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ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: "Revisiting the Roman Forum: From Pen to Pixel" | "Ricerche al Foro. Dalla matita al pixel. Curia Iulia, nel Foro Romano", in: DHARMA - The School of Architecture, University of Notre Dame & ND | YouTube (2014-18). ENGLISH | ITALIANO. s.v., Prof. James E. Packer, "Digitizing Imperial Rome" & "The Roman Forum" (2010-18). wp.me/pPRv6-4FF
1). The Exhibit - Revisiting the Roman Forum: from Pen to Pixel, Methods of Documentation in the 20th and 21st Centuries (2 April to 31 October, 2014). Rome, Italy. DHARMA (2018).
The Exhibit displays detailed architectural drawings and watercolors, a 3D digital model of the Forum and its monuments and high-resolution panoramic photographs, accompanied by detailed architectural analysis.
Launching in conjunction with the 2014 Digital Future of World Heritage Symposium, Revisiting the Roman Forum: from Pen to Pixel, Methods of Documentation in the 20th and 21st Centuries, the first 3D exhibit on historic preservation in the Roman Forum, is on display from April to Oct 2014 in Rome, Italy. The aim of the exhibition is to provide architects, art historians, academics and the general public with a greater understanding of the development of architectural documentation of excavations at the Roman Forum in the last 100 years from 1905 to 2013.
The primary objectives of the research and culminating exhibition is to advance scholarship and knowledge on the recent developments at the Roman Forum. This Exhibit is the result of research and scholarship by the Digital Historic Architectural Research and Material Analysis (DHARMA) Lab, conducted since summer 2010, in 3D documenting the Roman Forum, Rome, Italy. Though the Roman Forum is a well-known site with over 4 million visitors every year, the Italian cultural ministry notes that few know its real value and historic significance. The goal of our research has been to strengthen the disconnect that exists between scholars of various fields working on this World Heritage Site, the outputs they produce and its relevance to tourists and visitors. To cover this gap of public knowledge and understanding of the Forum, the exhibit will be accompanied by detailed historic text and drawings, materials on Giacomo Boni’s documentation, along with watercolor and 3D high-definition DHARMA documentation, in cooperation with Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma.
The Exhibit displays detailed architectural drawings and watercolors, a 3D digital model of the Forum and its monuments and high-resolution panoramic photographs, accompanied by detailed architectural analysis. Focus on the documentation of the Roman Forum was developed as the consequence of an existing need in the architectural community to integrate innovative methods of digital documentation and 3D scanning with traditional hand measuring techniques. The resulting highly accurate raw data acquired during this three-year project can be used to produce incredibly precise measured drawings by hand and computer, which provide a basis for generating highly critical and analytical work. The larger objectives of the exhibit are to draw attention to the historic methods of the early scientific documentation at the Roman Forum and the evolution of these methods, providing a basis for new methods of documentation to be developed and utilized in the field today and in the future.
The Exhibit is divided into four distinct sections to provide a greater understanding of the history of documentation, instrumentation, results of historic and present studies at the forum, comparisons of individual temples as based on current data acquisition methods in confrontation with historic studies and 3D views of the Forum to architects, academics and the general public. This layout allows visitors to gain a comprehensive understanding of the Forum as a whole, while being able to gain greater understanding of its individual monuments in a manner that has never been possible before.
Forthcoming Summer 2014, Rome Forum Exhibit and Catalogue, “New Techniques and Traditions”, Exhibit of 19th century work of Ecole des Beaux-Arts architects, materials on Giacomo Boni’s documentation, water color and 3D High definition DHARMA documentation, in cooperation with Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma and World Heritage Center of UNESCO.
Fonte |source:
-- DHARMA (2018).
dharma3d.org/index.php/news-events/forum-symposium-2014/e...
Fonte | video |source:
Revisiting the Roman Forum From Pen to Pixel HD - "Revisiting the Roman Forum: From Pen to Pixel" to video designed and created by Prof. William Donaruma from the Dept. of Film, Television and Theater. The film describes the DHARMA, School of Architecture, University of Notre Dame's work in partnership with the Special Heritage Cultural Heritage and the Ministry of Culture, Rome, Italy. Funding credit: Nanovic Institute.
-- ND School Of Architecture | YouTube (04/2014) [16:45], in: ENGLISH | ITALIANO.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ij80lN0K5u0
-- Italy Roman Forum Project. ND School Of Architecture (2010).
2). DHARMA Lab uses both traditional and innovative methods of documentation of World Heritage sites. In July 2010, the DHARMA Lab, in cooperation with the Sopritendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma, undertook a project at the Roman Forum, a World Heritage site —the center of political, religious, commercial, and judicial life in ancient Rome—to measure, document, and draw large areas of the historic site. Employing the latest optical technology, a high definition-surveying laser, and Gigapan the team was able to document the existing state of the site in unprecedented detail. Traditional methods of hand-measuring and photogrammetry were conducted to supplement the data gathered through this digital technique. In a continuing partnership with the Soprintendenza, the D.H.A.R.M.A. Lab produced detailed architectural drawings, a 3-D digital model, and high-resolution panoramic photographs, with detailed analysis forthcoming.
Students at Notre Dame have spend the Fall 2010 in the World Heritage Studies course, under the Historic Preservation concentration at the school, rendering the data scanned at the Roman Forum site in vellum and water color. To date these are the most precise measured drawings that have been made from this ancient city, the cradle of western civilization. We are presently in conversation with UNESCO and the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma, Ministry of Heritage and Culture and the Archaeological Service, Rome to create a joint exhibit on the documentation of the Forum from the 19th through the early 21st century tentatively in late summer 2013/2014.
Permission was granted by the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni, Archeologici di Roma, Ministry of Heritage and Culture to accurately measure and draw the monuments and ruins at the Roman Forum. Working on site in July 2010 a team of Notre Dame School of Architecture faculty and students produced 27 scans, 30 digital panoramic photography views, in addition to collecting hand-measured data. Over the following months, the DHARMA team produced a series of detailed drawings and watercolors based on the raw field data and panoramic views. Many of the original and derivative works and research findings were displayed in a 2014 Exhibit in Rome and detailed in various publications.
Fonte |source:
-- Italy Roman Forum Project. ND School Of Architecture (2010).
www.dharma3d.org/index.php/projects/italy
architecture.nd.edu/news-events/news/3d-documentation-of-...
-- Ricerche al Foro. Dalla matita al pixel. Curia Iulia, nel Foro Romano | Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma, in collaborazione con DHARMA, Istituto di architettura Università Notre Dame, Indiana (USA)(3 – 13 aprile 2014).
www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Conten...
Foto | fonte |sources:
-- Notre Dame Architecture | FACEBOOK (05/2018).
www.facebook.com/NotreDameArchitecture
--Foto: "Ricerche al Foro. Dalla matita al pixel," (04/2014) in:
www.clementemoraleda.com/portfolio/
s.v.,
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Michele Russo, “Il colore nel rilievo e nella rappresentazione di beni archeologici,” pp. 404-16 [in PDF]; “FORO ROMANO (1905-06),” in: AA.VV, Colore e
Colorimetra Contrbuti Multidisciplinari. Vol. XIII A (2017).
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Josef Theodor Hansen | Danish Artist (1848 – 1912), “THE FORUM ROMANUM”, (c. 1906?). Artnet.com (04/2018) & s.v., Michele Russo, “FORO ROMANO (1905-
06),”(2017).
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e IL FORO ROMANO e GIACOMO BONI: “Ricerche al Foro Romano. Dalla matita al pixel,” Roma, Curia Iulia (03-13|04|2014) [Italiano | English].
1). ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Prof. James E. Packer,” Digitizing Imperial Rome: A computerized Approach to the Architectural History of the Roman Imperial Forum.” James E. Packer, Professor
Emeritus Northwestern University (2010). (11 OCT. 2010).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/5072597504/
s.v.,
1.1). ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Prof. James E. Packer, "Digitizing Imperial Rome: A computerized Approach to the Architectural History of the Roman Imperial Forum.” James E. Packer, Professor
Emeritus Northwestern University (2010-18).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/albums/721576...
Sunshine Benbelkacem during the Session: Understanding Neural and Digital Networks with Princeton University at the Annual Meeting 2018 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 25, 2018. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Walter Duerst
KIGALI, December 16, 2020: Rwanda Development Board has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with trade enabler-DP World to launch its new global B2B and B2C e-commerce platform, Dubuy.com, in Rwanda early next year. The vision of the MoU is to make it easier for Rwandan businesses to engage in international trade.
Rwanda will become DP World’s hub for expanding e-commerce across the East Africa Community and beyond. Rwandan businesses will also benefit from broader DP World services and investment that will help to facilitate and develop trade. This includes the promotion of Rwandan exports of coffee, tea, and horticulture on Dubuy.com, the modernising of Rwanda’s supply chain logistics including in rural areas, and access to digital tools to help businesses save money and expand their reach to local, regional, and global markets.
The decision to launch Dubuy.com in Rwanda follows the country’s consistent superior annual rating in the World Bank’s global “Ease of Doing Business” rankings and its commitment to international trade and investment.
The e-commerce site will bring Rwandan products to global markets and help enterprises from around the world to invest in Rwanda. In turn, Rwandans will have greater access to international products.
DP World has already invested in world-class port and logistics facilities in Kigali, demonstrating its strong belief in Rwanda’s future.
Global Understanding & Friendship Beyond Borders
Being in Rotary is not a part in our life. It’s our life
It was a great feeling when you have the opportunity to wear rotary logo on your shirt. It’s time to take responsibility on your shoulders to serve your community.
When I joined rotaract movement way back in 2024, I never realized that I will represent RI Dist. 3230 as a goodwill ambassador to become a Member of the GSE Team to RI Dist 1880, North Bavaria & Saxony, Germany, during May /Jun. 2013
We the GSE team Sasi, Sharanya, Soundarya and myself Dinesh headed by Rtn. Sabu Balagopal had many meetings to sketch ourselves from Jan to May 2013 before our departure to Germany. We discussed over mails, regular meetings, get together with Rtns, dist conference thought us how big is the opportunity for us and how should we prepare ourselves to take our 3230 brand to fly high with colors.
40 to 4
Departed from Chennai with 40 degree summer and landed in Leipzig via Frankfurt and cool 4 degree of Germany welcomed us. Wow how cool it was…
We received warm welcome from Albrecht Hartge, GSE chair of RI Dist 1880,Germany with his team. We enthusiastic 5 people was looking forward to our next 30 days. Yes we were much excited.
We experienced and learned many things in Germany starting from history. architecture, historical churches, museums, city visits etc.
We had good opportunity to visit World Headquarters of Audi where they hosted our Indian National flag to welcome us. Rotary power is great. We extended our visits to
Vocational Visits and Networking opportunities
•Berlin- Parliament, Indian Embassy,Charlie Point,Historic wall, Olympic Stadium etc.
•Hosted by TV stations, Radio channels. Our show in German O+TV (www.otv.de/ambergweiden-rotary-club-verbindet-kontinente-...)
•Companies and manufacturing units of Volkswagen, Porshe,
•Great experience by spending in a silver mine
•Visits to University of Leipzig, Regensburg, Frieberg, Bayreuth, Erlangen-Nurnberg to initiate International Youth Exchnage and youth forum
•Joint rotary meetings with Leipzig, Frieburg, Dresden, Bayreuth, widen, Cham,Schwandoff, Regensburg, Erlangen, Nurnmberg etc
•Visits to German Supreme Court and meeting with Judges
•Meeting Mayor and deputy mayors
Home stays- The home away from home
One of the life time experience where sharing proud things about country, learning the new culture and family values of the hosts, late night dinner talks, going out like one family. Overall we never missed our Indian hospitality in Germany.
Rotaractors
As a rotaractor from our district I had good opportunities to visit all the rotaractors in host clubs, I have received invitation to speak in President elect training seminar(PETS) where I had the opportunites to share about our RI dist 3230 Rotaract council and I shared our flag with all the rotaract club members. They were very kind to us and interested to hear about our rotaract activities and they felt excited to hear our numbers 23000 rtrs.
1880 Dist conference, Culture and arts
We presented our 3230 GSE team in a grand manner where we showed about video of India and Tamilnadu and also we performed cultural activities of India with Vande Matharam song by Saranya and Soundarya followed by solo folk dance by Dinesh and karate performance by Sasi. Finally audience felt happy when we performed our group dance with Tamil folk, Bollywood and Hollywood where our team leader also joined in dance performance. On seeing this we received warm invitations from all the rotary clubs . We performed in 7 clubs
Rotary and team Spirit
We had good chance to show our sporting skills. Yes Sasi and me (Dinesh) participated in Dragon Boat Race as part of Rotary clubs of Erlangen Fundraising efforts and finished 2nd in one of the race. Rotary raised 24000 euros for community projects
Future after GSE
We had great time in Germany studying vocation, experiencing culture, learning professionalism etc. It will be a starting point to shape my future . GSE created a platform to think beyond our comfort zone, hard work, team work, communication, networking etc. I believe in sharing and learning and this journey never ends
Coming year I am planning to create strategy to work with our RI 3230 District rotaract council to strengthen our rotaract zone in city plus and upcountry where lot of young people like me longing for opportunities. They need a platform.. I am willing to provide that. Also will build up IT assistance, social networking, planning New generation projects with my Parent club RC of Gudiyattam
After the GSE experience I expanded my Sports for Development Projects to Serve Young People with curriculum like Life skills, Service Learning, Adolescent health, Physical recreation and social learning to reach 10000 kids in 2 years. This will be my next major project and I would like to joint with other rotary clubs to spread the word to reach the unreached
Marlyce Burkardt-Neal, owner of Marlyce's Place bakery in Clarksville, shares her story of losing two children to prescription drug overdoses.
FRENKEL, Dann; SMIT, Berend. Understanding molecular simulation: from algorithms to applications. 2 ed. São Diego: Academic Press, 2002. xxii, 638 p. (Computational science series, 1 [Academic Press]). ISBN 0122673514. Inclui bibliografia e índice; il. tab.; 24x16cm.
Palavras-chave: FISICA MOLECULAR; FISICA MODERNA.
CDU 539.21 / F879u / 2 ed. / 2002
Sirin Payzin, Anchor, CNN Türk, Turkey, Fatih Birol, Chief Economist, International Energy Agency, Paris; Global Agenda Council on the Future of Electricity, Taner Yildiz, Minister of Energy and Natural Resources of Turkey, Kamel Bennaceur, Minister of Industry, Energy and Mines of Tunisia and Majid Jafar, Chief Executive Officer, Crescent Petroleum, United Arab Emirates at the World Economic Forum - Special Meeting on Unlocking Resources for Regional Development 2014 / Benedikt von Loebell
This is a page layout painting I did in photoshop, it's not quite done, I need to do something else with the font and make it look more like a page layout than just a painting. Thoughts and crits are welcome : )
My father died quietly, unexpectedly, at the end of a pleasant day, 21 years ago today. He was a very intelligent man, a reader, with a sophisticated understanding of design and engineering, carpentry, mathematics, and finance. He was interested in history, especially of the Old West. As a boy he devoured Zane Grey westerns. As a man he regularly donated money to an orphanage for Indian children. For Gwen and me, family trips to the West were important experiences in our upbringing.
Capable, modest, and hard-working, he never sought the limelight. People looking for a leader sought him though, in the Army and National Guard, in the fire department, and - as I was to learn only after the internet came along - in the local Hammond organ club, which he served as president. He thought fast on his feet and possessed tremendous physical courage. I saw him walk out of a burning building after an explosion directly over his head while manning a 2-1/2 inch line. I saw him save a man from drowning - with no word, no hesitation, he leapt from the boat and saved a helpless man screaming for his life. Years later my mother said that later that day, he would not speak about it while gathered with family and friends, including the young man whose life he had saved; he did not want the attention.
In my teens and twenties I was self-absorbed and clueless in deluxe amounts. I hope that in my thirties I began to show a growing appreciation of my parents, but it is sad, if perhaps typically human, that it has been only in the years since he is gone that I have begun to truly appreciate and to understand my father's life with any claim of authority.
I am grateful for quiet, restful evenings after a hard, hot day's work in the yard, when I sat in his chair and listened to my sister and mother talk as the grandchildren played in nearby rooms. It felt as if seeing the house and the life of our family through his eyes, for a few moments. Life with Robin has given me more opportunity to try on his shoes; same as when I did that as a small child, they still are too big for me to fill.
He was a talented musician who, with our mother, imparted a love of music to his children and grandchildren. My sister and nephew play multiple instruments. My niece, nephews, and son all sang in choirs. I inherited a good ear for music, but unlike either of my parents or my sister, I am lazy, and lacked the self-discipline to make anything of it. In retribution for my lack of initiative, the Fates gave me a terrible singing voice, for good measure.
Daddy had a good sense of humor. He would enjoy the irony of how my musical tastes have broadened beyond the finely honed node of annoyance I supplied under his roof. (I can only imagine the choice words of bemused exasperation with which he would have greeted news, having suffered through the Bobby Fuller Four hit and, a generation later, the Clash's revival, that his granddaughter had Green Day's version of "I Fought the Law" on her iPod).
Thinking of him today, I recall him at the organ, and also the music he liked on the radio. The music he played was broad in scope, while his radio usually was tuned to WCMS ("where country music swings"). He had no patience with people who drank "as pastime," but he was in on honky-tonk music from the ground floor, loved a good tune, admired good picking from a musician's perspective, and I am pretty sure he was a fan of the Texas Troubadour. I wish I could share Junior Brown, the Spurs, and Roy Sludge with him. I am grateful that he shared so much great music with me.
Paris (France)
Nikon D4
AF-S Zoom-Nikkor 14-24mm f/2.8G ED
This photograph has been taken at the Palais de Tokyo, during the exhibition "Soleil Froid". I was (and still I am) curious about this man standing in front of this work of Julio Le Parc. But mostly, I liked how his red trousers were matching with the painting…
| Ricci-Armani.com | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn |
Jennifer Rexford, Professor, Princeton University, USA and H. Sebastian Seung, Evnin Professor of Neuroscience, Princeton University, USA and Yoram Singer, Professor, Princeton University, USA speaking during the Session: Understanding Neural and Digital Networks with Princeton University at the Annual Meeting 2018 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 25, 2018. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Walter Duerst
OCAD U 2014 Drawing & Painting medal winner Mike Badour’s graphic paintings explore the self as a metaphor of post-production, examining how difficult it is to make finite conclusions about subjective choices.
Oil on burlap and canvas
60 x 48 inches.
It is nearly ten years since I started the Kent church project, and in that time have visited 292 churches, give or take, and seen and photographed inside most of them. And in that time, I have gone from knowing nothing about churches to having a basic understanding, meaning I need to revisit those I visited early on to record the features I missed.
Lenham is a large market village, and seems to be in rude health, as finding a parking space on a weekday morning was difficult, but it was nearing lunchtime, and the village is blessed with two fine pubs on the village square, and also has a new fish restaurant which was already producing fine aromas.
St Mary stands a little of the square, its tower dominating the view.
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A village centre setting where the church is approached from the north. This side shows ragstone and flint construction. Although the building contains work of earlier periods it is on the whole a fourteenth-century structure. The memorable feature is the size of the internal door which fills the tower arch - although it is not as old as it at first appears. On the south wall of the nave is a faded mural of St Michael. The pulpit is Elizabethan with a slightly later tester that carries the date 1622. Next to the pulpit is a good window in the style of Kempe, signed in the inscription with the `greyhound` symbol of H.W. Bryans who set up his own studio in competition. The other glass is mid-nineteenth century and of poor quality. The lectern, of wood, with nicely carved feet, may be as early as the fourteenth century, and has a crude and rural feel about it. The medieval stalls, which are returned along the west side of the chancel arch, are much restored. On the north wall of the chancel is an extremely strange monument which shows a fourteenth-century priest lying obliquely in two halves! The Royal Arms over the north door date from the reign of Queen Anne.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Lenham
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LENHAM.
NORTHWARD from Boughton Malherb, close at the foot of the chalk-hills, lies Lenham, written in the book of Domesday, Lerham and Lertham, no doubt corruptly for Leanham, by which name it is called in most of the antient charters and deeds, as well before as since that time. It takes its name from the stream which rises in it, and ham, which signifies a town or village.
The western part of this parish is in the lath of Aylesford, hundred of Eyhorne, and the western division of this county, that is all of it which lies westward of a line drawn from the centre of Chilston-house, northward to the east end of the church, and thence to Warren-street, on the summit of the chalk hills.
The residue of it, including that part of it called East Lenham, is in the lath of Shipway, and hundred of Calehill, and the eastern division of the county.
THE PARISH of Lenham is of large extent, being upwards of five miles in length from east to west, and four in breadth from north to south, where it encompasses the whole width of the valley from the chalk to the quarry hills. However healthy it may be it is far from being a pleasant situation, owing to its untoward soil, which towards the south and west is mostly a deep sand; near the foot of the chalk hills a cludgy chalk mixed with flints, the whole a poor unfertile country, the fields of which are in general large, having but few trees round them, and those of a stunted unthriving aspect; above these hills northward is Downe-court and Warren-street, beyond which the parish extends more than a mile, as far as Ashden and Syndal, in the valley between Hollingborne and Doddington, a poor country and a flinty barren soil.
The town of Lenham stands in the valley between the quarry and chalk hills, which is here about two miles wide, rather nearer the latter, in a damp and moist situation, owing to the springs which rise near it, of which further mention will be made hereafter. It is rather a dull and unfrequented place, and of but little traffic, in short I cannot give a better description of it than in the words of the inhabitants themselves, who, on travellers passing through it, and enquiring if it is Lenham, in general make answer, "Ah, Sir, poor Lenham."
The church stands at the south end of it, and being westward of the line which separates the two divisions of the county, the town itself, as well as the parish, is esteemed to belong to West Kent, and all the parish business is transacted at the Maidstone sessions accordingly; the market, which was granted to the abbot of St. Augustine's, as has been mentioned before, to be held within his manor here, has been discontinued many years, but in 1757 there was an attempt made to revive it for the buying and selling of corn, and other such commodities, and it was ordered by the lord of the manor to be held on a Friday weekly, but I am informed it has been but little resorted to. The fair, which has been mentioned as having been granted likewise to the abbot, is now held yearly by the alteration of the stile on June 6, for horses and cattle, and there is another fair held on October 23, for the like purpose. A market is likewise held at Sandway, in this parish, for bullocks, upon every Tuesday after Allhallows-day, Nov. I, until Christmas.
Near the foot of the chalk hills lie the three estates of Shelve, on the opposite or southern part of the parish, where the soil is mostly a barren sand, there are several small heaths or fostalls; through this part of the parish the high road from Ashford runs over Lenham, formerly called Royton heath, and by Chilston park pales and Sandway, over Bigon-heath, towards Leeds castle and Maidstone; southward of this heath the parish extends westward, taking within its bounds the estate of Ham, the house of which has been rebuilt in a handsome manner within these few years, and thence southward to Runham-place, Platt-heath, and Leverton-street, at the boundary of it, near the quarry hills, where it joins to Bought on Malherb.
The western and south-east parts of this parish are watered by two several streams, for at the eastern extremity of the town of Lenham, at Streetwell, there rises a spring, which is accounted the head of the river Stour, which flowing from thence southward by Royton-chapel, at about a mile distance from its rise, receives into its stream two other small ones from the north-west, which rise in the grounds at Chilston, at a small distance from each other, and then flowing in one stream through the hamlet of Water-street south-eastward, it turns a mill in its way to Little Chart, and so goes on in its way to Ashford and Canterbury.
A head of one of the branches of the river Medway likewise rises at Ewell, adjoining to Bigon-heath, in the western part of this parish, whence it is frequently called the river Len; from hence this stream directs its course first westward, then northward by Runham, and so on to Holme mill in Harrietsham, in its way towards Leeds-castle and the main river at Maidstone.
LENHAM has been supposed by several of our learned antiquaries, among whom are Camden, Lambarde, and Gale, to have been the Roman station, mentioned in the 2d iler of Antonine, by the name of Durolevum, corruptly, as they say, for Durolenum, and the latter, in the British language, signifying the water Lenum, induced them, together with the situation, to conjecture this place to have been that station.
And Camden is further confirmed in this opinion, from this place being situated on a circular way of the Romans, which formerly, as Higden of Chester affirms, went from Dover through the middle of Kent. (fn. 1)
The aqua Lena, or the spring at Streetwell here, so, called perhaps from the strata of the Romans, which led hither, is thought to have been meant by the water Lenum, and that this, might give name to this station; and indeed Roman remains have been from time to time discovered from Keston, by Comb Bank, Stone-street, Oldberry camp, Ofham, Barming, Maidstone, Boxley, &c. in a continued and almost strait line, to within a few miles of this place and Charing.
¶But there having never been any Roman antiquities found at Lenham, induced Mr. Somner and others to look elsewhere for this station. That learned antiquarian, as well as Mr. Burton and Dr. Thorpe, have fixed it at or near Newington, in the great road from Rochester to Canterbury, near which great quantities of urns, and other relics of Roman antiquity, have been dug up.
Memorandum of Understanding Signing Agreement between the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and China International Development Cooperation Agency (CIDCA) on Exchanges and Cooperation held at the Agency headquarters in Vienna, Austria. 14 October 2021.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
CIDCA (Virtual):
Luo Zhaohui, Chairman, China International Development Cooperation Agency (CIDCA)
HE Mr Wang Qun, Resident Representative of China to the IAEA
IAEA:
Rafael Mariano Grossi, IAEA Director General
Hua Liu, IAEA Deputy Director General and Head of the Department of Technical Cooperation
Jane Gerardo-Abaya, IAEA Director, Division for Asia and the Pacific, Department of Technical Cooperation
Shota Kamishima, Senior Coordination Officer, Director General Office for Coordination
Diego Candano Laris, Senior Advisor to the Director General
Ruzanna Harman, IAEA Chief of Protocol
Sarah Leah Whitson, Executive Director, Middle East and North Africa Division, Human Rights Watch, USA at the World Economic Forum - Special Meeting on Unlocking Resources for Regional Development 2014 / Benedikt von Loebell
Title: Iridescent Clouds
Location/Date: Oslo, Norway - January 2008
Photographer: Vessi Øgaard
WMO 2017 Calendar Competition
Participians at the Session: Understanding Neural and Digital Networks with Princeton University at the Annual Meeting 2018 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 25, 2018. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Walter Duerst
Alois Zwinggi, Managing Director, Operations and Resources; Member of the
Managing Board, Richard Samans, Managing Director and Member of the Managing Board, World
Economic Forum and Manuel Pulgar-Vidal Otalora, Minister of Environment of Peru
at the World Economic Forum on Latin America in Panama City 2014. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell
Manuel Pulgar-Vidal Otalora, Minister of Environment of Peru at the World Economic Forum on Latin America in Panama City 2014. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell
Hong Kong Culture | Modern Hong Kong History started in 1841.
Visit Hong Kong - one of the World‛s GREATEST Cities!
Hong Kong is blessed with some of the most amazing panoramic city views in the World today and even better 75% of the land area consists of country parks and wetlands plus we have 575+ named hills and peaks offering some great hiking trails and lots of very fine beaches and remote islands - in a nutshell, Hong Kong is full of surprises!
Victoria Peak, The Peak Tram, Victoria Harbour, The Big Buddha | Po Lin Monastery, Tai O Fishing Village, The iconic Star Ferry, The Ocean Terminal Deck, The iconic Street Tram on HK Island, TST Promenade, Cheung Chau Island, Peng Chau Island, Temple Street Night Market, The Ladies Market, Chi Lin Nunnery | Nan Lian Garden, Statue Square, The Sik Sik Yuen Wong Tai Sin Temple, Tsz Shan Monastery, Tai Kwun Centre, Hollywood Road, The Mid Levels Escalator, Aberdeen, Stanley, The West Kowloon Cultural Centre, Food Markets... the list goes on and on of cool and unusual places you should “visit or do” when you come to Hong Kong.
Book a Private Tour of Hong Kong to maximise your time here and gain an in depth understanding of this amazing city, in addition we have a great food culture and night life scene with some 15,000 - 20,000 Restaurants and Bars officially and unofficially and any and all visitors should take a private or group food tour in Hong Kong!
Hong Kong has one of the very best public transport systems in the world (MTR Subway and Buses + 18,163 Taxi‛s) they are cheap, reliable and easy to use.
Hong Kong - Some Facts - Population 7.5 Million people | 92% Ethnic Chinese | English is an Official Language along with Cantonese and Mandarin | 1,114 sq km or 430sq miles of diversity | 263 Islands | People | Street Scenes | Traffic Scenes | Nature Scenes | Animals | Buildings | Shopping | Gardens | The Countryside | Islands and the Ocean + Daily Life and anything interesting, all Districts, Hong Kong
☛.... and if you want to read about my personal views on Hong Kong, then go to my blog, link is shown below, I have lived in Hong Kong for over 50 years and completed 2,324 Private Tours of Hong Kong between 8th April 2011 and February 11th 2020
✚ www.j3consultantshongkong.com/j3c-blog
☛ Photography is simply a hobby for me, I do NOT sell my images and all of my images can be FREELY downloaded from this site in the original upload image size or 5 other sizes, please note that you DO NOT have to ask for permission to download and use any of my images!
Lacking an understanding of antisepsis, physicians routinely spread infection with unclean instruments and dressings. After the Battle of Perryville in 1862, water was so scarce that Union surgeons performing amputations almost around the clock did not wash their hands for two days.
~ This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War, by Drew Gilpin Faust
An imbalance in production of hormones by Thyroid gland can cause multiple complications, some of them severely limiting. Understanding symptoms is the first step towards diagnosis and treatment.
Launch of the Global Nutrition Report at the International Symposium on Understanding the Double Burden of Malnutrition for Effective Interventions held at the Agency headquarters in Vienna, Austria. 10 December 2018
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
Panel:
Jessica Fanzo, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)
Emorn Udomkesmalee, Thailand
Obey Assery Nkya, United Republic of Tanzania
Lawrence Haddad, GAIN (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition)
Understanding that her mom had a hard day, Hollywood thought she would add levity to the situation by dressing up and re-enacting scenes from Vintage sci-fi TV shows.
(dollicious dress, goggles from "future lovers" on e*sy)
A scientific illustration in micron pen and watercolor of a Molly miller blenny (Scartella cristata) surrounded by Dictyota sp. and Caulerpa racemosa algae. These cosmopolitan little fish are found along the Texas coast and range from the Atlantic to Pacific Oceans. Ph.D. student Hannah Rempel and Assistant Professor Jordan Casey use cutting-edge molecular tools like DNA metabarcoding to study the diets of this small, abundant fish. The techniques the researchers use with this species may lead to better understanding of the diets of other omnivorous fishes that also consume microscopic prey and play a critical role in marine food webs.
— Hannah Rempel, Marine Science Graduate Student
Group photo the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon with United Nations interns before the concert for the Understanding of Civilizations and Human Rights in the United Nations in Geneva. 31 october 2015. UN Photo / Jean-Marc Ferré
Miniature power lines including connected wind farm. Understanding first-hand how the bulk electric system operates can be a challenge for those who don’t work with it every day. So in addition to offering NERC-certified course to utility industry professionals, the Electric Power Training Center can provide simulated training for anyone with an interest in learning about the principles and operation of power generation, transmission and interconnected system operations.(Photo by Jen Neville)
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Pet dogs and human beings have comparable social systems. At some point in history, pets found out to decode human nonverbal language.
It may come as no surprise that dogs are capable of extreme feelings. As extremely social, pack animals they have their social structures and bonding routines, many of which mirror human social structures.
To your pet dog, you are family. What you feel, she feels. It is as simple as that.
A 2011 study found that contemporary, domestic pet dogs are roughly as smart as a 2-year-old human. They can comprehend the meaning of approximately 165 words and can make sense of body movement.
There are numerous human feelings your pet dog understands that you might not know. Sometimes their capabilities can be downright eerie; however, there are strong clinical descriptions for your canine's behaviors.
Comprehending how your canine interprets your emotion can assist you to relate much better to your pet.
What are the signs your dog loves you?
Aside from the obvious sign such as tail wagging, what are other ways that you can tell me if your pet loves you?
Dogs are affectionate animals. They tend to show this affection in quite overt ways.
In an article on dogster.com, if your canine keeps trying to sit as close as possible to you, here’s what this might mean:
What Are the Signs Your Dog Loves You? The Basics“According to Dr. Gail Clark, a canine behavioral psychologist and owner of K9 Shrink, LLC in Colorado, a dog that’s sitting on your lap, leaning on you, nudging you — or won’t even take his eyes off you — is sending a very clear message that they love you. “Staying close to their owners is a major sign in dog language,” she explains. “If your dog is doing everything they can to be physically close to you, his definitely expressing his feelings for you.” Read full article here.
A few theories on why dogs sneeze when they're excitedHave you ever noticed that when some dogs get excited they sneeze? While there may be a medical condition aggravating your dog's nose, this is actually a common sign of affection and play with most dog breeds.
In fact, according to an article on Purina (yes the dog food company):
“Many dog owners notice that dogs often sneeze when they are playing or excited by something. This is called “play sneezing” and it’s normal and harmless. It just means that your dog is having loads of fun!
Dogs sneeze when playing to signal that their behaviour is only play, and that they’re enjoying themselves. Sneezing when playing is particularly common in small breeds but many dogs do it. If your dog is sneezing when you’re playing together, there’s usually no need to worry.”
It’s important to note that a dog that sneezes often may also have other medical conditions. Some conditions could include an infected molar, tumors, or a nasal infection. It’s important to note that some breeds, such as bulldogs and pugs, are also more prone to getting nasal infections than other breeds.
Understanding Your Dog's Other Body Language
As outlined, dogs use their body language to communicate. the dog that moves slowly or keeps a distance may not necessarily be interested physical contact. In fact, it could be downright dangerous to approach a dog who appears to be intimidated or scared.
Here's a list outlining 7 tips one can use in order to read a dog's body language.
A dog who seems stiff, moves slowly, or who keeps moving away may not be interested in social interaction with this playful dog.
Looking away, sniffing, scratching, lying down, or other avoidance behaviors may also indicate that the play session is over.
A fearful dog may lean away, lean back, tremble, crouch, lower his body or head, or roll onto his side or back. Often, his eyes will often be fully open with large pupils, his forehead will be wrinkled, and his tail will be lowered or tucked.
An extremely fearful dog may freeze completely or frantically try to escape, and he may urinate or defecate when approached.
A dog displaying aggressive body language will look large, standing with his head raised above his shoulders. His body will be tense, with weight either centered or over all four feet or leaning slightly forward onto the front legs.
A dog displaying aggressive behavior may also have a wrinkled muzzle, a short lip and a hard eye.
To read the full article, visit ASPCA Pro’s website.
Conclusion
When it comes to communication, dogs can quite clearly tell us that they love their owner without saying a word. The physical demeanor and mannerisms of a dog can accurately convey their feelings of affection. By being conscious and mindful of a dog's actions, we can better understand and anticipate how to approach them.
Additional Resources:
5 Keys to Understanding Dog Body Language
Read Your Dog's Body Language Like a Pro
Canine Body Language
Keeping Your Pet Happy And Safe
darleenrhunt.weebly.com/blog/understanding-your-dogs-lang...
2013 World Water Week.
Monday, September 2.
Signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the Swedish Ministry of Environment and the Chinese Ministry of Water Resources.
Photo: Peter Tvärberg, SIWI.
Please join us for a conversation on Arctic Transformation: Understanding Arctic Research and the Vital Role of Science, co-organized by the Senate Arctic Caucus and the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
Featuring opening remarks by
Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-AK)
And
Senator Angus King (I-ME)
With a keynote address by
Dr. John Holdren
Chair, Arctic Executive Steering Committee, Director of Office of Science and Technology, The White House
Wednesday, September 16, 2015
8:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m.
CSIS | 2nd Floor Conference Center
1616 Rhode Island Avenue NW
Washington, D.C. 20036
AGENDA
8:00 am: Registration and Light Breakfast
8:30 am: Welcome Remarks by
Ms. Heather A. Conley
Senior Vice President for Europe, Eurasia and the Arctic, CSIS
8:35 am: Opening Remarks by
Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-AK)
And
Senator Angus King (I-ME)
9:00am: Session I: Improving Understanding of Arctic Environmental Change and Impact
Featuring
Dr. Larry Hinzman
Vice Chancellor for Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Mr. Richard Glenn
Executive VP, Lands & Natural Resources, Arctic Slope Regional Cooperation
Mr. George Roe
Research Professor, Alaska Center for Energy and Power, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Dr. Paul Mayewski
Director and Distinguished Professor, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine
Introduced by
Dr. Martin Jeffries
Program Officer and Science Advisor, Office of Arctic and Global Prediction, Office of Naval Research
10:30 am: Session II: Keynote Address: Highlights and New Initiatives from President Obama's Visit to the American Arctic
Featuring
Dr. John Holdren
Chair, Arctic Executive Steering Committee, Director of Office of Science and Technology, The White House
11:00 am: Session III: Arctic Science Gap Analysis: Enhancing U.S. and International Science and Research Collaboration
Featuring
Dr. Kelly K. Falkner
Director, Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation
Dr. John Farrell
Executive Director, U.S. Arctic Research Commission
Dr. Catherine Cahill
Deputy Director, Alaska Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration
Moderated by
Ms. Heather A. Conley
Senior Vice President for Europe, Eurasia and the Arctic, CSIS
12:00 pm: Conference Concludes
Following President Obama's historic visit to the American Arctic, please join us for a timely conference on the vital role of science which seeks to better understand the profound and stunning changes that are occurring in the Arctic. Scientific research and collaboration informs our understanding on the impact of climate change on the most northern latitudes while also informing approaches to safely operating in and sustainably developing the economic potential of the region. Our keynote speakers will discuss the vital role of science leadership in the Arctic and will examine the most pressing gaps in our understanding of this dynamic region.
Programs
Europe Program
Regions
Arctic
Base of the tower
War spread rapidly through Roawia, Lucius, having received word early of the order of Areani's assassination of the king, and smelling war on the wind, Lucius and his men set forth to there target, the strategic Garheim watchtower on the tip of Lenfald and base of Garheim. Controlling this post would allow the Loreesi to dominate land trade from Garheim and Lenfald. Lucius understanding the extreme importance of this mission, sets off quickly. The Loreesi much through the deserts of Loreos in good spirit, but when they arrive at the Lenfel borders, the morale quickly drops, elven raids are a constant threat, Darting from tree to tree, and peppering the spearmen and horsemen with arrows, and stealing supplies and horses while the Loreesi camp. By the time they reach the middle of Lenfel, they've lost a 4th of there men. With supplies and morale running low, Lucius knowns he needs more men and supplies. Now in Garheim, Lucius travels to the small village of fearichen, close to the watchtower. lucius slips on a peasant disguise while his men wait around the village for the word to step in. As lucius walks the streets looking for supplies for his army, Lucius hears cheering and quickly rounds a corner, A large makeshift stage was set up on the middle of a street, a tall beast of a men wearing the heraldry of a war galley, and 10 or so fully armed men were behind him, they were garheim, carrying huge axes, wearing long beards, and mail or no shirt at all. He preached his words with a strong and determined voice.
"Fellow Garheim! listen to me! your fathers, your brothers, your sons, they rally under a false banner! the banner of a fraud! A spineless Jelly Fish! He let Roawia fall into this state of war, in which your family will die for, not his! He does not fight for his people and instead gets fat off of wine and cheese!
He does not lead your families to battle! Instead he lets his ignorant generals lead his men to battle! They are not true garheim! They have no beards, they equip themselves with the fancy weapons of the South instead of the traditional war axe, They wear not the war paint of our ancestors but the plate armor from the South! These are not true Garheim that you call your leaders! Rally! Rally to me! and I will ensure that all garheims live in peace, and in times of war, fight and die by your side!"
The crowd startd to clear out but Lucius stood in the street thinking, he approached the claimant,
"You speak of bold goals" Lucius said
"I speak only what is true"
"This is a risky thing your doing, if the Garheim find you, you're dead."
"I can fight" He answered.
"What's your name?" Lucius inquired.
"Ragnar the far seeker."
"Well Ragnar, I have a proposition for you."
He unsheathed his blade, the shining metal glittered in the sun, He turned it towards Ragnar so he could examine it.
"Loreesi Steel." he answered
"Right, I am Lucius of Vandaar general of Loreos."
He raised an eyebrow.
"What is your proposal?"
"I need your help."
"With?" Ragnar answered
"We were sent here to seize a watchtower from Garheim control."
"And what's in it for me?" Ragnar inquired
"Words are great, but action is better. If you can prove to the Garheim people that you are strong enough to defeat the Garheim in battle, more men would be willing to join a winning cause."
"How about aid from Loreos?"
"We will fight together now, but this doesn't mean if we face each other on the battle field in the future Loreos will have mercy on you."
Ragnar nodded
" I must make the same promise, if you are a danger to my followers don't expect mercy."
"What about Loreos supporting my cause?"
"That would not be in our best political interest,everyone already thinks were the aggressor, so taking the throne of Garheim might ruin all chances of peace in this kingdom."
Ragnar stuck out his hand
"We have a deal."
Lucius shook his hand.
"Bring some supplies. We leave at midnight."
That night the Loreesi and Garheim rebels march out until the watchtower was in sight.
It stood 50 feet tall, a huge stained glass window, and had multiple archers patrolling the battlements.
"You remember the plan?" Lucius asked.
"Yes" Ragnar answered.
Ragnar knew the geography of this area well, he knew there was a small mountain pass that he and his men could carry the ladder up, and assault the tower from behind. Him and his men quickly started towards it.
Lucius knew it was going to be a while before Ragnar emerged from behind the tower, but he had faith in him.
"Testudo!" Lucius called.
The Loreesi spearmen locked there shield in Testudo formation to block arrows.
"Henrik!" Lucius called to the commander of the cavalry force.
"Wait here, the horsemen won't do any good in this terrain."
Henrik nodded.
The spearmen advanced in test do as the Garheim infantry climbed down from the cliff and prepared to assault. When 30 feet away, Lucius called out
"Break Testudo! Charge!"
The spearmen and Garheim crashed together the fighting was intense. blood covered the little snow that was still on the ground from a snow that fell a few days ago, and in the fall brisk temperatures most had melted. Then a turn in the battle, one by one the Loreesi were cut down, the Garheim had an advantage. Suddenly over the horizon came Henrik's heavy cavalry, having dismounted the charged into the garheim warriors. The loreesi warrior is a versatile one, fighting just as easily on foot as on a horse. the Garheim warriors were slowly pushed agains the cliff, and with no where to run, were slaughtered.
Then from above the cliff there was a shrill war cry the Garheim rebels carrying the ladders, Quickly cut down the Lenfel defenders, who were left on the cliff to defend the tower, they propped the ladders against the tower wall and scaled it, killing everyone in the tower. They Apperaed on the top screaming and cheering, the battle was won.
Quartzose sandstone in the Mississippian of Ohio, USA.
The Black Hand Sandstone is a prominent, cliff-forming sedimentary unit in the Mississippian of parts of eastern Ohio, USA. The type locality is Black Hand Gorge in Licking County, Ohio, where an American Indian pictograph formerly existed. The "Black Hand" was destroyed long ago by canal builders. The pictograph represented an early "highway sign" that roughly indicated directions to Flint Ridge, where arrowhead-quality flint was quarried.
The Black Hand Sandstone consists of horizontally bedded and cross-bedded quartzose sandstones, granulose sandstones, pebbly sandstones, plus minor quartz-pebble conglomerate. Stratigraphically, the unit was traditionally considered as a coarse-grained upper member of the Cuyahoga Formation (Lower Mississippian) and represented a delta deposit.
A revised understanding of the Black Hand Sandstone was published in the 2000s by West Virginia geologists. The unit is now understood to be temporally and genetically unrelated to the Cuyahoga Formation, and therefore cannot be considered one of its members. The Black Hand Sandstone is now interpreted as an incised valley fill deposit.
The Black Hand Sandstone in parts of Ohio produces some oil and natural gas. Oil drillers refer to the Black Hand as the “Big Injun Sandstone”.
Slightly yellowish-brown coloration is common in the Black Hand Sandstone - this is from limonite (FeO·OH·nH2O - hydrous iron hydroxy-oxide). In the upper half of the photo, the dark-colored crust that covers much of the yellowish-brown stained sandstone was likely formed as a combination of surficial weathering and biofilm development.
The pitting present on parts of this outcrop is a distinctive weathering style called honeycomb weathering. It is most commonly seen on steep sandstone faces. It forms by differential erosion. Slight variations in the degree of cementation causes some areas of the rock to have grains removed more quickly by erosion than other areas.
The vertical cleft at right is a joint that has been enlarged by weathering and erosion.
Stratigraphy: Black Hand Sandstone, Lower Mississippian
Locality: outcrop on the southern side of a paved bike path (formerly Baltimore & Ohio Railroad tracks) through Licking Gorge, a little downstream from Black Hand Narrows, west of the town of Toboso, far-eastern Licking County, eastern Ohio, USA
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Some references on the Black Hand Sandstone:
Ver Steeg, K. 1947. Black Hand sandstone and conglomerate in Ohio. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 58: 703-727.
Szmuc, E.J. 1970. The Mississippian System. pp. 23-67 in Guide to the Geology of Northeastern Ohio. Cleveland. Northern Ohio Geological Society.
Walker, D.A. 1978. Paleontology and Paleoecology of the Cuyahoga and Logan Formations of Central Ohio. Senior Thesis. Denison University, Granville, Ohio, USA. 9+102+11+(1)+2 pp. 11 pls.
Bork, K.B. & R.J. Malcuit. 1981. Cuyahoga and Logan Formations of central and eastern Licking County, Ohio. Ohio Sedimentary Geology III. 21 pp.
Kammer, T.W. & D.L. Matchen. 2002. Biostratigraphic constraints on the timing of valley incisement and deposition of the Lower Mississippian Black Hand Sandstone of Ohio. Geological Society American Abstracts with Programs 34(6): 428.
Matchen, D.L. & T.W. Kammer. 2002. Reinterpretation of the Black Hand Sandstone (Lower Mississippian) of Ohio as incised valley fill. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 34(6): 277.
Matchen, D.L. & T.W. Kammer. 2006. Incised valley fill interpretation for Mississippian Black Hand Sandstone, Appalachian Basin, USA: implications for glacial eustasy at Kinderhookian-Osagean (Tn2-Tn3) boundary. Sedimentary Geology 191: 89-113.
A good friend recently lent me a Mamiyaflex Automatic A camera. I'm really liking this TLR way of shooting.
Louisville, KY. 2013.
Secwépemc Chiefs, the Honourable Katrine Conroy, British Columbia Minister of Children and Family Development, and the Honourable Carolyn Bennett, Federal Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on jurisdiction for child and family services. This MOU provides a framework that charts the path forward in recognizing and implementing Secwépemc jurisdiction.
Read more: news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2018IRR0058-001451
Photo showing an impression of the exhibition Understanding AI.
Credit: Ars Electronica / Martin Hieslmair
Lam Yu'arafu Bi-Iqranihi. It basically means "Recite the Quran only with understanding". True understanding has to do with obedience to Allah, and would not refer to understanding the literal Arabic.
This phrase is easier written in a landscape format because "Iqranihi" shouldn't be split up, and the website where I saw it had it in a pretty (and easily copied) horizontal form.
I finally got things to fit in portrait mode by making "bi-Iqranihii" nto the shape of fruit, implying the sweetness of understanding and to show that the harvest that comes with understanding is plentiful.
I wasn't sure if the characters can be coloured in this way but O said it was OK. Our landlord couldn't read the fruit though :)
As of August 2009 I have realised that people may do the design first in pencil and then go over it in ink. This is not surprising - that was how we were taught in art class for Western calligraphy, because you don't know how much space you will need otherwise.
This was done without any pencil preparation, and I don't draw lines to help me keep the text straight (it seems to be fairly straight anyway). The most challenging bit is to try to get the characters split up across lines in a logical way, since I don't know enough Arabic to be sure of what I'm doing, and transliterations on the Internet often run several words together.
It's been a challenge trying to fit everything properly into a sheet of paper but I don't have much of a choice - the inks seem to smudge if I try going over them with an eraser. Minor mistakes can be fixed with Microsoft Office Picture Manager and Microsoft Paint (I don't have Photoshop), but with major mistakes I just start over with a fresh sheet of paper.