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Sniffing out Illness. Cat's Whiskers, Orthosiphon aristatus, KLCC Park, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia by Rana Pipiens

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Cat's Whiskers in the KLCC Park serve as border plants and given their year 'round presence some of the walks are always bordered by pretty white flowers. So you could be forgiven for thinking they're merely ornamentals. But Orthosiphon also has excellent medicinal qualities especially for illnesses of the urinary tract. That's for what they've traditionally been used in this part of the world.

It's difficult to get a good photo of these clusters, so I thought I'd give you a shot from the top down.

Good news by Helen Rogers

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There was a bit of joyful noise when Jimmy tried the new "urinary care" cat food tonight.

Since he was diagnosed with a urinary problem, he has shown disdain for Hills C/D special foods (dry and wet), as well as the Science Diet and Purina Focus diets for cats who develop crystals in their urine. In fact, he seems a little depressed when we keep putting these inedible foods in front of him.

Our vet suggested one final diet to try: Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets UR (Urinary St/Ox)

The company will refund your money if your cat doesn't like it (per our vet). We picked it up this afternoon, and Jimmy's face went down into the bowl and stayed there. He likes it!

Emergency surgery today by Doris

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Urinary blockage. Fixed and ready to go.

New food.

urinary attract. by stevenbley

Bogyó beteg by molamoni

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Még nem tudni a pontos diagnózist, de valószínűleg felfázott, rosszabb esetben vesegyulladása van. Sokat jár a wc-re, de sajnos alig tud pisilni.

Tegnap voltunk a dokinál és nagyon megkínozták, vettek tőle vért, kapott antibiotikumot és C vitamint injekcióban. Megmérték a lázát, hőemelkedése volt. De a vércukor szintje rendben, hasonló az emberéhez 3,8. Még várjuk az eredményeket.

Urinary-Urinarios by Antonio Minguez

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these were the cleanest urinaries I ever seen, cannot avoid to shot to such a difficult image to find.

Eran los urinarios mas limpios que he visto nunca, no pude evitar capturar tan dificil imagen.

Don't Suffer in Silence by Neil Moralee

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Incontinence

The loss of ability to control urination is a common problem that affects as many as one in three people. It can be easily cured or at least made manageable. As a man, you're more at risk of one of two types of incontinence as you get older:

urge – an overpowering urge to urinate followed by heavy leakage

overflow – small leaks from a full bladder

Data show that incontinence is less prevalent in men than women, which may explain the dearth of studies focusing specifically on men.

As men age, their rate of suffering from UI increases from 4.8% at ages 19 to 44 to over 21% by the age of 65 years.

“Sadly, many men with UI do not have the emotional and physical ability to adapt to these stressful situations and, instead, choose to suffer silently”

-----------------------------

For help, read the following web site.

www.nhs.uk/conditions/urinary-incontinence/10-ways-to-sto...

Introducing Findus (2/4) by Vasquezz

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Four weeks ago my Mom noticed, that there is a kitten starving in the backyard of their house. No one knows where it came from. So she spent two weeks in feeding it and to get its confidence. At least she managed to grab it and takes it in the house. On the same day "Findus" sat on her lap, purring and smooching. The vet says he is about 12 weeks old now and suffering on a urinary tract infection. So he gets medicine, he has a home now and somebody who cares for him. What a lucky little guy!

Dandelion by borealnz

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I've got a good crop of these in my garden and lawn at the moment!!

For the beautiful Complete Herbal and The Dictionary of Image.

Visit my Blog for a dandelion story.

Here's what my old friend Culpeper has to say about dandelions -I love the alternative name he's given it :-)

Dandelion, Vulgarly Called Piss-A-Beds

Descript : It is well known to have many long and deep gashed leaves, lying on the ground round about the head of the roots; the ends of each gash or jag, on both sides looking downwards towards the roots; the middle rib being white, which being broken, yields abundance of bitter milk, but the root much more; from among the leaves, which always abide green, arise many slender, weak, naked, foot-stalks, every one of them bearing at the top one large yellow flower, consisting of many rows of yellow leaves, broad at the points, and nicked in with deep spots of yellow in the middle, which growing ripe, the green husk wherein the flowers stood turns itself down to the stalk, and the head of down becomes as round as a ball: with long seed underneath, bearing a part of the down on the head of every one, which together is blown away with the wind, or may be at once blown away with one's mouth. The root growing downwards exceedingly deep, which being broken off within the ground, will yet shoot forth again, and will hardly be destroyed where it hath once taken deep root in the ground.

Place : It grows frequently in all meadows and pasture-grounds.

Time : It flowers in one place or other almost all the year long.

Government and virtues : It is under the dominion of Jupiter. It is of an opening and cleansing quality, and therefore very effectual for the obstructions of the liver, gall and spleen, and the diseases that arise from them, as the jaundice and hypocondriac; it opens the passages of the urine both in young and old; powerfully cleanses imposthumes and inward ulcers in the urinary passage, and by its drying and temperate quality doth afterwards heal them; for which purpose the decoction of the roots or leaves in white wine, or the leaves chopped as pot-herbs, with a few Alisanders, and boiled in their broth, are very effectual. And whoever is drawing towards a consumption or an evil disposition of the whole body, called Cachexia, by the use hereof for some time together, shall find a wonderful help. It helps also to procure rest and sleep to bodies distempered by the heat of ague fits, or other wise. The distilled water is effectual to drink in pestilential fevers, and to wash the sores.

You see here what virtues this common herb hath, and that is the reason the French and Dutch so often eat them in the Spring; and now if you look a little farther, you may see plainly without a pair of spectacles, that foreign physicians are not so selfish as ours are, but more communicative of the virtues of plants to people.

Meath Hospital Genito-Urinary Unit by picturesbyJOE

Heytesbury Street | Robinson Keefe Devane, 1955

Urinary Architecture by radioross

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Urinary Tract by Alper T

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Lemon's and Lime's (1) by Sorcha Ní Conchubhair

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Next time you have a sore throat, reach for a lemon! Add the juice of one lemon to an equal amount of hot water for an anti-bacterial gargle.

The health benefits of lime include weight loss, skin care, good digestion, relief from constipation, eye care, and treatment of scurvy, piles, peptic ulcer, respiratory disorders, gout, gums, urinary disorders, etc.

Urinary catheters in situ by rtcmedia

Male and female urinary catheters in situ

Nasturtium flower - Tropaeolum by SAMARA:

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Lovely cheerful, vibrant colour for a cold, dull day!

These sunny, wonderful little flowers originated in South America and were widely used by the Meso-Americans for urinary tract infections, kidney problems and for their general antibiotic action.

The leaves were used to prevent scurvy and to supplement the daily diet and add flavour. The peppery leaves were very popular and the seeds were a prized delicacy.

In fact, they were considered so important that no little home was without a nasturtium plant if they could avoid it. The plants are also so undemanding that they were perfect for the rocky soil of the Andes.

In the 1600's in England, Nasturtiums were a valued plant and were called Indian Cress (Because of their similarity in flavuor to Watercress.)

Wherever they have been introduced, these plants have quickly become a firm favourite because of their medicinal and culinary uses.

pink caddilac by moggierocket

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It's Kedi's birthday today, she is 9 now.

Unfortunately, this day is not how I imagined it would be...Kedi is ill. She has had a chronic urinary infection for years, but yesterday night I noticed she seemed to be troubled by it more and she also seemed to have a bladder infection.

I took her to the vet just now and he has kept her there to try to find the problem and give her something so she will experience less pain.

Poor baby...

One of the reasons cats get these problems is stress. I now am facing a difficult situation because there's a big possibility that Moppie and Pruttel being in the same house are one of the stressfactors, if not the major one.

This photo I took a little while ago. I can only try this when she's resting and even then she will soon get annoyed and tear the hat apart.

We often call her 'Kedilek' which is sort of phonetic for caddilac. Which explains the title.

Please send some positive vibes to Kedi via the universe, she sure needs it right now (and so do I).....

Large size

Where the hat came from: www.mixitup.nl/trend/trends/2620/goedgemutste_innocent_sm...

Update:

She's back, still drowsy from the aenesthetic. The vet gave her antibiotics, took an x-ray which showed no stones in the bladder and cleaned everything up. Now 'll have to experiment further to see what will make her thrive better.

iss053e215850 by NASA Johnson

iss053e215850 (Nov. 20, 2017) --- The EcAMSat, short for E. coli AntiMicrobial Satellite, is seen moments after being ejected from the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer attached to the outside of Kibo laboratory module from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The E. coli AntiMicrobial Satellite (EcAMSat) mission will investigate space microgravity effects on the antibiotic resistance of E. coli, a bacterial pathogen responsible for urinary tract infection in humans and animals.

by anaelii

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urinary sediment, uric acid crystals

Yellow Columbine by Jim Allen

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Columbines are native to woodlands and meadows throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and more common at higher altitudes. There are about 70 species worldwide, and several of these have been cultivated as our garden flowers. Ones developed from the common European A. vulgaris generally have shorter spurs than the A. caerulea or A. canadensis, both North American wildflowers. A long-time favorite, the columbine has been cultivated for generations. It grows well in rock gardens, massed in a border, or in a semi-shaded spot among hostas and ferns

In Native American history, crushed Columbine leaves were rubbed on the body to promote a pleasant scent. Columbine seeds can be used to relieve headaches, poison ivy rashes, urinary problems and fever.

Susie and Shay/Shea by Conall

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Susie is being a bit more tolerant than I had feared

Poor Shay had a bad injury 2 weeks ago, ended up getting his back right leg amputated on July 9th, so he is now about 10 days post surgery. We are fostering him, looking after him as he recovers.

At first he was very down, very anxious and not eating. But this has all come on really well in past 2 days.

He has urinary incontinence for now but we are hoping this improves over coming days.

The 2 dogs have very similar markings on their faces

The Velvet Underground & Nico - I'll Be Your Mirror

www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZudHYTya-dQ

Urinary system / Sistema urinario by Carlos Goulão

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in Balthazar Santos e Mattoso Santos, Atlas de Zoologia, 1907

Taste of Spain - Flan (vanilla egg custard) by cantina di dom fuas

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Served resting in a little pool of dark caramel sauce, Flan is a Spanish classic and one of the country´s most popular desserts.

The history of flans dates back all the way to the Ancient Romans. According to Platina's De Honesta Voluptate,(On Right Pleasure and Good Health), an Italian cookery text published in 1475, custard-type dishes were considered health food. They were thought to soothe the chest, aid the kidneys and liver, increase fertility and eliminate certain urinary tract problems.

Manzanita Trunk - Mt. Diablo by Ethan A. Winning

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As I would hike in the lowlands around Mt, Diablo, I would see a most unusual tree, not because of the scraggly tree itself, but because of the unique bark which would curl and peel. When it would peel to the smooth trunk, it became more intriguing, and a little study showed that the plant was used medicinally for poison oak and other purposes. Florists would use the branches in decorating centerpieces, and because the lasted so long, many people with parrots and other birds would use them as perches.

The red berries are edible; the flowers looked very much like Lily of the Valley. Perhaps its popularity almost led to its extinction, but an experiment in cloning brought the tree (up to 20 feet tall) back and now populated most of the drier range of the San Francisco Bay Area. It is found now from British Columbia to Mexico, and is definitely a western, drought tolerant plant. Take away it's beautiful bark, edible, driftwood looks under the red curls, and medicinable characteristics, and what have you got? Well, what I got the first time I saw it was this picture. I still know where this particular tree is, and it continues to fascinate.

Native Americans in Northern California made a tisane from manzanita leaves to treat poison oak rash.The leaves contain chemicals with a mildly disinfectant quality, and can be used for mild urinary tract infections.

The berries are a good food, as they can be harvested en masse and stored. Once stored and dried, the berries can be ground into a coarse meal.The berries can be eaten ripe (when red) or green for a slightly sour taste. They are good eaten alone, or used as a thickener or sweetener in other dishes. Fresh berries and branch tips can be soaked in water to make a cider. Native Americans used Manzanita leaves as toothbrushes. (Manzanita means little apple in Spanish, and it is a favorite of Cedar Waxwings and Robins. But to my eye, it's just a unique and beautiful thing of art. (Remember, I do not drink: I just have a unique way of looking at things. Imagine the first person to see a birch tree. Then imagine the first person to think that you could make a canoe and not have it sink. That happened shortly after the word "canoe" was invented. That guy DID drink.)

Photo The Moist Panties Can Causing Urinary Tract Infection by leha prastiwi

Detail info The Moist Panties Can Causing Urinary Tract Infection at ift.tt/2ad44sE by health post

Female urinary issues - How to empty your bladder by Fem Pstnd

www.youtube.com/watch?v=taW7GLJVMQI

Livia (14 ans) et son nouveau coussin rose by myri_bonnie

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Ma Livia se fait bien vieille et après son deuxième syndrome vestibulaire elle a bien du mal à se déplacer. Les longues promenades en forêt sont du passé maintenant, mais c'est pas parce qu'on est vieux qu'on n'a pas droit à un peu de confort. Elle vous présente son nouveau coussin que je lui ai offert hier, car son panier préféré doit aller souvent à la lessive (à cause de son incontinence urinaire)

My Livia gets very old, and after her second vestibular syndrome she is struggling to walk. Long walks in the forest belong to the past now, but it's not because you are old that you are not entitled to a bit of comfort. She wants to show you her new cushion that I offered her yesterday because her favorite basket must often go to the washing machine (because of her urinary incontinence)

Fun Facts by Michel Curi

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Fun Facts about the Urinary System

Museum of Science and History

1025 Museum Cir, Jacksonville, FL 32207, US

www.themosh.org

Downing Street protesters demand an end to 5% "Tampon Tax" by Pete Riches

Downing Street protesters demand "End the Tampon Tax" - London 02.04.2015

Protesters outside Downing Street adorned with fake tampons and bloodied underwear called for an end to what they say is a "skewed" VAT system which sees 5% paid on tampons which are classed as 'luxury items', yet gambling, houseboat mooring and military aircraft sales are exempted. This week the Salvation Army has reported that in many deprived areas up and down the UK increasing numbers of women can no longer afford to buy sanitary towels, and are having to resort to shockingly primitive and dangerous solutions such as newpaper, old socks or hankies, which makes the women prone to urinary tract infections. In response to this public health issue the Salvation Army has started providing tampons to women unable to afford them, including, of course, homeless women living on the streets.

All photos © Pete Riches

Do not reproduce, alter, re-transmit or blog my images without my written permission. I remain at all times the copyright owner of this image.

These images are now available from International Photo Media picture agency.

Hi-Res, un-watermarked versions of these files are available on application solely at my discretion

Media buyers wanting to use any image found in my Flickr Photostream can also Email me directly.

Standard industry image licensing rates apply.

about.me/peteriches

a wee problem - world continence week by Jan Camilleri

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Woman with hands holding her crotch, she wants to pee - urinary incontinence concept

Water Lily by Babish VB

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Scientific name :Nymphaea stellata

Family :Nymphaeaceae

Habitat : Annual water lily

Medicinal Uses : Powdered rhizomes of Aambal are given for dyspepsia , diarrhoea and piles . Infusion is emollient and diuretic and is used for blenorrhaqia and diseases of urinary tract. Macerated leaves are used for erysipelas and seeds as stomachic and restorative . Decoration of flowers is narcotic .

20130809 - whiteboard - IMG_5987 by Claire CJS

Nightmare Pinkie Pie porn...This is why we can't have nice things. What monster did this? You have much to atone for.

"slapfest, music, movie, game, gum war, getting each other, price tag war, shows, videos" [what we did one night]

"Write here, ppl!" "Here" "Here" ":) Here"

"No matter how high you sit on the seat, my crap can jump 10 feet" "I have altered our deal. Pray I do not alter it further.", "Fecality Haters", "Fecal rights... Urinary Leftists?", "Oof the oof", "I <3 Pinky", "ArrEsted Development is Awesome! No it's not! Fuck you!", "The truth is, you can bend the spoon." "Dickhead?"

Pinkie Pie.

fecality haters, handwriting, poo poo platter, price tag war, slapfaster, spoon, whiteboard, writing.

TV show: Arrested Development. cartoon: My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic. movie: Star Wars. movie: The Matrix.

write here.

upstairs, Clint and Carolyn's house, Alexandria, Virginia.

August 9, 2013.

... Read my blog at ClintJCL at wordpress.com

... Read Carolyn's blog at CarolynCASL at wordpress.com

BACKSTORY: Had to erase the whiteboard again.

Human body systems illustration. Nervous, respiratory, skeletal and urinary systems by rtcmedia

Human body systems illustration. Nervous, respiratory, skeletal and urinary systems

Saxifraga Touran Pink My Garden, UK by Tony Rea

Saxifraga is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 440 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word saxifraga means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin saxum + frangere. It is usually thought to indicate a medicinal use for treatment of urinary calculi, rather than breaking rocks apart.

post 9 by Fem Pstnd

Women's outdoor activities

girlpstanding.blogspot.com/

Urinary impertinence. by Alberto Vitalucci

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Squinty Urinary by PhotoLanda

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Public Urinary

drawing. urinary system. by Vanessa Ramos

thread sewed with machine, acrylic paint, lace and screen print.

detail of the full drawing.

Crystal tripolyphosphate in urine by Vet Doctor

Ultrasound Image of Two Urinary Catheters in the Urethra by itsmetj

A second urinary catheter was placed in the urethra to help determine that the foreign body in the bladder was indeed a urinary catheter, thus verifying the need for surgery.

Keiko by Red~Star

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Keiko is fifteen years old. A couple months ago she was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. We are treating with pills and she seems to be tolerating them well.

I noticed the other day that she was having potty problems so took her to the vet and they confirmed she has a mild urinary tract infection so we immediately put her on clavamox [ oral antibiotics].

Unfortunately, it made her sick [vomitiing, diarrhea and loss of appetite] so I emailed my vet last night and she said to take her off right away. Keiko has lost weight the past six months and is quite frail so we hate to see her not feeling well.

I took these pics this morning... Mother's Day [ Sunday- May 12] as she went outside to eat grass. We love Keiko so much and it saddens us to see her have health issues. We are doing all we can to keep her well but we know that given her advanced age, every day is a gift.

After having lost Jasmine in March, we cannot fathom the thought of losing another.....so we have put all day trips on hold and will tend to Keiko as much as possible.

PicMonkey.com

Blueberries by jjs08

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Potential anti-disease effects

Researchers have shown that blueberry anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, flavonols, and tannins inhibit mechanisms of cancer cell development and inflammation in vitro. Similar to red grape, some blueberry species contain in their skins significant levels of resveratrol,a phytochemical.

Although most studies below were conducted using the highbush cultivar of blueberries (V. corymbosum), content of polyphenol antioxidants and anthocyanins in lowbush (wild) blueberries (V. angustifolium) exceeds values found in highbush species.

At a 2007 symposium on berry health benefits were reports showing consumption of blueberries (and similar berry fruits including cranberries) may alleviate the cognitive decline occurring in Alzheimer's disease and other conditions of aging.

A chemical isolated from blueberry leaves can block replication of the hepatitis C virus and might help to delay disease spread in infected individuals (it's not a cure, though).

Feeding blueberries to animals lowers brain damage in experimental stroke. Research at Rutgers has also shown that blueberries may help prevent urinary tract infections.

Other animal studies found that blueberry consumption lowered cholesterol and total blood lipid levels, possibly affecting symptoms of heart disease. Additional research showed that blueberry consumption in rats altered glycosaminoglycans which are vascular cell components affecting control of blood pressure.

India - Delhi - Streetlife - Market - Pumpkin - 61d by Manfred Sommer

A pumpkin is a cultivar of winter squash that is round with smooth, slightly ribbed skin, and is most often deep yellow to orange in coloration. The thick shell contains the seeds and pulp. The name is most commonly used for cultivars of Cucurbita pepo, but some cultivars of Cucurbita maxima, C. argyrosperma, and C. moschata with similar appearance are also sometimes called "pumpkins".

Native to North America (northeastern Mexico and the southern United States), pumpkins are one of the oldest domesticated plants, having been used as early as 7,000 to 5,500 BC. Pumpkins are widely grown for food, as well as for aesthetic and recreational purposes. Pumpkin pie, for instance, is a traditional part of Thanksgiving meals in Canada and the United States, and pumpkins are frequently carved as jack-o'-lanterns for decoration around Halloween, although commercially canned pumpkin purée and pumpkin pie fillings are usually made from varieties of winter squash different from the ones used for jack-o'-lanterns.

ETYMOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English word pumpkin derives from the Ancient Greek word πέπων (romanized pepon), meaning 'melon'. Under this theory, the term transitioned through the Latin word peponem and the Middle French word pompon to the Early Modern English pompion, which was changed to pumpkin by 17th-century English colonists, shortly after encountering pumpkins upon their arrival in what is now the northeastern United States.

An alternate derivation for pumpkin is the Massachusett word pôhpukun, meaning 'grows forth round'. This term would likely have been used by the Wampanoag people (who speak the Wôpanâak dialect of Massachusett) when introducing pumpkins to English Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony, located in present-day Massachusetts. The English word squash is also derived from a Massachusett word, variously transcribed as askꝏtasquash, ashk8tasqash, or, in the closely-related Narragansett language, askútasquash.

The term pumpkin has no agreed upon botanical or scientific meaning, and is used interchangeably with "squash" and "winter squash". In North America and the United Kingdom, pumpkin traditionally refers to only certain round orange varieties of winter squash, predominantly derived from Cucurbita pepo, while in New Zealand and Australian English, the term pumpkin generally refers to all winter squash.

DESCRIPTION

Pumpkins, like other squash, originated in northeastern Mexico and southern United States. The oldest evidence is pumpkin fragments found in Mexico that are dated between 7,000 and 5,500 BC. Pumpkin fruits are a type of botanical berry known as a pepo.

Traditional C. pepo pumpkins generally weigh between 3 and 8 kilograms, though the largest cultivars (of the species C. maxima) regularly reach weights of over 34 kg.

The color of pumpkins derives from orange carotenoid pigments, including beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha and beta carotene, all of which are provitamin A compounds converted to vitamin A in the body.

TAXONOMY

All pumpkins are winter squash, mature fruit of certain species in the genus Cucurbita. Characteristics commonly used to define "pumpkin" include smooth and slightly ribbed skin, and deep yellow to orange color. Circa 2005, white pumpkins had become increasingly popular in the United States. Other colors, including dark green (as with some oilseed pumpkins), also exist.

The traditional American pumpkin used for jack-o-lanterns is the Connecticut field variety.

Giant pumpkins are large squash with a pumpkin-like appearance that grow to exceptional size, with the largest exceeding a tonne in mass. Most are varieties of Cucurbita maxima, and were developed through the efforts of botanical societies and enthusiast farmers.

PRODUCTION

In 2019, world production of pumpkins (including squash and gourds) was 23 million tonnes, with China accounting for 37% of the total. Ukraine and Russia each produced about one million tonnes.

IN THE UNITED STATES

As one of the most popular crops in the United States, in 2017 over 680 million kilograms of pumpkins were produced. The top pumpkin-producing states include Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and California.

According to the Illinois Department of Agriculture, 95% of the U.S. crop intended for processing is grown in Illinois. The United States Department of Agriculture quotes a much more modest share: 41% of the overall pumpkin crop originates in the state, still more than five times the nearest competitor (California, whose pumpkin industry is centered in the San Joaquin Valley), and the majority of that comes from five counties in the central part of the state. Nestlé, operating under the brand name Libby's, produces 85% of the processed pumpkin in the United States, at their plant in Morton, Illinois. In the fall of 2009, rain in Illinois devastated the Nestlé crop, which combined with a relatively weak 2008 crop depleting that year's reserves resulted in a shortage affecting the entire country during the Thanksgiving holiday season. Another shortage, somewhat less severe, affected the 2015 crop. The pumpkin crop grown in the western United States, which constitutes approximately 3-4% of the national crop, is primarily for the organic market. Terry County, Texas, has a substantial pumpkin industry, centered largely on miniature pumpkins.

Pumpkins are a warm-weather crop that is usually planted in early July. The specific conditions necessary for growing pumpkins require that soil temperatures 8 centimetres deep are at least 15.5 °C and that the soil holds water well. Pumpkin crops may suffer if there is a lack of water or because of cold temperatures (in this case, below 18 °C). Soil that is sandy with poor water retention or poorly drained soils that become waterlogged after heavy rain are both detrimental. Pumpkins are, however, rather hardy, and even if many leaves and portions of the vine are removed or damaged, the plant can quickly grow secondary vines to replace what was removed.

Pumpkins produce both a male and female flower, with fertilization usually performed by bees. In America, pumpkins have historically been pollinated by the native squash bee, Peponapis pruinosa, but that bee has declined, probably partly due to pesticide (imidacloprid) sensitivity. Ground-based bees, such as squash bees and the eastern bumblebee, are better suited to manage the larger pollen particles that pumpkins create, but today most commercial plantings are pollinated by hives of honeybees, which also allows the production and sale of honey that the bees produce from the pumpkin pollen. One hive per acre (0.4 hectares, or 5 hives per 2 hectares) is recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. If there are inadequate bees for pollination, gardeners may have to hand pollinate. Inadequately pollinated pumpkins usually start growing but fail to develop.

NUTRITION

In a 100-gram amount, raw pumpkin provides 110 kilojoules (26 kilocalories) of food energy and is an excellent source (20% or more the Daily Value, DV) of provitamin A beta-carotene and vitamin A (53% DV) (table). Vitamin C is present in moderate content (11% DV), but no other nutrients are in significant amounts (less than 10% DV, table). Pumpkin is 92% water, 6.5% carbohydrate, 0.1% fat and 1% protein (table).

USES

COOKING

Pumpkins have several culinary uses. Most parts of the pumpkin are edible, including the fleshy shell, the seeds, the leaves, and the flowers. In the United States and Canada, pumpkin is a popular Halloween and Thanksgiving staple. Pumpkin purée is sometimes prepared and frozen for later use.

When ripe, the pumpkin can be boiled, steamed, or roasted. In its native North America, pumpkins are an important part of the traditional autumn harvest, eaten mashed and making its way into soups and purées. Often, it is made into pumpkin pie, various kinds of which are a traditional staple of the Canadian and American Thanksgiving holidays. In Canada, Mexico, the United States, Europe and China, the seeds are often roasted and eaten as a snack.

Pumpkins that are still small and green may be eaten in the same way as summer squash or zucchini. In the Middle East, pumpkin is used for sweet dishes; a well-known sweet delicacy is called halawa yaqtin. In the Indian subcontinent, pumpkin is cooked with butter, sugar, and spices in a dish called kadu ka halwa. Pumpkin is used to make sambar in Udupi cuisine. In Guangxi province, China, the leaves of the pumpkin plant are consumed as a cooked vegetable or in soups. In Australia and New Zealand, pumpkin is often roasted in conjunction with other vegetables. In Japan, small pumpkins are served in savory dishes, including tempura. In Myanmar, pumpkins are used in both cooking and desserts (candied). The seeds are a popular sunflower seed substitute. In Thailand, small pumpkins are steamed with custard inside and served as a dessert. In Vietnam, pumpkins are commonly cooked in soups with pork or shrimp. In Italy, it can be used with cheeses as a savory stuffing for ravioli. Also, pumpkin can be used to flavor both alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages.

In the southwestern United States and Mexico, pumpkin and squash flowers are a popular and widely available food item. They may be used to garnish dishes, or dredged in a batter then fried in oil. Pumpkin leaves are a popular vegetable in the western and central regions of Kenya; they are called seveve, and are an ingredient of mukimo, respectively, whereas the pumpkin itself is usually boiled or steamed. The seeds are popular with children who roast them on a pan before eating them. Pumpkin leaves are also eaten in Zambia, where they are called chibwabwa and are boiled and cooked with groundnut paste as a side dish.

LEAVES

Pumpkin leaves, usually of C. moschata varieties, are eaten as a vegetable in Korean cuisine.

SEEDS

Pumpkin seeds, also known as pepitas, are edible and nutrient-rich. They are about 1.5 cm long, flat, asymmetrically oval, light green in color and usually covered by a white husk, although some pumpkin varieties produce seeds without them. Pumpkin seeds are a popular snack that can be found hulled or semi-hulled at many grocery stores. Per ounce serving, pumpkin seeds are a good source of protein, magnesium, copper and zinc.

PUMPKIN SEED OIL

Pumpkin seed oil, a thick oil pressed from roasted pumpkin seeds, appears red or green in color depending on the oil layer thickness, container properties, and hue shift of the observer's vision. When used for cooking or as a salad dressing, pumpkin seed oil is generally mixed with other oils because of its robust flavor. Pumpkin seed oil contains fatty acids, such as oleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.

OTHER USES

Pumpkins have been used as folk medicine by Native Americans to treat intestinal worms and urinary ailments, and this Native American remedy was adopted by American doctors in the early nineteenth century as an anthelmintic for the expulsion of worms. In Germany and southeastern Europe, seeds of C. pepo were also used as folk remedies to treat irritable bladder and benign prostatic hyperplasia.[qualify evidence] In China, C. moschata seeds were also used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis and for the expulsion of tape worms.. Among other uses pumpkin seed meal (Cucurbita moschata) represents a rich source of nutrients for poultry feeding with significant improvements in eggs, for human consumption.

CULTURE

HALLOWEEN

Pumpkins are commonly carved into decorative lanterns called jack-o'-lanterns for the Halloween season. Traditionally Britain and Ireland would carve lanterns from vegetables, particularly the turnip, mangelwurzel, or swede. They continue to be popular choices today as carved lanterns in Scotland and Northern Ireland, although the British purchased a million pumpkins for Halloween in 2004.

The practice of carving pumpkins for Halloween originated from an Irish myth about a man named "Stingy Jack". The turnip has traditionally been used in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween, but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which are both readily available and much larger – making them easier to carve than turnips. Not until 1837 does jack-o'-lantern appear as a term for a carved vegetable lantern, and the carved pumpkin lantern association with Halloween is recorded in 1866.

In the United States, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general, long before it became an emblem of Halloween. In 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities that encourage kids and families to join together to make their own jack-o'-lanterns.

Association of pumpkins with harvest time and pumpkin pie at Canadian and American Thanksgiving reinforce its iconic role. Starbucks turned this association into marketing with its pumpkin spice latte, introduced in 2003. This has led to a notable trend in pumpkin and spice flavored food products in North America. This is despite the fact that North Americans rarely buy whole pumpkins to eat other than when carving jack-o'-lanterns. Illinois farmer Sarah Frey is called "the Pumpkin Queen of America" and sells around five million pumpkins annually, predominantly for use as lanterns.

CHUNKING

Pumpkin chunking is a competitive activity in which teams build various mechanical devices designed to throw a pumpkin as far as possible. Catapults, trebuchets, ballistas and air cannons are the most common mechanisms.

PUMPKIN FESTIVALS AND COMPETITIONS

Growers of giant pumpkins often compete to grow the most massive pumpkins. Festivals may be dedicated to the pumpkin and these competitions. In the United States, the town of Half Moon Bay, California, holds an annual Art and Pumpkin Festival, including the World Champion Pumpkin Weigh-Off.The record for the world's heaviest pumpkin, 1,226 kg, was established in Italy in 2021.

FOLKLORE AND FICTION

There is a connection in folklore and popular culture between pumpkins and the supernatural, such as:

The custom of carving jack-o-lanterns from pumpkins derives from folklore about a lost soul wandering the earth.

In the fairy tale Cinderella, the fairy godmother turns a pumpkin into a carriage for the title character, but at midnight it reverts to a pumpkin.

In some adaptations of Washington Irving's ghost story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the headless horseman is said to use a pumpkin as a substitute head.

In most folklore the carved pumpkin is meant to scare away evil spirits on All Hallows' Eve (that is, Halloween), when the dead were purported to walk the earth.

WIKIPEDIA

urinary system by winnifredxoxo

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) on ChromID CPS Agar - Detail by Nathan Reading

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) on ChromID CPS chromogenic agar. Isolate obtained from a urine sample from a 32 year old full term (39 weeks) asymptomatic pregnant female.

Travel girls by Fem Pstnd

girlpstanding.blogspot.com/

Urinary Incontinence by drsafir

2 1

Urinary Incontinence - Erectile Dysfunction

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 9, Nos. 1-4, 1915 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 9, Nos. 1-4, 1915

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1915

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

PREFACE v

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

Shock, anoci-association and anesthesia.

By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 1

The proposed personnel, organization, and equipment of a hospital ship

By Surg. E. M. Blackwell and Chief Pharm. O. G. Ruge 28

The application of Wassermann's reaction to the SOLUTION OF THE

ETIOLOGY OF TROPICAL ULCERATIONS.

By Surg. C. S. Butler 51

Some theories as to the origin of Jackson's veil.

By Asst. Surg. J. M. Lynch, M. R. C 62

A RESUME OF ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS CONCERNED IN YELLOW FEVER.

By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 65

Some observations on the examination of recruits.

By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. S. McMullin 70

Experience of a surgeon during the occupation of Vera Cruz.

By Asst. Surg. G. T. Vaughan, M. R. C 75

Experiences with marine expeditionary force in Mexico.

By Asst. Surg. R. M. Little, M. R. C 76

Treatment of chronic posterior urethritis.

By Medical Inspector G. T. Smith 80

A NEW METHOD OF EXAMINING STOOLS FOR EGGS.

By Passed Asst. Surg. C. M. Fauntleroy, Public Health Service, and Passed

Asst. Surg. R. Hayden 81

An account of the yellow fever which prevailed on board the United

States Ship Jamestown in 1866-67 at Panama.

By Passed Asst. Surg. W. M. Kerr 82

UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:

Additions to the pathological collection 111

Additions to the helmintholoqical collection 111

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

A card index of specific cases.

By Passed Asst. Surg. R. B. Henry 113

The otoscope as an anterior urethroscope.

By Passed Asst. Surg. W. G. Steadman, jr 114

CLINICAL NOTES:

Advance report concerning heliotherapy and ionic medication as employed

at Las Animas, Colo.

By Passed Asst. Surg. C. J. Holeman 119

Compound comminuted fracture of skull.

By Passed Asst. Surg. T. W. Raison 120

A case of reamputation of the leg.

By Surg. R. Spear 122

Tenoplasty for contracture of hamstring tendons.

By Surg. R. R. Richardson 123

Neosalvarsan and mercury in unilateral luetic palsy of abducens.

By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 124

EDITORIAL COMMENT:

Southern Medical Association 127

The William A. Herndon Scholarships, University of Virginia 127

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General medicine. —-The diagnosis and treatment of cholecystitis. The duration

of infection in scarlet fevor. By L. W. Johnson. Diphtheria mortality with and

without the use of antitoxin. By W. E. Eaton.

Observations on the Wassermann reaction. By R. Sheehan 129

Mental and nervous diseases. —The role of hypnotics in mental disease

with indications for their selection and employment. Hereditary ataxia. Psychic

disturbances of dengue. By R. Sheehan 133

Surgery.— Medical arrangements of the British Expeditionary Force. The

home hospitals and the war. The wounded in the war; some surgical lessons. By

L. W. Johnson. The significance of the Jackson veil.

The fate of transplanted bone and the regenerative power of its various

constituents. A plea for the immediate operation of fractures. By A. M.

Fauntleroy and E. II. H. Old 140

Hygiene and sanitation. —Study of a swimming pool with a return purification

system. The period of incubation of diphtheria cultures. Subsistence on board

battleships. The chemical disinfection of water.

Sterilization of water supplies for troops on active service. The

Lettsomian lectures on dysentery. Antimosquito work at Panama. By C. N. Fiske

and R. C. Ransdell 147

Tropical medicine. —Malaria and the transmission of diseases. Prevention

of malaria in the troops of our Indian empire. Researches in sprue. By E. R.

Stitt 152

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Is pellagra due to

an intestinal parasite? By C. N. Fiske. Laboratory studies on tetanus. The

cultivation of the tubercle bacillus. The bacteriology of pyorrhea alveolaris.

Experimental production of purpura in animals. By A. B. Clifford and G. F.

Clark 156

Chemistry and pharmacy.—On the influence of atmosphere, temperature, and

humidity on animal metabolism. The influence of moisture in the air on

metabolism in the body. Biochemical studies of expired air in relation to

ventilation. The absorption of protein and fat after resection of one-half of

the small intestine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge. . . 158

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of arterial hypertension to subconjunctival

hemorrhage. Ocular manifestations of arteriosclerosis and their diagnostic and

prognostic significance. Salvarsan treatment and optic neuritis. Eye in

locomotor ataxia. The direct method of the intralaryngeal operation.

Inflammation of the accessary sinuses. Normal horse serum in hemorrhage from

nose and throat operations. Tonsillectomy, its indications and choice of

operation. The correction of nasal deformities by mechanical replacement and

the transplantation of bone. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 162

REPORTS:

Points of interest about the Mexican constitutionalist wounded at

Mazatlan.— By Surg. P. S. Rossiter 167

Sanitary report of marine brigade. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 173

Report of work at the field hospital of the marine brigade, Vera Cruz,

Mexico. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 177

Number 2

PREFACE vii

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

The operative treatment of chronic intestinal stasis.

By Asst. Surg. W. S. Bainbridge, M. R. 0 179

Symposium on intelligence tests.

Service use of intelligence tests.

By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 194

The value of the mental test and its relation to the service.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. E. Thomas 200

Mental defectives at Naval Disciplinary Barracks, Port Royal, S. C.

By Passed Asst. Surg. H. E. Jenkins 211

Review and possibilities of mental tests in the examination of applicants

for enlistment.

By Acting Asst. Surg. A. R. Schier 222

Observations on deep diving.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. R. W. French 227

Tuberculosis.

By Surg. E. Thompson 253

Observations on seven cases of cerebrospinal fever.

By Passed Asst. Surg. D. C. Cather 259

The posterior urethra and bladder in a hundred cases of chronic gonorrhea.

By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 265

UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:

Additions to the pathological collection 271

Additions to the helminthological collection 271

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

Apparatus for securing traction of lower extremities.

By Surg. H. A. Dunn 278

CLINICAL NOTES:

Leukopenia of a marked degree in a fatal case of pneumonia.

By Medical Director E. R. Stitt 275

GASTRIC CHANGES FOLLOWING GASTROENTEROSTOMY.

By Passed Asst. Surgs. H. F. Hull and O. J. Mink 275

TWO CASES OF MALARIA TREATED WITH SALVARSAN.

By Passed Asst. Surg. E. U. Reed 278

PSEUDOLEUKEMIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY OCCURRING IN TWINS.

By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 280,

EDITORIAL COMMENT:

George Perley Bradley, medical director, United States Navy. . . 283

A new quarterly naval medical journal 285

The Harrison law 285

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General medicine. —Differentiation of the diseases included under chronic

arthritis. By L. W. Johnson. The war and typhoid fever. By G. F. Clark. Use of

the Schick test in the suppression of a diphtheria outbreak. By R. Sheehan. The

present status of the treatment of advanced cardiac decompensation. The

influence of diet upon necrosis caused by hepatic and renal poisons. Syphilitic

nephritis. Is emetin sufficient to bring about a radical cure in amebiasis? A case of a

large aneurism of the arch of the aorta with use of bronchoscopy. By E. Thompson

and E. L. Woods 287

Mental and nervous diseases.—The importance of the bony sinuses accessory

to the nose in the explanation of pains in the head, face, and neck. Spinal

decompression in meningomyelitis. Fleeting attacks of manic depressive

psychosis. Epilepsy and cerebral tumor. The ductless glands and mental disease.

Acute paraplegia. By R. Sheehan 295

Surgery. —The Freiburg method of Dammerschlaf or twilight sleep. By W.

G. Steadman. Observations on the seminal vesicles. By H. W. Cole. Rubber

gloves; a technique of mending. A note upon the wounds of the present campaign.

By L. W. Johnson. The silence of renal tuberculosis. Acute hemorrhagic

pancreatitis. Preservation of the iliohypogastric nerve in operation for cure

of inguinal hernia. Aperiosteal amputation through the femur. A modified

incision for approaching the gall bladder. The occurrence of acute

emphysematous gangrene (malignant edema) in wounds received in the war. Note on

the wounds observed during three weeks' fighting in Flanders. The naval action

off Helgoland. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 299

Hygiene and sanitation. —Massachusetts Association of Boards of Health;

report of question meeting. The disinfecting properties of gaslight on air of

room. Sewage disinfection for vessels and railway coaches. The prophylaxis of

malaria with special reference to the military service. By C. N. Fiske and R.

C. Ransdell 313

Tropical medicine. —Benzol in bilharzia. By E. L. Woods. Kala-azar and

allied infections. Observations on the eggs of ascaris lumbricoides. By E. R.

Stitt 319

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The occurrence of

certain structures in the erythrocytes of guinea pigs and their relationship to

the so-called parasite of yellow fever. Observations on myeloid sarcoma with an

analysis of fifty cases. By G. F. Clark. A new and rapid method for the

isolation and cultivation of tubercle bacilli directly from the sputum and

feces. Appendicitis treated with

anticolon bacillus serum and vaccine. The retention of iron in the organs

in hemolytic anemia. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 321

Chemistry and pharmacy. —The analysis of emulsions. Notes on the estimation

of morphin and Lloyd's reagent. By P. J. Waldner. Merck's annual report of

recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry and

therapeutics. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 326

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —The tonsils as a habitat of oral

entamebas. By O N. Fiske. Enucleation of the eye under local anasthesia. On a

modification of Siegrist's method of local anesthesia in enucleation of

the eyeball. The use of pituitary extract as a coagulant in the surgery

of the nose and throat. Value of roentgenography in diagnosis of diseases of

the larynx and trachea. The difficulties and dangers of exploratory puncture of

the antrum of Highmore. By E. J. Grow and G. B.Trible 331

REPORTS:

Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —Notes on marine recruiting. By

F. H. Brooks. Notes on recruiting. By J. B. Bostick. Economy in use of hospital

supplies. By A. R. Wentworth. Venereal prophylaxis. Examination of civil

employees. By C. N. Fiske. Industrial notes from Boston yard. By N. J.

Blackwood. Notes on tropical hygiene. By A. Stuart. Battleship ventilation. Use

of barracks during . overhaul period. By T. W. Richards. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Ozark. Malarial prophylaxis. By R. W. McDowell. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Virginia. By G. L. Angeny 335

The Schick Test and the use of diphtheria antitoxin.

By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. A. McMullin 362

Number 3

PREFACE vii

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

The normal heart in the Navy.

By Surg. G. F. Freeman 363

Surgical diagnosis and technic involving the appendix.

By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 381

Functional testing of the ear.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. B. Trible 400

A few points in diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcer by means of the

X-ray.

By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 410

The damage of syphilis to the Navy.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 414

Recent conceptions of bronchial asthma.

By Asst. Surg. M. H. Sirard, M. R. C 419

UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:

Additions to the pathological collection 423

Additions to the helmintholooical collection 423

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

A venereal head.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 425

A NEW MESSING SYSTEM FOR NAVAL HOSPITALS.

By Hosp. Steward F. E. Simmons 426

Messing arrangements in the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia.

By Surg. H. A. Dunn and Chief Pharm. P. J. Waldner 428

Castor oil. An aseptic dressing on the field of battle.

By Asst. Surg. A. E. Gallant, M.R.C 430

CLINICAL NOTES:

A case of fracture-dislocation of spine. Laminectomy.

By Surg. R. E. Ledbetter and Asst. Surg. H. Priest 433

A CASE OF ANEURYSM OF THE LEFT POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY.

By Passed Asst. Surg. E. L. Woods 434

A CASE OF MALIGNANT ENDOCARDITIS. By Passed Asst. Surg. M E. Higgins

436

A POSSIBLE NEW X-RAY SIGN OF TUBERCULOSIS.

By Surg. E. Thompson and Hosp. Steward H. L. Gall 436

A CASE OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA (?) WITH MARKED LEUKOPENIA. By Passed

Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 438

Report of twenty-eight cases of pyorrhea alveolaris treated with emetin

hydrochlorid.

By Passed Asst. Surg. A. H. Allen 440

Intravenous injection of neosalvarsan in concentrated solution.

By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 441

TRANSLATIONS:

Catheterization of the ejaculatory canals.

By Surg. R. A. Bachmann 443

Hospital ships.

By Pharm. S. Wierzbicki 452

First-aid stations and transportation of the wounded in naval battle.

By Med. Inspect. S. G. Evans 454

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General medicine. —The value of typhoid vaccines in the treatment of typhoid

fever. By L. W. Johnson. The intravenous and intramuscular administration of

diphtheria antitoxin. The noninfective causes of so-called rheumatism. Not very

well known causes of hematuria. Prodromal symptoms of gallstones. Observations

on renal functions in acute experimental unilateral nephritis. By E. Thompson

and E. L.

Woods 469

Mental and nervous diseases. —A critical study of Lange'a gold reaction

in cerebrospinal fluid. Post-operative nervous and mental disturbances. The

significance of the unconscious in psychopathology. By R. Sheehan 475

Surgery. —The role of gastroenterostomy in the treatment of ulcers. Ether-oil

colonic anesthesia. By H. W. Smith. Ununited fractures treated by long-axial

drilling of the fractured bone-ends. By E. Thompson. War surgery. The

osteogenic power of periosteum; with a note on bone transplantation. The

technic of cholecystectomy. The German use of asphyxiating gases. Transfusion

by the syringe method. The North Sea action of January 24. The best method of

treating wounds sustained in action, especially during the early period after

their infliction. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 479

Hygiene and sanitation. —The possibility of conveying typhoid fever by

clothing, contaminated food, and soiled fingers. The microbic content of indoor

and outdoor air. By E. W. Brown. Some results of the

first year's work of the New York State Commission on Ventilation. By

C. N. Eiske and E. W. Brown. Tincture of iodin and the prevention of venereal

disease. Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteurization.

The specific gravity of the human body. Lead poisoning in the manufacture

of storage batteries. By C. N. Fiskc and R. C. Ransdell 495

Tropical medicine.—Pathology of verruga peruviana. The importance of

tertiary yaws. By C. S. Butler. The treatment of ancylostomiasis. By A. B.

Clifford. Studies in malaria. New theories and investigations

concerning pellagra. Immediate relapse in tertian malaria after energetic

salvarsan treatment. By E. R. Stitt 502

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —A study of the endamebas

of man in the Panama Canal Zone. Lipoids in immunity. The mechanism of antibody

action. The diagnosis and treatment of

parenchymatous syphilis. The bacteriology of appendicitis and its production

by intravenous injection of streptococci and colon bacilli. By G. F. Clark. On

the filterability and biology of spirochetes. A differential study of

coccidiodal granuloma and blastomycosis. Notes on the diagnosis of Asiatic

cholera at autopsy. The morphology of the adults of the filarise found in the

Philippine Islands. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 508

Chemistry and pharmacy.—Coloring of bichlorid of mercury solutions. By

L. Zembsch. An experimental study of lavage in acute carbolic acid poisoning.

By A. B. Clifford. Notes on a new alkaloid found in

nux vomica. Preliminary note on a new pharmacodynamic assay method. By

P. J. Waldnar. Estimation of urea. Estimation of urea and indirectly of

allantoin in urine by means of urease. Urea; its distribution in and

elimination from the body. Results of the hypochlorite disinfection of water

supplies. A further study of the chemical composition and nutritive value of

fish subjected to prolonged period of cold storage. By E. W. Brown and O. G.

Ruge 515

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Treatment of trachoma with carbonic acid snow.

Samoan conjunctivitis Is there a natural or acquired immunity to trachoma?

Clinical and anatomical study of a case of isolated

reflex immobility of the pupil, paralysis, tabes, and cerebrospinal syphilis

being excluded. Protection against injury of the hearing.Chronic local

infection of the nose, throat, and ear as a cause of general infection. The

sympathetic syndrome (undescribed) of sphenopalatine or nasal ganglion

neurosis. Shell explosions and the special senses. By E. J. Grow and G. B.

Trible 521

REPORTS:

Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —A review of the treatment and

results at the U. S. Naval Sanatorium for Tuberculosis at Las Animas, Colo. By

G. H. Barber. Battleship ventilation. ( Permanent detail of stretchermen. By J.

S. Taylor. Genito-urinary disease at Chelsea. By G. B. Wilson. Malarial prophylaxis. By H.

L. Smith. Sanitary notes from the U. S. S. Washington. By H. A. May. Sanitary

notes

from the U. S. S. Michigan. By J. A. Murphy. Sanitary notes from the U.

S. S. Palos. By D. C. Post. Camp sanitation. By R. I. Longabaugh 527

Lymphatic leukemia complicated by priapism. By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J.

A. McMullin 542

The seventy-first annual meeting of the American Medico-Psychological

Association. By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 544

Number 4

PREFACE vii

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

Observations upon the epidemiology of an outbreak of measles at the

Naval Training Station, Norfolk, Va.

By Surg. C. E. Riggs 647

The present status of the Hospital Corps. By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E.

Eaton , 556

The use of hospital ships in time of war.

By Passed Asst. Surg. R J. Straeten 565

Venereal disease aboard ship.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 571

Some dangers in passing the ureteral catheter to the kidney.

By Asst. Surg. B. C. Willis, M. R. C 577

Shanghai and Yangtze River hospitals.

By Passed Asst. Surg. R. H. Laning 679

Some medical aspects of the upper Yangtze River country.

By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post 620

Some medical conditions in China.

By Passed Asst. Surg. R. G. Davis 630

UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:

Additions to the pathological collection 635

Additions to the helminthological collection 635

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

An ambulance motor boat for hospital ships.

By Surg. E. M. Blackwell 637

CLINICAL NOTES:

Unusual type of typhus on U. S. S. Monocacy. Report of case. By Asst.

Surg. W. B. Hetfield 641

Injury by dynamite explosion. By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and

L. W. Johnson 643

A case of hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and L. W. Johnson 644

Salvarsan in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Report of case.

By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post '645

An usually severe case of urticaria.

By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E. Eaton 650

Early reinfection with syphilis.

By Surg. T. W. Richards 651

A fatal cask of cecal ulceration with extensive complications.

Bv Passed Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 653

EDITORIAL COMMENT:

Scarcity and cost of medical supplies due to disturbance of European

markets 655

Bind your Bulletins 655

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General medicine. —The recent epidemic of smallpox in New South Wales.

By L. W. Johnson. The causes of indigestion. A study of 1,000 cases. By E. H.

H. Old. Certain physical signs referable to the diaphragm and their importance

to diagnosis. An epidemic of influenza in the Island of St. Kilda. Pollen

therapy in hay fever. Studies in bronchial glands. Mode of action and use of

emetin in endamebiasis. The treatment of eczema with special reference to the

use of vaccine and the part played by bacteria in its etiology. Report of 50

cases. Study of diseases of stomach and duodenum by X-ray. Cure and recurrence of

syphilis. By E. Thompson and E. L. Woods 667

Mental and nervous diseases.—Differential diagnosis of general paresis.

What is paranoia? The cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis and treatment. Raynaud's

syndrome. Raynaud's disease. What tests in childhood are best calculated to

throw light upon the capacities of mental defectives for future work. The

Binet-Simon method and the intelligence of adult prisoners. By R. Sheehan 669

Surgery.— Medical narrative of the arrangements of the first division

at the Battle of the Aisne. The medical aspects of modern warfare, with special

reference to the use of hospital ships. By T. W. Richards. Injuries to the bowel from shell and

bullet wounds. By L. W. Johnson. Account of six specimens of great bowel

removed by operation; observations on motor mechanism of colon. Symptomless

renal hematuria arising from tumors,

aneurysms in the renal pelvis, and early tuberculosis. The treatment of

urethral stricture by excision. Some observations on bone transplantation.

Blood transfusion by the citrate method. Disinfection of the hands and

abdominal skin before operation. Partial regeneration of bone. By H. W.Smith.

Epididymotomy for acute epididymitis as an out-patient procedure. By W. E.

Eaton. Occlusion of the pylorus. Prevalent fallacies concerning subacromial

bursitis. Its pathogenoesis

and rational operative treatment. Autogenous bone grafts versus Lane's

plates. A new procedure for the cure of chronic synovitis. Report on the

wounded in the action between the Sydney and the Emden.

By E. H. H. Old 672

Hygiene and sanitation. —Paint poisoning. By T. W. Richards. Sterilization

of water by chlorin. The prevalence of occupational factors in disease and

suggestions for their elimination. Bismuth-paste

poisoning —report of a fatal case. The making of a milk commission. Present

practice relating to city waste collection and disposal. A statistical study of

personal association as a factor in the etiology of pellagra. The influence of

age of the grandparent at the birth of the parent on the number of the children

born and their sex. By C. N. Fiske and R. O. Ransdell 694

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Simple and efficient

contrast stain for B. diphtheriae. By C. N. Fiske. The heart muscle in

pneumonia. The sterilization of vaccines and the influence of the various

methods employed on their antigenic properties. The Wassermann and luetin

reactions in leprosy. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 700

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of general arteriosclerosis to certain

ocular conditions. Eyestrain and ocular discomfort from faulty illumination. Hemorrhage

from the nose and throat. Diagnosis and conservative treatment of inflammation

of the accessory sinuses of the nose. Primary carcinoma of the tonsils. Nasal

polypi. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 703

REPORTS. —Topographical extracts from annual sanitary reports:

Yangtze River ports. By Passed Asst. Surg. C. L. Beeching 707

Cape Haitien, Haiti. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 710

Santo Domingo and Haiti. By Passed Asst. Surg. E. A. Vickery 714

Vera Cruz, Santo Domingo, and Haiti. By Surg. R. W. Plummer 715

Santo Domingo. By Asst. Surg. J. B. Helm 716

Bluefields, Nicaragua. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 719

Alaskan ports. By Surg. W. S. Pugh, jr 723

INDEX 727

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India - Rajasthan - Jaisalmer - Desert - 47ee by Manfred Sommer

The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert or Marusthali (Land of the dead), is a large, arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent that forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan. It is the world's 9th largest subtropical desert. This desert spreads over about 2,340,000 km2, with 85% in India and the remaining part in Pakistan. It covers more than 2,000,000 km2 in Rajasthan and extends into Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana.

GEOGRAPHY

The Thar Desert extends between the Aravalli Hills in the north-east, the Great Rann of Kutch along the coast and the alluvial plains of the Indus River in the west and north-west. Most of the desert is covered by huge shifting sand dunes that receive sediments from the alluvial plains and the coast. The sand is highly mobile due to strong winds occurring before the onset of the monsoon. The Luni River is the only river integrated into the desert. Rainfall is limited to 100–500 mm per year, mostly falling from July to September.

Salt water lakes in the Thar Desert include the Sambhar, Kuchaman, Didwana in Rajasthan and Kharaghoda in Gujarat. These lakes receive rain water during monsoon and evaporate during the dry season. The salt is derived by the weathering of rocks in the region.

DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

The soil of the Thar Desert remains dry for much of the year and is prone to wind erosion. High velocity winds blow soil from the desert, depositing some on neighboring fertile lands, and causing shifting sand dunes within the desert. Sand dunes are stabilised by erecting micro-windbreak barriers with scrub material and subsequent afforestation of the treated dunes with seedlings of shrubs such as phog, senna, castor oil plant and trees such as gum acacia, Prosopis juliflora and lebbek tree. The 649 km long Indira Gandhi Canal brings fresh water to the Thar Desert. It was conceived to halt spreading of the desert to fertile areas.

There are few local tree species suitable for planting in the desert, which are slow growing. Therefore, exotic tree species were introduced for plantation. Many species of Eucalyptus, Acacia, Cassia and other genera from Israel, Australia, US, Russia, Zimbabwe, Chile, Peru and Sudan have been tried in Thar Desert. Acacia tortilis has proved to be the most promising species for desert afforestation and the jojoba is another promising species of economic value found suitable for planting in these areas.

PROTECTED AREAS

There are several protected areas in the Thar Desert:

in Pakistan:

the Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary covers 6,300 km2;

the Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary.

in India:

the Desert National Park covers 3,162 km2 and represents the Thar Desert ecosystem, it includes 44 villages. Its diverse fauna includes the great Indian bustard (Chirotis nigricaps), blackbuck, chinkara, fox, Bengal fox, wolf, and caracal. Seashells and massive fossilized tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert;

the Tal Chhapar Sanctuary covers 7 km2 and is an Important Bird Area. It is located in the Churu District, 210 km from Jaipur, in the Shekhawati region. This sanctuary is home to a large population of blackbuck, fox and caracal such as partridge and sand grouse;

Jalore Wildlife Sanctuary is a privately owned sanctuary 130 km from Jodhpur, where Asiatic wildcat, leopard, jirds, desert fox and herds of Indian gazelle live.

BIODIVERSITY

FAUNA

Stretches of sand in the desert are interspersed by hillocks and sandy and gravel plains. Due to the diversified habitat and ecosystem, the vegetation, human culture and animal life in this arid region is very rich in contrast to the other deserts of the world. About 23 species of lizard and 25 species of snakes are found here and several of them are endemic to the region.

Some wildlife species, which are fast vanishing in other parts of India, are found in the desert in large numbers such as the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), chinkara (Gazella bennettii) and Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur) in the Rann of Kutch. They have evolved excellent survival strategies, their size is smaller than other similar animals living in different conditions, and they are mainly nocturnal. There are certain other factors responsible for the survival of these animals in the desert. Due to the lack of water in this region, transformation of the grasslands into cropland has been very slow. The protection provided to them by a local community, the Bishnois, is also a factor. Other mammals of the Thar Desert include a subspecies of red fox (Vulpes vulpes pusilla) and the caracal.

The region is a haven for 141 species of migratory and resident birds of the desert. One can see eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrel and vultures. There are short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), greater spotted eagles (Aquila clanga), laggar falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels. There are also a number of reptiles.

The Indian peafowl is a resident breeder in the Thar region. The peacock is designated as the national bird of India and the provincial bird of the Punjab (Pakistan). It can be seen sitting on khejri or pipal trees in villages or Deblina.

VEGETATION

The natural vegetation of this dry area is classed as Northwestern thorn scrub forest occurring in small clumps scattered more or less openly. Density and size of patches increase from west to east following the increase in rainfall. The natural vegetation of the Thar Desert is composed of the following tree, shrub and herb species:

trees and shrubs: Acacia jacquemontii, Balanites roxburghii, Ziziphus zizyphus, Ziziphus nummularia, Calotropis procera, Suaeda fruticosa, Crotalaria burhia, Aerva javanica, Clerodendrum multiflorum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Lycium barbarum, Grewia tenax, Commiphora mukul, Euphorbia neriifolia, Cordia sinensis, Maytenus emarginata, Capparis decidua, Mimosa hamata

herbs and grasses: Ochthochloa compressa, Dactyloctenium scindicum, Cenchrus biflorus, Cenchrus setigerus, Lasiurus scindicus, Cynodon dactylon, Panicum turgidum, Panicum antidotale, Dichanthium annulatum, Sporobolus marginatus, Saccharum spontaneum, Cenchrus ciliaris, Desmostachya bipinnata, Eragrostis species, Ergamopagan species, Phragmites species, Tribulus terrestris, Typha species, Sorghum halepense, Citrullus colocynthis

The endemic floral species include Calligonum polygonoides, Prosopis cineraria, Acacia nilotica, Tamarix aphylla, Cenchrus biflorus.

PEOPLE

The Thar Desert is the most densely populated desert in the world, with a population density of 83 people per km2. In India, the inhabitants comprise Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. In Pakistan, inhabitants include Sindhis and Kolhis.

About 40% of the total population of Rajasthan live in the Thar Desert. The main occupation of the people is agriculture and animal husbandry. A colourful culture rich in tradition prevails in this desert. The people have a great passion for folk music and folk poetry.

Jodhpur, the largest city in the region, lies in the scrub forest zone. Bikaner and Jaisalmer are located in the desert proper. A large irrigation and power project has reclaimed areas of the northern and western desert for agriculture. The small population is mostly pastoral, and hide and wool industries are prominent.

The desert's part in Pakistan also has a rich multifaceted culture, heritage, traditions, folk tales, dances and music due to its inhabitants who belong to different religions, sects and castes.

THAR IN ANCIENT LITERATURE

The Indian epics describe this region as Lavanasagara (Salt-ocean). The Ramayana mentions Lavanasagara (the Salt-ocean) when Rama goes to attack Lanka with the army of vanaras. Rama uses his agneyashtra-amogha to dry up the sea named drumakulya situated on north of Lavanasagara. A fresh water source named Pushkar surrounded by Marukantara was created.

According to Jain cosmology, Jambūdvīpa is at the centre of Madhyaloka, or the middle part of the universe, where the humans reside. Jambūdvīpaprajñapti or the treatise on the island of roseapple tree contains a description of Jambūdvīpa and life biographies of Ṛṣabha and King Bharata. Jambūdvīpa continent is surrounded by ocean Lavanoda (Salt-ocean).

The Sarasvati River is one of the chief Rigvedic rivers mentioned in ancient Hindu texts. The Nadistuti hymn in the Rigveda (10.75) mentions the Sarasvati between the Yamuna in the east and the Sutlej in the west, and later Vedic texts like Tandya and Jaiminiya Brahmanas as well as the Mahabharata mention that the Sarasvati dried up in a desert.

Most scholars agree that at least some of the references to the Sarasvati in the Rigveda refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra River, while the Helmand River is often quoted as the locus of the early Rigvedic river. Whether such a transfer of the name has taken place, either from the Helmand to the Ghaggar-Hakra, or conversely from the Ghaggar-Hakra to the Helmand, is a matter of dispute.

There is also a small present-day Sarasvati River (Sarsuti) that joins the Ghaggar.

The Mahabharata mentions the Kamyaka Forest situated on the western boundary of the Kuru Kingdom (Kuru Proper + Kurujangala), on the banks of the Saraswati River.[clarification needed] It lay to the west of the Kurukshetra plain. It contained within it a lake called the Kamyaka lake (2,51). Kamyaka forest is mentioned as being situated at the head of the Thar desert, near the lake Trinavindu (3,256). The Pandavas, on their way to exile in the woods, left Pramanakoti on the banks of the Ganges and went towards Kurukshetra, travelling in a western direction, crossing the rivers Yamuna and Drishadvati. They finally reached the banks of the Saraswati River.[clarification needed] There they saw the forest of Kamyaka, the favourite haunt of ascetics, situated on a level and wild plain on the banks of the Saraswati (3-5,36) abounding in birds and deer (3,5). There the Pandavas lived in an ascetic asylum (3,10). It took 3 days for Pandavas to reach the Kamyaka forest, setting out from Hastinapura, on their chariots (3,11).

In the Rigveda we also find mention of a River named Aśvanvatī along with river Drishadvati. Some scholars consider both Saraswati and Aśvanvatī the same river.

The human habitations on the banks of rivers Saraswati and Drishadvati had shifted to the east and south directions prior to Mahabharata period. During those days The present day Bikaner and Jodhpur areas were known as Kurujangala and Madrajangala provinces.

The Desert National Park, Jaisalmer has a collection of fossils of animals and plants of 180 million years old.

DESERT ECONOMY

AGRICULTURE

The Thar is one of most heavily populated desert areas in the world and the main occupations of people living here are agriculture and animal husbandry. Agriculture is not a dependable proposition in this area - after the rainy season, at least 33% of crops fail. Animal husbandry, trees and grasses, intercropped with vegetables or fruit trees, is the most viable model for arid, drought-prone regions. The region faces frequent droughts. Overgrazing due to high animal populations, wind and water erosion, mining and other industries result in serious land degradation.

The agricultural production is mainly from the Kharif crops. The Kharif crops are the crops that are grown in the summer season and are seeded in the months of June and July. These crops are harvested in the months of September and October and include bajra, pulses such as guar, jowar (Sorghum vulgare), maize (zea mays), sesame and groundnuts. In past few decades the development of canals, tube wells etc. has changed crop pattern. Now the desert districts in Rajasthan have started producing rabi crops like wheat, mustard, cumin seed etc.The people have started to grow cash crops too.

Thar region of Rajasthan is the main opium producer and consumer area. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks from underlying water sources deep below the surface. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan. The Government of India has started a centrally sponsored scheme under the title of Desert Development Programme based on watershed management with the objective to check spreading of desert and improve the living condition of people in desert.

LIVESTOCK

n the last 15–20 years, the Rajasthan desert has seen many changes, including a manifold increase of both the human and animal population. Animal husbandry has become popular due to the difficult farming conditions. At present, there are ten times more animals per person in Rajasthan than the national average, and overgrazing is also a factor affecting climatic and drought conditions.

A large number of farmers in Thar desert depend on animal husbandry for their livelihood. Cows, buffalos, sheep, goats, camels, and oxen consists of major cattle population. Barmer district has the highest cattle population out of which sheep and goats are in majority. Some of the best breeds of bullocks such as Kankrej (Sanchori) and Nagauri are from desert region.

Thar region of Rajasthan is the biggest wool-producing area in India. Chokla, Marwari, Jaisalmeri, Magra, Malpuri, Sonadi, Nali and Pungal breeds of sheep are found in the region. Of the total wool production in India, 40-50% comes from Rajasthan. The sheep-wool from Rajasthan is considered best for carpet making industry in the world. The wool of Chokla breed of sheep is considered of superior quality. The breeding centres have been developed for Karakul and Merino sheep at Suratgarh, Jaitsar and Bikaner. Some important mills for making Woolen thread established in desert area are: Jodhpur Woolen Mill, Jodhpur; Rajasthan Woolen Mill, Bikaner and India Woolen Mill, Bikaner. Bikaner is the biggest mandi (market place) of wool in Asia.

The live stock depends for grazing on common lands in villages. During famine years in the desert the nomadic rebari people move with large herds of sheep and camel to the forested areas of south Rajasthan or nearby states like Madhya Pradesh for grazing the cattle.

The importance of animal husbandry can be understood from the organization of large number of cattle fairs in the region. Cattle fairs are normally named after the folk-deities. Some of major cattle fairs held are Ramdevji cattle fair at Manasar in Nagaur district, Tejaji cattle fair at Parbatsar in Nagaur district, Baldeo cattle fair at Merta city in Nagaur district, Mallinath cattle fair at Tilwara in barmer district. Live stock is very important to the Thar desert people.

AGROFORESTRY

Forestry has an important part to play in the amelioration of the conditions in semi-arid and arid lands. If properly planned, forestry can make an important contribution to the general welfare of the people living in desert areas. The living standard of the people in the desert is low. They can not afford other fuels like gas, kerosene etc. Fire wood is their main fuel, of the total consumption of wood about 75 percent is firewood. The forest cover in desert is low. Rajasthan has a forest area of 31150 km2. which is about 9% of the geographical area. The forest area is mainly in southern districts of Rajasthan like Udaipur and Chittorgarh. The minimum forest area is in Churu district only 80 km2. Thus the forest is insufficient to fulfill the needs of firewood and grazing in desert districts. This diverts the much needed cattledung from the field to the hearth. This in turn results into the decrease in agricultural production. Agroforestry model is best suited to the people of desert. Some Institutes have done good work in Agroforestry.

The scientists of Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), have successfully developed and improved dozens of traditional and non-traditional crops/fruits, such as Ber trees (like plums) that produce much larger fruits than before (lemon-size) and can thrive with minimal rainfall. These trees have become a profitable option for farmers. One example from a case study of horticulture showed that in situation of budding in 35 plants of Ber and Guar (Gola, Seb & Mundia variety developed in CAZRI), using only one hectare of land, yielded 10,000 kg. of Ber and 250 kg. of Guar, which translates into double or even triple profit.

Arid Forest Research Institute, (AFRI) situated at Jodhpur is another national level institute in the region. It is one of the institutes of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education ( ICFRE ) working under the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India. The Objective of the Institute is to carry out scientific research in forestry in order to provide technologies to increase the vegetative cover and to conserve the biodiversity in the hot arid and semi arid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Dadara & Nagar Haveli union territory.

The most important tree species in terms of providing a livelihood in Thar desert communities is Prosopis cineraria.

Prosopis cineraria provides wood of construction class. It is used for house-building, chiefly as rafters, posts scantlings, doors and windows, and for well construction water pipes, upright posts of Persian wheels, agricultural implements and shafts, spokes, fellows and yoke of carts. It can also be used for small turning work and tool-handles. Container manufacturing is another important wood-based industry, which depends heavily on desert-grown trees.

Prosopis cineraria is much valued as a fodder tree. The trees are heavily lopped particularly during winter months when no other green fodder is available in the dry tracts. There is a popular saying that death will not visit a man, even at the time of a famine, if he has a Prosopis cineraria, a goat and a camel, since the three together are some what said to sustain a man even under the most trying condition. The forage yield per tree varies a great deal. On an average, the yield of green forage from a full grown tree is expected to be about 60 kg with complete lopping having only the central leading shoot, 30 kg when the lower two third crown is lopped and 20 kg when the lower one third crown is lopped. The leaves are of high nutritive value. Feeding of the leaves during winter when no other green fodder is generally available in rain-fed areas is thus profitable. The pods have a sweetish pulp and are also used as fodder for livestock.

Prosopis cineraria is most important top feed species providing nutritious and highly palatable green as well as dry fodder, which is readily eaten by camels, cattle, sheep and goats, constituting a major feed requirement of desert livestock. Locally it is called Loong. Pods are locally called sangar or sangri. The dried pods locally called Kho-Kha are eaten. Dried pods also form rich animal feed, which is liked by all livestock. Green pods also form rich animal feed, which is liked by drying the young boiled pods. They are also used as famine food and known even to prehistoric man. Even the bark, having an astringent bitter taste, was reportedly eaten during the severe famine of 1899 and 1939. Pod yield is nearly 1.4 quintals of pods/ha with a variation of 10.7% in dry locations.

Prosopis cineraria wood is reported to contain high calorific value and provide high quality fuel wood. The lopped branches are good as fencing material. Its roots also encourage nitrogen fixation, which produces higher crop yields.

Tecomella undulata is one more tree species, locally known as Rohida, which is found in Thar Desert regions of northwest and western India. It is another important medium sized tree of great use in Agroforestry, that produces quality timber and is the main source of timber amongst the indigenous tree species of desert regions. The trade name of the tree species is Desert teak or Marwar teak.

Tecomella undulata is mainly used as a source of timber. Its wood is strong, tough and durable. It takes a fine finish. Heartwood contains quinoid. The wood is excellent for firewood and charcoal. Cattle and goats eat leaves of the tree. Camels, goats and sheep consume flowers and pods.

Tecomella undulata plays an important role in the ecology. It acts as a soil-binding tree by spreading a network of lateral roots on the top surface of the soil. It also acts as a windbreak and helps in stabilizing shifting sand dunes. It is considered as the home of birds and provides shelter for other desert wildlife. Shade of tree crown is shelter for the cattle, goats and sheep during summer days.

Tecomella undulata has medicinal properties as well. The bark obtained from the stem is used as a remedy for syphilis. It is also used in curing urinary disorders, enlargement of spleen, gonorrhoea, leucoderma and liver diseases. Seeds are used against abscess.

ECOTOURISM

Desert safaris on camels have become increasingly popular around Jaisalmer. Domestic and international tourists frequent the desert seeking adventure on camels for anything from a day to several days. This ecotourism industry ranges from cheaper backpacker treks to plush Arabian night style campsites replete with banquets and cultural performances. During the treks tourists are able to view the fragile and beautiful ecosystem of the Thar desert. This form of tourism provides income to many operators and camel owners in Jaisalmer as well as employment for many camel trekers in the desert villages nearby. But also people from various parts of the world come here to see pushkar mela and oasis.

INDUSTRY

Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The Taj Mahal was built with white marble mined from Makrana in Nagaur district. The state is the second largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar. Jodhpur sandstone is mostly used in monuments, important buildings, residential buildings, and such. This stone is termed "chittar patthar". Jodhpur has also got mines of red stone locally known as ghatu patthar used in construction. Sandstone is found in Jodhpur and Naguar districts. Jalore is biggest centre of granite processing units.

Lignite coal deposits are there at places Giral, Kapuradi, Jalipa, Bhadka in Barmer district; Plana, Gudha, Bithnok, Barsinghpur, Mandla Charan, Raneri Hadla in Bikaner district and Kasnau, Merta, Lunsar etc., in Nagaur district. Lignite based Thermal power plant has been established at Giral in Barmer district. Jindal group is working on 1080 Megawatt power project in private sector at village Bhadaresh in Barmer district. "Neweli Lignite Barsinghpur Project" is in progress to establish two thermal power units of capacity 125 megawatts each at Barsinghpur in Bikaner district. Reliance Energy is working on establishing power generation through underground gasification technique in Barmer district with an outlay of about 30 billion rupees.

There is large storage of good quality petroleum in Jaisalmer and Barmer districts. The main places with deposits of petroleum are Baghewal, Kalrewal, and Tawariwal in Jaisalmer district and Gudha Malani area in Barmer district. Barmer district has started petroleum production on commercial scale.

Barmer district is in the news due to its large oil basin. The British exploration company Cairn Energy started production of oil on a large scale. Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya are the major oil fields in the district. This is India's biggest oil discovery in 22 years. This promises to transform the local economy, which has long suffered from the harshness of the desert.

The Government of India initiated departmental exploration for oil in 1955-56 in the Jaisalmer area, Oil India Limited's discovered natural gas in 1988 in the Jaisalmer basin. Also known for their fine leather messenger bags made from wild camels native to the area.

The Thar desert seems an ideal place for generation of electricity from wind power. According to an estimate Rajasthan state has got a potential of 5500 Megawatt wind power generation as such it is in the priority of the state govt. Rajasthan State Power Corporation has established its first wind power based power plant at Amarsagar in Jaisalmer district. Some leading companies in the field are working on establishing wind mills in Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner districts. Solar energy also has a great potential in this region as most of the days during a year are cloud free. Solar energy based plant has been established at Bhaleri in Churu district to convert hard water into drinking water.

SALT WATER LAKES

There are a number of salt water lakes in Thar desert. These are Sambhar, Pachpadra, Tal Chhapar, Falaudi and Lunkaransar where Sodium chloride salt is produced from salt water. The Didwana lake produces Sodium Sulphate salt. Ancient Archaeological evidences of habitations have been recovered from Sambhar and Didwana lakes which shows their antiquity and historical importance.

WATER & HOUSING IN THE DESERT

Water scarcity plays an important role in shaping life in all parts of Thar. Natural (tobas) or man-made (johads), both types of small, intermittent ponds, are often the only source of water for animals and humans in the true desert areas. The lack of a constant water supply causes much of the local population to live as nomads. Most human settlements are found near the two seasonal streams of the Karon-Jhar hills. Potable groundwater is also rare in the Thar desert. Supplies are often sour due to dissolved minerals, and are only available deep underground. Wells that successfully bear sweet water attract nearby settlement, but are difficult to dig, possibly claiming the lives of the well-diggers.

According to 1980 housing census in Pakistan, there were 241,326 housing units of one or two very small rooms. The degree of crowding was six persons per housing unit and three persons per room. For most of the housing units (approximately 76 per cent), the main construction material of outer walls is unbaked bricks whereas wood is used in 10 per cent and baked bricks or stones with mud bonding in 8 per cent housing units. A large number of families still live in jhugis or huts which are housing units formed with straws and thin wood-sticks. The wind storm proves these jhugis unsustainable all the times. But the poverty leaves no other option to these jhugiwalas (people living in jhugis).

The river Luni is the only natural water source that drains inside a lake in the desert. It originates in the Pushkar valley of the Aravalli Range, near Ajmer and ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, after travelling a distance of 530 km. The Luni flows through part of Ajmer, Barmer, Jalor, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, and Sirohi districts and Mithavirana Vav Radhanpur region of Banaskantha North Gujarat. Its major tributaries are the Sukri, Mithri, Bandi, Khari, Jawai, Guhiya and Sagi from the left, and the Jojari River from the right.

The Ghaggar is another intermittent river in India, flowing during the monsoon rains. It originates in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh and flows through Punjab and Haryana to Rajasthan; just southwest of Sirsa, Haryana and by the side of talwara jheel in Rajasthan, this seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan. It terminates in Hanumangarh district.

The Rajasthan Canal system is the major irrigation scheme of the Thar Desert and is conceived to reclaim it and also to check spreading of the desert to fertile areas. It is world's largest irrigation which is being extended in an attempt to make the desert arable. It runs south-southwest in Punjab and Haryana but mainly in Rajasthan for a total of 650 kilometers and ends near Jaisalmer, in Rajasthan. After the construction of the Indira Gandhi Canal, irrigation facilities were available over an area of 6770 km² in Jaisalmer district and 37 km² in Barmer district. Irrigation had already been provided in an area of 3670 km² in Jaisalmer district. The canal has transformed the barren deserts of this district into rich and lush fields. Crops of mustard, cotton, and wheat now flourish in this semi-arid western region replacing the sand there previously.

Besides providing water for agriculture, the canal will supply drinking water to hundreds of people in far-flung areas. As the second stage of work on the canal progresses rapidly, there is hope that it will enhance the living standards of the people of the state.

DESERT FOR RECREATION

Thar Desert provides the recreational value in terms of desert festivals organized every year. Rajasthan desert festivals are celebrated with great zest and zeal. This festival is held once a year during winters. Dressed in brilliantly hued costumes, the people of the desert dance and sing haunting ballads of valor, romance and tragedy. The fair has snake charmers, puppeteers, acrobats and folk performers. Camels, of course, play a stellar role in this festival, where the rich and colorful folk culture of Rajasthan can be seen.

Camels are an integral part of the desert life and the camel events during the Desert Festival confirm this fact. Special efforts go into dressing the animal for entering the spectacular competition of the best-dressed camel. Other interesting competitions on the fringes are the moustache and turban tying competitions, which not only demonstrate a glorious tradition but also inspire its preservation. Both the turban and the moustache have been centuries old symbols of honor in Rajasthan.

Evenings are meant for the main shows of music and dance. Continuing till late into the night, the number of spectators swells up each night and the grand finale, on the full moon night, takes place by silvery sand dunes.

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