View allAll Photos Tagged visually
A visually erratic Snow geese in flight video, taken at Middle Creek Wildlife Management Area in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The geese lifted off and resettled after a bald eagle flew over.
.
.
.
2020 0223 345
"與立法會議員暢談"—立法會綜合大樓午間音樂表演（表演學校：心光盲人院暨學校）
"与立法会议员畅谈"—立法会综合大楼午间音乐表演（表演学校：心光盲人院暨学校）
"Meeting with Members"—music performance at the Legislative Council Complex (Performing school: Ebenezer School and Home for the Visually Impaired) (2017.10.20)
Visually stunning, anthropologically profound, exotic and remote. Especially still the latter in 1993.
1993 and timeless, the Classic Saab 900 design goes back to origins in 1968, and was pretty much unchanged visually the last 15 years of it's production.
little larger for the visually impared and old gits: www.flickr.com/photos/asboluv/4312967519/sizes/l/
Grafik Warfare @ Graffik Gallery
Under the title of ‘HAZARDOUS WASTE’ the artists will transform the gallery space into a toxic waste dump incorporating artwork from all artists in the crew including original canvas pieces, limited edition prints, black book sketches as well as boundary pushing mediums and installations typically associated with this unique crew. Graffik London is delighted to be hosting this exhibition for such a promising collective of graffiti artists. The show will
run from February 26th until February 28th with the buyers’ night on the February 25th (invite only)
Snub23 www.flickr.com/photos/snub/
Defacto www.flickr.com/photos/ashab23/
Hutch www.flickr.com/photos/streetkonst/
Isthisyou? www.flickr.com/photos/isthisyou/
FarkFK www.flickr.com/photos/farkfk/
Mishfit www.flickr.com/photos/mishfit
Foundry www.flickr.com/photos/foundry5
DeLarge www.flickr.com/photos/delarge
Sinna www.flickr.com/photos/sinna1/
Germ www.flickr.com/photos/germ/
The Lover www.flickr.com/photos/streetpunks/
OrticaNoodles www.flickr.com/photos/orticanoodles/
LukeDaDuke www.flickr.com/photos/lukedaduke/
Orco www.flickr.com/photos/mynameisneale
Farm www.flickr.com/photos/farm_csk/
Asboluv www.flickr.com/photos/asboluv/
Leeks www.flickr.com/photos/observatoryleak/
Stickee www.flickr.com/photos/stickee/
Eyesaw www.flickr.com/photos/eye-saw/
Dan K www.flickr.com/photos/dankitchener/
M Squires www.flickr.com/photos/msquires/
Limbo www.flickr.com/photos/welcome-to-limbo/
Avian Security www.flickr.com/photos/jeepers/
Mono www.flickr.com/photos/lord_breakfast/
14BOLT www.flickr.com/photos/14bolt
Inside 44 Willoughby Road
Design: Mark Guard Architects
The design of the house takes cues from traditional Victorian studio houses in London. The massing is arranged to establish a freestanding floating box with a stepped connection to the adjoining property, which not only separates the house visually but also responds to the adjoining terrace of Victorian houses. The design also explores ideas of privacy. As large areas of glass are part of the studio house aesthetic, front and rear screens were developed to reduce overlooking from neighbouring windows during the day. Unlike surrounding houses this property has very little garden area. What garden is available is divided into one public and one private courtyard at the front, and a private courtyard at the rear. To increase the outdoor space balconies and terraces are provided at first and second floor levels. The interior of the house is largely open-plan. A protected escape route has been achieved through the use of discrete fire resisting pivot doors recessed into the walls and held open with electromagnets. These electromagnets release the doors in the event of a fire. SustainabilityThe house is of steel frame construction, built upon a reinforced concrete ground floor and basement structure. Concrete block infill form the walls and FSC sustainably sourced timber joists form the roof and upper floors.The roof and terraces are clad with insulation and an environmentally friendly single ply waterproof membrane. The thermally broken aluminum framed double-glazed units are filled with krypton gas. The external block walls are clad with insulation and a thin-coat self-cleaning through-coloured silicon render. The ‘U’ or thermal insulation values of each of these construction elements is approximately 40% greater than the values required by Building Regulations. Placing the insulation on the outside of the concrete block provides the interior of the house with a high thermal mass. By absorbing and releasing heat the thermal mass moderates the internal temperature, averaging out day/ night extremes thereby increasing comfort and reducing energy costs.The house has a 'wet' under-floor heating system and the hot water is provided by an unvented hot water cylinder. Both of these are pre-heated by a ground source heat pump which extracts heat from the earth via three 60m deep boreholes beneath the house. The heat extracted from the ground provides 75% of the energy needed to heat the house and hot water. Using an unvented hot water cylinder avoids the requirement for electric pumps for showers and the associated energy use. Apart from providing privacy, the screens at the front and rear of the house reduce solar heat gain during the summer months when the sun is at its highest. Further control of solar heat gain is achieved through the use of vertical Venetian blinds which can be angled to allow daylight but block any direct sunlight. During the winter months when the sun is at a lower angle, sunlight is able to penetrate the screens thereby taking advantage of solar heat gain. Photovoltaic solar panels are installed on the flat roof. Subject to weather conditions the system can provide over two thousand kilowatt hours or units of electricity per year, a savings of one ton of carbon annually. Rainwater is harvested from the main roof and stored in a tank on the second floor terrace and is used to irrigate the planters, garden and bin store green roof.
[Open House London]
Photo: Sue Stevens.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 16 No. 45 2003 www.cehjournal.org
"與立法會議員暢談"—立法會綜合大樓午間音樂表演（表演學校：心光盲人院暨學校）
"与立法会议员畅谈"—立法会综合大楼午间音乐表演（表演学校：心光盲人院暨学校）
"Meeting with Members"—music performance at the Legislative Council Complex (Performing school: Ebenezer School and Home for the Visually Impaired) (2017.10.20)
To complete the Library of Congress - National Library Service project from earlier this year, we created this tactile floor plan map in partnership with LightHouse for the Blind - San Francisco Bay Area. LightHouse created the 3D print map on acrylic, and we fabricated the custom freestanding table display in house. This map will replace an outdated sign in their main lobby, and will be used to direct visually impaired visitors in Washington DC.
2/90 Sign Systems
Grand Rapids, Michigan USA
For the visually impaired - the various Metro lines and stations are in braille, with different patterns/shapes for different color lines.
The National Disabled Veterans TEE Tournament is the brainchild of several employees of the Iowa City VA Medical Center, along with two visually impaired Iowa Veterans. These visionaries created the TEE Tournament, an acronym standing for TRAINING, EXPOSURE and EXPERIENCE. In 2008, it became one of six VA national rehabilitation programs for Veterans. The event expanded to include not only blind Veterans, but amputees, wheelchairbound Veterans, and those with other life changing disabilities. It takes place each year in Iowa City.
Visually impaired and other disabled Veterans roll for 300 during bowling events at the 2014 TEE Tournament.
Visually, the course was attractive - contrasting the golden quail and chutney against dark slate - it popped out, a seeming premonition of things to come. Taste wise, the chive topped quail was tender, warm and decently prepared (where one really can't go wrong with the honey-soy combination). Although my notes are sparse regarding this particular course, what I do recall was the pretty floral additions on the plate that made it a delight to the eyes; what I nearly forgot about, was that the course was served with a bite of foie gras and a spice chutney – a kind addition that was, in retrospect, unnecessary.
Honey and soy roasted quail, Landes foie gras and spiced pear chutney £9.50
Final Project: Photography IV
Color Digital
We Are The Ones
What is it like to be on the outside looking in? Do we feel invasive of another person’s privacy or do we take this time to view what we wouldn’t normally see?
As a visually creative person I’ve always been actively engaged in looking into people’s windows. Not as a “peeping tom”, but in the car diving by I’ll take a quick glimpse; looking for what I am able to see through any exposed windows. Sometimes I see nothing, but sometimes I catch a glimpse of something happening.
I find it interesting that today we are constantly able to watch people from the outside. The stream of social media allows us, without any disturbed thought, to know what a specific person is doing at that moment in time. Whether they’re at home, at work, or on vacation we are able to comfortably watch them in their environment.
With this series of photographs I am exploring an idea of being watched; the uncertain possibility of something or someone outside your window, looking in on you. The feeling we get when we are in our personal space and we sense that something from the outside is also sharing that same moment with us, when its not even certain that there is actually something out there. I am creating visuals to stimulate that feeling you get when looking out your window cause you think you saw something, ignoring it in hopes that it goes away, or being completely unaware to the strangeness sitting right next to you.
I am inviting the audience to step into my place for a moment, as the voyeur, and to consider my presence in the situation; understand my presence just the same as if I were viewing you through a monitor.
For, I am the one that watches. And you are the one that sees nothing.
Visually challenged student rocking with drum set @ Rakum Blind school, Indira nagar, Bangalore, India.
This event was organised by a group of like minded people have decided to get together and make a difference to a set of visually impaired children.
It was a fun evening with children of Rakum school. More Photos
Please make a differnce! Donate today! We live on what you give
A visually stunning cross between a panino and a savoury tart, made from hollowed round bread and filled with a plethora of different colours and tastes including artichokes, sundried tomato, mozzarella, chargrilled mushroooms, basil pesto and cipolline borrettane.
Bangkok's most unmissable attraction is of course the Grand Palace, and most specifically the temple complex of Wat Phra Kaew (Temple of the Emerald Buddha), famed for it's riot of coloured and gilded ornament, paintings and sculptures; quite simply, so visually stunning there is nothing quite like it anywhere else!
The Palace and Temple complex were begun in 1782, the year the capital was moved to Bangkok, and parts of the palace buildings betray 18th century European influence combined with traditional Thai style, such as the breathtaking gilt spires on the roof. Most of the interiors of the Palace itself are off limits to visitors since, although no longer the main residence of the Thai monarchy, it is frequently used for state functions and ceremonies.
The Wat Phra Kaew complex however is the greatest draw, famed for it's stunning architecture and the famous 'Yaksha' guardian figures that flank all the main entrances to the complex. These towering figures, with their rich colours and tapering crowns, represent demonic characters from the mythological epic the 'Ramakien', and are identifiable as distinct individuals, all here serving a benign, protective role.
The Ramakien is also the subject for a stunning sequence of wall paintings within the cloister that encirlces the entire site, illustrating in minute detail the battles of the heroic monkey warriors, led by the monkey god Hanuman, against the demonic armies and kingdoms of Tosakan.
The Temple of the Emerald Buddha itself forms the largest structure and contains the venerated (though small) Buddha image. The complex contains several other iconic buildings clad in sumptuous decor, most notably the library or 'mondop' with it's gilt spire along with the great golden stupa.
The temple complex is technically a royal chapel rather than a working monastery like most Thai temples as it has no resident monks (the sheer volume of visitors leaves little room for anyone else anyway!).
We had visited previously in 2010, but on that occasion were unable to enter the Emerald Buddha Temple itself, and certain other elements were under restoration, so this time we were able to focus more on those parts of the complex we were seeing for the first time.
"與立法會議員暢談"—立法會綜合大樓午間音樂表演（表演學校：心光盲人院暨學校）
"与立法会议员畅谈"—立法会综合大楼午间音乐表演（表演学校：心光盲人院暨学校）
"Meeting with Members"—music performance at the Legislative Council Complex (Performing school: Ebenezer School and Home for the Visually Impaired) (2017.10.20)
Visually styled after a generic sedan, no make and model in particular. Seats three.
More details on Brickshelf: www.brickshelf.com/cgi-bin/gallery.cgi?f=404587
The South Carolina State Library is pleased to host a free workshop on the Great American Eclipse 2017. This interactive and hands on training is specifically designed for visually impaired individuals and those who work with visually impaired populations, including special education teachers, early childhood specialists, teacher aides, paraprofessionals, tutors, counselors, and those in higher education.
Join us on July 26 to learn more about the historical event taking place on August 21, 2017 as a total solar eclipse sweeps across the entire United States, from Oregon to South Carolina.
Attendees will gain knowledge on the uniqueness of this eclipse, why eclipses occur, cultural connections, history, and safe viewing techniques. Discussion topics include NASA, solar systems, gravity, distance and scale, and geometry. All participants will receive a tactile book, digital materials and training resources. This workshop is free, however, registration is required to ensure seat availability.
The workshop instructors are Cynthia Hall, from the Lowcountry Hall of Science and Math (LHSM) and Dr. Cassandra Runyon, from the SC NASA Space Grant Consortium. This workshop is specifically designed for visually impaired individuals and professionals who work with this population and is designed as an educational program based in science, specifically astronomy and geology. Mariah, a visually impaired student at the College of Charleston, is also assisting with this workshop. Service dogs are welcome!
Cynthia Hall serves as an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Geology and is Director of the Lowcountry Hall of Science and Math, the education arm of the School of Science and Math at the College of Charleston. She teaches courses in Environmental Geology, Earth System Science for Teachers, and Marine and Coastal Science for Teachers. Through the Hall, she serves as a critical bridge between science and math faculty and educators in the region, as well as, develops and implements STEM professional development opportunities for educators and designs and develops curricula using effective pedagogical strategies and focusing on STEM-related content.
Dr. Cassandra Runyon is Director of South Carolina NASA Space Grant Consortium and Associate Professor at the College of Charleston in the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences specializing in Remote Sensing, GIS, Geomorphology, and Planetary Geology.Dr. Cassandra Runyon is Director of South Carolina NASA Space Grant Consortium and Associate Professor at the College of Charleston in the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences specializing in Remote Sensing, GIS, Geomorphology, and Planetary Geology.
Date:
Wednesday, July 26, 2017
Time:
9:00AM - 1:00PM
Campus:
South Carolina State Library
Location:
Learning Lab
www.creativetourist.com/venue/newcastle-civic-centre/
Newcastle’s Civic Centre – the city’s modernist governmental hub and symbol of post-war idealism.
In the centre of Newcastle, twelve bronze seahorse heads sit proudly above a brilliant copper green tower. These semi-equine forms are a signal to visitors; they lead to the heart of the city’s history and spirit.
As one of the few surviving examples of 1960s architecture in Newcastle, the Civic Centre crystallizes the cultural and social ambition of that era. Built during the hopeful post-war regeneration of Britain, it’s clear that the architecture was driven by idealistic values as well as aesthetics. A huge budget gave G W Kenyon, the city’s architect, the resources to capture Newcastle’s cultural identity through a new modernist lens. The use of Portland stone, also chosen for Buckingham Palace and St Paul’s Cathedral, is an indication of the statement that Kenyon wanted to make in a city full of sandstone and brick; one of the original stones selected by Wren for St Paul’s is inset into the southern wall.
Combining a twenty-five bell carillon on the top of an office block, an elliptical council chamber on stilts and a courtyard, the Civic Centre was unlike any other building in Newcastle in the 1960s and remains unique to this day. As well as being visually striking, there is also a strong sense of social inclusiveness. For example, the tranquil courtyard, officially named “The Garth”, invites the public into the heart of the building via two specially commissioned David Wynne sculptures; a huge Bronze River God and five Scandinavian swans. On a sunny day, the friendliness of the Civic Centre is evident as the grounds fill up with picnicking families, teenaged skateboarders and even a few rabbits.
Civic Centre was unlike any other building in Newcastle in the 1960s and remains unique to this day
Long before the Newcastle-Gateshead “City of Culture” bid in 2002, the Civic Centre was already championing the arts and this translated into a playful approach to motifs and symbolism. The seahorses, which are borrowed from Newcastle’s coat of arms, act as a reminder of the city’s seaport history. They are everywhere – appearing in various forms including crystal chandeliers and carpets. A large tapestry in the Banquet Hall, designed by John Piper, mimics the shapes and colours found in Northumberland. More subtly, clean Scandinavian lines and walls of Norwegian Otta slate acknowledge Newcastle’s previous cultural and economic links with Norway (which may soon continue; there are regular rumours that the direct ferry between Bergen and Newcastle will be re-established).
Like the city and its inhabitants, the Civic Centre is welcoming, striking and full of stories. Formal tours of the Civic Centre can be arranged and are free for groups with fewer than five people. There’s no better introduction to Newcastle.
Barras BridgeNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RS
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne, is a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is England's northernmost metropolitan borough, located on the River Tyne's northern bank opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.
Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius. The settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle is historically part of the county of Northumberland but was governed as a county corporate after 1400. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.
The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian,[1] who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.
The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.
Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.
The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.
After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.
In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.
Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.
Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.
The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.
Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.
In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.
In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.
During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.
The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.
The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.
The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.
The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.
The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.
All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.
An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.
The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.
During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).
With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.
Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.
The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.
In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.
In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.
In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.
In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.
In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.
In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.
A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.
Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.
In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.
In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.
In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.
In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.
Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.
The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.
In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.
Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate
In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.
In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.
In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.
In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.
In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.
Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:
George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.
George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.
Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.
William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.
The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:
A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.
In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.
In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.
In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.
In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.
Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.
Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.
In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.
During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.
In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.
Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.
As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.
In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.
As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.
Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.
Submitted by: Albino Mahumana
Country: Mozambique
Organisation: Dossiers &facto news leter
Category: Professional
Caption: visually impaired learning ornamentation, in the background other visually impaired people singing on the left side people enjoying items made by disabled visuais.Maputo-Mozambique
--
Photo uploaded from the #StrongerTogether Photo Competition website (photocomp.iapb.org)
"與立法會議員暢談"—立法會綜合大樓午間音樂表演（表演學校：心光盲人院暨學校）
"与立法会议员畅谈"—立法会综合大楼午间音乐表演（表演学校：心光盲人院暨学校）
"Meeting with Members"—music performance at the Legislative Council Complex (Performing school: Ebenezer School and Home for the Visually Impaired) (2017.10.20)
The South Carolina State Library is pleased to host a free workshop on the Great American Eclipse 2017. This interactive and hands on training is specifically designed for visually impaired individuals and those who work with visually impaired populations, including special education teachers, early childhood specialists, teacher aides, paraprofessionals, tutors, counselors, and those in higher education.
Join us on July 26 to learn more about the historical event taking place on August 21, 2017 as a total solar eclipse sweeps across the entire United States, from Oregon to South Carolina.
Attendees will gain knowledge on the uniqueness of this eclipse, why eclipses occur, cultural connections, history, and safe viewing techniques. Discussion topics include NASA, solar systems, gravity, distance and scale, and geometry. All participants will receive a tactile book, digital materials and training resources. This workshop is free, however, registration is required to ensure seat availability.
The workshop instructors are Cynthia Hall, from the Lowcountry Hall of Science and Math (LHSM) and Dr. Cassandra Runyon, from the SC NASA Space Grant Consortium. This workshop is specifically designed for visually impaired individuals and professionals who work with this population and is designed as an educational program based in science, specifically astronomy and geology. Mariah, a visually impaired student at the College of Charleston, is also assisting with this workshop. Service dogs are welcome!
Cynthia Hall serves as an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Geology and is Director of the Lowcountry Hall of Science and Math, the education arm of the School of Science and Math at the College of Charleston. She teaches courses in Environmental Geology, Earth System Science for Teachers, and Marine and Coastal Science for Teachers. Through the Hall, she serves as a critical bridge between science and math faculty and educators in the region, as well as, develops and implements STEM professional development opportunities for educators and designs and develops curricula using effective pedagogical strategies and focusing on STEM-related content.
Dr. Cassandra Runyon is Director of South Carolina NASA Space Grant Consortium and Associate Professor at the College of Charleston in the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences specializing in Remote Sensing, GIS, Geomorphology, and Planetary Geology.Dr. Cassandra Runyon is Director of South Carolina NASA Space Grant Consortium and Associate Professor at the College of Charleston in the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences specializing in Remote Sensing, GIS, Geomorphology, and Planetary Geology.
Date:
Wednesday, July 26, 2017
Time:
9:00AM - 1:00PM
Campus:
South Carolina State Library
Location:
Learning Lab
Visually distilling what a family get-together can look like, for me.
Canon 5D Classic + Canon EF 50mm F1.8 v1
12-10-2007 Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Students at the St. Joseph School for the Blind just outside Madurai in South India. They learn braille reading and writing. And they learn to use computers. In Indian society handicapped children have a very small chance to a normal independent life. Those that havethe privilege to attend a specialised school may have a future.
On October 15, blind and visually impaired students took to the streets to raise awareness of pedestrian safety.
On October 15, blind and visually impaired students took to the streets to raise awareness of pedestrian safety.
Visually impaired and disabled Veterans from across the United States participate in the 21st National Disabled Veterans TEE Tournament
Visually impaired and other disabled Veterans roll for 300 during bowling events at the 2014 TEE Tournament.
"與立法會議員暢談"—立法會綜合大樓午間音樂表演（表演學校：心光盲人院暨學校）
"与立法会议员畅谈"—立法会综合大楼午间音乐表演（表演学校：心光盲人院暨学校）
"Meeting with Members"—music performance at the Legislative Council Complex (Performing school: Ebenezer School and Home for the Visually Impaired) (2017.10.20)
Visually impaired and disabled Veterans from across the United States participate in the 21st National Disabled Veterans TEE Tournament.
Visually impaired and disabled Veterans from across the United States participate in the 21st National Disabled Veterans TEE Tournament
Visually impaired and disabled Veterans from across the United States participate in the 21st National Disabled Veterans TEE Tournament
The South Carolina State Library is pleased to host a free workshop on the Great American Eclipse 2017. This interactive and hands on training is specifically designed for visually impaired individuals and those who work with visually impaired populations, including special education teachers, early childhood specialists, teacher aides, paraprofessionals, tutors, counselors, and those in higher education.
Join us on July 26 to learn more about the historical event taking place on August 21, 2017 as a total solar eclipse sweeps across the entire United States, from Oregon to South Carolina.
Attendees will gain knowledge on the uniqueness of this eclipse, why eclipses occur, cultural connections, history, and safe viewing techniques. Discussion topics include NASA, solar systems, gravity, distance and scale, and geometry. All participants will receive a tactile book, digital materials and training resources. This workshop is free, however, registration is required to ensure seat availability.
The workshop instructors are Cynthia Hall, from the Lowcountry Hall of Science and Math (LHSM) and Dr. Cassandra Runyon, from the SC NASA Space Grant Consortium. This workshop is specifically designed for visually impaired individuals and professionals who work with this population and is designed as an educational program based in science, specifically astronomy and geology. Mariah, a visually impaired student at the College of Charleston, is also assisting with this workshop. Service dogs are welcome!
Cynthia Hall serves as an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Geology and is Director of the Lowcountry Hall of Science and Math, the education arm of the School of Science and Math at the College of Charleston. She teaches courses in Environmental Geology, Earth System Science for Teachers, and Marine and Coastal Science for Teachers. Through the Hall, she serves as a critical bridge between science and math faculty and educators in the region, as well as, develops and implements STEM professional development opportunities for educators and designs and develops curricula using effective pedagogical strategies and focusing on STEM-related content.
Dr. Cassandra Runyon is Director of South Carolina NASA Space Grant Consortium and Associate Professor at the College of Charleston in the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences specializing in Remote Sensing, GIS, Geomorphology, and Planetary Geology.Dr. Cassandra Runyon is Director of South Carolina NASA Space Grant Consortium and Associate Professor at the College of Charleston in the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences specializing in Remote Sensing, GIS, Geomorphology, and Planetary Geology.
Date:
Wednesday, July 26, 2017
Time:
9:00AM - 1:00PM
Campus:
South Carolina State Library
Location:
Learning Lab
The South Carolina State Library is pleased to host a free workshop on the Great American Eclipse 2017. This interactive and hands on training is specifically designed for visually impaired individuals and those who work with visually impaired populations, including special education teachers, early childhood specialists, teacher aides, paraprofessionals, tutors, counselors, and those in higher education.
Join us on July 26 to learn more about the historical event taking place on August 21, 2017 as a total solar eclipse sweeps across the entire United States, from Oregon to South Carolina.
Attendees will gain knowledge on the uniqueness of this eclipse, why eclipses occur, cultural connections, history, and safe viewing techniques. Discussion topics include NASA, solar systems, gravity, distance and scale, and geometry. All participants will receive a tactile book, digital materials and training resources. This workshop is free, however, registration is required to ensure seat availability.
The workshop instructors are Cynthia Hall, from the Lowcountry Hall of Science and Math (LHSM) and Dr. Cassandra Runyon, from the SC NASA Space Grant Consortium. This workshop is specifically designed for visually impaired individuals and professionals who work with this population and is designed as an educational program based in science, specifically astronomy and geology. Mariah, a visually impaired student at the College of Charleston, is also assisting with this workshop. Service dogs are welcome!
Cynthia Hall serves as an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Geology and is Director of the Lowcountry Hall of Science and Math, the education arm of the School of Science and Math at the College of Charleston. She teaches courses in Environmental Geology, Earth System Science for Teachers, and Marine and Coastal Science for Teachers. Through the Hall, she serves as a critical bridge between science and math faculty and educators in the region, as well as, develops and implements STEM professional development opportunities for educators and designs and develops curricula using effective pedagogical strategies and focusing on STEM-related content.
Dr. Cassandra Runyon is Director of South Carolina NASA Space Grant Consortium and Associate Professor at the College of Charleston in the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences specializing in Remote Sensing, GIS, Geomorphology, and Planetary Geology.Dr. Cassandra Runyon is Director of South Carolina NASA Space Grant Consortium and Associate Professor at the College of Charleston in the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences specializing in Remote Sensing, GIS, Geomorphology, and Planetary Geology.
Date:
Wednesday, July 26, 2017
Time:
9:00AM - 1:00PM
Campus:
South Carolina State Library
Location:
Learning Lab
"與立法會議員暢談"—立法會綜合大樓午間音樂表演（表演學校：心光盲人院暨學校）
"与立法会议员畅谈"—立法会综合大楼午间音乐表演（表演学校：心光盲人院暨学校）
"Meeting with Members"—music performance at the Legislative Council Complex (Performing school: Ebenezer School and Home for the Visually Impaired) (2017.10.20)
Submitted by: Bruce Redman
Country: Australia
Organisation: Brien Holden Vision Institute
Category: Professional
Caption: A visually impaired Ugandan baby girl is tested at a hospital screening project.
Photo uploaded from the #VisionFirst! Photo Competition (photocomp.iapb.org) held for World Sight Day 2019
The National Disabled Veterans TEE Tournament is the brainchild of several employees of the Iowa City VA Medical Center, along with two visually impaired Iowa Veterans. These visionaries created the TEE Tournament, an acronym standing for TRAINING, EXPOSURE and EXPERIENCE. In 2008, it became one of six VA national rehabilitation programs for Veterans. The event expanded to include not only blind Veterans, but amputees, wheelchairbound Veterans, and those with other life changing disabilities. It takes place each year in Iowa City.
Visually impaired and disabled people protesting at the Kirkintilloch Town Council's plans to remove all the safety components at Catherine Street and along the Cowgate.
I photographed this elderly, visually impaired woman yesterday at the annual purple martin bird banding. Children, young and old, were encouraged to hold the babies while waiting their turn to be banded. No babies were injured.
"與立法會議員暢談"—立法會綜合大樓午間音樂表演（表演學校：心光盲人院暨學校）
"与立法会议员畅谈"—立法会综合大楼午间音乐表演（表演学校：心光盲人院暨学校）
"Meeting with Members"—music performance at the Legislative Council Complex (Performing school: Ebenezer School and Home for the Visually Impaired) (2017.10.20)
Submitted by: Makumbi Shawn
Country: Uganda
Organisation:
Category: Amateur
Caption: A 16 year old visually impaired Brian Asingwire recites a poem about importance of eye health and challenges faced by the blind. This was during festivities to mark Day of the African child [D.A.C] on 16 June 2016 at Buikwe town in central Uganda in East Africa
--
Photo uploaded from the #StrongerTogether Photo Competition website (photocomp.iapb.org)