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SPANISH CIVIL WAR – Part Six

By the second half of 1938, several Republican cities had been fallen into Nationalists hand. General Rojo, had criticised the actions of his men saying, “It will take a long time for the leaders of our army to behave properly”, and was aware that while the Rebels had been breaking through Aragon, Barcelona was being bombed almost daily. The Republicans, who felt abandoned after the Munich Agreement and the impassivity of the international leaders, started to suffer desertions. Trapped in the defensive lines of Catalonia, the Republicans incited the Battle of the Ebro River. The Republican charges initially broke the Nationalist columns, but then, the Italian and German planes made the advance impossible and the Republican forces had to cross the Ebro River again and return to their defences. The Republicans suffered around 40,000 casualties, with 20,000 being captured and later imprisoned or shot at the end of the battle. The Italian troops entered in Catalonia facing resistance, and conquered Barcelona in a few days. The massive exile of Republican loyalists triggered France into closing the borders, which provoked the capture of 60,000 soldiers and civilians who were running away from the Republicans. Menorca surrendered at the beginning of 1939, and all the forces there went into exile to avoid capture. With a failed Nationalist coup in Cartagena, the Republicans lost the Navy. In the meantime, in Madrid, Coronel Casado had surrendered and delivered the city to Franco, what provoked a fight inside the own Republican forces defencing the city. Valencia and La Mancha fell immediately. All the Republican politicians had gone into exile, to France (where they would be later captured by the Gestapo), the UK, or Mexico, had been shot or imprisoned. The war was over. The dictatorship was on.

 

Caption: A Nationalist soldier, probably an Italian volunteer from the Corpo Truppe Volontarie, stands behind a destroyed cannon in Valencia, Spain, 1937.

 

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Uploaded on September 25, 2017