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thin circular slices of lithium niobate , called wafers, are sliced from the crystal boule. They are polished, oriented in the proper crystal cut so they can provide substrates suitable for the fabrication of modulator chips.
Peanut Butter and Jam Sandwich chocolate bars this week on The Chocolate Apprentice ……Here's the full story
Ultraviolet Grade Fused Silica wafers encompass a high transparency in the ultraviolet spectral range. The transmission in the VIS and UV is approx. 90 % hence only reflection losses and drops between 220 and 150 nm down to 0 %. In the infrared range, the comparable high OH-concentration of normally 1000 ppm which causes absorption bands for wavelengths > 1.2 μm.
Wafers with 68% cocoa cream.
5 pieces. 4 wafer layers. 9cm x 2cm x 1.5cm. wafer, cocoa smell.
Wafer slightly chewy, sweetish, pleasant. Cream doesn't influence taste much.
For centuries, the traditional Carlsbad wafers helped shape the unique atmosphere of the famous spa town. Their airy lightness, singular aroma and delicious taste have seduced many a famous person. Among others, the spa wafers were relished by the Russian Tsar Peter the Great, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and famous poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller.
Although the wafers are typical for Carlsbad, their beginnings lie in obscurity. Sweet round wafers are first documented by the preserved baking pans, the so-called oplatnice, the oldest of which date approximately to the second third of the 18th century. Back then, the delicacy was only 13 cm in diameter, but already richly decorated. The first written record of Carlsbad wafers comes from the guidebook to Carlsbad from 1788. This documents a tradition of home-made wafers which lasted for another eighty years until the 1860s, when the popularity of the spa wafers had grown so much that home-made wafers alone could no longer satisfy the demand and the first large-scale bakery opened. Source: www.kvoplatky.cz/en/
Three different sanders- two treen originals, one ceramic reproduction. I use one for pounce (ground gum sandarach) to smooth unfinished paper- common in lower class households/inns etc. but becoming less common in upper class households.
The other two I use for finishing off a letter/dealing with mistakes- they contain ground chalk in one and ground cuttlefish in the other- both work very well to absorb excess ink.- The pad of linen contains ground gum sandarach and is used to prepare large sheets of paper.
I finally found where the Vegetised Wafers started and licensed from. Aulsebrooks made them in New Zealand, Mills & Ware in Western Australia and The Phoenix Biscuit Company in Victoria, This image from the year 1929. Unknown origin. From eBay vendor's listing.
A specialized manufacturer of Wafer Electric Knife Gate Valve, Wafer Electric Knife Gate Valve Products, Chinese Manufacturer.
www.cryscore.com/silicon-on-sapphire.html
A Brief Introduction of Silicon on Sapphire Technology
Silicon on sapphire (SOS) technology is a hetero-epitaxial process for metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing that consists of a thin layer (typically thinner than 0.6 µm) of silicon grown on a sapphire (Al2O3) wafer. SOS is part of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) family of CMOS (complementary MOS) technologies. Typically, high-purity artificially grown sapphire crystals are used.
The silicon is usually deposited by the decomposition of silane gas (SiH4) on heated sapphire substrates. The advantage of sapphire is that it is an excellent electrical insulator, preventing stray currents caused by radiation from spreading to nearby circuit elements. SOS faced early challenges in commercial manufacturing because of difficulties in fabricating the very small transistors used in modern high-density applications.
This is because the SOS process results in the formation of dislocations, twinning and stacking faults from crystal lattice disparities between the sapphire and silicon. Additionally, there is some aluminum, a p-type dopant, contamination from the substrate in the silicon closest to the interface.
Why is Silicon on Sapphire Technology So Important to Integrated Circuit
Due to sapphire has high permittivity that can eliminate the interaction between components of the integrated circuit, not only can reduce leakage current and parasitic capacitance, enhance radiation resistance and reduce power consumption but also can improve the level of integration and two-layer wiring, thus, sapphire is the ideal material for large scale and very large scale integrated circuit.
Silicon on sapphire technology provides ideal isolation and reduces the parasitic capacitance at the bottom of the PN junction, so it is suitable for high-speed large scale integrated circuits to achieve high speed and low power consumption. This process is generally used to make CMOS circuits.
In addition, in the SOS microelectronic circuit design and production, all kinds of semiconductor devices usually need to make on the structural integrity silicon thin film, and because thermal expansion coefficient of silicon is similar to sapphire, a silicon monocrystalline film (100) can be grown on the surface orientation(1-102) of the sapphire substrate by heteroepitaxy.
At present, sapphire crystal has become a widely used substrate for the growth of semiconductor materials.
Part of the 'Edible Games Tea Party' Art Piece by Kirsty Bell.
This exhibition is about the interactions of a traditional Tea Party where there would be cakes and sweets on offer, mixed with the common ideals that an art piece should not be touched. By the end of the 3 day exhibition at NUCA she had used 3 of the Checkered Boards and 4 lots of the Pink Wafer Jenga.