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The short set still continues to see use on Wherry line services from Norwich despite the return of long term absentee 153 314 from Wolverton Works. I was at Crown Point depot for a media event this morning and took this before wending my way home on a miserable day weatherwise. This coincided with the only spot of vague brightness I saw all day - it was almost in sun!
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Gears I use:
[If you are interested in photography gears that I use to create these images, please check them out in my affiliate links below, any view helps, any purchase helps a ton]
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Camera (personal) Sony A7III amzn.to/2X8XoVJ
Camera (workplace) Sony A7RIV amzn.to/3dSeCNd
Actioncam: Gopro Hero 8 Black
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Lens: Sony 24mm f1.4 G-Master amzn.to/2XbY4JQ
Lens: Sony FE 35mm f1.8 amzn.to/2xGvF4f
Lens: Sony 100-400mm f4.5-5.6 G-Master amzn.to/2wdf2g4
Lens: Sony FE 55mm f1.8 Zeiss [US version: amzn.to/2wWHGlO]
------------------------------------- Or [Discounted version - which I use: amzn.to/2x0LimR]
Lens: Laowa 10-18mm f4.5-5.6 C-Dreamer FE amzn.to/2wWHR0s
Lens: Sony FE 90mm G macro OSS amzn.to/2UH7TOB
Lens: Sigma 24-70mm DG DN Art amzn.to/2xItL2T
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Gimbal: Zhiyun Webill S amzn.to/2JMJ7GB
Tripod: Benro Velocity ($80) amzn.to/3bPtkCu
Using my PENTAX SF7 again loaded with ILFORD FP4+ which I processed in my Home-Made 510-Pyro 1:100
outside the Iceland Store with SMC Pentax-M 75-150mm f4v Manual Focus
Training use of magig cloth tecnic. Promise that many shots were thrown out :-)
icelandaurora.com/blog/2010/07/20/tonys-magic-cloth-techn...
It used to be a house of a wealthy tradesman called Mali Rista in the 19th century. It's a museum now,a unique one, with a very rich collection of the famous Pirot kilim (dyed with natural colours and made of sheep's wool, typical of the Balkan Mountains) and Pirot pottery. Well worth visiting if you come by.
It is often used by Serbian film directors when they make films featuring certain periods of history as the display in the house has remained untouched and unchanged for more than a century.
More photos of Pirot here:
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use peanut in this way.
I saw this while I was watching a movie, The chef in the south polar.
Such a cute idea!
57316 leads a heavily delayed 1Z40 08:21 Edinburgh to Inverness private charter using the Northern Belle stock through Dunblane on 13th March 2022. The train left Edinburgh with 57314 and 57316 in top and top formation only for 57314 to succumb to mechanical problems between Edinburgh Park and Newbridge Junction. 57316 then returned to Edinburgh with the stock, leaving 57314 in Newbridge Down Passenger Loop, running via Waverley and the sub before heading back north as planned. 37685 was later sent to Inverness for the return working to Gleneagles and the onward ecs to Joppa Straight. www.realtimetrains.co.uk/service/gb-nr:U91072/2022-03-13/...
Consist: 92904, 10734, 17167, 325, 3247, 3275, 3267, 1566, 3273, 3174 & 99025
I used to know just what I wanted and just where to go.
More than ever I could use a coincidence,
But now I walk alone and talk about it when I know.
I used to rule the world
Seas would rise when I gave the word
Now in the morning I sleep alone
Sweep the streets I used to own
I used to roll the dice
Feel the fear in my enemy's eyes
Listen as the crowd would sing
"Now the old king is dead! Long live the king!"
One minute I held the key
Next the walls were closed on me
And I discovered that my castles stand
Upon pillars of salt and pillars of sand
I hear Jerusalem bells a ringing
Roman Cavalry choirs are singing
Be my mirror, my sword and shield
My missionaries in a foreign
Coldplay - Viva la vida
Photo Copyright 2012, dynamo.photography.
All rights reserved, no use without license
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hong kong)
Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory south to Mainland China and east to Macao in East Asia. With around 7.2 million Hong Kongers of various nationalities[note 2] in a territory of 1,104 km2, Hong Kong is the world's fourth most densely populated country or territory.
Hong Kong used to be a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from the Qing Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during the Second World War until British control resumed in 1945. The Sino-British Joint Declaration signed between the United Kingdom and China in 1984 paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy.[15]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems",[16][17] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers.[18] In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of "appropriate fields".[19] Hong Kong involves in international organizations, such as the WTO[20] and the APEC [21], actively and independently.
Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity.[22][23] As the world's 8th largest trading entity,[24] its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency.[25] As the world's most visited city,[26][27] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.[28] Even with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.[29]
Nicknamed "Pearl of the Orient", Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which boasts the world's fifth busiest port with ready access by cargo ships, and its impressive skyline, with the most skyscrapers in the world.[30][31] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.[32][33] Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation.[34][35] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.[36][37][38]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Imperial China
2.3 British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
2.4 Japanese occupation: 1941–45
2.5 Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97
2.6 Handover and Special Administrative Region status
3 Governance
3.1 Structure of government
3.2 Electoral and political reforms
3.3 Legal system and judiciary
3.4 Foreign relations
3.5 Human rights
3.6 Regions and districts
3.7 Military
4 Geography and climate
5 Economy
5.1 Financial centre
5.2 International trading
5.3 Tourism and expatriation
5.4 Policy
5.5 Infrastructure
6 Demographics
6.1 Languages
6.2 Religion
6.3 Personal income
6.4 Education
6.5 Health
7 Culture
7.1 Sports
7.2 Architecture
7.3 Cityscape
7.4 Symbols
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Citations
10.2 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology
Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.[39]
The source of the romanised name "Hong Kong" is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese 香港 (Cantonese Yale: Hēung Góng), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".[13][14][40] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (Chinese: 香港仔; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jái), literally means "Little Hong Kong"—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[41]
Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese.[42] Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.[43]
Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.[40]
The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.[44] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
As of 1997, its official name is the "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website;[45] however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.
Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive nightscape of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".
History
Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China
Prehistory
Main article: Prehistoric Hong Kong
Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48]
Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.[51]
Imperial China
Main article: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.[52][53][54]
After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.[55] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.[56]
From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.[57] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.[58] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.[59] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.
From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.
European discovery
The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.[60][61] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.
Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.[62] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.[63][64]
British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London
Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.[65] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.[66]
The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.[67][68]
Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.
In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.[69][70][71]
Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.
File:1937 Hong Kong VP8.webmPlay media
Hong Kong filmed in 1937
In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).
Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained unscathed. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.[72]
In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.
Japanese occupation: 1941–45
Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War.[73]
As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.[74] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".[75]
During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 2 September 1945.[76]
Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97
Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong
Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.[69] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.[69] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.
Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953
In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.[77] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.
Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.
A sky view of Hong Kong Island
An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986
To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.[78]
In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.[79]
The Hong Kong question
In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.
The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.
It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.[69] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.
Handover and Special Administrative Region status
Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong
Transfer of sovereignty
Golden Bauhinia Square
On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.
Structure of government
Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.[note 3] This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. [note 4] Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[95][96]
Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.
Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.[97][98]
The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.[99][100]
In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.
Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.[101][102]
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"SAO LUIS DO MARANHAO - 400 ANOS"
Portuguese
São Luís é um município brasileiro, capital do estado do Maranhão localizado ao norte do estado, fundada por franceses no dia 8 de setembro de 1612 posteriormente, foi invadida por holandeses mas terminou por ser colonizada por portugueses. Localiza-se em uma ilha Upaon-Açu, no Atlântico Sul, entre as baías de São Marcos e São José de Ribamar. Quando em 1621 o Brasil foi dividido em duas unidades administrativas - Estado do Maranhão e Estado do Brasil - São Luís foi a capital da primeira unidade administrativa.
A capital maranhense tem um desenvolvido setor industrial por conta de grandes corporações e empresas de diversos áreas que se instalaram na cidade pela sua privilegiada posição geográfica entre as regiões Norte e Nordeste do país, seu litoral estrategicamente localizado bem mais próximo de grandes centros importadores de produtos brasileiras como Europa e EUA que permite economia de combustíveis e redução no prazo de entrega de mercadorias provenientes do Brasil pelo Porto de Itaqui que é o 2º mais profundo do mundo e um dos mais movimentados, sofisticados e bem estruturados para o comércio exterior no Brasil. Tudo isso aliado a ligação por linha férrea da capital São Luís ao interior do estado, e aos estados vizinhos do Pará, Tocantins e Piauí o que facilita e barateia a escoação agrícola vinda do interior do país para o porto de Itaqui, sendo que com a conclusão de Ferrovia Norte-Sul a cidade vai estar interligada a todas as regiões brasileiras (NO, NE, CO, SE e S) por ferrovias, por rodovia a ilha já é servida pela BR-135 que a liga ao continente, e por ar conta com o Aeroporto Internacional Marechal Cunha Machado com capacidade de atender mais de um milhão de passageiros por ano, e que já opera com demanda quase saturada pelo movimento intenso de passageiros não somente da cidade de São Luís mais também por servir como porta de entrada por ser o maior e mais movimentado aeroporto próximo ao Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses.
O clima em São Luís é geralmente quente e abafado, tropical e semi-úmido. Isso se deve ao fato da cidade esta localizada proxima a Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT). A cidade apresenta grande quantidade de coqueiros e muita vegetação litorânea. A também pedaços da Floresta Amazônica na cidade protegidas por Parques Ambientais. Pequenos rios nascem na cidade, o Rio Bacanga é um dos mais importantes pois é muito util para a pesca.
Em 2010 o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) contou a população em 1,027,098 o que a torna o décimo-quinto município mais populoso do Brasil entre os 5 565 municípios brasileiros, 13° entre as capitais, 4º da região Nordeste e 1° do Maranhão. Sua área é de 831,7 Km², e desse total 157,5656 Km² estão em perímetro urbano. O município faz parte da Mesorregião do Norte Maranhense e Microrregião da Aglomeração Urbana de São Luís localizada a norte do estado do Maranhão. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano do municipio é de 0.778, alto comparado ao IDH do Maranhão.
English
São Luís (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w luˈis], Saint Louis) is the capital of the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The city is located on São Luís island in the Baía de São Marcos (St Marcus Bay), an extension of the Atlantic Ocean which forms the estuary of Pindaré, Mearim, Itapecuru and other rivers. Its coordinates are 2.53° south, 44.30° west. The city proper has a population of some 986,826 people (2008 IBGE estimate). The metropolitan area totals 1,227,659 (ranked as the 16th largest in Brazil).
São Luís is the only Brazilian state capital founded by France (see France Équinoxiale) and it is one of the three Brazilian state capitals located on islands (the others are Vitória and Florianópolis).
The city has two major sea ports: Ponta da Madeira and Porto do Itaqui, through which a substantial part of Brazil's iron ore, originating from the (pre)-Amazon region, is exported. The city's main industries are metallurgical with Alumar, and Vale do Rio Doce. São Luís is home of the Federal University of Maranhão.
São Luís was the home town of famous Brazilian samba singer Alcione, Brazilian writers Aluísio Azevedo, Ferreira Gullar and Josué Montello, Belgian-naturalised soccer player Luís Oliveira, the musician João do Vale and Zeca Baleiro, a Música Popular Brasileira (MPB) singer.
Originally the town was a large village of the Tupinambá tribe. The first Europeans to see it were the French, in 1612, who intended to make it the centre of a French colony named Equinoctial France. They built a fort named Saint Louis after St Louis, King of France, as a compliment to his successor King Louis XIII. The settlement was conquered for Portugal by Jerônimo de Albuquerque in 1615, when it was renamed São Luís. There had been little time for the French to build a city. This has led to some controversy as to the actual date of the founding of the city, whether by the French or the Portuguese. In 1641, the city was invaded by the Dutch. They stayed until 1645 and did not manage to influence the city's architecture or to leave any sign of their invasion, mainly because they were kept too busy with the challenges to their occupation. In 1677, the city was made the seat of the new Roman Catholic Diocese of São Luís do Maranhão.
Only when those invasions ceased permanently did the colonial government decide to create the state of Grão-Pará e Maranhão, independent from the rest of the country. By that time, the economy was based on agriculture, particularly the exportation of sugar cane, cacao and tobacco. Conflicts amongst the local elites would lead to the Beckman's Revolt.
Soon after the outbreak of the American Civil War, the region started to provide cotton to Great Britain. The wealth generated by this activity was used to modernize the city; to bring religious men to come and teach in its schools; and supplement the water supply. The city came to be the third most populous city in the country. By the end of the 19th century, agriculture was in decay and since then the city's population has been searching for other ways to make a living.
Nowadays, São Luís has the largest and best preserved heritage of colonial Portuguese architecture of all Latin America. The island is known as the "Island of Love" and as "the Brazilian Athens", due to its many poets and writers, such as Sotero dos Reis, Aluísio Azevedo, Graça Aranha, Gonçalves Dias (the most famous), Ferreira Gullar, among others.
The ancestral composition of São Luís, according to an autosomal DNA study, is 42% European, 39% Native American and 19% African.
Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.
Wikipedia
used two 285 Hv. One under the dash on the center console and one in the back seat pointing up and close to the passanger door both at 1/2 power shot at F-11 @160
Using Lee Big Stopper + Lee 0.9 GND.
اس زخمِ جاں کے نام ، جو اب تک نہیں بھرا
اس زندہ دل کے نام ، جو اب تک نہیں مرا
اس زندگی کے نام، گزارا نہیں جسے
اس قرضِ فن کے نام، اُتارا نہیں جسے
اہل نظر کے نام، جو جوہر شناس ہیں
اہل وفا کے نام، جو فن کی اساس ہیں
ان دوستوں کے نام، جو گوشہ نشین ہیں
ان بےحسوں کے نام، جو بارِ زمین ہیں
ان اھلِ دل کے نام، جو راہوں کی دھول ہیں
ان حوصلوں کے نام، جنہیں دکھ قبول ہیں
ان آوازوں کے نام جو خاموش ھو گئیں
ان ھستیوں کے نام جو مٹی میں سو گئیں
اس غنچہ دھن کے نام جسے موت کھا گئی
اپنی ماں کے نام کہ جسے نیند آ گئی
اس شعلہ رخ کے نام، کہ روشن ہے جس سے رات
ہے ضوفشاں اندھیرے میں ہر نقطہ ءِ کائنات
اور حسنِ باکمال کی راعنائیوں کے نام
اور اپنے ذہن و قلب کی تنہائیوں کے نام
Using a mixture of : serifs, swirls, and elf shoe font.....I wrote the quote with a black prismacolor chisel tip marker...then added the highlights with a white signo gel pen.
HA stamps used in order of placement:
s4878 old letter writing
cg154 aged print frame
cg153 dandelion frame
cl383 antique engravings
all stamped in different shades of brown from the colorbox cats eye set.
HA clear gems colored with a brown copic.
I'm tagging this for the home challenge because it reminds me of something you would find at your grandmothers house,especially all the browns giving this card and old antique and vintage look.
He used to be a part of the infamous Mandem crew. In fact he actually used to be the poster boy of Mandem Records, now he just sits by himself stroking his not so luxurious beard. His beard is actually made up of a culture of different fungi and detritus that has become matted with his own beard. What exactly happened you might well ask but no one really knows. One day he just got up and walked away from his previous life and is now holed up in the back of our studio, mumbling to himself. We try to coax him out every now and then with a cup of tea and a biscuit but so far no joy. When I try again, perhaps I’ll see if a custard cream will work…
He’s a sad reminder that nothing is safe in the shedio for too long. Especially in winter time. The damp gets to anything unprotected.
Cheers
id-iom
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Francisco Aragão © 2015. All Rights Reserved.
Use without permission is illegal.
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Portuguese
No Vale da Ferradura, a convivência harmônica com a natureza é um espetáculo à parte. Curta o vento, o sol, as belas vistas, um banho de cachoeira, os animais!
Aqui você encontra animais como quati, macaco-prego, bugio-ruivo, serelepe, cutia, gambá, mão-pelada, veado-mateiro, graxaim e muitos roedores. E também grande variedade de aves de extrema beleza e raridade.
Muitos deles possuem um contato próximo com os seres humanos, como é o caso, principalmente, dos quatis, e em geral você pode observá-los de perto na área principal do Vale da Ferradura, mesmo sem fazer as trilhas.
Os quatis, em grande quantidade no Vale da Ferradura, são mamíferos que se alimentam de minhocas, insetos e frutas, apreciando também ovos, legumes e especialmente lagartos. Dormem no alto das árvores, enrolados como uma bola, e não descem antes do amanhecer. Seu órgão mais sensível com certeza é seu nariz, que é móvel e muito alongado. Possui dentes e garras fortes.
O parque Vale da Ferradura está localizado ao norte do município de Canela RS, na região correspondente às coordenadas 29°16' S - 50°50' W, compreendendo um total de aproximadamente 200 ha, com altitudes que variam de 400 m a 750 m.
Fica no Planalto das Araucárias, popularmente designado como "Serra Gaúcha". Os elementos que compõem a sua flora são típicos da Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana e da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Montana, com áreas de transição entre as mesmas e com diversos estágios de sucessão.
A área do parque faz parte da bacia hidrográfica do rio Caí. Nesta bacia, existem 11 Unidades de Conservação municipais e/ou particulares, duas estaduais - Parque Estadual do Delta do Jacuí e Parque Estadual do Caracol - e uma Federal - Floresta Nacional de Canela.
O clima da região é superúmido, com as curvas ombrométricas das estações meteorológicas sempre positivas. Há ocorrência de três ou mais meses com temperaturas médias compensadas mensais abaixo de 15°C, que ocasionam a chamada seca fisiológica das plantas tropicais, criadora da estacionalidade.
O Vale da Ferradura possui variados micro-habitats, com áreas mais expostas a incidência solar, aos ventos e sujeitas a interferência humana, bem como áreas totalmente protegidas, sombreadas, úmidas e sujeitas a inundações periódicas. A preservação destes remanescentes aliada à atividade de educação ambiental ao mesmo tempo que ao ócio, como forma de lazer recreativo, é extremamente importante.O parque é cortado por quatro trilhas, que apresentam características peculiares: trilha do Rio Caí, trilha do Pórtico, trilha das Cutias e trilha das Pinguelas.
http://www.canelaturismo.com.br/roteiros-e-atrativos/parque-da-ferradura/
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Outras Informações:
O parque Vale da Ferradura, localizado a 13 km do centro de Canela, proporciona ao turista integração com a natureza, com mirantes para o deslumbrante Vale da Ferradura, para a Cascata do Arroio do Caçador e Rio Santa Cruz. Uma área especial para toda família com trilhas e estrutura de churrasqueira, playground e lanchonete.
No alto do canyon de 420 metros de extensão está localizado o Vale da Ferradura - onde o Rio Santa Cruz forma a ferradura que dá nome ao lugar. A vista privilegiada da cascata do Arroio Caçador, o verde e o ar puro são complementos perfeitos para as 4 trilhas, os 3 mirantes e a estrutura de 8 churrasqueiras, playground e lanchonete, numa área total de aproximadamente 200 hectares.
A área do parque faz parte da bacia hidrográfica do rio Caí. Nesta bacia, existem 11 Unidades de Conservação municipais e/ou particulares, duas estaduais - Parque Estadual do Delta do Jacuí e Parque Estadual do Caracol - e uma federal - Floresta Nacional de Canela.
O Vale da Ferradura possui variados micro-habitats, com áreas mais expostas a incidência solar, aos ventos e sujeitas a interferência humana, bem como áreas totalmente protegidas, sombreadas, úmidas e sujeitas a inundações periódicas. A preservação destes remanescentes aliada à atividade de educação ambiental ao mesmo tempo que ao ócio, como forma de lazer recreativo, é extremamente importante.
As árvores de –Araucária, que produzem os delicioso pinhão são a maioria no parque e atraem animais silvestres como o Quati, a Cutia, o Macaco-prego e a Gralha-azul, importante para a multiplicação das árvores.
MIRANTES
• Mirante Vale da Ferradura
É o principal mirante do Vale da Ferradura. Dele você aprecia a vista da Cascata do Arroio Caçador e tem uma visão geral.
• Mirante do Vale do Arroio Caçador
Proporciona uma vista impressionante do vale do Arroio Caçador. O acesso é por uma trilha leve - cerca de 2 minutos.
• Mirante da Cascata do Arroio Caçador
Proporciona uma vista impressionante da cascata do Arroio Caçador. Aqui você desce 50 metros e a trilha é um pouco mais íngreme.
TRILHAS
• Trilha do Rio Caí
São 350 metros de trilha, iniciando a 750 metros altura e terminando a 400 metros altura, no ponto em que o arroio Caçador deságua no Rio Caí. É a principal trilha do parque, com maior nível de dificuldade, pelo declive do terreno. Você vai levar 60 minutos para descer, e 2 horas para subir.
Como a trilha do Rio Caí pode ser dividida em quatro trechos, você não precisa fazê-la inteira. Confira os trechos:
- O primeiro leva a dois mirantes, localizados a 700 metros de altura e de onde se tem uma belíssima vista da cascata do arroio Caçador.
- O segundo trecho vai de 700 até 550 metros de altura e é o de maior extensão e menor dificuldade.
- O terceiro trecho inicia a 550 metros de altura, ponto onde as trilhas do Rio Caí e do Pórtico se encontram, e termina a 450 metros de altura, no leito do arroio Caçador, acima da queda d’água.
- O quarto e último trecho vai de 450 a 400 metros altura e é o de maior dificuldade, pois o declive é acentuado e as condições de umidade são elevadas. Interessante é que parte deste trecho está sujeita a borrifos d’água, porque acompanha a queda da cascata. Ele termina no pé da cascata do arroio Caçador e às margens do Rio Caí, em uma área plana, local para um descanso merecido.
• Trilha do Pórtico
A trilha do Pórtico tem 200 metros, iniciando a 750 metros de altura e terminando a 550 metros de altura, onde se encontra com a trilha do Rio Caí. Nela existe um recanto conhecido como Cascata do Graxaim, e podem ser admiradas araucárias e xaxins.
• Trilha das Cotias
É uma bela trilha, com muita sombra, sem esforço físico, para todas as idades e condicionamentos físicos. Dá para dizer que, mais que uma trilha, é um passeio em meio à natureza. Encontra-se na faixa entre 700 e 750 metros de altura, no platô do parque, acima da trilha do Pórtico. Aprecie a bela paisagem de cactus e bromélias na área mais rochosa.
• Trilha das Pinguelas
Também está entre 700 e 750 metros de altura, porém voltada para a bela vista do Vale da Ferradura. A trilha das Pinguelas acompanha um pequeno arroio e você aproveita a sombra da copa das árvores.
Localização e informações gerais
O parque Vale da Ferradura fica na Serra Gaúcha, em Canela RS, a 13 km do centro, no Km 6 da RS 466, mais conhecida como Estrada do Caracol. Funciona das 8h30 às 17h30. No verão, quando o sol se põe bastante tarde na Região Sul, este horário pode ser estendido.
Para chegar, pegue a Estrada do Caracol, que está localizada logo ao chegar a Canela, vindo de Gramado, e vá sempre por essa via, seguindo as placas. Após o Parque do Caracol, a estrada é de terra, por alguns quilômetros.
http://www.lajedepedra.com.br/o-hotel/vale-da-ferradura.htm
Porto. Shot from Dom Luís Bridge to the Ribeira area.
Copyright © matilde b. All rights reserved. Flickr is not a free image database. Please note that the fact that "This photo is public" doesn't mean it is public domain or a free stock image. Therefore, its use without written consent by the author is illegal and punished by law.
I used to associate gulls with the coast but that is typically only winter. In the fall these Franklin Gulls lose their black heads and start wearing this dusky hood as their non-breeding plumage. The majority of birds nest in the northern Prairies of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba and then head south to the coast of Chile to winter. They will move in very large flocks picking through fields looking for insects and worms after the soil has been tilled or the grain is cut like this scene.
Michael W Klotz 2021 - www.TheBirdBlogger.com
using a long exposure to have the clouds paint themselves across the evening sky.
5 minute 23 second exposure
Edited in Capture 1 Pro. To purchase/try it check out the link below.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved. All photos are digitally watermarked with Digimarc
This was taken the day before I got married last year in Las Vegas. I have been playing around with some new software and made this photo into a dramatic effect. The large hotel on the right is the Paris hotel.
The writing on the balloon on the right reads " Everything's Sexier in Paris" :)
Large View is a MUST!
View On Black Large View
Thank You for your views and have a great weekend everyone!!! :)
I've seen only two of these so far on the highway,but that still makes it the most popular Ferrari this year.This one came from Belgium and looked gorgeous in red.
Thanks for watching.Comments,suggestions and faves are appreciated.
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