the solar radius and its surface temperature is 3160 K approx. This stars luminosity is approximately 5700 times the solar luminosity.
The existence of a possible companion star that could be a white dwarf has not been confirmed.
SAO 78066
RA: 06 10 53
DEC: +26 00 53
Mag range: +6.25 to +8.65
Period: 230 days
Class: C6 (N3)
R-Bessell Photometric Filter: 12 seconds x2 exposures, flat fielded, aligned and median combined
G-Bessell Photometric Filter: 23 seconds x2 exposures, flat fielded, aligned and median combined
B-Bessell Photometric Filter: 50 seconds x2 exposures, flat fielded, aligned and median combined
B-V-R folder images were then aligned and stacked to give Master B, V and R images; these were then colour combined in CCDSoft v5
CCD Operating Temperature: -37 Degrees Centigrade
Field of View: 46 x 37 arcmins
Pixel Array: 1280 x 1024
Pixel Size: 16um x 16 um
Plate Scale: 2.17 arcsec/pixel
0.2-m SCT+SBIG STL 1301E CCD
f/ratio: 7.6
Date: 05th March 2016
This is the professor fang ruida in world history and the history of the universe and Integral International Symposium lecture report was the subject of lectures and academic exchange reports. From the natural sciences , the universe, the human to the world development trend of history and the world of human society future and may go , important questions the evolution of the world situation in the world competition and the world order , universe, the evolution of human society development and evolution , etc. , clearly beyond the mere Category important issue academic scientific research , but directly related to the future of the world and the final outcome of the universe and other human mankind are extremely attention and study , but also involves the foreseeable future world peace , world politics , world economy , the world's military , world religion, world culture , world science and technology , human rights , and so the development trend. It was mainly international academic exchanges , and world-renowned think tank to provide research information. Now published the full text to readers .
Ceci est le professeur Fang Ruida dans l'histoire du monde et de l'histoire de l'univers et Integral rapport de conférence Symposium international a fait l'objet de conférences et de rapports d'échanges universitaires. A partir des sciences naturelles, l'univers, l'homme à la tendance du développement mondial de l'histoire et le monde de l'avenir de la société humaine et peuvent aller, des questions importantes de l'évolution de la situation mondiale dans la compétition mondiale et l'ordre du monde, l'univers, l'évolution de la développement de la société et de l'évolution, etc., bien au-delà de la simple catégorie importante question de la recherche scientifique universitaire humaine, mais directement liée à l'avenir du monde et le résultat final de l'univers et d'autres l'humanité humaine sont extrêmement attention et d'étude, mais implique aussi le avenir prévisible paix dans le monde, la politique mondiale, l'économie mondiale, l'armée du monde, la religion du monde, la culture mondiale, la science et de la technologie mondiale, les droits de l'homme, et ainsi la tendance de développement. Ce sont surtout les échanges universitaires internationaux, et de renommée mondiale de réflexion pour fournir des informations de recherche. Maintenant publié le texte intégral pour les lecteurs.
Это профессор Fang Ruida в мировой истории и истории Вселенной и интегрального доклада лекции Международный симпозиум был предметом лекций и научных докладов по обмену. Из естественных наук, вселенной, человек с тенденцией развития мировой истории, и мир будущего человеческого общества и может идти, важные вопросы эволюции мировой ситуации в мировой конкуренции и мирового порядка, вселенной, эволюция человеческого развития общества и эволюция, и т.д., явно выходит за пределы просто Категория важный вопрос академических научных исследований, но и непосредственно связано с будущим мира и конечный результат вселенной и другого человеческого человечества чрезвычайно внимания и изучения, но и вовлекает обозримое будущее мира во всем мире, мировая политика, мировая экономика, мировой военный, мировая религия, мировая культура, мировая наука и техника, права человека, и поэтому тенденция развития. В основном международные академические обмены, а также всемирно известный мозговой центр, чтобы обеспечить исследовательскую информацию. Теперь опубликовала полный текст для читателей.//
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Natural history of universe history // // // human history, world history --- Research Overview
Chronology of World History (Natural universe, the earth, the human world, life) // New geological new astronomical - chronological universe
Historical records and research according to the World, World History, the history of world civilization, chronicle world events, as well as natural history, earth history, history of the universe, geological history, biological history and the like.
World History books have a lot of authority, the United States, Britain, Russia, Europe, middle country have similar universal history masterpiece. Scroll a few million words, it is worth intensive reading. Shanfanjiujian this article, a brief description of some of the problems, as superficial academic exchanges.
Chronology of World History
About 300,400 million years ago: humans appeared on earth.
About 200,300 --1 million years ago: Palaeolithic humans. Chipped stone popular, has been the use of fire
Collection industry, descent and family matriarchal commune produced.
BC 3 - 1 million years ago: the primitive religion appears.
About 12,000 BC - 4000 BC: Stone Age humans. Invention and using a bow, fine stone widely used hunting industry.
From about 8000 BC - Former 2000: mankind has entered the Neolithic Age. Popular burnishing stone, there have been primitive agriculture and animal husbandry
. Matriarchal commune prosperity.
6000 BC: Asia Minor appeared linen and wool fabrics.
Circa 6000 - 1000 BC: ancient Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, Persia, India and other places were primitive and ancient religions
Teach prevalent.
BC 4000 - 3000 BC: Ancient Egypt, Southwest Asia, Southern Europe, Central Europe and China and other places have started to use copper ore.
3500 BC - 3100 years ago: in ancient Mesopotamia Uruk period. It appears pottery wheel pottery and ziggurat building, creating a cuneiform. Gouy
And national (Nome) is formed. It appeared hieroglyphics.
3500 BC - 3000 BC: Ancient Mesopotamia residents began to use wheeled transport. The ancient Egyptians used in agriculture plow, harrow
And fertilization.
3100 years ago: the rulers of ancient Egypt conquered Lower Egypt Menes, the initial formation of national unity. Egypt started the Early Dynastic Period.
3000 BC: Ancient Mesopotamia Sumerian city-state area appeared slavery.
3000 BC: Ancient Egyptian appear paddle and sail boats. The ancient Egyptians used bronze mirrors. Ancient Indians invented the stamp characters.
Before 2686 - before 2181: the Egyptian Old Kingdom. Complete national unity, large-scale construction of the pyramid.
Before the 27th century: the heroic epic of ancient Mesopotamia Sumerian era of the "Epic of Gilgamesh" is formed.
26th century BC: the famous ancient Egyptian Sphinx completed.
Europe appears knitting machine.
Chronology of World History "World History, World History." Long and complicated history of the world, some historical facts will inevitably have questions or inaccurate too, need to continue to identify and correct them later modified to restore the original appearance of history.
About 300,400 million years ago: humans appeared on earth.
About 200,300 --1 million years ago: Palaeolithic humans. Chipped stone popular, it has been the use of fire, late extensive use of bone, horn device. Hunting.
Collection industry, descent and family matriarchal commune produced.
About 170 million years ago: Yuanmou Yuanmou Chinese people living in this area, has been able to manufacture and use of stone tools.
{[(See World History, encyclopedias Stavros reason Oceanus: "Global History" McNeil "Rise of the West - the history of the human community" and "World History", as well as W · H.. McNeil's "World History" (1967), Stavrianos "global History" and so on.}
1
BC 3 - 1 million years ago: the primitive religion appears.
About 12,000 BC - 4000 BC: Stone Age humans. Invention and using a bow, fine stone widely used hunting industry.
From about 8000 BC - Former 2000: mankind has entered the Neolithic Age. Burnishing stone popular, there have been primitive agriculture and animal husbandry.
. Matriarchal commune prosperity.
6000 BC: Asia Minor appeared linen and wool fabrics.
Circa 6000 - 1000 BC: ancient Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, Persia, India and other places were primitive and ancient religions
Teach prevalent.
Circa 5000: Start with a cold forging method and processing of natural copper southwest Asia and Central Asia. Ancient Egypt has been used and other arms balance scale, the most known
Weighing early.
From about 5000 BC - Former 4000: In ancient Egypt, the sun and moon appear as regular calendar.
BC 4000 - 3000 BC: Ancient Egypt, Southwest Asia, Southern Europe, Central Europe and China and other places have started to use copper ore.
3760 years ago: the first year of the ancient Jewish calendar.
3500 BC - 3100 years ago: in ancient Mesopotamia Uruk period. It appears pottery wheel pottery and ziggurat building, creating a cuneiform. Gouy
And national (Nome) is formed. It appeared hieroglyphics.
3500 BC - 3000 BC: Ancient Mesopotamia residents began to use wheeled transport. The ancient Egyptians used in agriculture plow, harrow
And fertilization.
{5ooo BC before}
Before 2686 - before 2181: the Egyptian Old Kingdom. Complete national unity, large-scale construction of the pyramid.
26th century BC: the famous ancient Egyptian Sphinx completed.
2,500 years ago: the ancient Sumerian Medicine found that mineral water has healing properties, the ancient Sumerians used oil lamps, learn to bake bread and brew beer
liqueur. Europe appears knitting machine.
Circa 2500 - 1500 BC: Xiyaguya said period
Before the 25th century - before the 23 century: in Ancient Babylonians invention of pottery carved on the map.
Before 2378 - before 2371: the ancient Sumerian king of Lagash Urukagina reign,
Before 2371 - before 2154: the ancient Mesopotamian Akkadian Kingdom.
From about 2300 BC - Former 1750: Ancient Indian Harappa culture period.
Before 2181 - before 2040: First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt.
Before 2017 - before 1595: the era of ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Babylon
Before 2000: - Aegean Mycenaean civilization appears. Ancient Egypt appear library, mummification.
Before 1900-- before 1600: the ancient Greek text appears linear, bronze widely used.
Walsh (William H.Walsh, 1913-1986), British philosopher>
Before 1792 - before 1750: Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Babylon 6th generation reign of King Hammurabi, will be "Code of Hammurabi"
Before 1786 - before 1567: the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt. Hyksos invasion of Egypt ruled over a hundred years.
Before the 18th century: ancient Babylon occurred farmers almanac, including irrigation, cultivation and harvesting, as the earliest known farmers almanac.
Before 1567 - before 1085: New Kingdom of ancient Egypt.
The ancient Babylonians created a well-developed mathematics and astronomy. Horses start for vehicle transport. UK Salisbury and Wiltshire areas built
Build Stonehenge. Ancient Egyptians used mercury.
About 14 centuries ago: Chinese Pan Geng moved to Yin from Om generate Oracle.
The first 14 - Former 12th century: the ancient Hittite Empire in West Asia.
The mid-14th century BC - 11th century ago: the ancient Xiyaguya said Empire.
About 13 centuries ago: Chinese Shang bronzes heyday. Late Shang Si Mu Wu Ding is the largest remaining bronze.
Former 11-- 9th century BC: the ancient Greek Homeric.
1000 BC - Former 600 years: The ancient Indian Vedic period. Aryan state formation, Brahmanism spread.
10th century - 612 years ago: the ancient Assyrian West New Empire. Iron appeared and widely used.
Top 10 - Top 5 Century: Ancient Indian earliest philosophical writings, Brahmanism classic "Upanishads" formation.
841 years ago
9 century ago: the ancient Greek Sparta state formation.
8th century: the ancient Greek epic "Iliad", "Odyssey" is formed, transfer to Homer. Pergamum invented parchment people in the Middle East.
Ancient Greek first Olympic Games held in Olympia.
BC 700 - 600 years ago: the ancient Phoenicians with suet and mountain ash into soap.
Before 8 - 6th century BC: the Roman monarchy era.
Before 626 BC - 539 years: the ancient Mesopotamia the Neo-Babylonian Kingdom.
Before 624 BC - 547 years: the ancient Greek philosopher Thales alive, the creation of Miletus school.
Before 610 BC - 546 years: the ancient Greek philosopher Anaximander alive.
About 7 centuries ago: the Babylonians found eclipses recurring Saros.
Before 604 BC - 561 years: the ancient Mesopotamia the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II reign, the construction of the Hanging Gardens, destroy the Jewish state.
594 years ago: the ancient Greek Athenian Solon implement political and economic reform, issued the "Code of Attica."
From about 580 BC - 500 years ago: the ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras was alive, the creation of the Pythagoreans.
About 563 years ago - 483 years ago: Sakyamuni, founder of Buddhism alive.
Before 558 BC - 330 years: the ancient Persian Empire and West Asia.
551 BC - 479 BC: Confucius alive, the creation of the Confucian school of thought, the first private school, presided over the compilation of ancient culture finishing. Existing "The Analects
"
.
About the first 500-- 449 years ago: Persian War.
Before 485 BC - 425 years: the ancient Greek historian Herodotus alive.
Before 469 BC - 399 years: the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates alive.
Before about 460 BC - 401 years: the ancient Greek historian Thucydides alive, author of "History of the Peloponnesian War."
About the first 460-- 370 years ago: the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus alive.
432 years ago: the ancient Greek Parthenon, built by the sculptor Phidias decorative design.
Former 431-- 404 years ago: the occurrence of the Peloponnesian War. World military history.
Before 427 BC - 348 years / 347 years ago: the ancient Greek philosopher Plato alive.
Before 334 BC - 324 years: the Macedonian king Alexander the Great led his army conquests of Persia, Central Asia and India, travel thousands of miles, the world's ancient history
The famous military expedition. .
Before 330 BC - 275 years: the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid alive, the "Geometry."
323 BC - 187 years ago: the ancient Indian kingdom of Magadha Mauryan period.
4th century BC - AD 3,4 century: the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata" is formed.
Before 287 BC - 212 years: the ancient Greek mathematician and physicist Archimedes alive.
About 280 years ago: the ancient port city of Alexandria, Egypt built the Pharos lighthouse, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
About 269 years ago - 232 years ago: the ancient Indian kingdom of Magadha Mauryan king Ashoka reign of the Mauryan entered its peak phase.
7 years ago or four years ago: According to legend, the founder of the birth of Jesus Christ.
1st century: Greek sculptor Ndiaye Sandra Ross, Nuoduoluosi, 波利佐罗斯 three carved marble statue of "Laocoon."
1st century AD the Roman Empire began
395 years of Christianity
476 years of the Roman Empire split
Early 7th century Frankish kingdom established
622 years of the rise of Islam
676 Japanese Taika Reforms begin
8 mid-century Silla unified the Korean Peninsula most
In the early 9th century Arab empire become
843 formed the Kingdom of the English.
Charlie is not the 12th century division of the empire, France, Germany, and Italy produce prototype
Japan entered the 14-16 century during the reign of the Shogunate
1453 Renaissance in Europe
1453 Byzantine Empire
1492 Dias voyage along the southern coast of Africa
1497--1498, Columbus reached America / Columbus discovered the New World
1519-1522 Voyage Vasco da Gama India
1640 Magellan sailed round the world fleet
1688 English bourgeois revolution began
1760s British coup, the new bourgeoisie and the establishment of the rule of Guizhou
1775--1783 British industrial revolution began
July 4, 1776 North American War of Independence
North American Continental Congress issued a "Declaration of Independence", the United States declared independence
Power 1785 Watt improved the steam engine is made to start a textile machine used / technological revolution, industrial
1848--1849 European revolution
1861 Russian serfdom reform
1861 --1865 US Civil War
Japan's Meiji Restoration began in 1868
Finalize the unification of Italy in 1870
1871 completed the unification of Germany, the German Empire was established
1939.9 Second World War broke out
1
1943.12.1, the United States, Britain issued the Cairo Declaration <>
The United Nations established 1945.10
The former Soviet Union.
1993 establishing the European Union
World History events
Create ancient Egyptian civilization
Old Babylonian kingdom
"Code of Hammurabi" development
Trojan War
Solon
Darius Battle
Battle of Marathon
The birth of Ancient Greek Philosophy / human history, cultural heritage, European civilization
/
Olympic Games / World Sports Events
[Many major events in world history, important people, it is difficult to accurately include all of them. There are various versions of the General History of the World, it is difficult consensus.]
Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire
Establishment and spread of Christianity
"Justinian Code" handed down
Germanic peoples migration
Founding and demise of the Mayan civilization
Collisions of European civilization
The collapse of the Byzantine Empire
The rise of the Ottoman Empire
Hundred Years War
Renaissance
Shakespeare Drama Creation
Opening of new routes
The European Reformation
Copernicus presented heliocentric
Newton discovered gravity
English bourgeois revolution
Faraday invention motor
Enlightenment
Reform of Peter I / Russia
The first industrial revolution
American Revolutionary
The French Revolution
The rise and fall of Napoleon
Latin American War of Independence
1848 European Revolution
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
the Meiji Reform
The establishment of the first international
second industrial revolution
Telephone and radio technology invention
Wright brothers and the birth of the aircraft
Birth car
Krstic invention Train
World War I
Establishment of an international coalition
Einstein theory of relativity
Second World War
The former Soviet Union / the end of the Cold War.
The establishment of the United Nations
New Changes in the third technological revolution the international political and economic new pattern of new trends
Modern society / world economy and world politics / World Military / World Culture / World Religion / World Population, etc.
Globalization - new opportunities, new challenges, new world and evolution
Man on the moon / cosmic revolution, the revolutionary planet, the planet began to society
{{ "The Outline of History" (English) Hz with Joe Wells.
"The Outline of History: Biological and concise history of mankind" (English) Hz with Joe Wells.
"History of Western civilization," [US] · E · Robert Lerner waited. This is a very influential book in North America, three co-historian. The former Soviet Academy of Sciences Editor: World History
"World history of civilization," [US] Philip Lee Ralph waited. 4 co-historian.
"World history of civilization," the Weierdulan. An amazing work. }}
Appears cloning / modern biological technology
Create ancient Egyptian civilization
Old Babylonian kingdom
Trojan War
Solon
Darius Battle
Battle of Marathon
Establishment and spread of Christianity
"Justinian Code" handed down
Germanic peoples migration
Founding and demise of the Mayan civilization
The collapse of the Byzantine Empire
The rise of the Ottoman Empire
Hundred Years War
Renaissance
Opening of new routes
The European Reformation
Copernicus presented heliocentric
Newton discovered gravity
English bourgeois revolution
NYSE / capitalist development
Faraday invention motor
Reform of Peter I
The first industrial revolution
American Revolutionary
The French Revolution
The rise and fall of Napoleon
1848 European Revolution
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Telephone and radio technology invention
{{Main part of world history events, individual controversial history of the world can be found in general history, world history and civilization classics Encyclopedia of network resources, the world's three encyclopedia}}.
Third technological revolution
After the Cold War new world-changing. Competitive countries in the world, the rapid development of modern science and technology productivity.
Genetic engineering, aerospace engineering, computer and information network engineering, materials engineering, energy engineering, mechatronics, biomedical engineering, agricultural engineering, intelligent robotics, marine technology, military engineering and technology applied to human society greatly.
Competition and conflict in various new challenges, new conflicts, civilization, religion, nationality, culture, etc. followed, the world order is facing change and innovation, a serious challenge to the consolidation and development of the turmoil in the world order - Transformation ago Row.
Humans - primates
Primates - physiological characteristics {evolutionary / biological human primate evolution, comparative study}
Primates primate skull
In primates inhabit trees common features, there are many differences. Including the holding force needed collarbone in the chest ribs, all angles to ensure freedom of movement of the shoulder, in front of the fingers, nails, touch sensitive finger (toe) end, the tendency smell degradation, the number of teeth is relatively degraded, complex visual system (visual sensitivity and color sense), and trunk disproportionate brain, the cerebral cortex expanded pairs of mammary gland, a common child, a longer gestation period and the like.
Usually highly social primates, and there is hierarchy. Pliocene period began monogamous primates, and form a stable patriarchal society.
Primate head has two eyes forward: This binocular can provide an accurate sense of distance. There are towering above the orbital brow.
There is a huge dome on primate skull - skull, which was unusual in its class. Skull protects the brain following the same difference. Human cranial cavity volume (space inside the skull) than non-human primates should be three times the largest cranial cavity, which show that humans have larger brains. The average human cranial volume is 1201 cubic centimeters, while gorillas are 469 cm3, 400 cm3 chimps, orangutans is 397 cubic centimeters. The primary direction of primate evolution is the brain, especially the neocortex. According to anthropologists and geneticists concluded that the evolution and mutation of the human brain in a few tens of thousand years after part of evolution, part may be degraded. to genetic variation, mutation, cells, enzymes, proteins and the like.
Primates generally have five toes on each forelimb (finger), the end of each toe has horny toenails. Hand, foot and toes very sensitive skin, constitute a well-developed sense of touch systems. Most primates are suitable for the thumb grip objects (opposable thumbs), which is characterized by iconic primates, but not unique. For example opossum there so fingers. For primates, such as finger nails is accompanied by short walk between the ancient trees of the product. Many methods thus developed upper limb walking out.
Primate of all ring-shaped neck sternum very obvious
Snout primates (lower jaw) showed shrinking trend. Technically speaking, the Old World and New World monkeys distinction lies in the structure of the nose, and the difference between the Old World monkeys and apes in the arrangement of the teeth. New World monkeys nostrils facing side, and old world monkeys are toward the lower nostril. Primates with a variety of teeth arranged manner. Hominid molar tip (the last tip) is in the early history of primates evolved, and this corresponds to the original lower molars tip (lower front tip) will disappear. Prosimians has its unique fixed upper lip, wet nose and lower front teeth inward.
Primate evolution and vision compared to most mammals was unusual. Primate ancestors developed trichromatic vision (can see three colors function), and nocturnal animals, warm-blooded animals and other mammals in the dinosaur ancestors of the period is lost in one third of the retinal cones.
Movement primates varied and useful arms, feet, jumping, arboreal, and walk on all fours on land, knuckles and other reptiles. Many of the original monkeys suborder animals vertical jumping and attached to trees, shrubs, including many monkeys, all indri. Humans are the only primates to fully upright.
Female migration system - born females leave the group. Male remained in the original population, while females and the collective is not closely linked.
Male exchange system - females remain in the original group and the males in adulthood Relocate. Allow polygamy society will fall into this category. Such social groups usually slightly larger, common in the ring-tailed lemurs, capuchin monkeys.
Monogamy - a male and a female stable structure, sometimes accompanied by heirs. Family care and social services (such as territorial defense) the work is divided into two sides. Parents will leave the territory after adult children. Such a society is more typical gibbon groups. However, where monogamy is not faithful representation of life.
Lonely type (for female) - together with the male will protect their territory, and which will include several female areas of activity. Such structures are found in apes.
Primates
Primate slower growth than other mammals. In addition to humans, primates cubs all rely on breastfeeding transfer of nutrients by the mother to protect, guide and support. Some species are also males, particularly his father, in charge of children's activities and safety. Other family members. encyclopedia site Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana and other information sites.]>
Primate mammals than the same size has a longer childhood (from weaning to sexual maturity). These are usually playing in knowledge gained. Later brought to maturity with the same size primate mammal compared to a longer life. And the average female life expectancy is longer than males.
Primate food source is very extensive. Most primates eat fruits, in order to absorb the digestible carbohydrates and fats for energy. However, other primates also need food, such as leaves or insects, for amino acids, vitamins and minerals (trace elements).
Baboon is the only major herbivorous primates. Tarsiers are the most carnivorous primates - eats insects, reptiles, and other animals. {Advanced intelligent life in the current scientific findings in humans with only other similar microbes in extreme environments - Extreme Life may find other planets or large in the universe, however, similar primate mammals in the visible Earth, the moon. Jupiter, Mars may not have even within the scope of these and other higher organisms. even if there had probably already extinct. As for whether within a larger universe, of course, can not all negative, however, there is the possibility, but not too much. extremophiles or other extreme life have then the possibility of a slightly larger universe in the development of change, extreme extreme biological life will produce and perish. everything is developing and changing universe, astrophysics, particle, expressing various forms of expression of life forms also is full of development and change.}.
Cosmic history summary table:
Temperature (K) Energy (eV) time (s) during physical Times
1032102810-44 Planck era
1028102410-35 grand unified era
10-35, -33 soaring inflation stage process
101310910-6 hadron era
101110710-2 lepton era .
10,101,061 neutrino neutrino decoupling decoupling
5 × 109 5 × 105 5 electron annihilation of electron-positron pairs
1,091,053 points nucleosynthesis era of light nuclides generated
400 million years of the formation of the first stars, reionization
Galaxies, large scale structure formation
2.725 3 × 10-4 137 billion years Modern
.
A brief history of the Earth's geology: for reference only, can be found in the relevant research monograph, the World Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, Wikipedia, Wikipedia and other websites on behalf of strata, representatives of the International Geological years.
Archean (AR, Archean Eon): about 4.567 billion to 25 billion years ago
Eoarchean (Ar0, Eoarchean Era): about 4.567 billion to 36 billion years ago
Paleoarchean (Ar1, Paleoarchean Era): about 3.6 billion to 32 billion years ago
The Archean (Ar2, Mesoarchean Era): about 32 billion to 2.8 billion years ago
Neoarchean (Ar3, Neoarchean Era): about 28 billion to 2.5 billion years ago
Proterozoic (PT, Proterozoic Eon): about 25 billion to 543 million years ago
Paleoproterozoic (Pt1, Paleoproterozoic Era): about 2.5 billion to 18 billion years ago
Before Hutuo discipline: about 2.5 billion to 23 billion years ago
Hutuo Ji (Ht): about 23 billion to 1.8 billion years ago
Mesoproterozoic (Pt2, Mesoproterozoic Era): about 1.8 billion to 10 billion years ago
Great Wall century (Ch): about 1.8 billion to 14 billion years ago
Early Great Wall World (Ch1):
Late Great Wall World (Ch2):
Jixianian (Jx): about 1.4 billion to 10 billion years ago
Early Jixian World (Jx1):
Late Jixian World (Jx2):
Neoproterozoic (Pt3, Neoproterozoic Era): about 10 billion to 543 million years ago
Qingbaikou (Qb): from about 10 million to 800 million years ago / tonian (Tonian Period): about 10 billion to 850 million years ago
Early Qingbaikou World (Qb1):
Late Qingbaikou World (Qb2):
Nanhua (Nh): about 800 million to 6.8 billion years ago / Cryogenian (Cryogenian Period): about 850 million to 6.3 billion years ago
Early Nanhua World (Nh1):
Nanhua Night World (Nh2):
Sinian (Z): about 6.8 billion to 543 million years ago / Ediacaran [Ediacaran Period, also known as the Neoproterozoic record Ⅲ (Neoproterozoic)]: about 635 million ~ 542 million years ago
Early Sinian (Z1):
Late Sinian (Z2):
Phanerozoic (PH, Phanerozoic Eon): about 543 million years ago - the future
Paleozoic (Pz, Paleozoic Era): about 543 million to 2.5 billion years ago
Early Paleozoic: about 542 million ~ 416 million years ago
Cambrian (∈, Cambrian Period): about 543 million to 4.9 billion years ago
Early Cambrian
The Cambrian
Late Cambrian
Ordovician (O, Ordovician Period): about 4.9 billion to 438 million years ago (say about 488 300 000 - 443 700 000 years ago)
Early Ordovician (O1):
Middle Ordovician (O2):
Late Ordovician (O3):
Silurian (S, Silurian Period): about 438 million to 4.1 billion years ago
Early Silurian (S1):
Middle Silurian (S2):
Late Silurian (S3):
Top Silurian (S4):
Late Paleozoic: about 416 million ~ 251 million years ago
Devonian (D, Devonian Period): 4.1 billion to 354 million years ago
Early Devonian
Middle Devonian
Late Devonian
Carboniferous (C, Carboniferous Period): about 354 million to 2.95 million years ago
Early Carboniferous (C1):
Late Carboniferous (C2):
Permian (P, Permian Period): about 295 million to 2.5 billion years ago
Early Permian (P1):
Middle Permian (P2):
Late Permian (P3):
Mesozoic (Mz, Mesozoic Era): about 2.5 million to 65.95 million years ago
Triassic (T, Triassic Period): about 2.5 billion to 205 million years ago
Early Triassic (T1):
Middle Triassic (T2):
Late Triassic (T3): geochronology / stratigraphic division
Jurassic (J, Jurassic Period): about 205 million ~ 137 million years ago
Early Jurassic (J1):
Middle Jurassic (J2):
Late Jurassic (J3):
Cretaceous (K, Cretaceous Period): about 137 million years ago ~ 65,950,000
Early Cretaceous (K1):
Late Cretaceous (K2):
Cenozoic (Cz, Cenozoic Era): approximately 65.95 million years ago - the future
Paleogene (E, Paleogene Period): about 6,500 million to 23.3 million years ago
Paleocene (E1): approximately 65.95 million - 55.8 million years ago
Eocene (E2): about 55.8 million - 33.9 million years ago
Oligocene (E3): about 33.9 million - 23.3 million
Neogene (N, Neogene Period): about 23.3 million to 260 million years ago.
Miocene (N1): about 23.3 million to 530 million years ago
Pliocene (N2): about 530 million to 2.6 million years ago
Quaternary (Q): about 260 million years ago - the future
Pleistocene (Qp): about 2.6 million to 1.15 million years ago
Holocene (Qb): about 1.15 million years ago - 1808
Anthropocene (Anthropocene epoch): about 1808 - Future
In the study of evolutionary history or geological processes on Earth, and sometimes do not necessarily need to know the exact time of geological events, but only needs to know the order between them, the only method of determining the sequence of geological events called relative geological time
Geological age and is closely related to human evolution.
Geologic Time Scale: <> light-years, a great span .1 trillion trillion years in 1oo years equal to .1 trillion light years ----- hundred light years distance traveled. astronomical. Encyclopedia of network resources. Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia of life, Wikipedia and other geological]. " .
Implicit Phanerozoic:
Archean (Ar): 45 million years ago, lasted for 2.1 billion years.
Proterozoic (Pt): 24 million years ago, lasted for 1.83 billion years.
Phanerozoic:
Paleozoic (Pz):
Cambrian (∈): 5.7 billion years ago, lasted for 70 trillion years.
Ordovician (O): 5 million years ago, lasted for 60 trillion years.
Silurian (S): 4.4 billion years ago, lasted for 40 trillion years.
Devonian (D): 4 billion years ago, lasted for 50 trillion years.
Carboniferous (C): 3.5 billion years ago, lasted for 65 trillion years.
Permian (P): 2.85 billion years ago, lasted for 55 trillion years.
Mesozoic (Mz):
Triassic (T): 2.3 billion years ago, lasted for 35 trillion years.
Jurassic (J): 1.95 billion years ago, lasted for 58 trillion years.
Cretaceous (K): 1.37 billion years ago, lasted for 70 trillion years.
Cenozoic (Kz):
Tertiary (R): 67 trillion years ago, lasted 64.5 trillion years.
Paleocene: 65 trillion years ago for 9 trillion years.
Eocene: 56 trillion years ago, for 21 trillion years.
Oligocene: 35 trillion years ago, for 12 trillion years.
Miocene: 23 trillion years ago, for 18 trillion years.
Pliocene: 5 trillion years ago, continued 3.4 trillion years.
Quaternary (Q): 2.5 trillion years ago for 2.5 trillion years.
Pleistocene: 1.6 trillion years ago, continued 1.59 trillion years.
Holocene: 10,000 years ago. All accounts, a variety of opinions, strengths reference reading is not conclusive.
Geological time scale (refer to reading)
Implicit Phanerozoic:
Ancient offerings: 4.5 billion (some say 4.6 billion) to 38 billion years ago, 700 million years duration.
Archean (Ar): 38 billion to 2.7 billion years ago for 11 million years.
Proterozoic (Pt):
Early: 2.7 billion to 18 billion years ago, 900 million years duration.
Interim:
Changcheng Period: 18 billion to 1.4 billion years ago, for 4 billion years.
Jixianian: 1.4 billion to 10 billion years ago, for 4 billion years.
Late:
Qingbaikou: 10 million to 800 million years ago, the last 2 million years.
Sinian (Z): 8 million to 570 million years ago, 230 million years duration.
Wende Generation: 610 million to 6 million years ago, for 1 million years.
Phanerozoic:
Paleozoic (Pz):
Early:
Cambrian (∈): 5.7 billion to 510 million years ago, for six million years. Anomalocaris.
Ordovician (O): 5.1 billion to 439 million years ago, continued 71 trillion years. Great Ordovician radiation (GOBE, occurred in Phanerozoic evolution of a major biological event). Orthoceras.
The first mass extinction: 438 million years ago
Silurian (S): 4.39 billion to 408 million years ago, continued 31 trillion years. Pterygotus.
Late:
Devonian (D): 4.08 million to 362.5 million years ago, continued 45.5 trillion years. Dunkleosteus.
The second mass extinction: 3.6 billion years ago
Carboniferous (C): 3.625 billion to 290 million years ago, continued 72.5 trillion years. Giant spiders.
Permian (P): 2.9 billion to 245 million years ago, for 45 trillion years. Dimetrodon.
The third mass extinction: 245 million years ago, the number of more than 70%, 97% of species. Trilobites extinct.
Mesozoic (Mz):
Triassic (T):
Early:
Yin Duan Order: 2.5 million to 245 million years ago, for 5 trillion years.
order: 2.45 billion to 242 million years ago, for 3 trillion years.
{{See [US] • James Preston with, geographical thought history,
[English] R.J. Johnston of geography and geographers}}
<>.
AD 2,050- year 2, 100-year {according to the development of modern science and technology, the modern world economy, politics, military, religion, culture, education, resources, environment, ecology, population and so many data, rely on electronic computing model, rough analysis of historical development trends in context, focusing on human society and the whole world history evolution and developments, events, etc., but also a variety of scientific and technological research Advances according to generally study the changes in the natural, historical process of the universe and significant nature, and the universe mutations, etc. the main macro situation, roughly evolution situation, not microscopic scene from the time data, the reference data are also large, and the rest can be used as supplementary information. Therefore, the time span is very inconsistent.}
[Humans into Mars and return safely to Earth. Moon base, Mars base began preliminary work.
Marine rapid technological breakthroughs, the development of the Polar breakthrough.
Slow growth in the world economy, changes in the world situation changes.
Human population growth, resources and environment has deteriorated.
Reform of the United Nations / United Nations Special Representative of the Army / Secretary-General of the United Nations / United Nations permanent and non-permanent / United Nations International Tribunal / United Nations presences
States intensified competition, war occasionally occur. Various conflict-prone world pattern of gradual change, the new industrial revolution, technological revolution gaining momentum.
AD 21oo - AD 22oo years
The new mode of production
Slow world economic growth, after the strong boost
Planet revolution, the development of increasingly powerful universe, moon base, Mars base gradually established.
Polar development, ocean development, utilization or modification desert, mountain use
Increasingly powerful technological development, extension of human life, to overcome incurable diseases
When the nuclear threat of nuclear terrorism is still enveloped the world in some areas and hot spots of conflict have occurred, the individual fighting frequently.
The industrial revolution, agricultural revolution substantial progress, national wrestling competition
Increasing integration of the world, the world changes ASDC preliminary molding
Resource crisis, population growth, conflicts, local wars and danger
Enhanced role of the UN and rights. Enlarge the role of regional organizations of the United Nations to further strengthen the role of
Major issues of peace and security, economic development and human rights.
AD 23oo - AD 25oo years
Accelerate the integration of all aspects of the world / world politics / world economy / World Military / World Religions / World Science and Technology / world culture. National competition and uneven development, different, may go hand in hand, it may lead, lead the world, can not be generalized.
New world, a new world order / US., Russia, India, Europe, Japan, Argentina and other developing countries, appearing in a multi-polar unipolar lead unipolar or multi-pole to keep in hand, like a track and field race , long-distance running, sprinting, sprint, as runner-up or tied, but eventually there will still be a leader in the leading pack, leading the world. this hegemony in the traditional sense is significantly different.
Revolution Universe
AD AD 2,500- 3,000 years {post-industrial era. Intelligent modern industry, modern agriculture, a big step forward.
The situation in the world tend to be stable, easing Human society initially entered the planet. Moon man, Mars and other interstellar humanity.
The new economic structure economy / Economy - wisdom, and increasing social economic productivity, production tools, mode of production, relations of production, production resources.
Increased competition in the world. There are occasional conflicts and war.
When changes occur naturally universe, the earth, the moon is obvious. Earth's natural disasters is more common.
Two pole exploitation.
Moon person / Mars / Earth
Year 3,000 AD 5,000 years {human society entered the era of artificial intelligence, alien immigrants transformation shape.
Mankind enters the moons of Jupiter and other planets. Human detectors flying the solar system.
5th, 2000 --- AD 8,000 years
Earth society will also be significant changes and transformation.
AD 8, 2000 - 12th, 2000 / symbol year from now 2, ooo years -1o, ooo years as a symbol of the Earth {the revolution, the revolutionary planet, the universe will completely change the world revolution}
Super wisdom of the ages, super intelligence community came into being.
AD 15, 000 - AD 20, 2000
Wisdom biological robots appear.
Universe and change the planet. Human activity detector probe into the Milky Way and other galaxies. Humanity into other celestial bodies.
Highly intelligent life is found, but a similar extreme microbes. Planet touch state social model.
[Change the planet, the solar system change. Planet Earth and human survival in severe challenges and risks intensify.
AD 30, 000 - AD 50, 000 years {.. Human beings live on Earth, the Moon and Mars and other celestial bodies, planets society is gradually forming} planet survival technology gradually develop and grow, including Earth, Moon, Mars and the solar system are all in change, the planet of the world. survival and development more difficult and dangerous.
Changes in the universe. Planets and social crisis facing the challenges of changing times Earth's humanity, the Earth revolution.
AD 100, 000 - AD ******* years / 1oo, ooo years as a sign of macroeconomic data are used to study them, which is more in line closer to the natural and human history of the real world and the evolution of evolution trajectory image jump. empt a conclusion, clearly contrary to the true face of historical development, misleading and distorted the history and natural history of the world history of the universe.
AD 15o, ooo years ---- 2oo, ooo years
AD 3oo, ooo years --1, ooo, ooo-year history {Annals, 1oo years as a major landmark in.
AD 1,5oo, ooo years --- 2, ooo, ooo years
New geological new astronomical - chronological universe
........... ********** ********* ----- Other omitted from the year 2ooo years ---- 2 ooo, ooo years, the time span has been great, too great astronomical, so far after the fact without connection, the length of the history of the human history of the universe has enough new geological new astronomy - universe chronology, abbreviation:.. new geological new astronomical - chronological universe / NNACU.
<Mutation nature of the universe, the Earth and endanger other planets. Planets and other parts of the universe, explosion.
Part of human destruction or extinction, celestial hazards, biological extinction inevitable dangers and disasters threaten mankind.
Humans to survive and continue to continue to survive in the planet and the universe. Planet survival techniques developed.
<Universe changes and natural hazards, diverse, compared to a variety of disasters to human society hundreds of millions of times stronger human society can survive, whether planet or perish disintegration, explosion, collapse, these are extremely important problems. so, problem solution natural history of the universe changes, or mutations, this is the key. even if mankind enters Mars, the moon, is also facing these life and death problems. (1) Natural Yu Zhou whether the overall collapse and collapse? (2) whether humans have enough wisdom and ability to escape this unscathed (3) the destruction of the universe is inevitable or necessarily has its chance, including (4) remains the most critical are:?.? the destruction of the universe as a whole or partial destruction, what will matter Ukraine has evolved into what? everything is emptiness. If this theory was established, the inevitable demise of mankind and the universe. In other words, human history will end naturally, will declare the demise of the universe. Should the universe there is no overall destruction and collapse, human life or other life will there are likely to survive. this is the article with particular emphasis on the two major propositions. scientific research and scientific reasoning is sometimes very important, but in the end still needs a lot of verifiable data and the like.
A. nothingness.
B. heat death of the universe theory: Heat Death Theory and cosmic contraction theory is opposed to, in this case, gravity is not strong, you can not go beyond the expansion of the universe appears therefore exponential expansion, heat evenly distributed in the universe is cold, dark TLC, the final will be an all-star by one end perish.
C. Vacuum metastability event: Event metastable vacuum exists in the universe is a basic unstable state, the universe we live in a stable edge to swing. Some scientists say the reasoning, the next few billion years, the universe will be at the edge of subversion, then at some point the bubble universe.
D. On the death of a black hole in the universe most substances are surrounded by a black hole, the galaxy is concerned, it contains a variety of stars in its center there is a supermassive black hole. When the stars fall into the black hole or the galaxy "event boundary", they will be disintegrated, in a finite universe, black holes will eventually engulf most of the material, the final residue of a dark universe.
E. cosmic cycle: the traditional view that the universe is eternal existence, in the big bang singularity theory of the universe starting model, the universe is cyclical, it will be permanently sustained expansion and contraction.
F. cosmic contraction theory: The most prominent theory of how the universe is the Big Bang theory of the beginning, at first only singularities all substances present in the form, which is an infinitely dense point, for some reason after the explosion, it is difficult to outward confidence speed expansion, culminating in today's universe. On the large contraction and the big bang theory contrary, gravity will eventually slow the universe's expansion, stagnation and contraction.
"Kepler's third law: T2 / R3 = K (= 4π2 / GM) {R: radius of the orbit, T: cycle, K: constant (nothing to do with the planet's mass, depending on the quality of the central object)}
The law of gravity: F = Gm1m2 / r2 (G = 6.67 × 10-11N • m2 / kg2, directions on their connection)
Gravity and gravitational acceleration celestial bodies: GMm / R2 = mg; g = GM / R2 {R: celestial body radius (m), M: celestial body mass (kg)}
4. satellites orbiting velocity, angular velocity, period: V = (GM / r) 1/2; ω = (GM / r3) 1/2; 1/2 {M T = 2π (r3 / GM): the central body mass }. "
1. Dark energy is too large, too little dark matter, cosmic expansion rate is too large, continue to accelerate the expansion and eventually unlimited expansion.
2 dark energy and gravity of various substances in the universe was flat, the universe will continue to slow down the expansion, the expansion rate will be closer to zero, but can never reach zero.
3 less dark energy, gravity dominates the expansion of the universe will continue to slow down, then stop the expansion, contraction steering, all matter in the universe ultimately shrink back into a point, and start all over.
In the first model (ie, closed universe), the expansion of the universe was sufficiently slowly that the gravitational difference between galaxies in the expansion slows down and eventually make it stop. Then start close to each galaxy, the universe began to shrink.
the first sort
In the second model (open space), the expansion of the universe was so fast that gravity make it slow although some never could make it stop. Nearby galaxies distance versus time. Distance to zero at the beginning of the last galaxies steady speed away from each other;
In the second type is always expanded model, additional space is curved, like a saddle. Therefore, in this case space is infinite.
Finally, there is a third class of solutions, expansion of the universe is just fast enough to avoid collapsing. Distance galaxies started from zero, always increases. However, although the speed of the galaxy apart will never become zero, this speed is getting slower.
In the third category Friedmann model just the critical rate of expansion, space is flat (it is unlimited).
Theoretical physicist noted, human or gradually decay into radiation, after its own collapse completely disappeared, or because the faster expansion of the universe to collapse.
According to Big Rip theory, dark energy will make the structure of the universe distorted, leading to the first galaxies tear, followed by a smaller black holes, planets and stars. Expansion of the universe is growing drag force, once it reaches more than galaxies gather
Another possible way to the end of the universe is called the "big contraction."
If the substance within the universe declining over time, there will be a large contraction, resulting gravitational forces become dominant. Gravitational contraction of the universe leads to the result that stars, galaxies and planets collide with each other, the universe collapse occurred. Theoretical physicist, said some areas within the universe has begun to collapse, the collapse of the universe will eventually devour its
According to Higgs theory, the phase change in ten billion of a second after the Big Bang occurred, resulting in changes in the structure of space-time.
Newtonian cosmology:
1 was observed at any point in the universe, the center of the universe were symmetrical
2 the same time measuring the universe points, density are equal
3 little universe in any other conduct particle measurements relations
About the structure of the universe are:
Gaitian said: day round as cover sheets, places such as chess game.
Ancient Greek and Roman doctrine of original universe
Water is the origin of the universe - Thales
The outermost layer of the universe is never extinguished Skyfire said - Pythagoras
Multilayer crystal ball says - Aristotle
Earth is the center - Ptolemy
Western medieval universe theory
After the Middle Ages, cosmology was included in the scholastic system, know the late Renaissance Copernicus based on astronomical observations long write "heavenly bodies" presented heliocentric. Bruno is further believed that the sun is not the center of the universe, the universe is infinite, there is no center.
The classic model of the universe
Newton's first classical mechanics and Euclidean geometry concepts to establish a system of absolute infinite universe.
Relativistic cosmological model
Einstein November 1915 published a general theory of relativity, space and time can not be pointed out substance alone, they established a limited boundless four-dimensional model of the universe.
Big Bang Theory Model
The expansion
20 years later, due to the cosmic microwave background radiation was confirmed, together with the further development of nuclear physics, the Big Bang model shine, to be recognized by the standard model of the universe.
String theory models of the universe
Gradually developed in the last century, superstring theory, at another point to establish a more esoteric string theory models of the universe, we proposed the concept model of the universe of 11 dimensions.
1, on a closed space model of the universe, we need to understand a closed space.
A closed space from any point of view, do not turn to it, all will return to the same place, the same as rotate about a point.
2, a closed space model of the universe
Closed space universe model rule is half closed space of all symmetric point directional movement at the same rate, the move does not coincide with any two points, and keep symmetry.
Now is the "big bang model of the universe" is called the standard model of the universe. In addition are non-standard cosmological model of the universe model.
Such as: steady state model of the universe, the universe cycle model, film universe, the mirror universe. . . and many more.
A theory, also known as the Big Bang cosmology. Compared with other models of the universe, it could indicate more observational facts. Its main point is that we think the universe had a period from hot to cold in the course of evolution.
Einstein field equations: R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv = κ * T_uv
(Rμν- (1/2) gμνR = 8GπTμν / (c * c * c * c) -gμν)
Description: g_uv to metric, κ is a coefficient, can be slow to determine the Newtonian theory. "_" After the letter subscript "^" after the letter as superscript.
Meaning: matter energy space - momentum (T_uv) = distribution bends space (R_uv)
Form solution is: ds ^ 2 = Adt ^ 2 + Bdr ^ 2 + Cdθ ^ 2 + Ddφ ^ 2
Wherein A, B, C, D for the metric g_uv components.
Consider the energy - momentum tensor T_uv solution is more complex. The easiest is to make T_uv equal to 0,
2. The field equations contain the cosmological constant term:
R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv + Λ * g_uv = κ * T_uv
Here Λ is the cosmological constant, which is the physical meaning of the universe vacuum field. Λ * g_uv the cosmological term.
If from
ds ^ 2 = Adt ^ 2 + Bdr ^ 2 + Cdθ ^ 2 + Ddφ ^ 2 [1]
Wherein A, B, C, D for the metric g_uv components.
Here ds is the expression of the degree of bending of space a short distance.
If understood in the physical sense, then, the universe items to the right-hand side, it is:
R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv = κ * T_uv-Λ * g_uv
In 1929, American astronomer Hubble Hubble's law is proposed from the galaxy redshift galaxies and proportional,
In the expansion of the universe away from each other, he said.
State when the distribution of matter in the universe imbalance, the local structure of matter will continue to expand and contract changes, but the relative balance between the overall structure of the universe will not change.
In 1994, the Carnegie Institute of Friedman et al., With an estimated age of the universe when calculating the rate of expansion of the universe approach, the calculated values obtained the age of 80 to 12 billion a year. However, according to the analysis of stellar spectra, the oldest stars in the universe age of 140 to 160 million years.
Wonderful spiral is the nature of the most common and most basic form of exercise substances. This spiral shape phenomenon for the understanding of the universe has an important role in enlightening, to a large spiral galaxy, small DNA molecules are produced in such a spiral line. Nature does not recognize straight form nature all the basic structure of matter are annular shape of the curve of movement. From atoms and molecules to planets, galaxies until galaxies, superclusters, without exception, no doubt, the vastness of the universe is a big whirlpool. Therefore, the establishment of a "spiral movement patterns of the universe model"
Origin of the universe
About whether the universe and how to initiate the debate throughout the history of the entire record. Basically there are two schools of thought. Many early traditions, as well as Judaism, Christianity and Islam that the universe is fairly recent creation of the past.
Two schools of thought believe that the universe is fundamentally unchanged over time. Because human life - the whole of recorded history is so short, the universe was never significantly changed during this period. In the framework of a stable and unchanging universe, and if it has existed forever or is limited in the long past birth problems.
Wormhole eruption, he said that: in a time and space to open the door of the origin of the universe we now live. In many parallel universe, there is a very ordinary parallel universe, in this universe, the largest mass of a black hole is constantly engulfed other celestial bodies in the universe, its quality is increasing, large enough to destroy all of its gravitational physical form when the energy released completely after the eruption stopped wormhole, time and space the door is closed. And emitted by high-energy particles, after a long evolution, the formation of the universe we are now living; the eruption of the wormhole into a parallel universe that previously an ordinary objects, which is why we can not find the center of the universe the reason.
According to the Big Bang theory, many scientists for decades has consistently supported our universe was born about 140 million years ago. Accordance with the interpretation of this theory, the universe formed in a very small volume and density of great explosive substances 140 million years ago, ejected material particles and energy, it is also since then began after the explosion had time and space mass and energy. Before the big bang happened, neither matter nor energy, of course, no life.
Solar System
The solar system is a system of celestial bodies bound by the gravitational force of the sun's composition, its maximum range can be extended to about 1 light-years away. The main members of the solar system are: solar (star), the eight planets (including Earth), and countless asteroids, many satellite
Astronomers object by analyzing light atomic absorption or release of an object is measured or far away from close to the earth, the light in a unique color or frequency of occurrence. When the object away from the Earth, these frequencies will move on the red spectrum.
Standard Big Bang model shows that the universe erupted from a singularity of infinite density. But I do not know what triggered this outbreak.
Simultaneously.
For most cosmologists, the most reasonable explanation of consistency, in the universe shortly after, some unknown form of energy so that the young universe expanded more than the speed of light. In this model, the universe is a three-dimensional film
Chaos in the celestial explosion, the birth of the Universe, at a certain time or never newborn newborn state, between its internal explosive remnants of interaction, while forming planet has gradually formed galaxies, in which galaxies are in the formation process gradually formed a multi-N Milky Way, the galaxy in which there is a there is a solar system, the solar system has eight planets, one of which is the Earth we humans live now. Earth is not life long ago, when the Earth's relatively far from the sun, in the Ice Age. When getting closer as the planet from the sun, in the solar system most suitable for life in the initiation position, and constitute the material elements of the earth in line with the initiation of life, we received after joining from foreign matter in the universe, the earth began appeared in the primordial seas, pristine ocean began to Earth this hotbed after a long time gave birth to the primitive life, initially the growth of plants, plant evolution to a certain extent, there has been a simple primitive life, primitive life began the evolution of life, which including the gradual evolution of the formation of prehistoric humans. Prehistoric modern humans than many larger head, looks also differ a lot, IQ is not high, can only be regarded as an animal. At that time the Earth has a primitive atmosphere, creating a long evolution of the planet's largest living things -
<Summary of the above, the relevant causes of the Universe, the model - the structure, the initial state of the universe and the universe final outcome, so a variety of cosmological theories and hypotheses, research and forecasting all kinds, have their own achievements, strengths and weaknesses to the decision to choose, locate one, it is difficult. achievements Natural scientific exploration, research is needed to support a variety of research and theory theory, not in the case failed to confirm, then under the broken language, non-judgment, especially cosmology, astronomy and probing depth study would be distant and long process. various theories and doctrines must be analyzed and gain the most valuable scientific certainty. after all, is an advanced human wisdom of primates, in front of the great deep natural universe, it is still very small childish. even then successful scientific discovery, scientific theorem, it is not absolutely perfect, especially humans triumphantly landed on the moon, Mars, Jupiter, etc. after that, there will be more great brilliant discoveries and achievements on Earth - some of the human race on Earth Research will be rewritten or remodeling. this is the correct understanding of their humanity, understand nature, meeting new milestone in the universe. for example, gravity come from, why stars spiral spin structure, the particles are present when the universe was formed it, universe, whether single or multi-dimensional universe whether the same state, different state, the initial state of the God particle of how the state of the big Bang before the universe, the destruction of the universe is matter thoroughly mound did it, human life or other advanced life in the planet and viability of the universe, and so forth. The critical issue is not resolved, other theories and doctrines, it is difficult to justify. Even the greatest scientist is difficult to make their theories impeccable. The final outcome of the universe, or whether the continuation of the collapse, and whether humans can survive the extinction or destruction, the key point is that the universe is still two major problems: 1. The explosion destroyed the universe collapse disposable destruction or periodic repeat? 2. Distribution of the universe with the state, different state of the universe at the beginning and final states, as well as the planet and human synchronous, asynchronous. ? Whole or in part, the evolution of the evolution of this is the essence of the problem, this is the universe - life theory by far the most important issue. Maybe not solve the big problem, it is difficult to achieve a breakthrough progress. Hypothesis no matter how powerful is also inseparable from experimental simulation studies must, otherwise, it will become airborne hug Court. Natural Sciences stressed empirical observation observation verification testing, the loss of these fans will astray. Heliocentric - geocentric debate lasted for hundreds of years, the theory of evolution is carried out hundreds of years of debate, it is proof. Around at 10:00 on June 30th, 1860, the President of the Conference of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, please Wilberforce Bishop stage presentation. He said: "God and the Church is not against science, but can not tolerate blasphemy, insulting human pseudo-science, Mr. Darwin's theory of evolution is the pseudo-science, it is the lack of conclusive scientific proof powerful, entirely hypothetical style, not registered humble hypothesis to support the entire thesis, therefore, religious insight, and the scientific community will not support this absurd theory, "he stressed:." boundaries between human beings and things in the world is clear, a only radish efforts no matter how impossible the evolution of adult "suddenly, Huxley Wilberforce hand pointing to the audience and asks:"! here even Mr. Huxley says he is a descendant of apes, then I would like to ask this gentleman:? ape ancestors that one of your grandfather, your grandmother or that side of it, "Wilberforce rostrum in the midst of applause and laughter, and many people cheered his speech. Next, people set their sights Huxley, at this time, Huxley even smiling sitting next to the President of the Royal Society Brody said softly:. "God has handed him my hand."
Please Henslow announced Huxley took the floor, Huxley said slowly: "If I have to choose my ancestors in the following two: one side is the ape, one side is an influential figure, and this figure but confusion in serious scientific discussions in black and white, sensational, then I will no
ALE won the contract to receive and transport a 184te absorption tower from Richards Bay port to the Omnia Fertilizer plant in Sasolburg.
(L-R) Ruth Gruber?, Melkame Belay (Mari Yigzaw's sister), Asnaku Sendeke at Mevasseret Zion Absorption Center
Just like a bodybuilder, Buzzwole is often seen striking poses that show off its massive, abnormally swollen muscles. The creature’s body covered in red blood-like filled sacs with veins that are said to be as hard as steel. Buzzwole’s crushing power and unbridled rage give way to fearsome physical damage, and worst of all, a stabbing attack from its silver proboscis which can drain and steal opponents’ energy! This giant extra-dimensional anthropomorphic mosquito packs quite a pulverizing punch!
Built for the Ultra Beasts Collab! Find the other powerful Ultra Beasts from these talented builders!
@_ezreel_ as Nihilego
@anderson_builder as Buzzwole
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@rons_oc as Kartana
@petersheikah as Guzzlord
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@danielbrickson as Stakataka
@brick_diamonds as Blacephalon
The heart and second part of the solar cooling system in the Haribo Museum (Uzès, France) is this german-made absorption machine. It provides heat without compression, without potentialy hazardous fluid and with little electricity consumption.
Le coeur de l'installation de climatisation solaire est cette machine à absorption. Elle fait du froid sans compression, grâce à la chaleur fournie par les capteurs solaires
Benefits of AirField in a green roofing system include:
AirDrain creates and helps maintain a constant Gmax for artificial turf (See below)
Thickness and resin consistency of AirDrain provides uniform shock absorbency
Shock absorption reduces the strain on joints and ligaments
AirDrain is only limited by the drainage capacity of the profile above it
Installation time measured in days instead of weeks
AirDrain can be reused when the artificial turf must be replaced
Water harvesting reclamation and reuse
Helps qualify for LEED and other green building credits
A smaller carbon and development footprint with reduced site disturbance
100% vertical drainage under the entire field surface
Minimizes water related injuries / Less infill migration due to superior drainage
AirDrain is a 100% recycled product
Less infill migration due to superior drainage
GMAX Information Existing Conditions for Testing
Turf - 2 1/2” Slit Film, in filled with 50% Green Rubber Infill and 50% Silica Sand.
The drainage/shock pad and turf underlying substrate consists of a concrete deck/rooftop, coated with a waterproof membrane and 10 ounce 100% recycled polyester geo-textile filter fabric.
The Standard Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials (ASTM F1936-98 American Football Field) testing locations and procedure were preformed. The tests were performed using a Triax 2000 A-1 Missile, tripod mounted Gmax registration unit(www.triax2000.com). This report presents background information on the test procedures, existing conditions, test results and observations in football, baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey artificial sports fields.
The environmental impact of a green roof is undenyable, and adds significantly to the LEED Point system designed by the USGC in all five major areas: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Green roofing replaces the green space displaced by a building, prevents excess stormwater drainage, reduces the temperature of a building and the urban heat island effect, protects and extends the useful life of a roof, and reduce energy demands. What's more, a green roof incorporating AirDrain means your design includes renewable, recycled, and locally obtained materials. We know you have a choice in designing a green roof, and we hope you consider the many benefits of AirDrain.
A typical AirDrain green roof installation design
AirDrain Agronomic Natural Grass Drainage at the Chesapeake Energy Roof Top Sports Field
74,000 sqft. Natural Grass Field
Benefits of AirDrain in a green roofing system include:
AirDrain creates and helps maintain a constant Gmax for artificial turf (See below)
Thickness and resin consistency of AirDrain provides uniform shock absorbency
Shock absorption reduces the strain on joints and ligaments
AirDrain is only limited by the drainage capacity of the profile above it
Installation time measured in days instead of weeks
AirDrain can be reused when the artificial turf must be replaced
Water harvesting reclamation and reuse
Helps qualify for LEED and other green building credits
A smaller carbon and development footprint with reduced site disturbance
100% vertical drainage under the entire field surface
Minimizes water related injuries / Less infill migration due to superior drainage
AirDrain is a 100% recycled product
Less infill migration due to superior drainage
GMAX Information Existing Conditions for Testing
Turf - 2 1/2” Slit Film, in filled with 50% Green Rubber Infill and 50% Silica Sand.
The drainage/shock pad and turf underlying substrate consists of a concrete deck/rooftop, coated with a waterproof membrane and 10 ounce 100% recycled polyester geo-textile filter fabric.
The Standard Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials (ASTM F1936-98 American Football Field) testing locations and procedure were preformed. The tests were performed using a Triax 2000 A-1 Missile, tripod mounted Gmax registration unit(www.triax2000.com). This report presents background information on the test procedures, existing conditions, test results and observations in football, baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey artificial sports fields.
The environmental impact of a green roof is undenyable, and adds significantly to the LEED Point system designed by the USGC in all five major areas: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Green roofing replaces the green space displaced by a building, prevents excess storm water drainage, reduces the temperature of a building and the urban heat island effect, protects and extends the useful life of a roof, and reduce energy demands.
What's more, a green roof incorporating AirDrain means your design includes renewable, recycled, and locally obtained materials. We know you have a choice in designing a green roof, and we hope you consider the many benefits of AirDrain.
A typical AirDrain green roof
Engravings of apparatus for various laboratory chemical analyses.
Chemical Analysis by G.Newth 1914.
Quantitative and Qualitative analysis for Secondary and University students.
Published by Longmans Green & Co, London. Green boards 476 pages 13cm x 19cm.
This representation of the measurements shown in the previous plot shows the development of "The Blue Hour" as the Sun approaches the horizon and sets with the start of twilight.
From the top (orange line) to the bottom (black line) the solar altitude ranged from -1.2; -2.1; -3.4; -4.0; -4.6; -5.2 and -7.2 degrees. These spectra are expressed as the ratio of intensity to that of the clear blue sky with a solar altitude of +11.2 degrees. Taking this ratio cancels out all of the solar spectral features (Fraunhofer lines) to leave the spectral balance in the light from the sky resulting from scattering and absorption processes in the atmosphere.
The spectral features remaining in the ratio are principally the Rayleigh and aerosol scattering — responsible for the overall slope of the spectra — and the solar altitude-dependent oxygen molecular absorption, The large broad dip centred at about 590nm is due to the Chappuis absorption band of ozone while the narrower bands at 690 and 760nm are the Fraunhofer 'A' and 'B' bands due to diatomic molecular oxygen.
The spectra cover a spectral band considerably broader that the sensitivity of the human eye. The perceived colour of the sky is determined by the spectrum within the range of high visual sensitivity with extends from about 480 – 620nm.
It is clear that the ratio of blue/red light, relative to a clear blue sky ( = 1 in this plot), increases substantially as twilight proceeds. The slope of the blue wing of the Chappuis absorption band is far steeper than that of a Rayleigh-scattering blue sky. This demonstrates that ozone is by far the dominant contributor to the extreme blue of twilight during the blue hour.
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Benefits of AirField in a green roofing system include:
AirDrain creates and helps maintain a constant Gmax for artificial turf (See below)
Thickness and resin consistency of AirDrain provides uniform shock absorbency
Shock absorption reduces the strain on joints and ligaments
AirDrain is only limited by the drainage capacity of the profile above it
Installation time measured in days instead of weeks
AirDrain can be reused when the artificial turf must be replaced
Water harvesting reclamation and reuse
Helps qualify for LEED and other green building credits
A smaller carbon and development footprint with reduced site disturbance
100% vertical drainage under the entire field surface
Minimizes water related injuries / Less infill migration due to superior drainage
AirDrain is a 100% recycled product
Less infill migration due to superior drainage
GMAX Information Existing Conditions for Testing
Turf - 2 1/2” Slit Film, in filled with 50% Green Rubber Infill and 50% Silica Sand.
The drainage/shock pad and turf underlying substrate consists of a concrete deck/rooftop, coated with a waterproof membrane and 10 ounce 100% recycled polyester geo-textile filter fabric.
The Standard Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials (ASTM F1936-98 American Football Field) testing locations and procedure were preformed. The tests were performed using a Triax 2000 A-1 Missile, tripod mounted Gmax registration unit(www.triax2000.com). This report presents background information on the test procedures, existing conditions, test results and observations in football, baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey artificial sports fields.
The environmental impact of a green roof is undenyable, and adds significantly to the LEED Point system designed by the USGC in all five major areas: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Green roofing replaces the green space displaced by a building, prevents excess stormwater drainage, reduces the temperature of a building and the urban heat island effect, protects and extends the useful life of a roof, and reduce energy demands. What's more, a green roof incorporating AirDrain means your design includes renewable, recycled, and locally obtained materials. We know you have a choice in designing a green roof, and we hope you consider the many benefits of AirDrain.
A typical AirDrain green roof installation design
One of the individual images that were used for the panorama.Taken with a 30 years old grating spectrometer, no contrast enhancement or sharpening applied. Sodium lines in the middle.
Left: An image of a the setting sun photographed from the International Space Station [ISS015-E-10464, 3 June 2007, courtesy of NASA]. This illustrates the interplay between the direct and Rayleigh scattered light from the almost hidden Sun and the subsequent losses from the beam by absorption and scattering during its passage through different levels in the atmosphere. This process produces a sequence of colours that we call a 'Rayleigh spectrum'. The 'dirty' yellow band in the middle of the spectrum is produced by ozone absorption high in the atmospere. The ozone layer protects life at lower levels from dangerous ultraviolet radiation. This ring of light around the Earth is the source that illiminates the 'copper Moon' during a total Lunar eclipse.
Right: A similar palette of 'twilight' colours generated by shining a beam of white light through a glass fish (by Lalique, Paris: glass with a metal 'vapour' resulting in a perfect Rayleigh scatterer). The blue light scatters most strongly and is followed by the sequence of green-yellow, orange and red as the light penetrates deeper into the glass.
Line graph showing the relative amounts of light absorption at different light wavelengths by the photosynthetic pigments found in green plants. Feel Free to use the photo but please don't forget to give credit to www.ledgrowlightshq.co.uk.Thanks!
Benefits of AirField in a green roofing system include:
AirDrain creates and helps maintain a constant Gmax for artificial turf (See below)
Thickness and resin consistency of AirDrain provides uniform shock absorbency
Shock absorption reduces the strain on joints and ligaments
AirDrain is only limited by the drainage capacity of the profile above it
Installation time measured in days instead of weeks
AirDrain can be reused when the artificial turf must be replaced
Water harvesting reclamation and reuse
Helps qualify for LEED and other green building credits
A smaller carbon and development footprint with reduced site disturbance
100% vertical drainage under the entire field surface
Minimizes water related injuries / Less infill migration due to superior drainage
AirDrain is a 100% recycled product
Less infill migration due to superior drainage
GMAX Information Existing Conditions for Testing
Turf - 2 1/2” Slit Film, in filled with 50% Green Rubber Infill and 50% Silica Sand.
The drainage/shock pad and turf underlying substrate consists of a concrete deck/rooftop, coated with a waterproof membrane and 10 ounce 100% recycled polyester geo-textile filter fabric.
The Standard Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials (ASTM F1936-98 American Football Field) testing locations and procedure were preformed. The tests were performed using a Triax 2000 A-1 Missile, tripod mounted Gmax registration unit(www.triax2000.com). This report presents background information on the test procedures, existing conditions, test results and observations in football, baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey artificial sports fields.
The environmental impact of a green roof is undenyable, and adds significantly to the LEED Point system designed by the USGC in all five major areas: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Green roofing replaces the green space displaced by a building, prevents excess stormwater drainage, reduces the temperature of a building and the urban heat island effect, protects and extends the useful life of a roof, and reduce energy demands. What's more, a green roof incorporating AirDrain means your design includes renewable, recycled, and locally obtained materials. We know you have a choice in designing a green roof, and we hope you consider the many benefits of AirDrain.
A typical AirDrain green roof installation design
What Is Theosophy?
The Secrets of The Universe Laid Bare By The Accumulated Wisdom Of The Ages
The question “What is Theosophy?” must have risen to the lips of some thousands of persons during the last three or four years, if the world is anything like what it used to be, and it is only reasonable to suppose that in nearly as many instances as the question has been put the answer has not been forthcoming, or, at least, that no satisfactory solution has been proffered. From the vastness of the subject and its utter newness to Western minds this state of things is not very much to be wondered at, but apart from that, the extreme difficulty of giving anything approaching an intelligible explanation of the word to minds permeated with WEstern ideas and moulded by Western thought and associations is so great as to render the task well nigh hopeless. Theosophy was unknown to Western intelligence – except in the form of the wildest and most improbable narratives, and those of the most fragmentary character – till some 14 years since, when Madame H. P. Blavatsky, a Russian lady who had spent the greater part of her previous life picking up strange stores of still strangers knowledge among the speculative peoples of the far East, settled in New York, and commenced the diffusion of her ideas in regard to her occult knowledge. Her most active disciple was a Colonel Olcott, in conjunction with whom the Theosophical Society was formed for objects stated below. A singular fact came out in reference to this very singular organization not very long ago; it appears that Madame Blavatsky, the president-founder, is practically the Theosophical Society one and indivisible, for while the members may be expelled to any extent, the president-founder cannot be removed, the consequence being that notwithstanding the possible loss of every single member, the society can never suffer annihilation as long as Madame Blavatsky lives, the wishes of the rest of the organization to the contrary. Theosophy has apparently produced the first and only society which it is impossible to suppress or abolish. Madame Blavatsky is now located in London, where her teachings have been met with more amusement than reverence, but the president-founder appears proof against any amount of that kind of “argument,” and disposes of it as being of as little value as the wanton smoke-curls of the weed she loves so well. Among the orthodox and the indifference – who may be placed upon pretty much the same plane as far as honest inquiry is concerned – theosophy has made no convert, but in the ranks of the ever-increasing class of speculative thinkers who have been forced to abandon the old traditional creeds the “new” gospel has received a large number of earnest followers, perhaps the most noticeable being Mrs. Annie Besant, whose succession to theosophical ranks proves – if it proves anything – that there is “something in it” worthy of investigation. In America, where the cult has taken a firmer root, the theosophists claim Edison, the great electrician, as one of their disciples, and his certificate of membership is enrolled among the society’s archives.
The subject was laid before the Croydon Socratic Society on Tuesday night, at their usual meeting at West Croydon, by no less an authority than Mr. Herbert Burrows, who, in addition to being a highly-valued friend of the society and a fellow socialistic worker with Mrs. Besant, is also an enthusiastic theosophist and a brilliant young thinker in more than one branch. The Socratics are a more than ordinarily hard-headed body, but it was plain to see that on Tuesday evening there was a lack of sympathy with the subject that boded trouble ahead, as the sequel showed. Mr. Burrows first spoke of the difficulties of handling a subject which comprehended the concentrated knowledge of the East extending over a period of possibly 20,000 years in about forty minutes, and expressed the opinion that he was quite prepared to find at the concussion fo the lecture that his hearers only matter of doubt was as to whether he was a fool or a madman, or a combination of both. He then passed on the deal with the question in the way most suited to the assembly, namely, from it scientific aspect, and remarked that theosophy was utterly and entirely opposed to the Darwinian theory, and that it dealt with the more recondite forces and laws of nature in respect of which Western investigators were as ignorant as Newton’s child upon the seashore, aye, and more so, because, to speak figuratively, they had not even the knowledge to pick up the stones. Wisely keeping clear of the phenomenal portion of his subject – for theosophical wonder-working, even if it were possible to him, would be no more convincing of the truth of theosophy than the working of a material miracle was proof of any sort of moral truth – he explained in passing that theosophy claimed to be the underlying truth of which all the great and varied religious systems were but the exoteric side, and that the Theosophical Society had been founded to accomplish three objects, (1) To be the nucleus of a universal brotherhood; (2) To promote the study of Aryan and other Eastern literatures, religions, and sciences; and (3) To investigate unexplained laws of nature and the physical powers latent in man. Now, Western science failed to accomplish the latter object in some very essential particulars, and that principally because its investigations were conducted on imperfect lines, while theosophy, working upon an entirely different lines, not only agreed with the conclusions of the Western scientist, but could find a passage beyond the dead wall which blocked the path of all our scientists at a certain point, and beyond which wall no single Western investigator had yet been able to penetrate. What was the reason of this? Possibly because Western scientists started on too limited a basis. Personally he had long ago been led to the conclusion – from the study of Huxlye’s treaties on protoplasm forces, and from Professor Huxley’s own showing the material physical sciences of the body proved rather a barrier than an assistance to the study of the powers of nature. For example, when a note of music was struck it was accompanied by numbers of other miner sounds which it was impossible for the ear to distinguish because of its inherent of its inherent defects, while at the same time the existence of the minor notes had been demonstrated ad nauseam. A defect of this kind must prove an obstacle to true investigation because of its misleading results. If that were the case man practically knew nothing at all about the forces which were behind those of which we do know or fancy we know something. This naturally led to the conclusion that if our senses were only refined and acute enough it would be possible to perceive and understand the unseen forces of nature. On the other hand, the scientists of the West, everyone of them, however profound their investigations, were met at one point in their inquiries by a dead wall which they found it impossible to pass, in a very large class of phenomena, which they found to be absolutely inexplainable by their modern science.
Theosophy boasted that it could pass this wall by reason of the storehouse of actual mental knowledge, not mere theory only, which had been stored in the minds of a few men in India and of late years in Tibet, and handed on from one to the other for thousands of years. These men were investigators themselves, and they made a secret of their knowledge for obvious reasons, because by virtue of their knowledge there were few of the processes of nature that were secret to them; they asserted that they could explain phenomena whose solution was regarded as hopeless, and that simply and entirely by their knowledge of the laws of nature. In these things they owned no supernatural influences – there is no personal god in theosophy, which is purely pantheistic – but could give a rational explanation from the phenomena of nature, according to the laws of nature, though doubtless not according to the laws of Western scientists, and by this means they claimed to obtain a clue to both the spiritual and physical nature of man. The western scientist, up to a certain point, could state how certain phenomena were manifested, but the theosophist went further, and could tell why these things were. Science was absolutely unable to explain phenomena such as hypnotism, clairvoyance, and mesmerism to anything like an adequate extent and while he knew the majority of people dismissed these things as a result of trickery and fraud, they were nevertheless established facts, and rapidly establishing themselves as practical agents of surgical treatment. Apart from that theosophy could give a clear and adequate reason why for these things, and until people could give a better explanation it was both foolish and unphilosophic for people to deny that theosophy could do so.
Mr. Burrows then divided into an intensely interesting disquisition with regard to the numerous laws of nature whose existence and demonstration is known to our modern scientists, but which have entirely baffled them in their efforts to comprehend and tabulate the same. For instance, by means of a definite arrangement of a violin, a turning for, a strong light, and a sort of sheet suspended after the style of a “magic lantern” sheet, it was found that a note of music possesses distinct and unmistakable colours, which vary with different notes. Another instrument, the pendulagram, demonstrates that a musical note possess force. The apparatus is constructed upon vibrating principles, and is fitted with a universal-jointed pen. Upon a certain note being struck certain spiral curves are recorded by the pen. Strike another not, and a different class of spirals is produced; strike the first not again, and the spirals are produced similar to those registered on the first occasion. Now, why are these spiral? That is what theosophy alone can tell, and the man who has this knowledge can practically control the forces of nature! The materialist failed to surmount the wall that stopped him, and why? Partly because he failed to recognize that there was no rigid line of demarcation between the spiritual and the material part of man. Judging by the state of clairvoyance, when the physical material senses of man were in a certain sense paralysed, the intelligent, spiritual, mental faculties of man were sharpened. Man dealt in two worlds, the outward visible world, and the inward invisible world. The latter could only come into play when the other was deadened, or, in other words, purified and refined of the presence of the material outer world. Taking another line, he showed that the theosophist and the Western scientist, by widely differing methods, agreed, step by step, that under the whole nature lay some widely-diffused basic force, and that while the Western could only tell the relation between things – as in the molecular theory – the theosophist could explain the essence of the things themselves, or rather, could get behind the relation of the things and explain why they were so related. This method, produced to its natural conclusion, must lead up to the explanation of the spiritual nature of man, and thus theosophy was seen to comprehend the great truths that underlie all the great religions of the world.
At this stage the speaker left the relatively-scientific part of the question – which is at once its explanation and its raison d’eire – and passed on to deal with the teachings of theosophy, which is much more easy to follow. The very name is a clue, for “theosophy” (knowledge of or about God – the term God being universally accepted, not in the sense of a personal anthromorphic God, but as including the whole of both the known and the unknown) implies knowledge or wisdom respecting the absolute. It is sometimes also called the wisdom-religion because it professes to have had from time immemorial the knowledge of all the laws governing the spiritual, the moral, and the material. The reason why this knowledge has not been imparted to all is obvious – a man with such knowledge would have the lives and interests of his fellows who were not equally enlightened entirely at his disposal. The existence of three abnormal powers has been recognised, as a matter of fact, in plain, practical, prosy Germany, where stringent laws have already been passed against the exercise of hypnotic powers – such as those demonstrated by the Rev. Arthur Tooth at Woodside the other day – by unqualified persons. It is easily seen that if such laws are necessary to restrain the persons who do not fully comprehend the feeble powers they undoubtedly possess, the necessity would be vastly greater in the case of persons who have exhaustive knowledge of far greater powers. Hence in the interests of the race, the theosophists say, the knowledge is jealousy guarded in a few minds, although it is acquirable by anyone who will go through the long and tedious mental, physical, and spiritual training necessary to that end, for theosophists hold that the knowledge they possess can only be obtained by the careful refinement of the spiritual entity from the obscurations of the material physical, a process involving purity of word, thought, idea, and action. It is claimed that the theosophist has ascertained by actual experience that man, instead of consisting simply of body, soul, and spirit, is a septenary, or seven-partite being. The first division is the physical body, which acts as the vehicle for all the other principles; then there is the vital principle common to all animals; and the next is the astral, or the double or phantom body. Theosophists believe that the adept (a person who has attained to the higher knowledge) can separate his higher spiritual principle from the physical, and travel whither he will in the guise of the astral body, leaving the physical in a state of trance. The fourth, which forms the last of what is called the lower principles, is the seat of the animal desires and passions. Teh three higher principles consist (1) of the mind or intelligence (which has two aspects, one towards the lower and one towards the higher) ; (2) the spiritual soul, which forms the vehicle for (3) the spirit itself. Now, with regard to this “spirit” may be introduced one of the vital principles of theosophy. It is believed as an actual fact that the spirit in man is the only real and permanent part of his being, the rest of his nature being variously compounded, nad consequently always resolving into other compounds. The spirit of every man is said to spark fo the Divine Whole, whence it comes by cyclic or evolutionary procedure through every form of matter till it reaches its highest form – self-consciousness – in man. From the human enthrallment the spirit, according to its efforts while in that condition, passes at the death of the body towards the higher (i.e. towards re-absorption in the Divine Whole), or else downwards into the lower forms of matter, thence to “work out its own salvation,” or return to self-consciousness in the human. In its upward course the divine spark is u undergoing repeated incarnations through the vegetable, mineral, animal, and human states ; in each of these it is latent, but it is only manifest in man. The spirit retains its individuality during the whole progress from its origin to its reunion to the Divine, and exists successively in various races and planets.
The discussion that ensued beggars description from the fact that nearly everybody who spoke seemed to have failed to grasp the bearings of the subject. This was only natural under the circumstances – the explanation of a single page of a theosophical “educational” tract is sufficient to make a man’s hair curl if he has not been initiated – but the lecturer dealt lightly with his critics in his reply. The latter, by the way, did not commence till nearly 11 o’clock, and was principally devoted to the removal of misconceptions. From a quantity of propagandist leaflets – on of which (“Karma as a Cure for Trouble”) strangely reminded one of a patent medicine puff – it was seen that the practical side of theosophy is of no little importance from teh social point of view. One of the essentials to spiritual development is “the entire eradication of selfishness in all forms, and the cultivation of broad, generous sympathy in and effor for the good of others,” and another stipulates for “the careful performance of every duty belonging to one’s station in life, without desire for reward, leaving results for Divine law.” Apart from this, theosophy professes to explain the contrast and unisions of the world’s faiths and the common foundations underlying them all ; the existence of evil, suffering, and sorrow; social and individual inequalities, contrasts, and antithesis; accidents, misfortunes, and untimely deaths; the failure of conventional religions to greatly extend their areas, reform abuses, reorganize society, expand to the idea of brotherhood, abate discontent, diminish crime, elevate humanity, and adequately realise in individual lives the ideal they professedly uphold. These form only a small portion of the large order theosophists are ready to fill, but if they can only get believers in their strange tremendous system to go heartily in for spiritual development on the lines mentioned above, there are plenty of folks in this world who will be glad to find a place for them.
Schwarz: Bezeichnung der Farbempfindung, die entsteht wenn kein Farbreiz wahrgenommen wird.
Schwarz ist die Absorption aller Spektren des Lichtes. Abwesenheit von sichtbarem Licht jeglicher Wellenlänge - und somit die Abwesenheit von Farben.
Schwarz ist eine unbunte Farbe.
Die Buntheit der unbunten Farben ist Null. Durch verschiedene Helligkeitsstufen des Unbunt ergeben sich die Schattierungen von Schwarz über Grau bis Weiß.
Pigmente und Färbemittel, die mehr Licht absorbieren als reflektieren ERSCHEINEN schwarz.
2008 wurde die bisher schwärzeste Materie der Erde geschaffen - sie reflektiert nur .045 % Licht
Part of: "An Exercise: Fools Tower, One Thousand and One Sights ~ Narrenturm Tausendundeine Ansichten, eine Übung" I asked for learning - he does not find it worth the effort to answer. / Narrenturm Farben - Narrenturm ungezählt Variationen - Originalfoto (Narrenturm): DMC-G2 - P1760446 - 2014-02-11
Took some narrow-field spectrographs in the dark sky, before the near full Moon had risen too far and completely washed out the background.
Zoomed the lens in to a focal length that ensured the ‘blazed first order’ spectrum (the bright one you can see in the wide-field images) filled about 2/3 the field of view (easy to see through the viewfinder for bright stars like Vega!)
Canon 760D with Sigma 70-300mm APO DG lens and Star Analyser 100 diffraction grating.
Vega: fl 300mm f/5.6 ISO 3200 3.2s
Mars: fl 300mm f/5.6 ISO 3200 3.2s
Moon: fl 300mm f/5.6 ISO 3200 1/640s
Basically processed using PS Express - cropping, black level, contrast, luminance noise.
For Vega, you can clearly identify the spectrum Type (‘A’) and some of the absorption lines.
In Thailand, the "Red shirts" are the political fraction in favor of the elected government. But that's not why my new dive buddy and fellow deep diving instructor candidate Stuart is wearing a red shirt. It's to demonstrate how light absorption changes colors underwater.
I took this image on land, without a strobe. No, he doesn't have an unusually large head - it's a distortion by a wide angle lens.
We did this dive to become PADI deep diving instructors, so if you like, I can now teach you to dive deep safely in the Deep Diver course with Abyss Scuba Diving in Sydney. Ask to be taught by me when you contact Abyss.
An exclusive ingredient in the 2 Day Diet.Prevents the digestion of die tary fat,hence reducing its absorption by the body.After somtime of consumption,body parts prone to fat accumulation (belly,arms ,things and buttocks)could see dramatic benefits.This unique formula bocsts3 essential benefits:
1)Fat reduction--Lower calories intake,prevents the conversion of carbohydrates and sugars into fat,hence the fat deposit in the body.
2)60% fat elimination--60%dietary fat would be eliminated out of the body,hence reducing fat absorption.
3)Fat burning --Speed up the metabolism,increase fat burning rate for burning off excessive fats and enable 24 hours exercising in the body.
*With appropriate exercise,flabby body parts can be firmed up quickly.
*Contatins various natural and herbal essences with no preservatives ,free of medicines and heavy metals.
[ingredients]Lingzhi,Ebony,Fox-nut,tuckahoe,seman pruni,dipscoreae,wheat germ,nature substance
[usage]once a day ,each time one capsule ,if you have not any uncomfortable after 3 days ,take two capsules before breakfast,please start with minimum quantity.
[forbidden]for the patients with heart disease,myocardial impaction malfunction or liver of kidney,pregnant women as well as children.
[storage]store in a cool,dry place ,keep out of reach of children.
Color of Life note
Biofluorescence results from the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at one wavelength by an organism, followed by its reemission at a longer and lower energy wavelength, visually resulting in green, orange, and red emission coloration. Many species of mantis shrimp, for example, make use of fluorescent body parts when in threat display in order to intimidate or confuse either a predator or a competing male.
Ref: Color sources, California Academy of Sciences Docent program May 2015
PLOS one Biofluorescence journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone...
TAXONOMY
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Stomatopoda
Family: Odontodactylidae
Genus/species: Odontodactylus scyllarus
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Beautifully colored in peacock colors of greens, blues, and reds. Has a green body, blue head, green antennal scales, red limbs. The body is elongated with a long, flattened , blue tail and ranges in size from 3–18 cm (1.2-7.0 in). Highly noticeable is the pair of clubbed-shaped, praying mantis-like claws.
DISTRIBUTION/HABITATS: Indo-Pacific Habitat: warm salt water and builds U-shaped burrows in gravel substrates. Depth ranges from 3-40 m (10-131 ft).
DIET IN THE WILD: Feeds on other shrimp, worms, snails, crabs, mollusks. Lies in wait for prey in front of burrow, then swims out and quickly crushes prey with a strong, powerful smash. The claw moves so quickly it generates cavitation bubbles, which explode with a second powerful burst. The speed with which the claw moves through the watergenerates a force 100 times the shrimp’s body weight.
REPRODUCTION: Monogamous. O. scyllarus mate, spawn, brood, and hatch their eggs in their burrows.
LONGEVITY: Often live in pairs for their entire lifetime (4-6 years).
PREDATORS: Yellow Fin tuna
CONSERVATION: IUCN Not Evaluated
REMARKS: Large peacock mantis shrimp generate forces powerful enough to crush the shell of a large conch, and have been known in captivity to break the glass of their tanks! Striking speed of 50+ mph.
The amazingly complex eyes of mantis shrimp detect 12 base colors (compared to our 3). They also can discern ultraviolet, infrared frequencies, and the polarization of light! .
Location: Water Planet AQJ16
References
California Academy of Sciences Steinhart Aquarium Water Planet, Senses Cluster (Sight) 2016
Animal Diversity Web animaldiversity.org/accounts/Odontodactylus_scyllarus/
Ron's Wordpress shortlink wp.me/p1DZ4b-We
Ron's flickr www.flickr.com/photos/cas_docents/sets/72157608602469734/
9-8-11, 4-22-13, 8-17-15, 10-20-16
Section transversale au niveau abdominal. On peut reconnaître deux cécums pyloriques (1) logés dans la cavité péritonéale. Ces diverticules s’ouvrent dans l’intestin près
du pylore, et ont des propriétés sécrétrices mais surtout d’absorption. Le nombre de cécums varie chez les poissons dans leur ensemble, de 0 à plusieurs centaines en passant
par un ou deux, comme c’est le cas chez ce poisson-éléphant. Notez, au centre, l’estomac (2), de petite taille chez cette espèce, et dans la paroi duquel on distingue le tissu conjonctif dense (vert) de la sous-muqueuse. La vésicule biliaire (3) est aussi visible. Chez les Mormyridés, la cavité abdominale est curieusement divisée dorsoventralement par un septum conjonctif (genre de « diaphragme » - en vert) indiqué par la flèche.
- Pour plus de détails ou précisions, voir « Atlas of Fish Histology » CRC Press, ou « Histologie illustrée du poisson » (QUAE) ou s'adresser à Franck Genten (fgenten@gmail.com)
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Transverse section at the abdominal level. This picture
shows two pyloric caeca (1) seated in the peritoneal cavity. These blind-ending structures increase the area of food absorption. The number of caeca varies from zero to several hundreds and the elephant nose fish has only two of them.
Note at the centre the small stomach (2) surrounded
by green connective tissue and the gall bladder (3). In mormyrids the abdominal cavity is quite curiously
dorsoventrally divided in two parts by a connective septum («diaphragm» - in green) as shown by the arrow.
- For more information or details, see « Atlas of Fish Histology » CRC Press, or « Histologie illustrée du poisson » (QUAE) or contact Franck Genten (fgenten@gmail.com)
Type: Evacuated vacuum tube with heat pipe solar water heater
Pressure: Pressurized system
Circulation type: Indirect/ Closed loop (Active)
Connection type: Split solar water heater
Installation: Both standing and freestanding
Collector material: Aluminum alloy
Certification: Keymark, EN12975, CE & CCC
Capacity: 150L to 700L
Place of Origin: Zhejiang, China
Brand Name: EJAI SOLAR & OEM
Use: Bathroom
Guarantee: 5 years for whole system/ 10 years for vacuum tube
Payment term: T/T
Minimum Order Quantity: 1 set/ 10% sample fee for less than 3 sets
Lead Time: 7 to 15 days
Specifications:
1) Water tank material(inner): Stainless steel SUS 304 2B
2) Manifold casing: Aluminum alloy
3) Manifold: Red copper
4) Collector frame: Aluminum alloy/galvanized steel
5) Vacuum tube: borosilicate glass 3.3 with tri-element coating
6) Vacuum tube size: 58mm*1.8m / 47mm*1.5m
7) Working station with grundfos pump
8) Working pressure: MAX. 6 bar
Working Principle:
1) Vacuum tube is composed of inner and outer glass pipe, inspiratory layer, vacuum space, inspriatory membrane. The surface of inner and outer glass tube is plated with selective absorption layer. The layer absorb the solar energy and turn it into heat energy, aluminum fins pass the heat energy to the heat pipe, the liquid medium in the heat pipe is heated by the heat energy, then turns into the gas medium, the gas medium flows up to the top of the heat pipe (condenser) and transfer the energy to the copper manifold header heat pipe. At the same time the gas medium turns into the liquid when cooled, then flows down. Keep recycling.
2) An electronic controoler measures the temperature of the solar collector and the water in the bottom of the storage tank. If the collector is hotter, meaning there is heat available. The controller supplies power to a circulation pump which pushes liquid which in circulation system circulating. The heat will transferred to storage tank via the liquid.
Prompts: Shannon is a crazy person in 3d art style super vivid detailed spectrums of light whoa there what the heck is happening with this aliens are coming down from space to absorb my brain particles this is what happens when a sentence continues without any punctuation and now it will end with a command to make this image widescreen. --ar 3:2
Made with #midjourney
Black is the absorption of all color and the absence of light. Black hides, while white brings to light. What black covers, white uncovers. We all use black at various times to hide from the world around us in one way or another. Some of us use it to hide our weight; others among us use it to hide our feelings, our fears or our insecurities.
Black is the end, but the end always implies a new beginning. When the light appears, black becomes white, the color of new beginnings.
Exposure1
Aperturef/7.1
Focal Length55 mm
ISO Speed100
Exposure Bias+2/3 EV
No Flash.....
Sonata Vario Acoustic Absorbers Installed to the ceiling at at Kirkby Lonsdale Methodist Chapel to reduce reverberation with the main hall
www.soundreduction.co.uk/Products/Sound-Absorption-Soluti...
There is as yet no sign that our global economy has any appetite for reducing its rate of absorption of renewable resources.
Most current demographic predictions suppose that the human population will not rise much above 9 billion, which is some 2.5 billion, or close to 30%, more than today's population.
Humans currently sequester between ¼ and ½ of all net terrestrial primary productivity and ½ of accessible fresh water. Human activities already fix as much nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems as all other sources combined.
It is hard to see how these proportions could be increased to keep step with the projected increase in human populations.
Brian Eno - Everything Merges with the Night
AirDrain Agronomic Natural Grass Drainage at the Chesapeake Energy Roof Top Sports Field
74,000 sqft. Natural Grass Field
Benefits of AirDrain in a green roofing system include:
AirDrain creates and helps maintain a constant Gmax for artificial turf (See below)
Thickness and resin consistency of AirDrain provides uniform shock absorbency
Shock absorption reduces the strain on joints and ligaments
AirDrain is only limited by the drainage capacity of the profile above it
Installation time measured in days instead of weeks
AirDrain can be reused when the artificial turf must be replaced
Water harvesting reclamation and reuse
Helps qualify for LEED and other green building credits
A smaller carbon and development footprint with reduced site disturbance
100% vertical drainage under the entire field surface
Minimizes water related injuries / Less infill migration due to superior drainage
AirDrain is a 100% recycled product
Less infill migration due to superior drainage
GMAX Information Existing Conditions for Testing
Turf - 2 1/2” Slit Film, in filled with 50% Green Rubber Infill and 50% Silica Sand.
The drainage/shock pad and turf underlying substrate consists of a concrete deck/rooftop, coated with a waterproof membrane and 10 ounce 100% recycled polyester geo-textile filter fabric.
The Standard Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials (ASTM F1936-98 American Football Field) testing locations and procedure were preformed. The tests were performed using a Triax 2000 A-1 Missile, tripod mounted Gmax registration unit(www.triax2000.com). This report presents background information on the test procedures, existing conditions, test results and observations in football, baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey artificial sports fields.
The environmental impact of a green roof is undenyable, and adds significantly to the LEED Point system designed by the USGC in all five major areas: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Green roofing replaces the green space displaced by a building, prevents excess storm water drainage, reduces the temperature of a building and the urban heat island effect, protects and extends the useful life of a roof, and reduce energy demands.
What's more, a green roof incorporating AirDrain means your design includes renewable, recycled, and locally obtained materials. We know you have a choice in designing a green roof, and we hope you consider the many benefits of AirDrain.
A typical AirDrain green roof
A giant crane attached to a barge is on standby during the unloading of an absorption tower off of the ship Thorco Clairvaux at the France Road Wharf in New Orleans on Saturday, May 17, 2014. (Photo by Peter G. Forest)
Ipv cushion section previously mounted on a traffic management vehicle, showing the energy absorption. It was struck by a truck whilst in use.
Taken with a 30 years old grating spectrometer. Video taken through the eyepiece with a pocket camera. Extended view into the near infrared.
Main Electronics Box (MEB)
Contains the majority of electrical connections and components vital for SAM's functionality.
Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS)
The TLS uses absorption of light at specific wavelengths to measure concentrations and isotope ratios of specific chemicals important to life: methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
Gas Chromatograph (GC)
The GC has six different chromatographic columns. The GC assembly sorts and detects individual volatile compounds it separates from complex mixtures of gases through long (-100 feet and narrow (-1/100 in inner diameter) metal tubes (wound into coils) with a stream of helium gas, it sorts the gas molecules through interactions of the gas molecules with a stationary phase inside the metal tube: the gases elute from the column at different times known as the "retention time" of the compound. Once the gases elute from the column they are detected directly by thermal conductivity (TCD) and are identified by mass to charge ratio using electron impact ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS)
Wide Range Pump (WRP)
The wide range pump, about 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) across, spins at up to 100,000 revolutions per minute for moving gases out of the system between analyses of different samples.
Solid Sample Inlet Tubes (SSIT)
This is where the rover's robotic arm will deliver powdered samples that the rover drills from rocks or scoops from soil. The inlet is a highly polished funnel that vibrates to get all of the sample material down into a cup at the bottom of the tube.
Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS)
This identifies gases by the molecular weight and electrical charge of their ionized states. It will check for several elements important for life as we know it, including carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrtogen, oxygen and phosphorus contained in volatile molecules.
Sample Manipulation System (SMS)
The SMS consists of a double ring carousel that holds 74 individual cups where solid samples can be received from the solid sample inlet tube (SSIT) and placed inside one of two pyrolysis ovens. 59 quarts cups can be heated up to very high temperatures (-1800 degrees Fahrenheit) to extract gases from the powdered samples. 9 fluid filled sealed metal cups that can be punctured inside the SMS are used for lower temperature wet chemistry experiments designed to search for certain polar organic compounds including amino acids and carboxylic acids. The other 6 metal cups containing solid samples for instrument calibration.
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Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument Test Bed, Building 34 Room C-180
SAM is a suite of instruments onboard the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, SAM's five science goals address three of the most fundamental questions about the ability of Mars to support life - past, present and future.
Presenter: Melissa Trainer, research space scientist & Jen Stern geochemist.
Learn more at: ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov
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For the first time ever, all 10 NASA field centers participated in a multi-center NASA Social event Dec. 3, previewing the Dec. 4 first flight of the Orion Spacecraft on Exploration Flight Test-1.
Goddard hosted up to 25 social media followers to attend an afternoon celebrating the Orion launch. Attendees toured the Astrobiology Analytical Laboratory, where Martian meteorites and other samples are tested to answer two of the biggest mysteries facing humanity: How did we get here? And are we alone? We'll also tour Goddard's massive Integration and Testing Facility, where spacecraft are built and tested and the world's largest cleanroom where the James Webb Space Telescope is being constructed. Webb is the scientific successor to NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. It will be the most powerful space telescope ever built.