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You need long arms to be a Worth Valley Railway signalman. Here No. 78022 waits while 37075 comes downhill and gets the token for the single line to Keighley.
A Hindu temple token (ramatanka), intended as an offering at a temple, probably 19th or 20th century manufacture. First side shows Rama with his brother Lakshmana. Reverse shows Rama seated with his consort Sita on throne, with the monkey-god Hanuman below. Lakshmana is to the left, and Rama's two sons Kusha and Lava stand to the right. This seems to be a common temple-token type; other Hindu designs are known, as well as some Sikh and even a few Muslim types.
Face of CRT-minted tokens, good for a ride on the Chicago "L" during their era. The Chicago Rapid Transit company was a predecessor agency to the CTA, operating all of the city's elevated/subway lines before acquisition by the state-created Chicago Transit Authority.
In addition to CRT, pre-CTA transit was also operated by the Chicago Surface Lines (streetcar system) and the Chicago Motor Coach Company (buses). Because they were private, competing entities, you could not use this token for either of the other systems.
Got a very nice gift from one of the kids in my workshops as we wrapped up the last summer session :D
It was made by her and her mother. Love to get such a thoughtful personalized token that I can take with me everywhere now.
The studs are exposed on top so that I can put any random LEGO I find on the floor onto it ;)
Come join me on
Keep Dreaming in Bricks!
I was in a mood to shoot small this morning, and when I was contemplating what to use as my subject du jour this was staring me in the face. My husband had given it to me, thinking that it was an old, leftover New York City Subway Token. Except that when I tried to look it up this morning, it didn't turn up in NYC token history. So I looked a little further, and established that the Metropolitan Transit Authority One Fare token was a pre-1964 token from Boston. We lived in Boston in the mid-80's, so this must have been leftover from that time. I guess they were the same size as the MBTA tokens that replaced them, and they must have remained in circulation until the time that Boston replaced tokens with Charlie Cards (like NYC's Metro Cards).
What tokens are tucked away in your drawer or chest.
Love letters? Photographs? Pressed flowers? Or is it a secret? Just old memories...
Thank you for looking. xxxx
The crew of 'Covertcoat' take the token for the return to Launceston. Newmills, Launceston Steam Railway, 12th October 2018.
A special for the Railway children charity, organised by a combination of East Midland Trains, The 125 Group and the Branch Line Society running around the north of England and visiting the NYMR as a part
Durga puja is the most favorite festival of the people of eastern India, especially the people of West Bengal. This festival is celebrated all over India, though with differing rituals, for nine days. It is also called Navratri in some parts of the country.
The last day coincides with Dussehra. Idols are taken away in large processions for immersion in water. "Sindur Khela" (Vermillion game) is a major event of Dashami. First, the married women greet the Mahadevi for one last time, accompanied by rituals. They do aarati, but ready-to-chew paan-leaves in the hands of the goddess, put sweets on the lips of the idol, wipe out eyes as one does to wipe off the tears when leaving a loving place. This event is called "Durga Baran". They apply vermilion to the Goddess's head and to each other and greet each other with sweets.
Before "Idol immersion" , married women of all age take part in an emotional ritual where vermilion (sindhoor khela), is applied to the parting of each other's hair. The loha (the metal and gold bracelet given to the bride by the mother-in-law) and pala/sannbha (the red and white bangles worn by many married Bengali women) are also touched up.
Sindhoor is applied by the women and the priest on the forehead of the goddess. A mother-in-law gives an iron bangle interlaced with gold or silver to a new bride as the first gift, a token of suhag (Marriage Bliss), which the daughter-in-law wears all her life. During Durga puja, when idols are being taken away for immersion, sindoor is taken from in front of the idols and applied to the parting in the hair by married women. What is left on the fingers is applied to this iron and gold (silver) bangle, and is known as touching the loha. The ritual of applying sindoor can also take place at home when Bijoya Dashami is celebrated with family members.
Durga puja (Bengali:দূর্গা পূজা,),‘Worship of Durga’), also referred to as Durgotsava.
Durga Puja festival marks the victory of Goddess Durga over the evil buffalo demon Mahishasura.Durga Puja is widely celebrated in the Indian states of Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Tripura and West Bengal.
Somewhere inside these complex edifices is a stage on which Durga reigns, standing on her lion mount, wielding ten weapons in her ten hands. This is the religious center of the festivities
The word pandal means a temporary structure, made of bamboo and cloth, which is used as a temporary temple for the purpose of the puja.
Creation of the idols
The entire process of creation of the idols (murti) from the collection of clay to the ornamentation is a holy process,
supervised by rites and other rituals.
On the Hindu date of Akshaya Tritiya when the Ratha Yatra is held,
clay for the idols is collected from the banks of a river, preferably the Ganges (Hooghly in Calcutta/Kolkata).
There is age-old custom of collecting a handful of soil (punya mati) from the nishiddho pallis of Calcutta,
literally ‘forbidden territories’, where sex workers live, and adding it to the clay mixture which goes into the making
of the Durga idol.After the required rites, the clay is transported from which the idols are fashioned.
An important event is 'Chakkhu Daan', literally donation of the eyes.
Starting with Devi Durga, the eyes of the idols are painted on Mahalaya or the first day of the Pujas.
Before painting on the eyes, the artisans fast for a day and eat only vegetarian food.
Goddess Durga Rides a Lion and vengeance to kill a demon residing in city of Mysore ,named after Mahishasur,
the very demon which was slain by the Goddess.The original Indian name was Mahishur. Along with these central statues, Idols are also made of other Gods and Goddesses.
As it also includes the worship of Shiva, who is Durga's consort (Durga is an aspect of Goddess Parvati),
in addition to Lakshmi, Saraswati with Ganesha and Kartikeya, who are considered to be Durga's children are crafted.
Worship of mother nature is also done, through nine types of plant (called "Kala Bou"),
including a plantain (banana) tree, which represent nine divine forms of Goddess Durga.
saish746.blogspot.in/2012/10/making-of-idols-durga-puja-2...
1667, half penny trade token issued by Benedict Coles.
Benedict was a Leighton Buzzard grocer, trading from the north side of the High Street by the Market Cross - photo shows both sides of the token
"Look to this day, for it is life, the very life of life.
In its brief course lie all the realities and verities of existence.
The bliss of growth, the splendor of action, the glory of power.
And yesterday is but a dream, and tomorrow is only a vision.
But today - well lived - makes every yesterday
a dream of happiness,
and every tomorrow a vision of hope.
Look well, therefore, to this day."
This quarter sized jeton may have been issued in Corsica from 1736-38. The legend reads THEODORVS on the revese side. On this side though the legend reads PRIN-LEO-DVX (duke). Below is a bit of history of King Theodore of Corsica.
Neuhof, Theodor, Baron von (tā'ōdôr' bärōn' fən noi'hōf) , 1694–1756, German adventurer, b. Metz, France. After a career as a soldier and diplomat, he was persuaded by Corsicans rebelling against Genoese rule to become (1736) their king as Theodore I of Corsica. Driven from Corsica by the Genoese with French aid in 1738, he tried (1738, 1743) unsuccessfully to regain his throne. After 1749 he lived in poverty in England and was once released from debtors' prison through the influence of Horace Walpole. He figures grotesquely in Voltaire's Candide.
The electronic 'Token' has just been received for 1Z25 to proceed through the section from Helensburgh to Garelochhead.
19-4-25
token economy is a system of behavior modification based on the systematic positive reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols or tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers. Token economy is based on the principles of operant conditioning and can be situated within the applied behavior analysis (behaviorism). Token economies are applied with children and adults.
Basic requirementsThree requirements are basic for a token economy.
Tokens have to be used as reinforcers. A token is an object or symbol that can be exchanged for material reinforcers, services or privileges (back-up reinforcers). In applied settings a wide range of tokens are being used: coins, checkmarks, images of small suns, points on a counter. These things are worthless. Their value lies in the fact that they can be exchanged for valued things. Technically speaking tokens aren’t primary reinforcers, but secondary or learned reinforcers. Lots of research has been done on token reinforcement, including animal studies.
Back-up reinforcersTokens have no intrinsic value, but can be exchanged for other valued reinforcing events: back-up reinforcers. Most token economies offer a choice of differing back-up reinforcers:
Material reinforcers: sweets, cigarettes, journals, money
Services: breakfast in bed, having your room cleaned, activities
Privileges and other extras: passes for leaving the building or area, permission to stay in bed, phone calls, having your name or picture on the wall.
There are plenty of possible back-up reinforcers. They’re chosen in function of the individual or group for which the token economy is set up, or depending on the possibilities available to the staff. Before starting they decide how many tokens have to be paid for each back-up reinforcer. Often price lists are exposed or given to the clients. Some back-up reinforcers can be bought anytime, for other exchange times are limited (e.g. opening times of a token shop).
Specified target behaviors
Using exchangeable tokens isn’t sufficient for a token economy. The contingencies have to be specified before introducing the program. Sometimes client manuals are written to specify how many tokens can be earned by each target behavior (including the exact criteria being used). When a staff member gives tokens to a client just because he judges he’s behaving positively, isn’t part of a token economy. That’s just arbitrarily giving tokens. Criteria have to be clarified before starting the program. If making your bed is a target behavior, staff and clients have to know how a well-made bed looks like: do the sheets have to be put under the mattress, cushion on top? Often these specifications are hard to make: eating politely, positive cooperation … how to specify these? There’s a broad range of possible target behaviors: self-care, attending activities, academic behavior, disruptive behavior. Clearly specified behavioral criteria can facilitate the learning process. A token economy helps people experience the immediate consequences of their behavior and get a grip on their life. Their social environment becomes more predictable. While planning how many tokens can be earned by each target behavior some factors have to be considered: one has to assure that everyone can already earn a minimal amount of tokens for a minimal effort, and on the other hand one has to arrange that clients don’t earn too much too soon, making more effort useless. Sometimes the possibility of punishment by token loss is included, technically called 'response cost': disruptive behavior can be fined with the loss of tokens. This also should be clearly specified before the application starts. Clients can be involved in the specifying of the contingencies.
Social reinforcement
Token reinforcement is essential, but is always accompanied by social reinforcement. Tokens are intended to make reinforcement explicit and immediate, and to strengthen behavior, but in the end social reinforcement should be sufficient to maintain what’s been learned.
Shaping
All principles of operant learning are applied within a token economy. Shaping implies clients aren’t expected to do everything perfectly at once; behavior can be acquired in steps. Initially clients can be reinforced for behavior that approaches the target. If the target behavior is keeping attention during a 30 minutes session, clients can initially already get (perhaps smaller) reinforcement for 5 minutes of attention.
Immediacy of reinforcement
Reinforcement will more strongly influence behavior if given shortly after the response is emitted. The longer people have to wait for a reward, the less effect and the less they will learn. This is the principle of delay discounting. Immediate token reinforcement can bridge later reinforcement.
Dramatic changes in the mental health system
Token economies had proven their effectiveness and utility for chronic psychiatric patients. They can require months or even years to achieve optimal results. This causes problems when insurance and government policies increasingly require the shortest possible hospital stays. Emphasis was put on community-based treatment. Outpatient and home-based care were the future. It wasn’t easy for token economies to adapt to this evolution.
Schizophrenia
The first token economies were designed for chronic, treatment-resistant psychotic inpatients. Even now token economies are applied to clients with schizophrenia. Sometimes the token economy is being used as a lasting prosthesis.[8] Sometimes it’s used to help so-called treatment-resistant clients towards resocialization. A token economy (of course always in combination with other interventions) succeeded in the community reintegration of 78% of the clients within an average period of 110 days, after more than 7 years of uninterrupted hospital stay. Research shows clients experience the token economy positively. Several recent reviews of psychosocial treatment for schizophrenia explicitly mention token economy as an effective, evidence-based treatment
OPA stands for Office of Price Administration
Rationing was first started in 1942. Items that were rationed include canned goods, meats, sugar, coffee, tires, gas and more.
The Office of Price Administration used OPA stamps, coins and chits for rationing.
OPA coins (commonly called OPAs) were used for change for food.
OPAs were used by retailers to give change back for food bought with ration stamps.
Blue tokens were used for processed foods; red tokens for meats and fats.
OPAs were first issued in 1944
Stopped being issued in 1945
Nobody has found a true reason for the letters on the OPA's. Theories include, they are random; demographics; and prevention of counterfitting.
Red letter combinations known. HC, HT, MV, MM, TH, TY, UC, UH, UT, UV, UX, UY, VC, VH, VT, VU, VX, VY, XC, XH, XT, XU, XV, XY, YC, YH, YT, YU, YV, YX.
Blue letter combinations known. CC, CH, CT, CV, CX, HH, HU, HV, HX, HY, TC, TT, TU, TV, TX, UU, VV, WC, WH, WT, WU, WW, XX, YY
The rarest is the red MV. The next rarest are the red MM and the blue WW, WC, WH. Then blue WU, HX and red YC, XC. The rest are fairly easy to find. Reds are a lot more common than blues.
Error OPAs are worth a little more. There is a good example at the end of this page.
Tokens used for rationing during World War II
There are 30 different red tokens and 24 blue ones.
They are all vulacanized fiber (celluloid) and 16mm in size.
Blue ones read: OPA Blue Point 1 (with two different letters)
Red ones read: OPA Red Point 1 (with two different letters)
Courtesy of Token Bob wwwdot/fantasticpricesdotcom/
The other side of the Buxton coppy halfpenny token. This side shows the Cavendish coat of arms. The Crescent in Buxton was built by the 5th Duke of Devonshire, William Cavendish.
DERSB 2012.6
Love tokens left by fans on the top of Fred "Sonic" Smith`s grave headstone. Elmwood Cemetery. Detroit, Michigan. February 17th, 2017.
Cud @ K 8-9:30 and cud @ K 8-10 - cud progression 1+2. Die crack @ K 7:30 at second token.
These tokens were issued in the early 1970's and used until 2002 they are not marked by year (1934 is the year commission was established not the year tokens were produced).
The Commission decided to end the redemption program as of July 1, 2005.