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This is an unusual variant of follicular neoplasm of the thyroid gland. It has been described in follicular adenomas, however, this lesion did show destructive capsular invasion.
The thyroid is an important endocrine gland. It sits with its butterfly shape on the anterior neck region, lying on the larynx and trachea midway between the thyroid cartilage and the suprasternal notch, at the level of C5-T1 vertebrae. Thyroid is affected primarily by disease conditions which are variously classified and are not uncommon worldwide. They could lead to enlargement of the thyroid gland thereby earning the designation “goiter”. Globally, iodine deficiency has been identified as a major cause of goiter. This was a descriptive retrospective study of consecutive cases of thyroid specimen analyzed at the Histopathology Department of the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria, between January 2008 and December 2017. The aim of this work is to study thyroid disorders histologically, relating these findings to age and sex, and comparing same with previous reports.
The Hospital’s Medical records and the Histopathology Departments served as sources for extraction of patient’s data which included age, sex, and histological diagnosis. Archival slides were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of the thyroid lesion.
Three hundred and eleven (311) cases of thyroid disease were diagnosed histologically at the Jos University Teaching Hospital during the study period. These lesions were broadly classified into developmental anomalies, hyperplasias, immune/inflammatory diseases, and neoplasm. They accounted for 1.9% (6 cases), 81.3% (253 cases), 3.9% (12 cases), and 12.9% (40 cases) of all cases respectively. The age range of the study population was 1 year to 70 years, with a mean age of 41.2±12.0 SD, and peak incidence at 30 years to 39 years. There were 25 males and 286 females making a male female (M/F) ratio of 1:10.2.
Thyroid disorders are essentially a female disease in our environment occurring commonly in the third and fourth decade of life.
Author(s) Details
Dr. Innocent Emmanuel
Department of Histopathology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
Dr. Mansur Aliyu Ramalan
Department of Internal Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
Dr. Ochigbo J. Adam
Department of Histopathology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
Dr. Akpa Philip
Department of Histopathology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
Dr. Mandong Jagshak
Federal Medical Center, Keffi, Nigeria.
Prof. Barnabas Mafala Mandong
Department of Histopathology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
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This is an unusual variant of follicular neoplasm of the thyroid gland. It has been described in follicular adenomas, however, this lesion did show destructive capsular invasion.
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Extramediastinal (ectopic) thymomas are rare and may occur in the neck, trachea, thyroid, lung and pleura. This case is an example of a pleural based thymoma.
A higher magnification view of one of the pale staining areas shows round and spindle cells intermixed with very few lymphocytes.
Extramediastinal (ectopic) thymomas are rare and may occur in the neck, trachea, thyroid, lung and pleura. This case is an example of a pleural based thymoma.
This CT scan shows a large, ovoid, left sided mass that appears to be attached to the parietal pleura.
Extramediastinal (ectopic) thymomas are rare and may occur in the neck, trachea, thyroid, lung and pleura. This case is an example of a pleural based thymoma.
A higher magnification view of one of the pale staining areas shows bland appearing, round and spindle cells intermixed with lymphocytes.
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It is helpful to understand the science of hormones. When it comes to hormones in both men and women, there’s a lot that can go awry. Your body is made up of some very complex systems, not the least of which is your endocrine system. The hypothalamus and pituitary glands are like finely tuned command centers running your pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid, and other organs–hopefully like clockwork.
The Science of Hormones
These systems rely on a complex feedback loop, known as the hormonal axes. Hormone levels inform sections of the brain and glands how to regulate functions in the body. This feedback loop allows interactions to take place between your hypothalamus, your pituitary gland, and your adrenal glands. Known as the neuroendocrine system, this feedback loop controls reactions to stress, bodily functions like digestion, the immune system, and even moods and sexual desire which begin in the brain. Keeping your body’s hormonal balance keeps this system, and everything it controls, operating at peak efficiency.
Testosterone
While both men and women have some of this hormone, Testosterone is what produces the characteristics that make someone distinctly male. It works in men’s bodies, along with other hormones, to feed your energy levels, calibrate your moods, and trigger your desire for, and your ability to have, sex. Low t levels can disrupt these processes and spoil your quality of life.
More and more Dr. Berman is seeing patients who are overly fatigued, depressed, physically weak, and overweight. These are very common symptoms of Low Testosterone. A drop in T count can occur at any time, not just in mid-life or during old age. Male hormone imbalances can be brought by stress, acute illness, poor nutrition and a host of other conditions. Testosterone therapy is the jumpstart men can take advantage of to make important changes in lifestyle that will restore their vitality, quality of life and health.
DHEA
DHEA is an important adrenal hormone that balances the effect of stress hormone Cortisol and is important for the immune system as an anabolic hormone. Produced by the adrenal gland. DHEA supports the body as it produces other hormones, including Testosterone and estrogen. DHEA also begins to diminish as we age, which in turn impacts your body’s ability to produce Testosterone. Most patients with low levels of DHEA will also have low levels of Testosterone.
Some therapeutic practitioners believe that DHEA is a necessary component of overall hormone balance. Medical research does not back up this claim. All the same, Dr. Berman does insist on closely monitoring DHEA levels in his patients, to ensure that there is an optimal balance of all hormones involved in the endocrine system, especially Testosterone, which drives so many important functions.
Cortisol
Cortisol is a catabolic hormone, which means it contributes to the breakdown processes, such as the breakdown of muscle tissue during exercise. Testosterone is an accelerator, helping to promote muscle mass. When these two opposite effect hormones are out of balance, there can be trouble.
Cortisol is what the body uses to convert protein into sugar and provide energy during fight or flight responses to stress. However, too much cortisol suppresses our immune system and creates inflammation. This not only does us a disservice in a fight or flight scenario, but it can also cause serious health concerns.
Estradiol
Another important process that takes places in the endocrine system is turning of Testosterone into estrogen. Both men and women’s bodies convert Testosterone to estrogen, but in different amounts, with men’s bodies converting about 10% of their Testosterone to estrogen when they are in good health.
There is an aromatase enzyme, which carefully controls the balance between Testosterone and estrogen. As men age, the aromatase enzyme activity increases and more Testosterone is converted to estrogen. This means t levels can get depleted even more.
Thyroid
Studies show a correlation between thyroid function and Testosterone levels, with both needed to effectively regulate the same processes in the body. Thyroid hormones rely on Testosterone to do the work of protein synthesis, a very complex process that takes place at a cellular level to build proteins. This supports the build-up of muscle mass and can regulate the metabolism of fat.
A low level of Testosterone can impact muscle growth and unnecessary weight gain. Testosterone therapy may be an effective treatment, but, first one must determine that the thyroid and is functioning as it should. If not, hormone replacement therapy can help, but only under the supervision of a licensed, experienced physician like Dr. Berman.
Melatonin
Melatonin hormones are produced by the pineal gland. Melatonin levels regulate sleep and wakefulness. We all have an internal clock, called the circadian rhythm. This clock tells us when it is time to sleep, wake up, and it regulates our body, including our blood pressure and temperature as it prepares for cooler seasons. Research indicates that it may also play a role in inhibiting cancer cell growth. As you might expect, this hormone is released largely at night. Because hormones play such an important part in regulating sleep patterns, low levels, especially low levels of melatonin, are critical to analyzing when looking at your overall hormone health profile.
This article first appeared on the website of Dr. Berman:
drmikhailberman.com/the-science/
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Microscopic photo showing a thyroid hurthle cell (oncotytic) carcinoma with focal lymphovascular invasion (LVI)(green arrow). H & E stain. 10X. Jian-Hua Qiao, MD, FCAP, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (乔建华医师，病理学家)
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Thyroid is an endocrine gland which controls the metabolic activities of the body, they affect most thyroid ailments which are most common among women during puberty, pregnancy, menopause or physical tension.
? The following are thyroid ailments:-
1.Goitre
One or more nodules of thyroid get swollen up. This inflammation appears on the throat. Sometimes this swelling may not appear on the throat but can be felt on the skin.
? Symptoms
Concentration power weakens, depression, feels like weeping, petulancy, loss of mental balance and loss of weight. gradually obstruction is created in the internal organs which over a period of time leads to toxicity in the body.
2.Hyper Thyroidism
Thyroid gland produces more hormones.
? Symptoms
1.Loss of weight
2.Restlessness
3.Weakness
4.In ability to bear heat
5.Excessive sweating
6.Trembling of fingers
7.Palpitation of heart
8.Urination takes place number of times
9.Memory becomes weak
10.High blood pressure
11.Excessive appetite
12.Complications in mensturation
13.Falling of hair etc.
3.Hypothyroidism
Thyroid gland produce less hormones.
? Symptoms
1.Increase in weight
2.In ability to beer cold
3.Constipation
4.Dryness of hair
5.Aching in back
6.Joints get stiff
7.Pulse rate goes down
8.Swelling on the face etc.
4.Blood Test for Thyroid Disease
In both the hormones try- iodothyronine and tetra- iodothyronine are produced by thyroid gland, there quantity in the blood decides the condition of the hormones.
If excessive along with other symptoms, then thyroid is enlarged and the patient has hyperthyroidism.
If with other symptoms the quantity of hormones is less then thyroid gland is contracted and it is hypothyroidism
? Causes of thyroid diseases
It is due to deficiency of iodine in food. It is seen among those people who eat only cooked food and do not eat natural food. Natural food provides necessary iodine content which gets destroyed when cooked. Mental and emotional tension, hereditary, erroneous died and disturbed lifestyle.
? Treatment of thyroid diseases
1.For first 5 days only juices (coconut water, cabbage, carrot, beetroot, pineapple, orange, apple, grapes juices etc.) Should be taken.
2.Thereafter for 3 days fruits and sesame milk should be consumed.
3.Then adopt normal diet which should include green leafy vegetables, fruits, salad sprouts, etc. In ample quantity.
4.Atleast for a year half of the food should consist of fruits, salad and sprout foods.
5.Lotus seeds, makhana, water chestnut (singhara) are useful.
6.Sugar, roasted and fried product, tea, coffee, liquor, tinned products etc. Are very harmful and should not be consumed at all.
7.In a cup full of spinach juice one spoon of honey should be added and ¼ spoon of cumin seeds (jeera) powder be mixed and taken every night before sleeping.
8.In a glass of water soak two spoons of dry coriander and in the morning mash it and boil till the quantity is reduced to 1/4 and drink daily on an empty stomach.
9.Daily gargle with saline water.
? Physical Treatment
1.Mud pack, enema, hib bath, etc. Will detoxify the body.
2.On the throat apply wet sheet pack and mud pack.
3.Do not permit to get tired
4.Relax completely
5.Sleep as much as is necessary
6.Remain away from physical, emotional and mental tension.
7.To keep the endocrine glands healthy do yoga asanas.
8.Shavasana, Yog nidra, Suptpavanmuktasana, Matsyasana, Suptavajrasana and neck exercises must be done.
9.Pranayama are very important, do Ujjayi and bhramari Pranayama.
10.Jalandhar bandh should be practiced.
“Best Way to Cure These Disorders Is the Natural Treatment”
Disclaimer: Updates mentioned in the article are for general information purpose only. If making any changes in the fitness programme or diet then it is requested to consult your doctor or a dietician before implementing anything new.
Hyperthyroidism is a ailment in which thyroid gland produces as well significantly thyroid hormone which is produced in blood stream. This abnormally high level of thyroid hormone automatically speeds up body’s metabolic rate. Thyroid gland is a tiny, butterfly shaped organ about wind...
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From a 40-year-old female patient. Most of the tumor is bound by a capsule (irregular whitish band around the lighter central nodule). However, the capsule is breached and there is tumor growth outside it (marked with a star). The scale is millimeters.
Immersed in absolute alcohol, the cut surface of this specimen demonstrates the follicular architecture very nicely. Choose the "Original" size to really see the detail.
Histology/Cytology correlation of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Diagnostic features include: papillary architecture, high cellularity, nuclear grooves, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions and thick colloid.
The isthmus of the thyroid gland has been divided and the left lobe retracted laterally. The fascial attachment of the gland to the upper part of the trachea is shown.
cross section: human parathythyroid gland
magnification: 200x phase contrast
hematoxylin eosin stain
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Microscopic photo showing a fine needle aspiration cytology smear from a thyroid lesion. Two multinucleated giant cells are present. Papanicolaou's stain. Jian-Hua Qiao, MD, FCAP, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Microscopic photo showing mature adipose tissue and thyroid glandular/follicular elements. H & E stain. 20X. Jian-Hua Qiao, MD, FCAP, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (乔建华医学博士， 美国病理学家学院专家会员。美国加州洛杉矶)
Chris Holsinger, M.D., Associate Professor in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, is applying technology to the neck and thyroid gland. He was the first ENT surgeon in the United States to perform a robotic thyroidectomy, using Dr. Woong Youn Chung's technique, which allows the removal of tumors from these sites through an incision in the upper arm without carbon dioxide insufflation.
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