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According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, information technology-related jobs are expected to be among the fastest and largest growing jobs in the economy through 2016. In fact, computer software engineers, computer systems analysts, network systems and data communication analysts should...

 

myproblog.com/riding-the-technological-wave-breaking-into...

Waldo-Hancock bridge (left)

 

Technologically, the Waldo-Hancock Bridge represents a number of firsts. It was one of the first two bridges in the U.S. (along with the St. Johns Bridge in Portland, Oregon, completed in June, 1931) to employ Robinson and Steinman’s prestressed twisted wire strand cables, which were first used on the 1929 Grand Mère Suspension Bridge over the Saint-Maurice River in Quebec. The prefabrication and prestressing of the cables, along with other innovations, invented and pioneered by Steinman, were a significant step forward for builders of suspension bridges.

 

The Waldo-Hancock was also the first bridge to make use of the Vierendeel truss in its two towers, giving it an effect that Steinman called “artistic, emphasizing horizontal and vertical lines.” This attractive and effective truss design was later used in a number of important bridges, including the Triborough Bridge and Golden Gate Bridge.

 

The Waldo-Hancock Bridge was noted at the time for its economy of design and construction. It cost far less than had been appropriated by the State Highway Commission, which enabled the construction of a second bridge between Verona Island and Bucksport.

 

source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo-Hancock_Bridge

 

The Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory (right);

 

The Penobscot Narrows Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Penobscot River near Bucksport, Maine. It replaces the Waldo-Hancock Bridge, built in 1931. The new bridge is 2,120 feet (646 m) long. It is one of two bridges in the U.S. constructed recently to utilize a cradle system that carries the strands within the stays from bridge deck to bridge deck, as a continuous element, eliminating anchorages in the pylons. Each epoxy-coated steel strand is carried inside the cradle in a one-inch steel tube. Each strand acts independently, allowing for removal, inspection and replacement of individual strands. The cable-stay system was designed with a system that uses pressurized nitrogen gas to defend against corrosion. Additionally, in June 2007, six reference strands within three stays were replaced with carbon fiber strands - a first in the U.S. Monitoring on the strands will evaluate this material for future use in bridge designs. These engineering innovations helped the bridge appear in the December 2006 edition of Popular Science as one of the 100 best innovations of the year. The total project cost was $85 million. The bridge was designed as an emergency replacement for the Waldo-Hancock Bridge and from conception to completion, just 42 months elapsed.

 

Observation Tower:

 

The Penobscot Bridge site also is home to the Penobscot Narrows Observatory, the first bridge observation tower in the United States and the tallest public bridge observatory in the world. The tower reaches 420 feet (128 m) into the air and allows visitors to view the bridge, the nearby Fort Knox State Historic Site and the Penobscot River and Bay. The tower is accessible through the Fort Knox site and as of August 2009 charges a $7 fee for adults which includes admission to both the Observatory and the Fort Knox site.

 

source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot_Narrows_Bridge

 

The new replaces the old and the new becomes the old and so it goes................

Bodegón tecnológico formado por todo tipo de aparatos tecnológicos caseros. - Still technological formed by all types of technological gadgets home

Graphics made for the Glug poster show in London, organised to support the United Nations Global Goals campaign. My work is dedicated to the Goal #9, Industry, Innovation, Infrastructure.

This is a 360-degree panoramic image from the 3rd floor of the Volpe Library at Tennessee Technological University.

 

The third floor is the "quiet floor" in the library. It looks much the same as it did when I went to school there. The floor below, however, has changed considerably. It has a Starbucks coffee shop and seemingly endless bays of computers.

 

I can remember researching material on microfiche on that floor. I believe those days are long gone. Kids these days have it so damn easy... :-)

Metalhead - Donatello's half-pint associate and technological creation. He is a feisty little Turtle-bot. He received a few upgrades since we last saw him, compelling the Turtles to test out his new moves. They all are impressed with him except for Leonardo, who is apparently still hesitant about Metalhead's dependability, was later convinced that he could indeed be trusted.

 

In the 1987 cartoon series, Metalhead first appeared in the episode "The Making of Metalhead" where it he imbued with thoughts and memories of the Turtles. This gave Metalhead an identity disorder until Donatello reprograms him to work for the Ninja Turtles. Metalhead replicated the voices of the Ninja Turtles, Shredder, and April O'Neil, meaning that Metalhead was voiced by Cam Clarke, Barry Gordon, Rob Paulsen, Townsend Coleman, Dorian Harewood (who was filling in for James Avery at the time), and Renae Jacobs. In this appearance, He was only seen again when Donatello tries to get him to vacuum their TV room in the episode "Big Bug Blunder".

 

In the 2003 series, Metal Head was part of the final attack on the Tengu Shredder. Metal Head appears in the "Fast Forward" season episode The Journal. Metal Head also appears in TMNT: Back to the Sewer. He shows up in the episodes "Super Power Struggle" and "Wedding Bells and Bytes".

 

In the 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series, Metalhead was created by Donatello from a salvaged Kraang droid as a way to upgrade "his" weapons. Donatello could control Metalhead via a NES-like controller while observing through a TV monitor since there are cameras in Metalhead's eyes. Donatello can also speak through Metalhead voice box.

 

While Metalhead proved to be nearly unstoppable in combat situations, he was far too clunky and heavy to properly sneak around. Later in the episode, when his brothers became overwhelmed, Donatello sent Metalhead in to take care of the krangg. He easily defeated the Kraang attacking them, knocking off the control antenna in the process. One Kraang realized that Metalhead was made from their technology and detached from its robot body where it opted to control Metalhead. The Kraang-controlled Metalhead and attacked the Ninja Turtles, nearly killing them until Donatello showed up in person. Donatello managed to defeat Metalhead by crashing a support pillar on it.

 

In a later episode, Metalhead was rebuilt by Donatello where it aided the Ninja Turtles in the battle against the Kraang. Apparently now programmed with some degree of independence and operating without any sign of a direct controller, Metalhead drove the Shellraiser into the TCRI building lobby and subsequently attacked the Kraang guards while the Ninja Turtles used their new gliders to infiltrate the building from the roof.

 

Metalhead is reconfigured by Donatello in "Metalhead Rewired", in which he exhibits a personality similar to R2-D2 . After a battle with the Kraang goes awry, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael vote to terminate Metalhead, who quickly escapes before Donatello can do so. Metalhead is able to find a portal to a Kraang prison where many mutants from the series have been incarcerated. later Metalhead saves the turtles by staying behind to close the portal and later self destructs.

 

Weapons-

He has extending and rocket propelled punches and kick attacks, as well as a machine guns in his chest and rocket launchers. he also is programed and skilled with strong ninjutsu capabilities.

 

Video Games-

Metalhead appears in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time as the boss of the second level. Turtles in Time Re-Shelled; The instruction manual of the Super NES version of Turtles in Time erroneously refers to Metalhead as Mechaturtle.

 

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GO TMNT GO !!

Technologic

 

[leave]

Ten Technological Traps

(Joshua Engelsma, 2017, used with permission)

 

We live in a time of great technological advancement. Companies are constantly churning out new products that are hailed as smarter, more advanced, and more innovative. And in many ways we have made ourselves dependent on technology with our smartphones, tablets, and computers, too name just a few.

 

There is nothing inherently sinful in these things. In fact, they can be powerful tools for good in the service of God and his church, and therefore we can use them with a good conscience before God. "For every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving: for it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer" (1 Timothy 4:4-5).

 

That being said, we ought to recognize that there are many dangers that these wonders of the technological age present. These dangers ought to make us careful in our use of these good gifts.

 

What follows are a list of ten such dangers, "traps" of technology:

 

1) We can waste an unbelievable amount of time using technology. How many hours are wasted staring at the TV, pursuing pointless information on the internet, looking at pictures on Instagram, and posting on Facebook? Too many, making this one of the top traps of technology.

 

2) Technology makes it relatively easy to sin. This is not to say that the same sins weren't found fifty years ago, for they certainly were. But with technology there are more opportunities to sin and sinful things are more readily accessible. As a wise saint said to me recently, "When I was younger, you had to work pretty hard to get in trouble and access sinful things. Now you can get it in a few seconds on your phone."

 

3) We can very easily become discontent through our use of technology. One area of discontentment is with the technology itself. We are dissatisfied with the smartphone or computer that we have and are always looking for something newer, better, and faster. It becomes an idol in our life. Another area of discontentment is with the things that we view through technology. Seeing the glamorous life of this athlete/actress/friend, I become discontented with my seemingly boring life.

 

4) Technology is often the means by which we backbite and slander. One wrong move and soon the news spreads like wildfire across the gossip channels of text messaging and social media.

 

5) Through our use of technology we often give a poor witness to the world of our faith. We post pictures of some ungodly musician's concert we attended. We "like" this popular drama on TV. We let everyone know how excited we are about the release of the latest Hollywood movie.

 

6) It is very easy through technology to fall into the trap of unreality. We see pictures of the expensive vacations and fun activities that others are doing, and think that their life must be perfect. Young people might give the impression that anyone who's anything is hanging out on Friday night, so that the one left at home feels left out and friendless.

 

7) In the age of instant information, it seems as if younger generations are losing the ability to read, write, listen, and think critically and deeply.

 

8) Our use of technology can weaken our ability to converse and thus hurt our relationships to others. It seems pretty common to go into a restaurant and see a husband and wife sitting across from one another, both staring at their phones. It seems pretty common to try and have a conversation with a teenager while their face is buried in their phone.

 

9) There is the danger with technology of over-sharing information. I'm all for getting to know other people better and sharing their joys and sorrows. But I don't need to know what you just ate for breakfast. I don't need to know a disagreement that you had with your spouse. I don't need to know that you're angry at your coworkers. I don't need to know (usually) that you're having an all-around bad day.

 

10) One of the dangers of technology is that we are able to retreat into a world without any accountability. When we are at work, we have the accountability of employers and employees. When we are at home, we have the accountability of spouses, parents, children, siblings. When we are at school, we have the accountability of teachers and classmates. But with technology we can often enter a world with little or no accountability. We can say things that we wouldn't ordinarily say. We can sneak off to our bedroom and watch all sorts of vile things. And if anyone looks over our shoulder or asks to see our device, we hide behind the vault-door of passwords.

 

"Turn my eyes away from worthless things!" Psalm 119:37

 

"If your right eye causes you to sin, gouge it out and throw it away. It is better for you to lose one part of your body than for your whole body to be thrown into Hell!" Matthew 5:29

 

Lawrence Technological University during the design event at the 10th annual Formula Hybrid competition.

 

Photo by Kathryn LoConte Lapierre.

 

engineering.dartmouth.edu

 

The dive bomber Mostrengo 38/39 was perhaps the greatest technological investment in portuguese-lands and the most advanced attack aircraft in the world in 1939. The success of this aircraft lay in the largest engine then available, the Mercury OGMA XX of 2500 hp (essentially three engines Bristol Mercury IX combined, 830cv each) and was able to reach 550km/h fully load. The aircraft was armed with two frontal 20mm cannons and a powerful defensive tower, which housed four fast-firing 7.5mm MAC 1934 machine guns. The maximum load of bombs was 1400 kg (one bomb of 1000kg and four 100kg bombs) with a combat range of 1 750km.

 

The plane itself was an international hybrid:

Fuselage and tail – Nazi Germany;

Engine and the defensive tower – England;

Brakes and hook for carrier landings – Empire of Japan

Cannons and machine guns – France

Strengthened landing gear- Italy

Chairs for the crew - Spain.

Everything had been arranged to create the most powerful attack plane at the time.

The first plane flew in 1938, in the hands of Navy pilot "Zé Carlos", which managed to beat three records on the same day: speed record in a dive bomber, record of distance (1000km loaded in two hours and thirty-six minutes), and the record to drink more beers in a night (to celebrate the previous two records) ...

 

Due to the lack of a torpedo aircraft, it was decided to modify the air intake of the engine of the Mostrengo-38 so that it could carry and launch torpedoes. The new improved model, the Mostrengo 39 entered service in 1940 as a torpedo plane, maintaining the capabilities of dive-bombing.

 

The Mostrengos model 38 were used as bombers until they were fully replaced by the model 39, only slightly faster.

 

The airplane was very important to keep the Portuguese neutrality during World War II. During the conflict, it was used to defend the Portuguese colonies in Africa and the Azores in the Atlantic. They were also used in combat against British and German ships (they even sunk a few enemy ships).

  

In 1942, the project was also sold to the United States after the disaster at Pearl Harbor. Its unfortunate competitor, the TBF Avenger, was slower, much less maneuverable and carried half the load of bombs. At the end, the Mostrengo was selected to go into production by General Motors. The plane became famous in almost all the naval battles of the Pacific, replacing in combat the Douglas Dauntless and the Devastator.

Their relatively heavy gun armament (two forward firing 20mm cannons and the rear defensive turret) was effective against the lightly built Japanese fighters, and many pilot-gunner combinations took an aggressive attitude to fighters which attacked them.

 

In service with the US Navy, the plane usual bomb load was one Bliss-Leavitt Mark 13 torpedo or one 2,000 pound (907 kg) bomb and four 500 pound (227 kg) bombs.

The “Mostrengo” was not an easy target for enemy fighters. The defensive tower was very effective and there was often "ace gunners" in the U.S. Navy. Because of that, it was nicknamed the "Igel” (hedgehog) by the Germans. It was also heavily armored (which made it quite heavy)…

In service in the US Navy, the aircraft was called TBM "Lajes" the name of the Luso-American base in the Azores. TBM meant for the crew:

T- Team Work;

B- Beautiful every day;

M-Memorable forever;

 

The Japanese called it: “The bird of death”

   

In the hands of the experienced American pilots, the aircraft received radar systems, advanced marksmanship and managed to sink 247 warships in the four remaining years of conflict. 253 planes were produced in Portugal (Navy and Air Force) and at least 5670 in the United States. Some aircraft were supplied to the Royal Navy (under the Lend-Lease agreement), who was very enthusiastic about the plane and called it the “Windsor”, in memory of the Windsor Treaty, signed between England and Portugal which remains until today as the oldest and still legal friendship treaty between two countries.

   

The “Windsor” was used with great success from 1942 against the Kriegsmarine, having sunk several German battleships and cruisers. Later it was adopted for anti-submarine, making it an astonishing submarine-hunter. They were one of the most effective sub-killers in the Pacific theatre, as well as in the Atlantic, when escort carriers were finally available to escort Allied convoys. There, the Windsors/Lajes contributed in warding off German U-Boats while providing air cover for the convoys. The appearance of the aircraft accelerated the development of more advanced submarines, like the type XXI.

 

The only other operator in World War II was the Royal New Zealand Air Force which used the type primarily as a bomber, operating from South Pacific Island bases. Some of these were transferred to the British Pacific Fleet.

After the war, the plane was used by many countries, including: Brasil (until 1962), Canada (until 1964), France (until 1956), Netherlands (until 1963), New Zealand (until 1949), USA (until 1956) and United Kingdom (until 1963).

 

Portugal was the most prolonged user of the Mostrengo. Many were widely used in Africa to fight the revolutionary groups in the colonies after 1961, and strongly used in combat until 1974. After the "Carnation Revolution" on 25 April 1974, the aircraft were evacuated from Africa to Portugal. With the democratic independence of all former colonies, the surviving aircraft, now very tired and obsolete, were still used for some time by the Portuguese Air Force. Without colonies to defend, the aircraft was withdrawn from service in 1979.

The plane was considered an excellent investment and it was used for more than 40 years in combat. Many planes were recovered by U.S. fans ... but in Portugal, it was different.

 

The Mostrengo was seen by the nation with love. It was responsible for the freedom of Portugal during World War II and fought bravely in the Atlantic and in Africa. In 2008, to commemorate 70 years since the first flight of this mythic plane, a formation of 35 “Mostrengos” flew over the Portuguese capital, Lisbon.

 

Flying over the "Navy Museum" and the "Padrão dos Descobrimentos" hundreds of thousands of people looked at those amazing and charismatic aircrafts. On board of one of these planes was José Carlos Lopes da Silva, also known as "Zé Carlos", the pilot who flew the first Mostrengo. Flying as a passenger, he was smiling while flying the plane that was his life. He now has 96 years and still likes to drink a "Super Bock" beer every day…

 

Please comment ^^

Students with Florida Technological University prepare their robotic miner for its turn to dig in the mining arena during NASA’s LUNABOTICS competition on May 23, 2022, at the Center for Space Education near the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Florida. More than 35 teams from around the U.S. have designed and built remote-controlled robots for the mining competition. Teams use their autonomous or remote-controlled robots to maneuver and dig in a supersized sandbox filled with rocks and simulated lunar soil, or regolith. The objective of the challenge is to see which team’s robot can collect and deposit the most rocky regolith within a specified amount of time. Photo credit: NASA/Ben Smegelsky

NASA image use policy.

 

43: technological

 

the world's largest underground bucket-wheel excavator in Merkers Adventure Mines.

 

The Merkers Mine drops 860m below the surface into the 'Werra-Revier' band of potash bearing salt. There, at a constant temperature of 28C, are 4600 kilometers of tunnels. Visitors are lowered in the hoisting cage at over 10m/ sec (30 km/h) down to the 500m galleries. There they are driven on 20-kilometre long tour of the mine, seeing an underground mining museum, a room where in 1945 the 'Gold und Devisenreserven der Deutschen Reichbank' dubbed the Nazi gold was stored, the world's largest underground bucket-wheel excavator, simulated blasting and a laser show in the world's largest underground concert hall. Also, in 1980 a crystal grotto was discovered. Here visitors see enormous salt crystals, some over 1 m in size.

76/365

 

Technology explored. Teleidoscope week 21.

 

Buy it, use it, break it, fix it,

Trash it, change it, mail - upgrade it,

Charge it, pawn it, zoom it, press it,

Snap it, work it, quick - erase it,

Write it, cut it, paste it, save it,

Load it, check it, quick - rewrite it,

Plug it, play it, burn it, rip it,

Drag and drop it, zip - unzip it,

Lock it, fill it, call it, find it,

View it, code it, jam - unlock it,

Surf it, scroll it, pause it, click it,

Cross it, crack it, switch - update it,

Name it, rate it, tune it, print it,

Scan it, send it, fax - rename it

Touch it, bring it, pay it, watch it,

Turn it, leave it, start - format it.

 

Technologic. Technologic.

 

- Daft Punk

The Minuteman ICBM program has its roots in the technological revolution of the late 1950s and 1960s. Though the US already deployed several hundred Atlas and Titan ICBMs, these used liquid propellant, meaning they would need to be fueled before launch, and their early-generation computers were inaccurate. Atlas and Titans by necessity carried huge megaton warheads and were mainly "citybusters," designed to cause maximum casualties; because they needed to be fueled first, there was the possibility that a massive Soviet first strike would destroy the missiles before they could be launched.

 

The Minuteman, on the other hand, was meant to be solid-fueled, which meant it could be deployed as ready to fire; it would only need to be refueled every few years. This cut down on the large support facilities the Atlas and Titan used, meaning the Minuteman could be widely dispersed, guaranteeing that a Soviet first strike would not be able to get all of them--enough would survive that a nuclear war would truly result in mutually assured destruction. The solid-fuel propellant tended to burn quickly, but a breakthrough in design in 1956, as part of the US Navy's Polaris submarine-launched missile project, solved this problem. The increasing use of transistors in solid-state computers solved the accuracy issue about the same time--whereas the Atlas and Titans would be lucky to hit within five miles of their target, the Minuteman could strike within a mile, which was good enough with a nuclear warhead. This also meant that the Minuteman could carry smaller warheads.

 

The Minuteman was the ultimate in ICBM design, and the first Minuteman I entered service in 1962. Subsequent improvements led to the more accurate Minuteman II, and then finally the Minuteman III in 1975, which was still more accurate and, most importantly, carried multiple warheads (MIRV), allowing one missile to hit three targets. Since the early 1990s, the USAF ICBM force has standardized on the Minuteman III, and with the retirement of the Peacekeeper in 2005, the only one in American service.

 

This Minuteman IA is on display at the ATK Rocket Farm, at the former Thiokol plant near Tremonton, Utah; Thiokol produced the rocket motors for the Minuteman's stages. This missile is probably a former test vehicle rather than operational missile, but the latter may also be the case, as nearby Hill AFB was the main repair depot for the Minuteman program. It is painted as a test missile, as operational Minutemen are usually unpainted.

Buy it, use it, break it, fix it,

Trash it, change it, mail - upgrade it,

Charge it, point it, zoom it, press it,

Snap it, work it, quick - erase it,

Write it, cut it, paste it, save it,

Load it, check it, quick - rewrite it,

Plug it, play it, burn it, rip it,

Drag and drop it, zip - unzip it,

Lock it, fill it, call it, find it,

View it, code it, jam - unlock it,

Surf it, scroll it, pause it, click it,

Cross it, crack it, switch - update it,

Name it, rate it, tune it, print it,

Scan it, send it, fax - rename it,

Touch it, bring it, pay it, watch it,

Turn it, leave it, start - format it.

 

Director Theophilus Raynsford Mann

 

~ a Taiwanese social reformer, philosopher, photographer, and film director

 

“Do Everything for My People”

  

馬天亮導演

 

~ 臺灣的社會改革者,哲學家,攝影師,和電影導演

 

《造福人民》

  

SUMMARY

 

Theophilus Raynsford Mann is a naturalist, occultist, Buddhist and Taoist. In 1982, Mann developed a technique for abstract photography, applied “Rayonism” into photographic works. Mann staged 32 individual, extraordinary exhibitions around Taiwan, who was the first exhibitor around Formosa. Mann’s works is the beginning of modernization in the modern abstract arts in the world. At the University of Oxford, Mann’s attractive topic was “A View of Architectural History: Towns through the Ages from Winchester through London Arrived at Oxford in England”; also an author at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Michigan in the United States; an alumnus from Christ Church College at the University of Oxford in England, the University of Glamorgan in Wales, and National Taiwan University in Taipei on Taiwan. Mann’s works have been quoted by the scholars many times, making Mann one of the highly cited technological, artistic, and managing public administrators in the academia. Mann was listed in “Taiwan Who’s Who In Business” © 1984, 1987, 1989 Harvard Management Service.

  

Education in Taiwan and a Brief of Latest Generation of History in Taiwan / Formosa

 

In 1980, Mann obtained his postgraduate certificate from the Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering of National Taiwan University in Taipei; successfully completed another graduate studies in Information dBase III Plus and Taiwanese Traditional Chinese Mandarin Information System at National Sun Yat-Sen University in Kaohsiung in 1989.

  

Early Career

 

In 1989, Mann instituted Mann’s Office of Electrical Engineer, he settled himself in electrical technology and industries as a chief engineer in his early years. He put his professional and precise knowledge to good account in business management. A formal business management with business relationship established to provide for regular services, dealings, and other commercial transactions and deed. He had many customers having a business and credit relationship with his firm then he was a successful engineer.

  

Study Abroad and Immigration into the United Kingdom

 

In 1998, Mann studied abroad when he arrived in Great Britain; he studied at School of Built Environment, the University of Glamorgan, Wales for a master of science in real estate appraisal. Until the summer of 2000, Mann completed an academic course on “Towns through the Ages” from Christ Church at the University of Oxford.

 

PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS

 

Mann is a naturalist; he trusts spiritual naturalism and naturalistic spirituality, which teaches that “the unknown” created this wonderful world. “The unknown” arranged the nature with its law so that everything in nature is kept balanced and in order. However, human beings failed to control themselves, deliberately went against the law of nature, and resulted in disasters, which we deserved. He also is an occultist, a Taoist, and a Buddhist; but in Britain, he frequently goes to Christian and Catholic churches, where he makes friends with pastors and fathers as well as churchgoers. In his mind, he recognizes “Belief is truth held in the mind; faith is a fire in the heart”. He is always a freethinker, does not accept traditional, social, and religious teaching, but based on his ideas: a thought or conception that potentially and actually exists in his mind as a product of mental activity - his opinion, conviction, and principle. If people have not come across eastern classics and philosophy, we are afraid that people would never understand Theophilus Raynsford Mann. People cannot judge an eastern philosopher based on western ways of thinking. He studies I Ching discovering eastern classics of ancient origin consisting of 64 interrelated hexagrams along with commentaries. The hexagrams embody Taoist philosophy by describing all nature and human endeavour in terms of the interaction of yin and yang, and the classics may be consulted as an oracle.

 

Back in the 1990s when Mann just arrived at England, he had been offered places to do Ph.D. and LL.M. degrees (degree in Law and Politics of the European Union) by several western professors in the Great Britain. He has met all the requirements for postgraduate admissions to study at UK’s universities.

 

During his time at Oxford, he learnt a lot of British culture and folk-custom while carrying out research with many British and Western professors, experts, and archaeologists. This proves that Mann understands various aspects in British society, culture, and lifestyles. Of course, he does not fully understand about the perspectives of thinking of a typical British. For example, what would be the most valuable in life for a British person? What would a British want to gain from life? What is the goal in life for a British? Is it fortune or a lover? Alternatively, perhaps honour? On the other hand, maybe being able to travel around the world and see the world?

  

FAIRNESS and JUSTICE

 

As Theophilus Raynsford Mann’s saying are:

 

“Touching Fairness and Justice”

 

Feel good about themselves, but do not know the sufferings of the people...

Who can get easy life like them?

What is profile of modern society?

What type and style is truly solemn for this society identify?

Where “the characterization” is? Who can see? Did you see it?

 

《感動的公平與正義》

 

自我感覺良好, 不知民間疾苦...

誰能得到安逸的生活如同他們一樣?

這是個什麼樣子的社會?

這個社會認定什麼樣的類型和風格是真正莊重的?

「特徵」在那裡?誰可以看到?你看到了嗎?

  

Jurisprudence and Political Philosophy and Perspectives

 

Mann ever studied judicial review and governmental action, the impact of law and legal techniques, constitutional mechanisms for the protection of basic rights, and ensuring the integrity of commercial activity, the impact of law and legal techniques on government, policymaking, and administration, as well as the creation of markets. He tries to understand these critical trends in the political development of modern state. Mann will combine both theoretical and empirical approaches, and the conditions for democratic transition and the nature of state development in the ‘post-industrial’ era of globalisation and economic integration.

 

According as Mann’s legal experiences, he comprehend that “the knowledge of the law is like a deep well, out of which each man draught according to the strength of his understanding”, and, law and arbitrary power are in eternal enmity. He is also sure law and institutions are constantly tending to gravitate like clocks; they must be occasionally cleansed, and wound up, and set to true time.

 

The government issues a decree - an authoritative order having the force of law, which charged with putting into effect a country's laws and the administering of its functions. Any of the officials promulgate a law or put into practice relating to the government charged with the execution and administration of the nation's laws then they announce and carry out the creation of any order or new policy that will be responsible for the people.

 

Mann had knowledge in connexion with construction law; he also understands architectural arts, and as well learnt the forms by combining materials and parts include as an integral part concerning modern construct. I ever built urban buildings and rural architecture in different styles under new housing and building projects by the governmental administration and construction corporations.

 

Right now, Mann studies the problems caused by ethnic disputes and human armed conflicts in the modern society resulted code of mixed civil and criminal procedure. He wishes an agreement or a treaty to end human hostilities - the absence of war and other hostilities around the world. The interrelation and arrangement of freedom from quarrels and disagreement become harmonious relations living in peace with each other. Actually, erect peace in more friendly ways of making friendships for modern human society is comfortable in my ideal. It is like building monolithic architecture: houses and buildings for the people. Mann would like to do “something beautiful for `the unknown`”.

 

In the ethnic disagreement and armed conflicts as concerning the poor people and children notwithstanding they live through a bad environment on any of poor or crowded village or town in a particular manner - lived frugally. However, after years of industrialisation as a more educated population, becomes more aware of global plenum, continuing to be alive. Environmental groups are increasing and lobbing government will legislate to stop bad environmental and social practices. The establishments of human rights’ wide and untiring efforts will be alleviated people’s suffering. And as well the poor people shall meet and debate sustainable development and for a concerted government led action towards sustainability is an example that the younger generation are concerned for the future. It shall be making the younger easier for their life and make better on their lives, and help them to build a better future.

 

In present world, Mann really knows the full meanings of “Fundamental Human Rights and Equal Opportunities for the People”. He thinks ethics is the moral code governing the daily conduct of the individual toward those about him / her. It represents those rules or principles by which men and women live and work in a spirit of mutual confidence and service. Without going into the question of how an ethical code was formulated or why anybody should obey it, we can look at the matter in a common-sense fashion with reference to its influence upon our legal affairs. In brief, from the law point of view, a reputable ethical code embodies the qualities of accuracy, dependability, fair play, sound judgement, and service. It is based upon honesty.

 

No person can have an ethical code that concerns him / her alone. Living in society, as he / she must, a person encounters others whose rights must be respected as well as his / her own. An honest regard for the rights of others is an essential element of any decent code of ethics, and one that anyone must observe if anybody intends to follow that code. After all, ethics is not something apart from human beings. Indeed, there is no such thing apart from our actions and us. It is the duty, therefore, of every man and woman in legal affairs to see that his daily associations with others are truly in conformity with the plain meaning of the Ten Commandments: “Thou shalt not barratry, thou shalt not bear false witness, thou shalt not receive illegal fee and the rest”.

 

The knowledge Mann has, in connection with legal affairs, was usually come from his precious experiences of his past over ten year’s law and political careers. In an interval regarded as a distinct period of 1980s, he studied mixed civil and crime, and the code of mixed civil and criminal procedure for the problems caused by ethnic disputes and human armed conflicts in the modern society. He was especially one who maintains the language and customs of the group, and social security in Taiwan.

 

Since 30 July of 1988, Mann settled himself in law as a chief executive and scrivener at Central Legal, Real Estate, and Accounting Services Office; it is in the equivalent to a solicitor of the United Kingdom. The Office provided full legal, accounting, real estate, and commercial services to the public. He did his job as a person legally appointed by another to act as his or her agent in the transaction of business, specifically one qualified and licensed to act for plaintiffs and defendants in legal proceedings and affairs. Over and above Mann was a chairman and executive consultant at Taiwan Credit Information Company®, founded in 1994. The company offered services to the public in response to need and demand in the area of credit information.

 

Mann had excellent experiences in political and law work was pertaining to mixed civil and crime, the code of mixed civil and criminal procedure, construction, and commercial law abroad. The experiences of legal services related to the rights of private individuals and legal proceedings concerning these rights as distinguished. In the criminal proceedings, he did many cases for the defendants. Although an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon conviction; but he also laid legal claim, required as useful, just, proper, or necessary to the defendants under the human rights in the meantime. This provision ensures to the defendant a real voice in the subject.

 

The men whose judgement we respect are those who do not allow prejudices, preferences, or personalities to influence their decisions. Profit and self-aggrandisement are likewise ignored in their determination to reach an equitable and fair settlement. What are the basic principles upon which good judgement is founded? A keen intellect, a normal emotionally, a through understanding of human nature, experience of law work, sincerity, and integrity.

  

Developed a Technique for Abstract Photography and Abstractionist

 

In 1982, Mann developed a technique for abstractive photography, which applied “rayonism” to the photographic works. In November of 1984, Mann was 26-year-old, he instructed many professors and students of National Taiwan Normal University in photography of abstract impressionism and rayonnisme in Taipei, Taiwan. The word “rayonnisme” is French for rayonism - a style of abstract painting developed in 1911 in Russia.

  

Photographic Exhibitions

 

Theophilus Raynsford Mann Photographic Exhibition of “Rayonnisme / Rayonism” Tour - Invitational Exhibition of Taiwan 1983-84.

一九八三〜八四年中華民國臺灣 馬天亮攝影巡迴邀請展

 

Theophilus Raynsford Mann Photographic Exhibition of Rayonism (32 individual exhibitions) 1983~1985.

馬天亮『光影』攝影特展(個人展32場)1983〜1985年.

 

Mann staged 32 individual, extraordinary exhibitions and annual special exhibitions on photography of abstractive image and Rayonnisme around Taiwan / Formosa. Mann was the first exhibitor around the country. All of the invited displays were by the Taiwan’s Government, cultural and artistic organisations, and sponsors. Mann’s earliest exhibition took place in the National Taiwan Arts Education Center (Museum) on 19 December 1983 when Mann was 25 years old; Mann was the youngest exhibitor in the history of the Center in any solo exhibitions. The Center that was opened in March 1957, kept a collection of Mann’s work. It is currently updating the Center’s internal organisation and strengthening co-operation with leading centers and museums around the world. Meanwhile, it widened the center’s scope to increase its emphasis on Taiwan’ regional culture and folk arts.

  

Modernization in the Modern Abstract Arts of Taiwan

 

Mann’s works is the beginning of modernization in the modern abstract arts of Taiwan, China and greater Chinese society in the world. The use of “modernisation” as a concept that is opposed to “Traditional” of “Conservative” ideas began with the approach of the 20th century. It spreads rapidly through academic circles, and was broadly accepted as a means to reform society. Chinese Manchu Qing (Ching) dynasty’s first steps toward modernisation began in the Tung-chih era (1862-1874) with the “Self-Empowerment Movement”. During the late 19th century, as late Manchu dynasty was confronted on all sides by foreign aggression, voices throughout society debated the most effective means to reform and strengthen the country. Some advocated “combining the best of East and West”, while others went so far as to call for “complete Westernisation”. Taiwan was at the centre of these waves of reform. Faced with direct threats against the island by foreign enemies, the Chinese Ching dynasty court took special steps to push Taiwan’s modernisation.

 

In a role just like that of a gardener wanting to create a rich and fertile environment for the seeds of culture, one in which Mann may sprout, grow and bloom. Mann aims to provide an educational stimulus for society by introducing his works - Mann can express the neo-romantic spirit deftly from various creations and supporting international artistic exchanges. Mann believes that the first step in creating such a new and independent state is the real emergence of culture and arts, for which the art and science of designing and erecting buildings, and fine arts (including photography and motion picture) of the civilization is a good measurement of success. For the foreseeable future, Mann should be continuing to forge ahead, working diligently and unceasingly towards its mission of raising China and Formosa / Taiwan’s culture in his spare time.

  

Became an Author and a Scholar

 

In 1980, Theophilus Raynsford Mann completed his first book - scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”, also named: “Hun Yun : Jin Qi Tu Rui” 電影原著《魂韻》(衿契吐蕊) then Mann was at the age of 22. In 1983, The General Library of the University of California, Berkeley in the United States of America, collected and kept Mann’s writings - scenario original 「魂韻 : 衿契吐蕊」“Hun Yun : jin qi tu rui”, included a musical composition of his own – “Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano)”, composed on 3rd April 1977 then Mann was 18 years old. The works were published in 1980; the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”. Another masterpiece was an Album of Academic Work for News

Publication “Theophilus Raynsford Mann Photographic Exhibition of Rayonnisme / Rayonism”, published in 1985. The Hathi Trust Digital Library, the University of Michigan also collected and kept Mann’s writings.

  

Authorship

 

Mann’s articles and writings were published in more than 200 different kinds of domestic and foreign magazines, newspapers, and periodicals, in the period between May of 1972 and 1990s. It was all started when Mann was just 13-year-old. Many of which have been very influential. These have been quoted by Western and Eastern scholars many times in the last few years, making Mann one of the highly cited technological, artistic, and managing public administrators in the world in the late 20th and early 21st century. The Ministry of the Interior in Taiwan had registered Mann’s professional writings and given him two certificates of copyright. The numbers are 33080 and 33081 on 4th July of 1985; and Taiwan’s Gazette of The Presidential Office issue No. 4499, featured his writings on 4th September 1985.

  

Became an Academic and Film Director

 

Today, Mann is a professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, a photographer (portrait, fashion, commercial, digital, architectural, abstract photography), film director, and computer engineer now live and work in London; and most currently engage in his vocational professions of ‘Consultant of Immigration and Translations’. Mann is an author at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Michigan; an alumnus from Christ Church at the University of Oxford, the University of Glamorgan, and National Taiwan University in Taipei.

  

Director Works:

FILMS:

Experimental Film: “New Image for the Spring” © 1982

 

Abstract Films:

“Rayonnisme 110124” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0ghIxV0LBo&feature=youtu.be

www.youtube.com/watch?v=PC_r2CO-UJs&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17893335268/

“Rayonism 110124” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ph8qb2Wjps&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17979015641/

www.youtube.com/watch?v=IN1e07X4AEc&feature=youtu.be

“Light Dancing 110124” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmCVSjG1KEk

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17553751944/

“Birth” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoG3cxICeEY

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17797502869/

“Fantasy in Dream” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkcmrMmF_gc&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/18115536036/

“floating” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xFOdzM3T9Y&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17525813743/

“Optical Rotation” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=a48BPHplf4Q&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17576816593/

 

Documentary Films:

“Fighting by Spider” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=j44palgzMtc

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/18201816521/

“Spider's Living” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWjYRRTsltI

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/18208449565/

“Spider” 130921 © 2013

www.youtube.com/watch?v=flSg_KZC8T4&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17482109753/

“Never Defeat” 130921 © 2013

www.youtube.com/watch?v=0giOz8m6ros

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/18570212762/

“Without Fear” 130921 © 2013

www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMwt_iEK_tw

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17956975333/

“London Buddha Day Festival, UK 150510 英國倫敦浴佛節” © 2015

www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mcPNaQtWu8&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17883706816/

www.youtube.com/watch?v=RApsQA2Km1w

www.flickr.com/photos/109334175@N06/17826553404/

 

Theophilus Raynsford Mann 馬天亮導演 - YouTube

www.youtube.com/channel/UCosvuIOImSVgFru84i9omOQ/videos

www.youtube.com/my_videos?o=U

Bing Videos

www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Theophilus+Raynsford+Mann&am...

Yahoo Video Search Results

video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=A2KLqIJi82hVnk0A...

Google Search

www.google.co.uk/search?client=aff-cs-360se&ie=UTF-8&...

 

Drama Films:

“The Soul's Sentimentalizing” of the feature film is based on the scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing” (preparation)

 

FASHION SHOWS:

New Image for the Spring of Shapely Models International © 1982

High Lights on the Summer and Fall Fashion of Shapely Models Int’l © 1982

 

ART EXHIBITIONS:

The Cadillac Club International Fine Arts Exhibition © 1981

The Cinematic & Photographic Arts Salon and the Hall of the Arts, Pegasus Academy of Arts © 1981

  

Musician Work:

MUSIC COMPOSITION:

Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano) © 1977, © 1980, © 1981, © 1983, the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”.

  

PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUMS:

Portrait and Landscape in France © 2000

Portrait and Landscape in Scotland © 2001

Portrait and Landscape in England © 2009

Portrait at Queen Mary, University of London © 2010

Rayonism of London © 2011

Portrait at The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom © 2011

Snowy Southeast London, United Kingdom © 2012

Male Teeth of Great Britain © 2012

Long-horned Grasshopper of London, England © 2012

Tettigoniidae of the United Kingdom © 2012

Spider of London, United Kingdom © 2012, © 2013

Portrait at King's College London © 2013

Buddha 佛, London, United Kingdom © 2014

Summer Flowers of London © 2014

London Buddha Festival, UK 150510 英國倫敦浴佛節 © 2015

www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijotODxZkNo

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17730790734/

The Art of Buddhist Sculpture in London Buddha Festival, UK © 2015

英國倫敦浴佛節佛陀雕塑藝術

www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQqyefiuAYY

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17730477174/

  

BOOKS:

Scenario Original「魂韻」(衿契吐蕊) “Hun yun: jin qi tu rui” © December 1980, © 1981, © 1983 (Date of First Publication: 31 December 1980, Second Edition on 29 July 1981, Date of Revision: Revised Edition on 8 May 1983), Languages: Chinese (traditional), and English language.

“Album of the Cadillac Club International Fine Arts Exhibition” © 1981

“Album of the Cinematic & Photographic Arts Salon and the Hall of the Arts, Pegasus Academy of Arts” © 1981

“Album of New Image for the Spring of Shapely Models International” © 1982

“Album of High Lights on the Summer and Fall Fashion of Shapely Models Int’l” © 1982

“Romantic Carol” © 1982

Album of Academic Work for News Publication: “TianLiang Maa (Theophilus Raynsford Mann) Photographic Exhibitions of Rayonnisme” © May 1985

新聞出版之學術著作專輯「馬天亮『光影』“Rayonism” 攝影展」© May 1985

New version of scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing” (to be published)

「曾經輝煌到頂天立地」 “The Indomitable Spirit Was Brilliant to Successful” (The indomitable spirit was brilliant to towering a great height from earth reaching the sky!

Individual biography, to be published)

“My Life, My History, and My Love” (based on a legend, to be published, a film scenario will be developed later)

「感動的公平與正義」“Touching Fairness and Justice” (political science and social studies, to be published)

「氣壯山海‧頂天立地‧民富國強‧白金時代」 “Full of power and grandeur thrusts onto the mountain and ocean, towering a great height from earth reaching the sky for my people with good fortune and my country become stronger, builds a platinum era - white golden age.” (Chinese version for my way towards national election)

  

Research Interests:

 

University of Oxford

Research Studies in Archaeology:

Mann’s attractive topic was “A View of Architectural History: Towns through the Ages from Winchester through London Arrived at Oxford in England”.

 

National Taiwan University

Graduate Certificate,

Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering:

Mann’s monograph of seminar was “Applied the sequence control in the electric power distribution engineering”.

 

University of Glamorgan

M.Sc. Course,

Master of Science in Real Estate Appraisal:

Mann’s thesis - major subject, with relevant construction law was “The Assignment is under Economics of Construction Management in Architecture”.

 

National Sun Yat-Sen University

Postgraduate Certificate,

Postgraduate Studies in Computing:

Mann’s required subject was Information dBase III Plus and Taiwanese Traditional Mandarin Chinese Information System. He combined academic course work and practical laboratory sessions in “Applied Mandarin Phonetic Symbols into Traditional Taiwanese Personal Computer and Its Information System”.

  

Associations:

 

Member of The Kaohsiung Life Line Association since 11 January 1979, an association established in the USA.

 

Member of The Society of Youth Writers, Tien (Catholic) Educational Center, Taipei since 1980.

 

Since 1980, a member of Chinese Taipei Film Archive (CTFA, National Film Archive, Taiwan; founded in 1978), The Motion Picture Foundation, R.O.C. (member of Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film, FIAF; The International Federation of Film Archives was founded in Paris in 1938 by the British Film Institute, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Cinémathèque Française and the Reichsfilmarchiv in Berlin.)

 

Commissioner of the cinema, photography, radio, and television committee of The Culture and Arts Association (Chinese Writers and Artists Association) of Taiwan ever since September 1983.

 

Classic member, the membership is equivalent to a doctorate membership of the Chinese Institute of Electrical Engineering since 23 March 1984.

 

On 15 March 1989, Mann promoted and founded the Consortium Juridical Person Mr. Theophilus Raynsford Mann Social Benefit Foundation 財團法人馬天亮先生社會公益基金會籌備處 (Social Charity 社會慈善事業) in Taiwan.

near.archives.gov.tw/cgi-bin/near2/nph-redirect?rname=tre...

 

Classic member, the membership is equal to a professor or associate professor of The Chinese Institute of Engineers since 30 September 1991.

  

Honours:

 

Listed on ‘Taiwan Who’s Who In Business’, © 1984, © 1987, and © 1989 Harvard Management Service.

中華民國企業名人錄編纂委員會, 哈佛企業管理顧問公司.

 

On 26 August 1985, Mann was awarded a professional certificate of the Outdoor Artistry Activities issued by Education Bureau, Kaohsiung City Government, Taiwan. He acquired awards and certificates of honour about twenty times from National Taiwan Arts Education Center (Museum) on 24 December 1983; Kaohsiung Municipal Social Education Center on 17 March 1984, Kaohsiung Cultural Center, Taipei Cultural Center (Taipei Municipal Social Education Hall); and Taiwan Province Government, Taipei City Government, Kaohsiung City Government, and many cultural centres and art galleries, and so on.

  

Careers:

 

Honorary Professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, 7 June 2012 to present; Professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, 1 September 2011 to 1 June 2012 in London, United Kingdom:

Academia,

Teaching and Research:

business management and consultant, political philosophy, Chinese classics, Chinese humanities, modern Chinese language and literature, photography (portrait, fashion, commercial, digital, architectural, abstract photography), visual arts and film production.

www.facebook.com/stlres

教學與研究:

企業管理及顧問、政治哲學、中華經典 (古典漢學、文學、藝術、語言) 、中華人文、中華現代語言與文學、攝影 (人像、時裝、商業、數位/數碼、建築、抽象攝影) ,視覺藝術和製作影片。

 

Consultant and Translator at Eternal Life Consultants of Immigration and Translations Services, 10 March 2004 to present in London, United Kingdom:

consultants of immigration, translations, and legal services.

www.facebook.com/elcits

永生移民顧問翻譯服務社的移民諮詢顧問和翻譯:

移民事務,翻譯和法律服務。

 

Computer Hardware and Networking Engineer at Mann Office of Electrical Engineer, 8 March 2004 to present in London, United Kingdom:

Computer Engineering and Network Services. Repairing of Motherboards, Monitors, Power Supplies, CD-ROM Drives; UPS, Hard Disk Drives, H.D.D Data Recovery; BIOS Programming, and all types of Computer Hardware and Software Solutions.

www.facebook.com/maaelec

計算機工程和網絡服務。維修主機板,顯示器,電源供應器,光碟機/光盘驱动器,不斷電系統,硬碟/硬盘,硬盤數據恢復,基本輸入輸出系統編程,以及所有類型的電腦/計算機硬體/硬件和軟體/軟件解決方案。

 

Film Director and Photographer at Shapely Studio of Creative & Cultural Industries, 2 April 2007 to present in London, United Kingdom:

1) Photo, Video and Film Production; 2) Graphic Design, Web Design, Social Networking, Social Media and Advertising; 3) Architectural Design and Interior Design.

www.facebook.com/sscci

 

Reformer and Philosopher at Taiwanese Social Reformer and Philosopher, 7 April 2012 (location: Los Angeles, California) to present in London, United Kingdom:

Social Reform in Taiwan

www.facebook.com/twreform

  

《魂韻》(衿契吐蕊) - 馬天亮22歲寫的電影原著。Theophilus Raynsford Mann (TianLiang Maa) wrote “Hun Yun” (Jin Qi Tu Rui), scenario original “The Soul’s Sentimentalizing” © 1980, 1981, 1983, was at the age of 22.

Website

mtltwp.pixnet.net/album/set/1265174

album.blog.yam.com/mtltwp

photo.roodo.com/photos/mtltwp/albums/small/100469.html

www.facebook.com/hunyun22/info

www.facebook.com/hy22tss/info

www.facebook.com/tsstrm/info

  

Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano) by Theophilus Raynsford Mann (TianLiang Maa 馬天亮) © 1977, © 1980, © 1981, © 1983. The Sonate composed on 3rd April 1977 then Mann was 18-year-old. The work was published in 1980; the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”.

Website

mtltwp.pixnet.net/album/set/1265208

www.facebook.com/sonate1c/info

www.facebook.com/piano1c/info

  

LINKS:

 

University of California, Berkeley

berkeley.worldcat.org/search?q=Ma%2C+Tianliang&dblist...

berkeley.worldcat.org/title/hun-yun/oclc/813684284?refere...

oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b11283690~S1

 

University of Michigan

mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Record/006237256

catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006237256

 

WorldCat® Identities

www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AMa%2C+Tianliang%2C&dbl...

www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/np-ma,%20tianliang$1958

 

Google Books

books.google.co.uk/books?id=PkyaAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y

books.google.co.uk/books?id=JfxnMwEACAAJ&dq=editions:...

scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3569983911138966023&am...

 

National Bibliographic Information Network (NBINet)

nbinet3.ncl.edu.tw/search~S10?/a%7bu99AC%7d%7bu5929%7d%7b...

192.83.186.170/search*cht/a%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%AE

 

National Yang Ming University 國立陽明大學

library.ym.edu.tw/search~S7*cht?/tThe+Soul%27s+and+sentim...

 

National Taiwan University of Science and Technology 國立臺灣科技大學

millennium.lib.ntust.edu.tw/record=b1016706~S1

 

國家圖書館 期刊文獻資訊網, 臺灣期刊論文索引

readopac3.ncl.edu.tw/nclJournal/search/search_result.jsp?...

 

聲音藝術的審美角度, 大學雜誌, 天然

readopac3.ncl.edu.tw/nclJournal/search/detail.jsp?sysId=0...,

readopac3.ncl.edu.tw/nclJournal/search/detail.jsp?sysId=0...

 

為文化中心把脈, 幼獅文藝

readopac3.ncl.edu.tw/nclJournal/search/detail.jsp?sysId=0...,

 

科學家與守財奴, 中國地方自治

weblib.exam.gov.tw/ccdb2/Result_List.asp?idx_id=CCVOL&...

 

Yahoo, Bing, Google Search

www.google.com/search?q=Theophilus+Raynsford+Mann

www.google.com/search?q=馬天亮

www.google.com/search?q=TianLiang+Maa

www.bing.com/images/search?q=Theophilus+Raynsford+Mann&am...

images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A0LEV1ov9pRTK0...

theophilus mann oxford

www.google.com/search?q=theophilus+mann+oxford&source...

馬天亮教授

www.google.com/search?client=aff-maxthon-maxthon4&cha...

 

lurvely.com www.lurvely.com/photographer/77438197_N03/

 

portfotolio.net/mtltwp

portfotolio.net/mtltwpprof

 

www.flickriver.com/photos/mtltwp/

www.flickriver.com/photos/mtltwpprof/

 

画像検索

flickr.akitomo.net/Theophilus+Raynsford+Mann/1

 

far-east-movement - Blogcu (Turkey)

far-east-movement.blogcu.com/professor-tianliang-maa/1226...

 

A Story of Professor TianLiang Maa (Theophilus Raynsford Mann) ...

spirehim.com/3450/a-story-of-professor-tianliang-maa-theo...

 

University of Oxford People In British Public Life

www.google.co.uk/search?q=University+of+Oxford+People+In+...

 

Who is talking

whotalking.com/flickr/Theophilus+Raynsford+Mann

 

art galleries uk

artgalleriesuk.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/bigandtall-stores-s...

 

Mitrasites system

sites.google.com/site/mitrasites/system/app/pages/customS...

 

articles.whmsoft

articles.whmsoft.com/related_search.php?keyword=Tianliang...

 

pantieslace-forwomen.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/motherhood-ma...

 

www.flickriver.com/photos/124386381@N06/

www.flickriver.com/search/Theophilus+Raynsford+Mann/inter...

 

www.pediatr.org.tw/DB/News/file/1913-1.pdf

  

HOMEPAGE

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Facebook facebook.com/tmanntw

 

Google+

plus.google.com/+TheophilusRaynsfordMann/about

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TypePad profile.typepad.com/tmann tmann.typepad.com/blog/

 

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Mitrasites

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More technological wizardry in the form of the Apple based id range of Hot Wheels which i've deliberately avoided showing any interest in until they appeared recently at TK Maxx very cheaply. Definitely a big hit with many collectors but for me personally they seem pretty overpriced considering I will never use their features. Mint and boxed.

Director Theophilus Raynsford Mann

 

~ a Taiwanese social reformer, philosopher, photographer, and film director

 

“Do Everything for My People”

  

馬天亮導演

 

~ 臺灣的社會改革者,哲學家,攝影師,和電影導演

 

《造福人民》

  

SUMMARY

 

Theophilus Raynsford Mann is a naturalist, occultist, Buddhist and Taoist. In 1982, Mann developed a technique for abstract photography, applied “Rayonism” into photographic works. Mann staged 32 individual, extraordinary exhibitions around Taiwan, who was the first exhibitor around Formosa. Mann’s works is the beginning of modernization in the modern abstract arts in the world. At the University of Oxford, Mann’s attractive topic was “A View of Architectural History: Towns through the Ages from Winchester through London Arrived at Oxford in England”; also an author at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Michigan in the United States; an alumnus from Christ Church College at the University of Oxford in England, the University of Glamorgan in Wales, and National Taiwan University in Taipei on Taiwan. Mann’s works have been quoted by the scholars many times, making Mann one of the highly cited technological, artistic, and managing public administrators in the academia. Mann was listed in “Taiwan Who’s Who In Business” © 1984, 1987, 1989 Harvard Management Service.

  

Education in Taiwan and a Brief of Latest Generation of History in Taiwan / Formosa

 

In 1980, Mann obtained his postgraduate certificate from the Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering of National Taiwan University in Taipei; successfully completed another graduate studies in Information dBase III Plus and Taiwanese Traditional Chinese Mandarin Information System at National Sun Yat-Sen University in Kaohsiung in 1989.

  

Early Career

 

In 1989, Mann instituted Mann’s Office of Electrical Engineer, he settled himself in electrical technology and industries as a chief engineer in his early years. He put his professional and precise knowledge to good account in business management. A formal business management with business relationship established to provide for regular services, dealings, and other commercial transactions and deed. He had many customers having a business and credit relationship with his firm then he was a successful engineer.

  

Study Abroad and Immigration into the United Kingdom

 

In 1998, Mann studied abroad when he arrived in Great Britain; he studied at School of Built Environment, the University of Glamorgan, Wales for a master of science in real estate appraisal. Until the summer of 2000, Mann completed an academic course on “Towns through the Ages” from Christ Church at the University of Oxford.

 

PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS

 

Mann is a naturalist; he trusts spiritual naturalism and naturalistic spirituality, which teaches that “the unknown” created this wonderful world. “The unknown” arranged the nature with its law so that everything in nature is kept balanced and in order. However, human beings failed to control themselves, deliberately went against the law of nature, and resulted in disasters, which we deserved. He also is an occultist, a Taoist, and a Buddhist; but in Britain, he frequently goes to Christian and Catholic churches, where he makes friends with pastors and fathers as well as churchgoers. In his mind, he recognizes “Belief is truth held in the mind; faith is a fire in the heart”. He is always a freethinker, does not accept traditional, social, and religious teaching, but based on his ideas: a thought or conception that potentially and actually exists in his mind as a product of mental activity - his opinion, conviction, and principle. If people have not come across eastern classics and philosophy, we are afraid that people would never understand Theophilus Raynsford Mann. People cannot judge an eastern philosopher based on western ways of thinking. He studies I Ching discovering eastern classics of ancient origin consisting of 64 interrelated hexagrams along with commentaries. The hexagrams embody Taoist philosophy by describing all nature and human endeavour in terms of the interaction of yin and yang, and the classics may be consulted as an oracle.

 

Back in the 1990s when Mann just arrived at England, he had been offered places to do Ph.D. and LL.M. degrees (degree in Law and Politics of the European Union) by several western professors in the Great Britain. He has met all the requirements for postgraduate admissions to study at UK’s universities.

 

During his time at Oxford, he learnt a lot of British culture and folk-custom while carrying out research with many British and Western professors, experts, and archaeologists. This proves that Mann understands various aspects in British society, culture, and lifestyles. Of course, he does not fully understand about the perspectives of thinking of a typical British. For example, what would be the most valuable in life for a British person? What would a British want to gain from life? What is the goal in life for a British? Is it fortune or a lover? Alternatively, perhaps honour? On the other hand, maybe being able to travel around the world and see the world?

  

FAIRNESS and JUSTICE

 

As Theophilus Raynsford Mann’s saying are:

 

“Touching Fairness and Justice”

 

Feel good about themselves, but do not know the sufferings of the people...

Who can get easy life like them?

What is profile of modern society?

What type and style is truly solemn for this society identify?

Where “the characterization” is? Who can see? Did you see it?

 

《感動的公平與正義》

 

自我感覺良好, 不知民間疾苦...

誰能得到安逸的生活如同他們一樣?

這是個什麼樣子的社會?

這個社會認定什麼樣的類型和風格是真正莊重的?

「特徵」在那裡?誰可以看到?你看到了嗎?

  

Jurisprudence and Political Philosophy and Perspectives

 

Mann ever studied judicial review and governmental action, the impact of law and legal techniques, constitutional mechanisms for the protection of basic rights, and ensuring the integrity of commercial activity, the impact of law and legal techniques on government, policymaking, and administration, as well as the creation of markets. He tries to understand these critical trends in the political development of modern state. Mann will combine both theoretical and empirical approaches, and the conditions for democratic transition and the nature of state development in the ‘post-industrial’ era of globalisation and economic integration.

 

According as Mann’s legal experiences, he comprehend that “the knowledge of the law is like a deep well, out of which each man draught according to the strength of his understanding”, and, law and arbitrary power are in eternal enmity. He is also sure law and institutions are constantly tending to gravitate like clocks; they must be occasionally cleansed, and wound up, and set to true time.

 

The government issues a decree - an authoritative order having the force of law, which charged with putting into effect a country's laws and the administering of its functions. Any of the officials promulgate a law or put into practice relating to the government charged with the execution and administration of the nation's laws then they announce and carry out the creation of any order or new policy that will be responsible for the people.

 

Mann had knowledge in connexion with construction law; he also understands architectural arts, and as well learnt the forms by combining materials and parts include as an integral part concerning modern construct. I ever built urban buildings and rural architecture in different styles under new housing and building projects by the governmental administration and construction corporations.

 

Right now, Mann studies the problems caused by ethnic disputes and human armed conflicts in the modern society resulted code of mixed civil and criminal procedure. He wishes an agreement or a treaty to end human hostilities - the absence of war and other hostilities around the world. The interrelation and arrangement of freedom from quarrels and disagreement become harmonious relations living in peace with each other. Actually, erect peace in more friendly ways of making friendships for modern human society is comfortable in my ideal. It is like building monolithic architecture: houses and buildings for the people. Mann would like to do “something beautiful for `the unknown`”.

 

In the ethnic disagreement and armed conflicts as concerning the poor people and children notwithstanding they live through a bad environment on any of poor or crowded village or town in a particular manner - lived frugally. However, after years of industrialisation as a more educated population, becomes more aware of global plenum, continuing to be alive. Environmental groups are increasing and lobbing government will legislate to stop bad environmental and social practices. The establishments of human rights’ wide and untiring efforts will be alleviated people’s suffering. And as well the poor people shall meet and debate sustainable development and for a concerted government led action towards sustainability is an example that the younger generation are concerned for the future. It shall be making the younger easier for their life and make better on their lives, and help them to build a better future.

 

In present world, Mann really knows the full meanings of “Fundamental Human Rights and Equal Opportunities for the People”. He thinks ethics is the moral code governing the daily conduct of the individual toward those about him / her. It represents those rules or principles by which men and women live and work in a spirit of mutual confidence and service. Without going into the question of how an ethical code was formulated or why anybody should obey it, we can look at the matter in a common-sense fashion with reference to its influence upon our legal affairs. In brief, from the law point of view, a reputable ethical code embodies the qualities of accuracy, dependability, fair play, sound judgement, and service. It is based upon honesty.

 

No person can have an ethical code that concerns him / her alone. Living in society, as he / she must, a person encounters others whose rights must be respected as well as his / her own. An honest regard for the rights of others is an essential element of any decent code of ethics, and one that anyone must observe if anybody intends to follow that code. After all, ethics is not something apart from human beings. Indeed, there is no such thing apart from our actions and us. It is the duty, therefore, of every man and woman in legal affairs to see that his daily associations with others are truly in conformity with the plain meaning of the Ten Commandments: “Thou shalt not barratry, thou shalt not bear false witness, thou shalt not receive illegal fee and the rest”.

 

The knowledge Mann has, in connection with legal affairs, was usually come from his precious experiences of his past over ten year’s law and political careers. In an interval regarded as a distinct period of 1980s, he studied mixed civil and crime, and the code of mixed civil and criminal procedure for the problems caused by ethnic disputes and human armed conflicts in the modern society. He was especially one who maintains the language and customs of the group, and social security in Taiwan.

 

Since 30 July of 1988, Mann settled himself in law as a chief executive and scrivener at Central Legal, Real Estate, and Accounting Services Office; it is in the equivalent to a solicitor of the United Kingdom. The Office provided full legal, accounting, real estate, and commercial services to the public. He did his job as a person legally appointed by another to act as his or her agent in the transaction of business, specifically one qualified and licensed to act for plaintiffs and defendants in legal proceedings and affairs. Over and above Mann was a chairman and executive consultant at Taiwan Credit Information Company®, founded in 1994. The company offered services to the public in response to need and demand in the area of credit information.

 

Mann had excellent experiences in political and law work was pertaining to mixed civil and crime, the code of mixed civil and criminal procedure, construction, and commercial law abroad. The experiences of legal services related to the rights of private individuals and legal proceedings concerning these rights as distinguished. In the criminal proceedings, he did many cases for the defendants. Although an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon conviction; but he also laid legal claim, required as useful, just, proper, or necessary to the defendants under the human rights in the meantime. This provision ensures to the defendant a real voice in the subject.

 

The men whose judgement we respect are those who do not allow prejudices, preferences, or personalities to influence their decisions. Profit and self-aggrandisement are likewise ignored in their determination to reach an equitable and fair settlement. What are the basic principles upon which good judgement is founded? A keen intellect, a normal emotionally, a through understanding of human nature, experience of law work, sincerity, and integrity.

  

Developed a Technique for Abstract Photography and Abstractionist

 

In 1982, Mann developed a technique for abstractive photography, which applied “rayonism” to the photographic works. In November of 1984, Mann was 26-year-old, he instructed many professors and students of National Taiwan Normal University in photography of abstract impressionism and rayonnisme in Taipei, Taiwan. The word “rayonnisme” is French for rayonism - a style of abstract painting developed in 1911 in Russia.

  

Photographic Exhibitions

 

Theophilus Raynsford Mann Photographic Exhibition of “Rayonnisme / Rayonism” Tour - Invitational Exhibition of Taiwan 1983-84.

一九八三〜八四年中華民國臺灣 馬天亮攝影巡迴邀請展

 

Theophilus Raynsford Mann Photographic Exhibition of Rayonism (32 individual exhibitions) 1983~1985.

馬天亮『光影』攝影特展(個人展32場)1983〜1985年.

 

Mann staged 32 individual, extraordinary exhibitions and annual special exhibitions on photography of abstractive image and Rayonnisme around Taiwan / Formosa. Mann was the first exhibitor around the country. All of the invited displays were by the Taiwan’s Government, cultural and artistic organisations, and sponsors. Mann’s earliest exhibition took place in the National Taiwan Arts Education Center (Museum) on 19 December 1983 when Mann was 25 years old; Mann was the youngest exhibitor in the history of the Center in any solo exhibitions. The Center that was opened in March 1957, kept a collection of Mann’s work. It is currently updating the Center’s internal organisation and strengthening co-operation with leading centers and museums around the world. Meanwhile, it widened the center’s scope to increase its emphasis on Taiwan’ regional culture and folk arts.

  

Modernization in the Modern Abstract Arts of Taiwan

 

Mann’s works is the beginning of modernization in the modern abstract arts of Taiwan, China and greater Chinese society in the world. The use of “modernisation” as a concept that is opposed to “Traditional” of “Conservative” ideas began with the approach of the 20th century. It spreads rapidly through academic circles, and was broadly accepted as a means to reform society. Chinese Manchu Qing (Ching) dynasty’s first steps toward modernisation began in the Tung-chih era (1862-1874) with the “Self-Empowerment Movement”. During the late 19th century, as late Manchu dynasty was confronted on all sides by foreign aggression, voices throughout society debated the most effective means to reform and strengthen the country. Some advocated “combining the best of East and West”, while others went so far as to call for “complete Westernisation”. Taiwan was at the centre of these waves of reform. Faced with direct threats against the island by foreign enemies, the Chinese Ching dynasty court took special steps to push Taiwan’s modernisation.

 

In a role just like that of a gardener wanting to create a rich and fertile environment for the seeds of culture, one in which Mann may sprout, grow and bloom. Mann aims to provide an educational stimulus for society by introducing his works - Mann can express the neo-romantic spirit deftly from various creations and supporting international artistic exchanges. Mann believes that the first step in creating such a new and independent state is the real emergence of culture and arts, for which the art and science of designing and erecting buildings, and fine arts (including photography and motion picture) of the civilization is a good measurement of success. For the foreseeable future, Mann should be continuing to forge ahead, working diligently and unceasingly towards its mission of raising China and Formosa / Taiwan’s culture in his spare time.

  

Became an Author and a Scholar

 

In 1980, Theophilus Raynsford Mann completed his first book - scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”, also named: “Hun Yun : Jin Qi Tu Rui” 電影原著《魂韻》(衿契吐蕊) then Mann was at the age of 22. In 1983, The General Library of the University of California, Berkeley in the United States of America, collected and kept Mann’s writings - scenario original 「魂韻 : 衿契吐蕊」“Hun Yun : jin qi tu rui”, included a musical composition of his own – “Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano)”, composed on 3rd April 1977 then Mann was 18 years old. The works were published in 1980; the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”. Another masterpiece was an Album of Academic Work for News

Publication “Theophilus Raynsford Mann Photographic Exhibition of Rayonnisme / Rayonism”, published in 1985. The Hathi Trust Digital Library, the University of Michigan also collected and kept Mann’s writings.

  

Authorship

 

Mann’s articles and writings were published in more than 200 different kinds of domestic and foreign magazines, newspapers, and periodicals, in the period between May of 1972 and 1990s. It was all started when Mann was just 13-year-old. Many of which have been very influential. These have been quoted by Western and Eastern scholars many times in the last few years, making Mann one of the highly cited technological, artistic, and managing public administrators in the world in the late 20th and early 21st century. The Ministry of the Interior in Taiwan had registered Mann’s professional writings and given him two certificates of copyright. The numbers are 33080 and 33081 on 4th July of 1985; and Taiwan’s Gazette of The Presidential Office issue No. 4499, featured his writings on 4th September 1985.

  

Became an Academic and Film Director

 

Today, Mann is a professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, a photographer (portrait, fashion, commercial, digital, architectural, abstract photography), film director, and computer engineer now live and work in London; and most currently engage in his vocational professions of ‘Consultant of Immigration and Translations’. Mann is an author at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Michigan; an alumnus from Christ Church at the University of Oxford, the University of Glamorgan, and National Taiwan University in Taipei.

  

Director Works:

FILMS:

Experimental Film: “New Image for the Spring” © 1982

 

Abstract Films:

“Rayonnisme 110124” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0ghIxV0LBo&feature=youtu.be

www.youtube.com/watch?v=PC_r2CO-UJs&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17893335268/in/datepo...

“Rayonism 110124” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ph8qb2Wjps&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17979015641/in/photos...

www.youtube.com/watch?v=IN1e07X4AEc&feature=youtu.be

“Light Dancing 110124” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmCVSjG1KEk&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17553751944/in/photos...

“Birth” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoG3cxICeEY

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17797502869/in/datepo...

“Fantasy in Dream” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkcmrMmF_gc&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/18115536036/in/photos...

“floating” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xFOdzM3T9Y&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17525813743/in/photos...

“Optical Rotation” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=a48BPHplf4Q&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17576816593/in/photos...

 

Documentary Films:

“Spider” 130921 © 2013

www.youtube.com/watch?v=flSg_KZC8T4&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17482109753/in/photos...

“Fighting by Spider” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tcpkc6niMiY&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/18201816521/in/photos...

“Spider's Living” © 2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWjYRRTsltI&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/18208449565/in/photos...

“London Buddha Day Festival, UK 150510 英國倫敦浴佛節” © 2015

www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mcPNaQtWu8&feature=youtu.be

www.flickr.com/photos/124141020@N05/17883706816/

www.youtube.com/watch?v=RApsQA2Km1w

 

Theophilus Raynsford Mann 馬天亮導演 - YouTube

www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijotODxZkNo&list=LLosvuIOImSV...

www.youtube.com/channel/UCosvuIOImSVgFru84i9omOQ/videos

www.youtube.com/playlist?list=LLosvuIOImSVgFru84i9omOQ

Bing Videos

www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Theophilus+Raynsford+Mann&am...

Yahoo Video

video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=A2KLqIJi82hVnk0A...

Google Search

www.google.co.uk/search?client=aff-cs-360se&ie=UTF-8&...

 

Drama Films:

“The Soul's Sentimentalizing” of the feature film is based on the scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing” (preparation)

 

FASHION SHOWS:

New Image for the Spring of Shapely Models International © 1982

High Lights on the Summer and Fall Fashion of Shapely Models Int’l © 1982

 

ART EXHIBITIONS:

The Cadillac Club International Fine Arts Exhibition © 1981

The Cinematic & Photographic Arts Salon and the Hall of the Arts, Pegasus Academy of Arts © 1981

  

Musician Work:

MUSIC COMPOSITION:

Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano) © 1977, © 1980, © 1981, © 1983, the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”.

  

PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUMS:

Portrait and Landscape in France © 2000

Portrait and Landscape in Scotland © 2001

Portrait and Landscape in England © 2009

Portrait at Queen Mary, University of London © 2010

Rayonism of London © 2011

Portrait at The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom © 2011

Snowy Southeast London, United Kingdom © 2012

Male Teeth of Great Britain © 2012

Long-horned Grasshopper of London, England © 2012

Tettigoniidae of the United Kingdom © 2012

Spider of London, United Kingdom © 2012, © 2013

Portrait at King's College London © 2013

Buddha 佛, London, United Kingdom © 2014

Summer Flowers of London © 2014

London Buddha Festival, UK 150510 英國倫敦浴佛節 © 2015

www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijotODxZkNo

The Art of Buddhist Sculpture in London Buddha Festival, UK © 2015

英國倫敦浴佛節佛陀雕塑藝術, music “Gymnopedie No. 3”, “Gymnopédies”

www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQqyefiuAYY

  

BOOKS:

Scenario Original「魂韻」(衿契吐蕊) “Hun yun: jin qi tu rui” © December 1980, © 1981, © 1983 (Date of First Publication: 31 December 1980, Second Edition on 29 July 1981, Date of Revision: Revised Edition on 8 May 1983), Languages: Chinese (traditional), and English language.

“Album of the Cadillac Club International Fine Arts Exhibition” © 1981

“Album of the Cinematic & Photographic Arts Salon and the Hall of the Arts, Pegasus Academy of Arts” © 1981

“Album of New Image for the Spring of Shapely Models International” © 1982

“Album of High Lights on the Summer and Fall Fashion of Shapely Models Int’l” © 1982

“Romantic Carol” © 1982

Album of Academic Work for News Publication: “TianLiang Maa (Theophilus Raynsford Mann) Photographic Exhibitions of Rayonnisme” © May 1985

新聞出版之學術著作專輯「馬天亮『光影』“Rayonism” 攝影展」© May 1985

New version of scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing” (to be published)

「曾經輝煌到頂天立地」 “The Indomitable Spirit Was Brilliant to Successful” (The indomitable spirit was brilliant to towering a great height from earth reaching the sky!

Individual biography, to be published)

“My Life, My History, and My Love” (based on a legend, to be published, a film scenario will be developed later)

「感動的公平與正義」“Touching Fairness and Justice” (political science and social studies, to be published)

「氣壯山海‧頂天立地‧民富國強‧白金時代」 “Full of power and grandeur thrusts onto the mountain and ocean, towering a great height from earth reaching the sky for my people with good fortune and my country become stronger, builds a platinum era - white golden age.” (Chinese version for my way towards national election)

  

Research Interests:

 

University of Oxford

Research Studies in Archaeology:

Mann’s attractive topic was “A View of Architectural History: Towns through the Ages from Winchester through London Arrived at Oxford in England”.

 

National Taiwan University

Graduate Certificate,

Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering:

Mann’s monograph of seminar was “Applied the sequence control in the electric power distribution engineering”.

 

University of Glamorgan

M.Sc. Course,

Master of Science in Real Estate Appraisal:

Mann’s thesis - major subject, with relevant construction law was “The Assignment is under Economics of Construction Management in Architecture”.

 

National Sun Yat-Sen University

Postgraduate Certificate,

Postgraduate Studies in Computing:

Mann’s required subject was Information dBase III Plus and Taiwanese Traditional Mandarin Chinese Information System. He combined academic course work and practical laboratory sessions in “Applied Mandarin Phonetic Symbols into Traditional Taiwanese Personal Computer and Its Information System”.

  

Associations:

 

Member of The Kaohsiung Life Line Association since 11 January 1979, an association established in the USA.

 

Member of The Society of Youth Writers, Tien (Catholic) Educational Center, Taipei since 1980.

 

Since 1980, a member of Chinese Taipei Film Archive (CTFA, National Film Archive, Taiwan; founded in 1978), The Motion Picture Foundation, R.O.C. (member of Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film, FIAF; The International Federation of Film Archives was founded in Paris in 1938 by the British Film Institute, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Cinémathèque Française and the Reichsfilmarchiv in Berlin.)

 

Commissioner of the cinema, photography, radio, and television committee of The Culture and Arts Association (Chinese Writers and Artists Association) of Taiwan ever since September 1983.

 

Classic member, the membership is equivalent to a doctorate membership of the Chinese Institute of Electrical Engineering since 23 March 1984.

 

On 15 March 1989, Mann promoted and founded the Consortium Juridical Person Mr. Theophilus Raynsford Mann Social Benefit Foundation 財團法人馬天亮先生社會公益基金會籌備處 (Social Charity 社會慈善事業) in Taiwan.

near.archives.gov.tw/cgi-bin/near2/nph-redirect?rname=tre...

 

Classic member, the membership is equal to a professor or associate professor of The Chinese Institute of Engineers since 30 September 1991.

  

Honours:

 

Listed on ‘Taiwan Who’s Who In Business’, © 1984, © 1987, and © 1989 Harvard Management Service.

中華民國企業名人錄編纂委員會, 哈佛企業管理顧問公司.

 

On 26 August 1985, Mann was awarded a professional certificate of the Outdoor Artistry Activities issued by Education Bureau, Kaohsiung City Government, Taiwan. He acquired awards and certificates of honour about twenty times from National Taiwan Arts Education Center (Museum) on 24 December 1983; Kaohsiung Municipal Social Education Center on 17 March 1984, Kaohsiung Cultural Center, Taipei Cultural Center (Taipei Municipal Social Education Hall); and Taiwan Province Government, Taipei City Government, Kaohsiung City Government, and many cultural centres and art galleries, and so on.

  

Careers:

 

Honorary Professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, 7 June 2012 to present; Professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, 1 September 2011 to 1 June 2012 in London, United Kingdom:

Academia,

Teaching and Research:

business management and consultant, political philosophy, Chinese classics, Chinese humanities, modern Chinese language and literature, photography (portrait, fashion, commercial, digital, architectural, abstract photography), visual arts and film production.

www.facebook.com/stlres

教學與研究:

企業管理及顧問、政治哲學、中華經典 (古典漢學、文學、藝術、語言) 、中華人文、中華現代語言與文學、攝影 (人像、時裝、商業、數位/數碼、建築、抽象攝影) ,視覺藝術和製作影片。

 

Consultant and Translator at Eternal Life Consultants of Immigration and Translations Services, 10 March 2004 to present in London, United Kingdom:

consultants of immigration, translations, and legal services.

www.facebook.com/elcits

永生移民顧問翻譯服務社的移民諮詢顧問和翻譯:

移民事務,翻譯和法律服務。

 

Computer Hardware and Networking Engineer at Mann Office of Electrical Engineer, 8 March 2004 to present in London, United Kingdom:

Computer Engineering and Network Services. Repairing of Motherboards, Monitors, Power Supplies, CD-ROM Drives; UPS, Hard Disk Drives, H.D.D Data Recovery; BIOS Programming, and all types of Computer Hardware and Software Solutions.

www.facebook.com/maaelec

計算機工程和網絡服務。維修主機板,顯示器,電源供應器,光碟機/光盘驱动器,不斷電系統,硬碟/硬盘,硬盤數據恢復,基本輸入輸出系統編程,以及所有類型的電腦/計算機硬體/硬件和軟體/軟件解決方案。

 

Film Director and Photographer at Shapely Studio of Creative & Cultural Industries, 2 April 2007 to present in London, United Kingdom:

1) Photo, Video and Film Production; 2) Graphic Design, Web Design, Social Networking, Social Media and Advertising; 3) Architectural Design and Interior Design.

www.facebook.com/sscci

 

Reformer and Philosopher at Taiwanese Social Reformer and Philosopher, 7 April 2012 (location: Los Angeles, California) to present in London, United Kingdom:

Social Reform in Taiwan

www.facebook.com/twreform

  

《魂韻》(衿契吐蕊) - 馬天亮22歲寫的電影原著。Theophilus Raynsford Mann (TianLiang Maa) wrote “Hun Yun” (Jin Qi Tu Rui), scenario original “The Soul’s Sentimentalizing” © 1980, 1981, 1983, was at the age of 22.

Website

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album.blog.yam.com/mtltwp

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Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano) by Theophilus Raynsford Mann (TianLiang Maa 馬天亮) © 1977, © 1980, © 1981, © 1983. The Sonate composed on 3rd April 1977 then Mann was 18-year-old. The work was published in 1980; the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”.

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LINKS:

 

University of California, Berkeley

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berkeley.worldcat.org/title/hun-yun/oclc/813684284?refere...

oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b11283690~S1

 

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mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Record/006237256

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192.83.186.170/search*cht/a%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%AE

 

National Yang Ming University 國立陽明大學

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National Taiwan University of Science and Technology 國立臺灣科技大學

millennium.lib.ntust.edu.tw/record=b1016706~S1

 

國家圖書館 期刊文獻資訊網, 臺灣期刊論文索引

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聲音藝術的審美角度, 大學雜誌, 天然

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為文化中心把脈, 幼獅文藝

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Who is talking

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art galleries uk

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Mitrasites system

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articles.whmsoft

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Abstract Films:

Rayonnisme © 2011

youtu.be/M0ghIxV0LBo

youtu.be/PC_r2CO-UJs

flic.kr/p/tgb2bu

Rayonism © 2011

youtu.be/1Ph8qb2Wjps

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Light Dancing © 2011

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Birth © 2011

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Fantasy in Dream © 2011

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floating © 2011

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Optical Rotation © 2011

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Documentary Films:

Spider © 2013

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Fighting by Spider © 2011

youtu.be/Tcpkc6niMiY

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Spider's Living © 2011

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Spider's Living © 2011 (part I)

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London Buddha Day Festival, UK 英國倫敦浴佛節 © 2015

youtu.be/1mcPNaQtWu8

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The Art of Buddhist Sculpture in London Buddha Festival, UK © 2015

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I like Tennessee Technological University. It's a small college with a beautiful campus. The highlight of the campus is most notably the Quad. It's a wonderful place to sit, relax, study, or take pictures of beautiful ladies. :-)

 

strobist: 1 White Lightning Ultrazap 1600, camera right, 1/2 power, diffused by a Paul C. Buff 24"x36" Foldable Medium Softbox (FSB2436) used as mainlight. 1 White Lightning x2400, camera left, 1/8 power, diffused by a 60" Photek Softlighter II (with diffusion panel) used for fill. Strobes triggered via Cybersyncs; powered via Vagabond II. A CPL filter was used.

The NSU Ro 80 was a technologically advanced large sedan-type automobile produced by the German firm of NSU from 1967 until 1977. Most notable was the powertrain; a 113 bhp (86 kW), 995 cc twin-rotor Wankel engine driving the front wheels through a semi-automatic transmission employing an innovative vacuum system. It was voted Car of the Year for 1968 by European motoring writers.

 

Unfortunately for NSU, the car developed an early reputation for unreliability, from which it would never escape. The Wankel engine in particular suffered from heavy wear on the rotor tip seals, among many other problems, and some early cars required a completely rebuilt engine before 30,000 miles (50,000 km), with problems visible as early as 15,000 miles (24,000 kilometres). The fact that the rotary engine design was inherently thirsty (typically 15-18 mpg) and a poor understanding of the Wankel engine by dealers and mechanics did not help this situation. By the 1970 model year, most of these problems were resolved, but a necessarily generous warranty policy and damage to the car's reputation had undermined NSU's financial situation irreparably. NSU was acquired by Audi (of the Volkswagen group) in 1969. Second hand Ro80s were virtually worthless in the 1970s due to the well-publicised engine problems, and a common "cure" for an ailing rotary engine was to simply swap it for a Ford V4 "Essex" engine (as found in Mk1 Transits) purely as it was one of the few engines compact enough to fit in the Ro80's engine bay. Thus in an ironic twist, one of the smoothest engines in the world was replaced by one of the roughest. The NSU's unpopularity caused by the above problems means that surviving examples are very rare, and are now considered highly-prized classic cars with values to match, particularly as thanks to Mazda's perseverance with rotary design, the tip seal problem has been all but eradicated.

 

Other technological features of the Ro 80 aside from the powertrain were the four wheel ATE Dunlop disc brakes, which for some time were generally only featured on expensive sports or luxury saloon cars. The front brakes were mounted inboard, reducing the unsprung weight. The suspension was independent on all four wheels, with MacPherson struts at the front and semi-trailing arm suspension at the rear, both of which are space-saving designs commonly used today. Power assisted ZF rack and pinion steering was used, again foreshadowing more recent designs.

 

The car featured an automatic clutch which was commonly described as a three-speed semi-automatic gearbox: there was no clutch pedal but instead, on top of the gearknob, an electric switch that operated a vacuum system which disengaged the clutch. The gear lever itself then could be moved through a standard 'h pattern' gate.

 

Interior trim combined cloth covered seats with pvc headlining and a carpeted floor.

 

The styling, by Claus Luthe who was head of design at NSU and later BMW, was considered very modern at the time and still holds up well; the Ro 80 has been part of many gallery exhibits of modern industrial design. The large glass area foreshadowed 1970s designs such as Citroën's. The shape was also slippery, with a drag coefficient of 0.355 (very good for the era, although average for modern cars). This allowed for a top speed of 112 mph (179.2 km/h). Indeed, comparisons have been drawn between the design of the Ro80 and the superbly aerodynamic 1984 Audi 100 - the shape is very, very similar.

 

Series production started in October 1967: the last examples came off the production line in April 1977. There were 37,204 vehicles produced during the ten year production run.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

- - -

 

Der NSU Ro 80 war eine Limousine der gehobenen Klasse von NSU, später Audi NSU. Er erschien 1967 mit einer revolutionären aerodynamischen Karosserie, die ihrer Zeit weit voraus war. Ebenfalls ungewöhnlich war der Wankelmotor, der 115 PS leistete. Dieser Motor machte in der Frühzeit durch häufige Dichtleistendefekte auf sich aufmerksam, denen jedoch der Hersteller mit kulantem Motorenaustausch begegnete. Dennoch litt der Ruf des neuen Modells und des Wankelmotors darunter erheblich.

 

Die konsequente Umsetzung der Keilform im Entwurf von Claus Luthe war ein stilprägender Impuls für das Automobildesign der 1980er-Jahre. Insbesondere bei Audi sollte das Erscheinungsbild des Ro 80 maßgeblich für ganze Fahrzeuggenerationen werden. Das charakteristische hintere Dreiecksfenster ist bis heute typischer Bestandteil des Designs bei Audi.

 

Der Ro 80 wurde in nur 37.398 Exemplaren bis 1977 produziert und blieb, technisch gesehen, ohne Nachfolger. Das letzte produzierte Fahrzeug wurde 1977 dem Deutschen Museum übergeben. Weitere Fahrzeuge sind unter anderem in der Pinakothek der Moderne in München, im Depot des Deutschen Technikmuseums Berlin, im Deutschen Zweirad- und NSU-Museum und im Audi Forum in Neckarsulm, im museum mobile in Ingolstadt, im EFA-Museum für Deutsche Automobilgeschichte in Amerang sowie in der Autostadt in Wolfsburg ausgestellt. Das Schnittmodell des Ro 80, mit dem der Wagen auf der IAA vorgestellt wurde, wird im Museum Autovision als Teil der Dauerausstellung Wankelmotor gezeigt.

 

Der weltweit älteste noch erhaltene NSU Ro 80 gehört einem Architekten aus Frankfurt am Main, und trägt die Fahrgestell-Nr. 80 001 061, Fertigungsdatum Donnerstag, der 19. Oktober 1967, Farbe saguntoblau.

 

Das „Ro“ im Namen steht für Rotationskolben im Gegensatz zu „K“ wie beim VW K 70, das für Kolben bzw. Hubkolben stand.

 

Bei den ersten Serienmotoren kam es infolge eines Konstruktionsfehlers zu vermehrten Motorschäden. Hatten die Motoren in der Erprobung über 200 000 km gehalten, so verloren sie in Kundenhand oft schnell an Kompression. Schnell wurde eine falsche Materialpaarung als Ursache dafür erkannt. Eilig wurden Material sowie die Teilung der Dichtleisten geändert und somit war das Dichtleistenproblem vorerst gelöst. In Verbindung mit einem Ferrotic-Mittelteil und einer härteren Enesilschicht mit höherem Siliziumkarbidanteil ging man später auf die ursprüngliche Dichtleistenteilung zurück. Ab Anfang 1970 wurden die neuen Ferrotic-Dichtleisten in die Serie eingeführt.

 

Als ebenfalls problematisch erwies sich die Doppelzündung, zum einen von der Einstellung her und zum anderen wegen des hohen Abbrands der Zündkontakte, was dann durch zu viel Frühzündung zu Motorschäden führte. Dies wurde durch eine Einfachzündung in Verbindung mit einer Hochspannungskondensatorzündung (HKZ) auf Kosten des Spritverbrauchs behoben. Die kulante Austauschpraxis führte zeitweise dazu, dass über 35 % der angeblich defekten Motoren in Ordnung waren. Nachdem der Zündzeitpunkt sowie der Vergaser neu eingestellt wurden und der Motor einen Probelauf auf dem Prüfstand absolviert hatte, wurden diese Motoren wieder als Austauschmotoren ausgeliefert.

 

Ein nicht unerheblicher Anteil an Motorschäden ging auf das Konto des Drehmomentwandlers, den man gegen das Schieberuckeln (verursacht durch den Umfangseinlass) einbaute und der zum Teil für den Mehrverbrauch des Ro 80 mitverantwortlich war. Da der Wankelmotor erheblich höher drehte (wohl eher wegen erheblicher Überdrehzahl aufgrund fehlender Drehzahlbegrenzung), passierte es bei einer Reihe Drehmomentwandlern, dass sie sich radial ausdehnten. Dadurch zogen sie sich axial zusammen und nun kollidierte das Pumpen- mit dem Turbinenrad. Da der Wandler im Motorölkreislauf hing, gelangten dadurch Späne in den Motor, was dann umgehend zu Motorschäden führte. Auch erwies sich ein kleines Nadellager im Wandler als anfällig, dessen häufiger Ausfall ebenfalls zu Spänen im Motoröl führte und damit indirekt für einen defekten Motor sorgte. Dies wurde dann durch einen verstärkten Wandler behoben. Ab Herbst 1971 führte man dann in Verbindung mit der Bosch-Hochspannungskondensatorzündung und thermischer Abgasentgiftung einen akustischen Drehzahlwarner ein, der die elektrische Benzinpumpe bei Überdrehzahl abschaltete und dadurch eine Überdrehzahl des Motors wirksam vermied.

 

Anfänglich war alle 20 000 km ein Ölwechsel nötig, der später jedoch entfiel. So mancher Fahrer glaubte deshalb, man müsste kein Öl mehr nachfüllen, worauf einige Motoren ohne Öl liegen blieben. Dieser Art Motorschäden begegnete man mit einer geänderten zweiflutigen Ölpumpe. Der Einlass für den Wandlerkreislauf wurde höher angesetzt. Bevor nun der Motorölkreislauf kein Öl mehr bekam, saugte der Wandlerkreislauf Luft, woraufhin der Wandleröldruck absank und die Öldruckanzeige aufleuchtete. Ignorierte der Fahrer die Warnlampe, übertrug der Wandler keine Kraft mehr an das Getriebe und das Auto blieb stehen. Spätestens jetzt wusste der nachlässige Fahrer, dass er vergessen hatte, den Ölstand zu kontrollieren.

 

Ein weiteres Problem, das ebenfalls direkt zu Motorschäden führte, war eine Öldosierpumpe ohne Nullanschlag. Dies führte dazu, dass, wenn diese Pumpe falsch eingestellt wurde, im Leerlauf kein Öl für die Trochoidenschmierung geliefert wurde. Daraufhin wurde eine geänderte Öldosierpumpe eingesetzt, die nun nicht mehr auf Null gestellt werden konnte.

 

Problematisch war auch, dass man gleich mehrere bis dahin unerprobte Verfahren in Verbindung mit dem Wankelmotor einführte. So hieß es von dem Enesilverfahren scherzhaft, es funktioniere nur bei Südwind, was auf die Witterungsempfindlichkeit anspielte. Auch gab es anfänglich Probleme mit der Dosierung und Korngröße des eingebetteten Siliziumkarbids und der Dosierung des Saccharin (das als Einebner für Nickelschichten in der Galvanik angewendet wird). Zudem waren die Werkstätten zum Teil mit der Technik rund um den Motor überfordert. Teilweise aber entwickelten einige Kunden auch geradezu kriminelle Energien. Kurz vor dem Ablauf der Garantie provozierten sie absichtlich einen Motorschaden.

 

Als das Dichtleistenproblem gelöst schien, kam es wieder zu gehäuften Motorschäden. Nun war es aber kein Konstruktionsfehler, sondern ein Zulieferer, der sich nicht an die Fertigungsvorschriften hielt.

 

Bei den letzten Ausführungen der Motoren bestanden die Dichtleisten komplett aus Ferrotic, diese Aggregate erwiesen sich als äußerst robust. Zusätzlich kam der Lebensdauer die Einführung des bleifreien Benzins entgegen. Anders als ein Viertakthubkolbenmotor dessen Ventilsitze mit Blei geschmiert werden mussten konnte der Wankelmotor des Ro 80 problemlos mit bleifreiem Kraftstoff betrieben werden, da beim Wankelmotor für die Gaswechselsteuerung keine Ventile benötigt werden.

 

(Wikipedia)

*Copyright © 2012 Lélia Valduga, all rights reserved.

Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Concorde, Fox Alpha, Air France:

 

The first supersonic airliner to enter service, the Concorde flew thousands of passengers across the Atlantic at twice the speed of sound for over 25 years. Designed and built by Aérospatiale of France and the British Aviation Corporation, the graceful Concorde was a stunning technological achievement that could not overcome serious economic problems.

 

In 1976 Air France and British Airways jointly inaugurated Concorde service to destinations around the globe. Carrying up to 100 passengers in great comfort, the Concorde catered to first class passengers for whom speed was critical. It could cross the Atlantic in fewer than four hours - half the time of a conventional jet airliner. However its high operating costs resulted in very high fares that limited the number of passengers who could afford to fly it. These problems and a shrinking market eventually forced the reduction of service until all Concordes were retired in 2003.

 

In 1989, Air France signed a letter of agreement to donate a Concorde to the National Air and Space Museum upon the aircraft's retirement. On June 12, 2003, Air France honored that agreement, donating Concorde F-BVFA to the Museum upon the completion of its last flight. This aircraft was the first Air France Concorde to open service to Rio de Janeiro, Washington, D.C., and New York and had flown 17,824 hours.

 

Gift of Air France.

 

Manufacturer:

Societe Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale

British Aircraft Corporation

 

Dimensions:

Wingspan: 25.56 m (83 ft 10 in)

Length: 61.66 m (202 ft 3 in)

Height: 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in)

Weight, empty: 79,265 kg (174,750 lb)

Weight, gross: 181,435 kg (400,000 lb)

Top speed: 2,179 km/h (1350 mph)

Engine: Four Rolls-Royce/SNECMA Olympus 593 Mk 602, 17,259 kg (38,050 lb) thrust each

Manufacturer: Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale, Paris, France, and British Aircraft Corporation, London, United Kingdom

 

Physical Description:

Aircaft Serial Number: 205. Including four (4) engines, bearing respectively the serial number: CBE066, CBE062, CBE086 and CBE085.

Also included, aircraft plaque: "AIR FRANCE Lorsque viendra le jour d'exposer Concorde dans un musee, la Smithsonian Institution a dores et deja choisi, pour le Musee de l'Air et de l'Espace de Washington, un appariel portant le couleurs d'Air France."

The NSU Ro 80 was a technologically advanced large sedan-type automobile produced by the German firm of NSU from 1967 until 1977. Most notable was the powertrain; a 113 bhp (86 kW), 995 cc twin-rotor Wankel engine driving the front wheels through a semi-automatic transmission employing an innovative vacuum system. It was voted Car of the Year for 1968 by European motoring writers.

 

Unfortunately for NSU, the car developed an early reputation for unreliability, from which it would never escape. The Wankel engine in particular suffered from heavy wear on the rotor tip seals, among many other problems, and some early cars required a completely rebuilt engine before 30,000 miles (50,000 km), with problems visible as early as 15,000 miles (24,000 kilometres). The fact that the rotary engine design was inherently thirsty (typically 15-18 mpg) and a poor understanding of the Wankel engine by dealers and mechanics did not help this situation. By the 1970 model year, most of these problems were resolved, but a necessarily generous warranty policy and damage to the car's reputation had undermined NSU's financial situation irreparably. NSU was acquired by Audi (of the Volkswagen group) in 1969. Second hand Ro80s were virtually worthless in the 1970s due to the well-publicised engine problems, and a common "cure" for an ailing rotary engine was to simply swap it for a Ford V4 "Essex" engine (as found in Mk1 Transits) purely as it was one of the few engines compact enough to fit in the Ro80's engine bay. Thus in an ironic twist, one of the smoothest engines in the world was replaced by one of the roughest. The NSU's unpopularity caused by the above problems means that surviving examples are very rare, and are now considered highly-prized classic cars with values to match, particularly as thanks to Mazda's perseverance with rotary design, the tip seal problem has been all but eradicated.

 

Other technological features of the Ro 80 aside from the powertrain were the four wheel ATE Dunlop disc brakes, which for some time were generally only featured on expensive sports or luxury saloon cars. The front brakes were mounted inboard, reducing the unsprung weight. The suspension was independent on all four wheels, with MacPherson struts at the front and semi-trailing arm suspension at the rear, both of which are space-saving designs commonly used today. Power assisted ZF rack and pinion steering was used, again foreshadowing more recent designs.

 

The car featured an automatic clutch which was commonly described as a three-speed semi-automatic gearbox: there was no clutch pedal but instead, on top of the gearknob, an electric switch that operated a vacuum system which disengaged the clutch. The gear lever itself then could be moved through a standard 'h pattern' gate.

 

Interior trim combined cloth covered seats with pvc headlining and a carpeted floor.

 

The styling, by Claus Luthe who was head of design at NSU and later BMW, was considered very modern at the time and still holds up well; the Ro 80 has been part of many gallery exhibits of modern industrial design. The large glass area foreshadowed 1970s designs such as Citroën's. The shape was also slippery, with a drag coefficient of 0.355 (very good for the era, although average for modern cars). This allowed for a top speed of 112 mph (179.2 km/h). Indeed, comparisons have been drawn between the design of the Ro80 and the superbly aerodynamic 1984 Audi 100 - the shape is very, very similar.

 

Series production started in October 1967: the last examples came off the production line in April 1977. There were 37,204 vehicles produced during the ten year production run.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

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Der NSU Ro 80 war eine Limousine der gehobenen Klasse von NSU, später Audi NSU. Er erschien 1967 mit einer revolutionären aerodynamischen Karosserie, die ihrer Zeit weit voraus war. Ebenfalls ungewöhnlich war der Wankelmotor, der 115 PS leistete. Dieser Motor machte in der Frühzeit durch häufige Dichtleistendefekte auf sich aufmerksam, denen jedoch der Hersteller mit kulantem Motorenaustausch begegnete. Dennoch litt der Ruf des neuen Modells und des Wankelmotors darunter erheblich.

 

Die konsequente Umsetzung der Keilform im Entwurf von Claus Luthe war ein stilprägender Impuls für das Automobildesign der 1980er-Jahre. Insbesondere bei Audi sollte das Erscheinungsbild des Ro 80 maßgeblich für ganze Fahrzeuggenerationen werden. Das charakteristische hintere Dreiecksfenster ist bis heute typischer Bestandteil des Designs bei Audi.

 

Der Ro 80 wurde in nur 37.398 Exemplaren bis 1977 produziert und blieb, technisch gesehen, ohne Nachfolger. Das letzte produzierte Fahrzeug wurde 1977 dem Deutschen Museum übergeben. Weitere Fahrzeuge sind unter anderem in der Pinakothek der Moderne in München, im Depot des Deutschen Technikmuseums Berlin, im Deutschen Zweirad- und NSU-Museum und im Audi Forum in Neckarsulm, im museum mobile in Ingolstadt, im EFA-Museum für Deutsche Automobilgeschichte in Amerang sowie in der Autostadt in Wolfsburg ausgestellt. Das Schnittmodell des Ro 80, mit dem der Wagen auf der IAA vorgestellt wurde, wird im Museum Autovision als Teil der Dauerausstellung Wankelmotor gezeigt.

 

Der weltweit älteste noch erhaltene NSU Ro 80 gehört einem Architekten aus Frankfurt am Main, und trägt die Fahrgestell-Nr. 80 001 061, Fertigungsdatum Donnerstag, der 19. Oktober 1967, Farbe saguntoblau.

 

Das „Ro“ im Namen steht für Rotationskolben im Gegensatz zu „K“ wie beim VW K 70, das für Kolben bzw. Hubkolben stand.

 

Bei den ersten Serienmotoren kam es infolge eines Konstruktionsfehlers zu vermehrten Motorschäden. Hatten die Motoren in der Erprobung über 200 000 km gehalten, so verloren sie in Kundenhand oft schnell an Kompression. Schnell wurde eine falsche Materialpaarung als Ursache dafür erkannt. Eilig wurden Material sowie die Teilung der Dichtleisten geändert und somit war das Dichtleistenproblem vorerst gelöst. In Verbindung mit einem Ferrotic-Mittelteil und einer härteren Enesilschicht mit höherem Siliziumkarbidanteil ging man später auf die ursprüngliche Dichtleistenteilung zurück. Ab Anfang 1970 wurden die neuen Ferrotic-Dichtleisten in die Serie eingeführt.

 

Als ebenfalls problematisch erwies sich die Doppelzündung, zum einen von der Einstellung her und zum anderen wegen des hohen Abbrands der Zündkontakte, was dann durch zu viel Frühzündung zu Motorschäden führte. Dies wurde durch eine Einfachzündung in Verbindung mit einer Hochspannungskondensatorzündung (HKZ) auf Kosten des Spritverbrauchs behoben. Die kulante Austauschpraxis führte zeitweise dazu, dass über 35 % der angeblich defekten Motoren in Ordnung waren. Nachdem der Zündzeitpunkt sowie der Vergaser neu eingestellt wurden und der Motor einen Probelauf auf dem Prüfstand absolviert hatte, wurden diese Motoren wieder als Austauschmotoren ausgeliefert.

 

Ein nicht unerheblicher Anteil an Motorschäden ging auf das Konto des Drehmomentwandlers, den man gegen das Schieberuckeln (verursacht durch den Umfangseinlass) einbaute und der zum Teil für den Mehrverbrauch des Ro 80 mitverantwortlich war. Da der Wankelmotor erheblich höher drehte (wohl eher wegen erheblicher Überdrehzahl aufgrund fehlender Drehzahlbegrenzung), passierte es bei einer Reihe Drehmomentwandlern, dass sie sich radial ausdehnten. Dadurch zogen sie sich axial zusammen und nun kollidierte das Pumpen- mit dem Turbinenrad. Da der Wandler im Motorölkreislauf hing, gelangten dadurch Späne in den Motor, was dann umgehend zu Motorschäden führte. Auch erwies sich ein kleines Nadellager im Wandler als anfällig, dessen häufiger Ausfall ebenfalls zu Spänen im Motoröl führte und damit indirekt für einen defekten Motor sorgte. Dies wurde dann durch einen verstärkten Wandler behoben. Ab Herbst 1971 führte man dann in Verbindung mit der Bosch-Hochspannungskondensatorzündung und thermischer Abgasentgiftung einen akustischen Drehzahlwarner ein, der die elektrische Benzinpumpe bei Überdrehzahl abschaltete und dadurch eine Überdrehzahl des Motors wirksam vermied.

 

Anfänglich war alle 20 000 km ein Ölwechsel nötig, der später jedoch entfiel. So mancher Fahrer glaubte deshalb, man müsste kein Öl mehr nachfüllen, worauf einige Motoren ohne Öl liegen blieben. Dieser Art Motorschäden begegnete man mit einer geänderten zweiflutigen Ölpumpe. Der Einlass für den Wandlerkreislauf wurde höher angesetzt. Bevor nun der Motorölkreislauf kein Öl mehr bekam, saugte der Wandlerkreislauf Luft, woraufhin der Wandleröldruck absank und die Öldruckanzeige aufleuchtete. Ignorierte der Fahrer die Warnlampe, übertrug der Wandler keine Kraft mehr an das Getriebe und das Auto blieb stehen. Spätestens jetzt wusste der nachlässige Fahrer, dass er vergessen hatte, den Ölstand zu kontrollieren.

 

Ein weiteres Problem, das ebenfalls direkt zu Motorschäden führte, war eine Öldosierpumpe ohne Nullanschlag. Dies führte dazu, dass, wenn diese Pumpe falsch eingestellt wurde, im Leerlauf kein Öl für die Trochoidenschmierung geliefert wurde. Daraufhin wurde eine geänderte Öldosierpumpe eingesetzt, die nun nicht mehr auf Null gestellt werden konnte.

 

Problematisch war auch, dass man gleich mehrere bis dahin unerprobte Verfahren in Verbindung mit dem Wankelmotor einführte. So hieß es von dem Enesilverfahren scherzhaft, es funktioniere nur bei Südwind, was auf die Witterungsempfindlichkeit anspielte. Auch gab es anfänglich Probleme mit der Dosierung und Korngröße des eingebetteten Siliziumkarbids und der Dosierung des Saccharin (das als Einebner für Nickelschichten in der Galvanik angewendet wird). Zudem waren die Werkstätten zum Teil mit der Technik rund um den Motor überfordert. Teilweise aber entwickelten einige Kunden auch geradezu kriminelle Energien. Kurz vor dem Ablauf der Garantie provozierten sie absichtlich einen Motorschaden.

 

Als das Dichtleistenproblem gelöst schien, kam es wieder zu gehäuften Motorschäden. Nun war es aber kein Konstruktionsfehler, sondern ein Zulieferer, der sich nicht an die Fertigungsvorschriften hielt.

 

Bei den letzten Ausführungen der Motoren bestanden die Dichtleisten komplett aus Ferrotic, diese Aggregate erwiesen sich als äußerst robust. Zusätzlich kam der Lebensdauer die Einführung des bleifreien Benzins entgegen. Anders als ein Viertakthubkolbenmotor dessen Ventilsitze mit Blei geschmiert werden mussten konnte der Wankelmotor des Ro 80 problemlos mit bleifreiem Kraftstoff betrieben werden, da beim Wankelmotor für die Gaswechselsteuerung keine Ventile benötigt werden.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

The Homestead Strike, also known as the Homestead Steel Strike, was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892. The battle was one of the most serious disputes in U.S. labor history, second only to the Battle of Blair Mountain. The dispute occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the Pittsburgh area town of Homestead, Pennsylvania, between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company. The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for efforts to unionize steelworkers.

Carnegie Steel made major technological innovations in the 1880s, especially the installation of the open-hearth system at Homestead in 1886. It now became possible to make steel suitable for structural beams and for armor plate for the United States Navy, which paid far higher prices for the premium product. In addition, the plant moved increasingly toward the continuous system of production. Carnegie installed vastly improved systems of material-handling, like overhead cranes, hoists, charging machines, and buggies. All of this greatly sped up the process of steelmaking, and allowed the production of vastly larger quantities of the product. As the mills expanded, the labor force grew rapidly, especially with less skilled workers. In response, the more-skilled union members reacted with a strike designed to protect their historic position.

The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA) was an American labor union formed in 1876. It was a craft union representing skilled iron and steel workers. The AA's membership was concentrated in ironworks west of the Allegheny Mountains. The union negotiated national uniform wage scales on an annual basis; helped regulate working hours, workload levels and work speeds; and helped improve working conditions. It also acted as a hiring hall, helping employers find scarce puddlers and rollers.

The AA organized the independently-owned Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works in Homestead in 1881. The AA engaged in a bitter strike at the Homestead works on January 1, 1882 in an effort to prevent management from forcing yellow-dog contracts on all workers. Violence occurred on both sides, and the plant brought in numerous strikebreakers. The strike ended on March 20 in a complete victory for the union.

The AA struck the steel plant again on July 1, 1889, when negotiations for a new three-year collective bargaining agreement failed. The strikers seized the town and once again made common cause with various immigrant groups. Backed by 2,000 townspeople, the strikers drove off a trainload of strikebreakers on July 10. When the sheriff returned with 125 newly deputized agents two days later, the strikers rallied 5,000 townspeople to their cause. Although victorious, the union agreed to significant wage cuts that left tonnage rates less than half those at the nearby Jones and Laughlin works, where technological improvements had not been made.

Carnegie officials conceded that the AA essentially ran the Homestead plant after the 1889 strike. The union contract contained 58 pages of footnotes defining work-rules at the plant and strictly limited management's ability to maximize output.

For its part, the AA saw substantial gains after the 1889 strike. Membership doubled, and the local union treasury had a balance of $146,000. The Homestead union grew belligerent, and relationships between workers and managers grew tense.

The Homestead strike was organized and purposeful, a harbinger of the type of strike which would mark the modern age of labor relations in the United States. The AA strike at the Homestead steel mill in 1892 was different from previous large-scale strikes in American history such as the Great railroad strike of 1877 or the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886. Earlier strikes had been largely leaderless and disorganized mass uprisings of workers.

Andrew Carnegie placed industrialist Henry Clay Frick in charge of his company's operations in 1881. Frick resolved to break the union at Homestead. "The mills have never been able to turn out the product they should, owing to being held back by the Amalgamated men," he complained in a letter to Carnegie.

Carnegie was publicly in favor of labor unions. He condemned the use of strikebreakers and told associates that no steel mill was worth a single drop of blood. But Carnegie agreed with Frick's desire to break the union and "reorganize the whole affair, and . . . exact good reasons for employing every man. Far too many men required by Amalgamated rules." Carnegie ordered the Homestead plant to manufacture large amounts of inventory so the plant could weather a strike. He also drafted a notice (which Frick never released) withdrawing recognition of the union.

With the collective bargaining agreement due to expire on June 30, 1892, Frick and the leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations in February. With the steel industry doing well and prices higher, the AA asked for a wage increase; the AA represented about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant. Frick immediately countered with a 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit. Carnegie encouraged Frick to use the negotiations to break the union: "...the Firm has decided that the minority must give way to the majority. These works, therefore, will be necessarily non-union after the expiration of the present agreement." Carnegie believed that the Amalgamated was a hindrance to efficiency; furthermore it was not representative of the workers. It admitted only a small group of skilled workers. It was in its own way an elitist, discriminatory organization that was not worthy of the Republic, Carnegie felt.

Frick announced on April 30, 1892 that he would bargain for 29 more days. If no contract was reached, Carnegie Steel would cease to recognize the union. Carnegie formally approved Frick's tactics on May 4. Then Frick offered a slightly better wage scale and advised the Superintendent to tell the workers, "We do not care whether a man belongs to a union or not, nor do we wish to interfere. He may belong to as many unions or organizations as he chooses, but we think our employees at Homestead Steel Works would fare much better working under the system in vogue at Edgar Thomson and Duquesne."

Frick locked workers out of the plate mill and one of the open hearth furnaces on the evening of June 28. When no collective bargaining agreement was reached on June 29, Frick locked the union out of the rest of the plant. A high fence topped with barbed wire, begun in January, was completed and the plant sealed to the workers. Sniper towers with searchlights were constructed near each mill building, and high-pressure water cannons (some capable of spraying boiling-hot liquid) were placed at each entrance. Various aspects of the plant were protected, reinforced or shielded.

At a mass meeting on June 30, local AA leaders reviewed the final negotiating sessions and announced that the company had broken the contract by locking out workers a day before the contract expired. The Knights of Labor, which had organized the mechanics and transportation workers at Homestead, agreed to walk out alongside the skilled workers of the AA. Workers at Carnegie plants in Pittsburgh, Duquesne, Union Mills and Beaver Falls struck in sympathy the same day.

 

The Declaration of the Strike Committee, dated July 20, 1892 reads in part,

'The employees in the mill of Messrs. Carnegie, Phipps & Co., at Homestead, Pa., have built there a town with its homes, its schools and its churches; have for many years been faithful co-workers with the company in the business of the mill; have invested thousands of dollars of their savings in said mill in the expectation of spending their lives in Homestead and of working in the mill during the period of their efficiency. . . . “Therefore, the committee desires to express to the public as its firm belief that both the public and the employees aforesaid have equitable rights and interests in the said mill which cannot be modified or diverted without due process of law; that the employees have the right to continuous employment in the said mill during efficiency and good behavior without regard to religious, political or economic opinions or associations; that it is against public policy and subversive of the fundamental principles of American liberty that a whole community of workers should be denied employment or suffer any other social detriment on account of membership in a church, a political party or a trade union; that it is our duty as American citizens to resist by every legal and ordinary means the unconstitutional, anarchic and revolutionary policy of the Carnegie Company, which seems to evince a contempt [for] public and private interests and a disdain [for] the public conscience. . . .

The striking workers were determined to keep the plant closed. They secured a steam-powered river launch and several rowboats to patrol the Monongahela River, which ran alongside the plant. Men also divided themselves into units along military lines. Picket lines were thrown up around the plant and the town, and 24-hour shifts established. Ferries and trains were watched. Strangers were challenged to give explanations for their presence in town; if one was not forthcoming, they were escorted outside the city limits. Telegraph communications with AA locals in other cities were established to keep tabs on the company's attempts to hire replacement workers. Reporters were issued special badges which gave them safe passage through the town, but the badges were withdrawn if it was felt misleading or false information made it into the news. Tavern owners were even asked to prevent excessive drinking.

Frick was also busy. The company placed ads for replacement workers in newspapers as far away as Boston, St. Louis and even Europe.

But unprotected strikebreakers would be driven off. On July 4, Frick formally requested that Sheriff William H. McCleary intervene to allow supervisors access to the plant. Carnegie corporation attorney Philander Knox gave the go-ahead to the sheriff on July 5, and McCleary dispatched 11 deputies to the town to post handbills ordering the strikers to stop interfering with the plant's operation. The strikers tore down the handbills and told the deputies that they would not turn over the plant to nonunion workers. Then they herded the deputies onto a boat and sent them downriver to Pittsburgh.

Frick had ordered the construction of a solid board fence topped with barbed wire around mill property. The workers dubbed the newly fortified mill "Fort Frick." With the mill ringed by striking workers, agents from the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which Frick had contracted to provide security at the plant in April 1892, planned to access the plant grounds from the river. Three hundred Pinkerton detectives assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles (8 km) below Pittsburgh at 10:30 p.m. on the night of July 5, 1892. They were given Winchester rifles, placed on two specially-equipped barges and towed upriver with the object of removing the workers by force. Upon their landing, a large mêlée between workers and Pinkerton detectives ensued. Several men were killed, nine workers among them, and the riot was ultimately quelled only by the intervention of 8,000 armed state militia. Among working-class Americans, Frick's actions against the strikers were condemned as excessive, and he soon became a target of even more union organizers.

 

Battle on July 6

 

Frick's intent was to open the works with nonunion men on July 6. Knox devised a plan to get the Pinkertons onto the mill property. With the mill ringed by striking workers, the agents would access the plant grounds from the river. Three hundred Pinkerton agents assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles below Pittsburgh at 10:30 p.m. on the night of July 5, 1892. They were given Winchester rifles, placed on two specially-equipped barges and towed upriver.

The strikers were prepared for them; the AA had learned of the Pinkertons as soon as they had left Boston for the embarkation point. The small flotilla of union boats went downriver to meet the barges. Strikers on the steam launch fired a few random shots at the barges, then withdrew—blowing the launch whistle to alert the plant. The strikers blew the plant whistle at 2:30 a.m., drawing thousands of men, women and children to the plant.

The Pinkertons attempted to land under cover of darkness about 4 a.m. A large crowd of families had kept pace with the boats as they were towed by a tug into the town. A few shots were fired at the tug and barges, but no one was injured. The crowd tore down the barbed-wire fence and strikers and their families surged onto the Homestead plant grounds. Some in the crowd threw stones at the barges, but strike leaders shouted for restraint.

The Pinkerton agents attempted to disembark, and shots were fired. Conflicting testimony exists as to which side fired the first shot. John T. McCurry, a boatman on the steamboat Little Bill (which had been hired by the Pinkerton Detective Agency to ferry its agents to the steel mill) and one of the men wounded by the strikers, said: "The armed Pinkerton men commenced to climb up the banks. Then the workmen opened fire on the detectives. The men shot first, and not until three of the Pinkerton men had fallen did they respond to the fire. I am willing to take an oath that the workmen fired first, and that the Pinkerton men did not shoot until some of their number had been wounded." But according to The New York Times, the Pinkertons shot first. The newspaper reported that the Pinkertons opened fire and wounded William Foy, a worker. Regardless of which side opened fire first, the first two individuals wounded were Frederick Heinde, captain of the Pinkertons, and Foy. The Pinkerton agents aboard the barges then fired into the crowd, killing two and wounding 11. The crowd responded in kind, killing two and wounding 12. The firefight continued for about 10 minutes.

The strikers then huddled behind the pig and scrap iron in the mill yard, while the Pinkertons cut holes in the side of the barges so they could fire on any who approached. The Pinkerton tug departed with the wounded agents, leaving the barges stranded. The strikers soon set to work building a rampart of steel beams further up the riverbank from which they could fire down on the barges. Hundreds of women continued to crowd on the riverbank between the strikers and the agents, calling on the strikers to 'kill the Pinkertons'.

The strikers continued to sporadically fire on the barges. Union members took potshots at the ships from their rowboats and the steam-powered launch. The burgess of Homestead, John McLuckie, issued a proclamation at 6:00 a.m. asking for townspeople to help defend the peace; more than 5,000 people congregated on the hills overlooking the steelworks. A 20-pounder brass cannon was set up on the shore opposite the steel mill, and an attempt was made to sink the barges. Six miles away in Pittsburgh, thousands of steelworkers gathered in the streets, listening to accounts of the attacks at Homestead; hundreds, many of them armed, began to move toward the town to assist the strikers.

The Pinkertons attempted to disembark again at 8:00 a.m. A striker high up the riverbank fired a shot. The Pinkertons returned fire, and four more strikers were killed (one by shrapnel sent flying when cannon fire hit one of the barges). Many of the Pinkerton agents refused to participate in the firefight any longer; the agents crowded onto the barge farthest from the shore. More experienced agents were barely able to stop the new recruits from abandoning the ships and swimming away. Intermittent gunfire from both sides continued throughout the morning. When the tug attempted to retrieve the barges at 10:50 a.m., gunfire drove it off. More than 300 riflemen positioned themselves on the high ground and kept a steady stream of fire on the barges. Just before noon, a sniper shot and killed another Pinkerton agent.

After a few more hours, the strikers attempted to burn the barges. They seized a raft, loaded it with oil-soaked timber and floated it toward the barges. The Pinkertons nearly panicked, and a Pinkerton captain had to threaten to shoot anyone who fled. But the fire burned itself out before it reached the barges. The strikers then loaded a railroad flatcar with drums of oil and set it afire. The flatcar hurtled down the rails toward the mill's wharf where the barges were docked. But the car stopped at the water's edge and burned itself out. Dynamite was thrown at the barges, but it only hit the mark once (causing a little damage to one barge). At 2:00 p.m., the workers poured oil onto the river, hoping the oil slick would burn the barges; attempts to light the slick failed.

The AA worked behind the scenes to avoid further bloodshed and defuse the tense situation. At 9:00 a.m., outgoing AA international president William Weihe rushed to the sheriff's office and asked McCleary to convey a request to Frick to meet. McCleary did so, but Frick refused. He knew that the more chaotic the situation became, the more likely it was that Governor Robert E. Pattison would call out the state militia.

Sheriff McCleary resisted attempts to call for state intervention until 10 a.m. on July 7. In a telegram to Gov. Pattison, he described how his deputies and the Carnegie men had been driven off, and noted that the workers and their supporters actively resisting the landing numbered nearly 5,000. Pattison responded by requiring McCleary to exhaust every effort to restore the peace. McCleary asked again for help at noon, and Pattison responded by asking how many deputies the sheriff had. A third telegram, sent at 3:00 p.m., again elicited a response from the governor exhorting McCleary to raise his own troops.

At 4:00 p.m., events at the mill quickly began to wind down. More than 5,000 men—most of them armed mill hands from the nearby South Side, Braddock and Duquesne works—arrived at the Homestead plant. Weihe wanted to prevent further trouble at Homestead, so he pleaded with Frick to confer with representatives of the Amalgamated to return to Homestead and stop the riot. Weihe urged the strikers to let the Pinkertons surrender, but he was shouted down. Weihe tried to speak again, but this time his pleas were drowned out as the strikers bombarded the barges with fireworks left over from the recent Independence Day celebration. Hugh O'Donnell, a heater in the plant and head of the union's strike committee, then spoke to the crowd. He demanded that each Pinkerton be charged with murder, forced to turn over his arms and then be removed from the town. The crowd shouted their approval.

The Pinkertons, too, wished to surrender. At 5:00 p.m., they raised a white flag and two agents asked to speak with the strikers. O'Donnell guaranteed them safe passage out of town. Upon arrival, their arms were stripped from them. With heads uncovered, to distinguish them from the mill hands, they passed along between two rows of guards armed with Winchesters. As the Pinkertons crossed the grounds of the mill, the crowd formed a gauntlet through which the agents passed. Men and women threw sand and stones at the Pinkerton agents, spat on them and beat them. Several Pinkertons were clubbed into unconsciousness. Members of the crowd ransacked the barges, then burned them to the waterline.

As the Pinkertons were marched through town to the Opera House (which served as a temporary jail), the townspeople continued to assault the agents. Two agents were beaten as horrified town officials looked on. The press expressed shock at the treatment of the Pinkerton agents, and the torrent of abuse helped turn media sympathies away from the strikers.

The strike committee met with the town council to discuss the handover of the agents to McCleary. But the real talks were taking place between McCleary and Weihe in McCleary's office. At 10:15 p.m., the two sides agreed to a transfer process. A special train arrived at 12:30 a.m. on July 7. McCleary, the international AA's lawyer and several town officials accompanied the Pinkerton agents to Pittsburgh.

But when the Pinkerton agents arrived at their final destination in Pittsburgh, state officials declared that they would not be charged with murder (per the agreement with the strikers) but rather simply released. The announcement was made with the full concurrence of the AA attorney. A special train whisked the Pinkerton agents out of the city at 10:00 a.m. on July 7.

On July 7, the strike committee sent a telegram to Gov. Pattison to attempt to persuade him that law and order had been restored in the town. Pattison replied that he had heard differently. Union officials traveled to Harrisburg and met with Pattison on July 9. Their discussions revolved not around law and order, but the safety of the Carnegie plant.

Pattison, however, remained unconvinced by the strikers' arguments. Although Pattison had ordered the Pennsylvania militia to muster on July 6, he had not formally charged it with doing anything. Pattison's refusal to act rested largely on his concern that the union controlled the entire city of Homestead and commanded the allegiance of its citizens. Pattison refused to order the town taken by force, for fear a massacre would occur. But once emotions had died down, Pattison felt the need to act. He had been elected with the backing of a Carnegie-supported political machine, and he could no longer refuse to protect Carnegie interests.

The steelworkers resolved to meet the militia with open arms, hoping to establish good relations with the troops. But the militia managed to keep its arrival in the town a secret almost to the last moment. At 9:00 a.m. on July 12, the Pennsylvania state militia arrived at the small Munhall train station near the Homestead mill (rather than the downtown train station as expected). Their commander, Major General George R. Snowden, made to clear to local officials that he sided with the owners. When Hugh O'Donnell, the head of the union's strike committee attempted to welcome Snowden and pledge the cooperation of the strikers, Snowden told him that the strikers had not been law abiding, and that "I want you to distinctly understand that I am the master of this situation." More than 4,000 soldiers surrounded the plant. Within 20 minutes they had displaced the picketers; by 10:00 a.m., company officials were back in their offices. Another 2,000 troops camped on the high ground overlooking the city.

The company quickly brought in strikebreakers and restarted production under the protection of the militia. Despite the presence of AFL pickets in front of several recruitment offices across the nation, Frick easily found employees to work the mill. The company quickly built bunk houses, dining halls and kitchens on the mill grounds to accommodate the strikebreakers. New employees, many of them black, arrived on July 13, and the mill furnaces relit on July 15. When a few workers attempted to storm into the plant to stop the relighting of the furnaces, militiamen fought them off and wounded six with bayonets. But all was not well inside the plant. A race war between nonunion black and white workers in the Homestead plant broke out on July 22, 1892.

Desperate to find a way to continue the strike, the AA appealed to Whitelaw Reid, the Republican candidate for vice president, on July 16. The AA offered to make no demands or set any preconditions; the union merely asked that Carnegie Steel reopen the negotiations. Reid wrote to Frick, warning him that the strike was hurting the Republican ticket and pleading with him to reopen talks. Frick refused.

Frick, too, needed a way out of the strike. The company could not operate for long with strikebreakers living on the mill grounds, and permanent replacements had to be found. On July 18, the town was placed under martial law, further disheartening many of the strikers.

National attention became riveted on Homestead when, on July 23, Alexander Berkman, a New York anarchist with no connection to steel or to organized labor, plotted with his lover Emma Goldman to assassinate Frick. He came in from New York, gained entrance to Frick's office, then shot and stabbed the executive. Frick survived and continued his role; Berkman was sentenced to 22 years in prison.

The Berkman assassination attempt undermined public support for the union and prompted the final collapse of the strike. Hugh O'Donnell was removed as chair of the strike committee when he proposed to return to work at the lower wage scale if the unionists could get their jobs back. On August 12, the company announced that 1,700 men were working at the mill and production had resumed at full capacity. The national AFL refused to intervene, the East European workers ignored the union and it had no strategy left. The union voted to go back to work on Carnegie's terms; the strike had failed and the union had collapsed.

The company had waged a second front in state court, and was winning. On July 18, 16 of the strike leaders were charged with conspiracy, riot and murder. Each man was jailed for one night and forced to post a $10,000 bond.

The union retaliated by charging company executives with murder as well. The company men, too, had to post a $10,000 bond, but they were not forced to spend any time in jail. One judge issued treason charges against the Advisory Committee on August 30 for making itself the law. Most of the men could not raise the bail bond, and went to jail or into hiding. A compromise was reached whereby both sides dropped their charges.

Support for the strikers evaporated. The AFL refused to call for a boycott of Carnegie products in September 1892. Wholesale crossing of the picket line occurred, first among Eastern European immigrants and then among all workers. The strike had collapsed so much that the state militia pulled out on October 13, ending the 95-day occupation. The AA was nearly bankrupted by the job action. Weekly Union relief for a member averaged $6.25 but totalled a staggering $10,000 per week when including 1,600 strikers. With only 192 out of more than 3,800 strikers in attendance, the Homestead chapter of the AA voted, 101 to 91, to return to work on November 20, 1892.

In the end, only four workers were ever tried on the actual charges filed on July 18. Three AA members were found innocent of all charges. Hugh Dempsey, the leader of the local Knights of Labor District Assembly, was found guilty of conspiring to poison nonunion workers at the plant—despite the state's star witness recanting his testimony on the stand. Dempsey served a seven-year prison term. In February 1893, Knox and the union agreed to drop the charges filed against one another, and no further prosecutions emerged from the events at Homestead.

The striking AA affiliate in Beaver Falls gave in the same day as the Homestead lodge. The AA affiliate at Union Mills held out until August 14, 1893. But by then the union had only 53 members. The union had been broken; the company had been operating the plant at full capacity for almost a year, since September 1892.

The Homestead strike broke the AA as a force in the American labor movement. Many employers refused to sign contracts with their AA unions while the strike lasted. A deepening in 1889 of the Long Depression led most steel companies to seek wage decreases similar to those imposed at Homestead.

An organizing drive at the Homestead plant in 1896 was crushed by Frick. In May 1899, 300 Homestead workers actually formed an AA lodge, but Frick ordered the Homestead works shut down and the unionization effort collapsed. Carnegie Steel remained nonunion for the next 40 years.

De-unionization efforts throughout the Midwest began against the AA in 1897 when Jones and Laughlin Steel refused to sign a contract. By 1900, not a single steel plant in Pennsylvania remained union. The AA presence in Ohio and Illinois continued for a few more years, but the union continued to collapse. Many lodges disbanded, their members disillusioned. Others were easily broken in short battles. Carnegie Steel's Mingo Junction, Ohio plant was the last major unionized steel mill in the country. But it, too, successfully withdrew recognition without a fight in 1903.

AA membership sagged to 10,000 in 1894 from its high of over 24,000 in 1891. A year later, it was down to 8,000. A 1901 strike against Carnegie's successor company, U.S. Steel collapsed. By 1909, membership in the AA had sunk to 6,300. A nationwide steel strike of 1919 also was unsuccessful.

The AA maintained a rump membership in the steel industry until its takeover by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee in 1936. The two organizations officially disbanded and formed the United Steelworkers May 22, 1942.

A railroad bridge over the Monongahela near the site of the battle is named Pinkerton's Landing Bridge in honor of the dead.

The pumphouse where the gunfight occurred remains as a museum and meeting hall. There are several historical markers as well as a metal commemorative sign with the US Steel logo that reads "In Honor Of The Workers." (Wikipedia)

 

Technologically, this coupé brings together everything that made Subaru so special. An aluminum turbocharged flat-4 engine, AWD, and four independently suspended wheels. In addition, the 4x4 version featured electronically adjustable air suspension. The body shape was certainly controversial and emphasized that this was no ordinary car. With a drag coefficient of 0,29, it was among the most aerodynamic cars of its time. It was a forerunner of the brand's successful rally cars. This rare appearance is unique for another reason : it is completely original and has only 12.000 km on the ododmeter.

 

1.781 cc

Flat 4

136 hp

 

Big in Japan

03/07/2025 - 31/08/2025

 

Autoworld

www.autoworld.be

Brussels - Belgium

July 2025

Posted via email to ☛ HoloChromaCinePhotoRamaScope‽: cdevers.posterous.com/concorde. See the full gallery on Posterous ...

 

• • • • •

 

Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Concorde, Fox Alpha, Air France:

 

The first supersonic airliner to enter service, the Concorde flew thousands of passengers across the Atlantic at twice the speed of sound for over 25 years. Designed and built by Aérospatiale of France and the British Aviation Corporation, the graceful Concorde was a stunning technological achievement that could not overcome serious economic problems.

 

In 1976 Air France and British Airways jointly inaugurated Concorde service to destinations around the globe. Carrying up to 100 passengers in great comfort, the Concorde catered to first class passengers for whom speed was critical. It could cross the Atlantic in fewer than four hours - half the time of a conventional jet airliner. However its high operating costs resulted in very high fares that limited the number of passengers who could afford to fly it. These problems and a shrinking market eventually forced the reduction of service until all Concordes were retired in 2003.

 

In 1989, Air France signed a letter of agreement to donate a Concorde to the National Air and Space Museum upon the aircraft's retirement. On June 12, 2003, Air France honored that agreement, donating Concorde F-BVFA to the Museum upon the completion of its last flight. This aircraft was the first Air France Concorde to open service to Rio de Janeiro, Washington, D.C., and New York and had flown 17,824 hours.

 

Gift of Air France.

 

Manufacturer:

Societe Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale

British Aircraft Corporation

 

Dimensions:

Wingspan: 25.56 m (83 ft 10 in)

Length: 61.66 m (202 ft 3 in)

Height: 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in)

Weight, empty: 79,265 kg (174,750 lb)

Weight, gross: 181,435 kg (400,000 lb)

Top speed: 2,179 km/h (1350 mph)

Engine: Four Rolls-Royce/SNECMA Olympus 593 Mk 602, 17,259 kg (38,050 lb) thrust each

Manufacturer: Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale, Paris, France, and British Aircraft Corporation, London, United Kingdom

 

Physical Description:

Aircaft Serial Number: 205. Including four (4) engines, bearing respectively the serial number: CBE066, CBE062, CBE086 and CBE085.

Also included, aircraft plaque: "AIR FRANCE Lorsque viendra le jour d'exposer Concorde dans un musee, la Smithsonian Institution a dores et deja choisi, pour le Musee de l'Air et de l'Espace de Washington, un appariel portant le couleurs d'Air France."

Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology (Russian: Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий) is a public university located in Voronezh, Russia. It was founded in 1930.

 

History

University was founded June 3, 1930, when the technological faculty of the Voronezh Agricultural Institute was transformed into the Voronezh Institute of Food Industry Commissariat of Trade of the RSFSR. The new institute had three departments - mechanical, technological, planning and economic. The task of the new institute was to train engineers for starch, sugar, fermentation and alcohol industries. In 1931 four faculties were established: sugar, starch and syrup, fermentation and distillery. As of December 1931 there were 712 students studying at the institute.

 

In 1932 the institute was renamed to Voronezh Chemical and Technological Institute.

 

During the Second World War the institute was partially bombed by the German aviation. Emergency evacuation of the institute was carried out in 1942, it was moved to the city of Biysk, Altai Territory. The institute was housed in the settlement of the local sugar factory. In 1944 the institute returned to Voronezh, restoration of academic buildings continued until the early 1950s.

 

In 1950 the institute was affiliated with the Leningrad Technological Institute of Food Industry (LTIPP), but in 1959 it returned to Voronezh by the decision of the USSR Council of Ministers. The institute was now called Voronezh Technological Institute. The number of faculties was increased from two to six, the number of departments was increased from 20 to 32. The number of students was increased from 1300 to 5000, and professors from 110 to 300. By 1965 the number of teachers increased to 435.

 

In 1994 the institute was renamed as Voronezh State Technological Academy. In 1995, the Faculty of Humanitarian Education and Upbringing began to work. In 1998 the departments of labor organization and marketing activity, applied mathematics and economic-mathematical methods were created.

 

In 2011 the academy was renamed to Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies.

 

In 2018 on the basis of the Russian-Chinese center of VSUIT the Association of Chinese students of the Voronezh region was created.

 

Structure

Faculty of Management and Informatics in Technological Systems

Faculty of Food Machines and Devices

Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology

Faculty of Technology

Faculty of Economics and Management

Faculty of Technology

Faculty of Continuing Education

Faculty of Secondary Vocational Education

Faculty of Humanities Education and Training

Pre-university training faculty

 

Voronezh is a city and the administrative centre of Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia straddling the Voronezh River, located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from where it flows into the Don River. The city sits on the Southeastern Railway, which connects western Russia with the Urals and Siberia, the Caucasus and Ukraine, and the M4 highway (Moscow–Voronezh–Rostov-on-Don–Novorossiysk). In recent years the city has experienced rapid population growth, rising in 2021 to 1,057,681, up from 889,680 recorded in the 2010 Census, making it the 14th-most populous city in the country.

 

History

The first chronicle references to the word "Voronezh" are dated 1177, when the Ryazan prince Yaropolk, having lost the battle, fled "to Voronozh" and there was moving "from town to town". Modern data of archeology and history interpret Voronezh as a geographical region, which included the Voronezh river (tributary of the Don) and a number of settlements. In the lower reaches of the river, a unique Slavic town-planning complex of the 8th – early 11th century was discovered, which covered the territory of the present city of Voronezh and its environs (about 42 km long, about 13 forts and many unfortified villages). By the 12th – 13th centuries, most of the old towns were desolate, but new settlements appeared upstream, closer to Ryazan.

 

For many years, the hypothesis of the Soviet historian Vladimir Zagorovsky dominated: he produced the toponym "Voronezh" from the hypothetical Slavic personal name Voroneg. This man allegedly gave the name of a small town in the Chernigov Principality (now the village of Voronezh in Ukraine). Later, in the 11th or 12th century, the settlers were able to "transfer" this name to the Don region, where they named the second city Voronezh, and the river got its name from the city. However, now many researchers criticize the hypothesis, since in reality neither the name of Voroneg nor the second city was revealed, and usually the names of Russian cities repeated the names of the rivers, but not vice versa.

 

The linguistic comparative analysis of the name "Voronezh" was carried out by the Khovansky Foundation in 2009. There is an indication of the place names of many countries in Eurasia, which may partly be not only similar in sound, but also united by common Indo-European languages: Varanasi, Varna, Verona, Brno, etc.

 

A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted in 2015–2016 by the historian Pavel Popov. His conclusion: "Voronezh" is a probable Slavic macrotoponym associated with outstanding signs of nature, has a root voron- (from the proto-Slavic vorn) in the meaning of "black, dark" and the suffix -ezh (-azh, -ozh). It was not “transferred” and in the 8th - 9th centuries it marked a vast territory covered with black forests (oak forests) - from the mouth of the Voronezh river to the Voronozhsky annalistic forests in the middle and upper reaches of the river, and in the west to the Don (many forests were cut down). The historian believes that the main "city" of the early town-planning complex could repeat the name of the region – Voronezh. Now the hillfort is located in the administrative part of the modern city, in the Voronezh upland oak forest. This is one of Europe's largest ancient Slavic hillforts, the area of which – more than 9 hectares – 13 times the area of the main settlement in Kyiv before the baptism of Rus.

 

In it is assumed that the word "Voronezh" means bluing - a technique to increase the corrosion resistance of iron products. This explanation fits well with the proximity to the ancient city of Voronezh of a large iron deposit and the city of Stary Oskol.

 

Folk etymology claims the name comes from combining the Russian words for raven (ворон) and hedgehog (еж) into Воронеж. According to this explanation two Slavic tribes named after the animals used this combination to name the river which later in turn provided the name for a settlement. There is not believed to be any scientific support for this explanation.

 

In the 16th century, the Middle Don basin, including the Voronezh river, was gradually conquered by Muscovy from the Nogai Horde (a successor state of the Golden Horde), and the current city of Voronezh was established in 1585 by Feodor I as a fort protecting the Muravsky Trail trade route against the slave raids of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars. The city was named after the river.

 

17th to 19th centuries

In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu's map of 1645. Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696. This fleet, the first ever built in Russia, included the first Russian ship of the line, Goto Predestinatsia. The Orthodox diocese of Voronezh was instituted in 1682 and its first bishop, Mitrofan of Voronezh, was later proclaimed the town's patron saint.

 

Owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it was made the seat of the Azov Governorate, which eventually morphed into the Voronezh Governorate.

 

In the 19th century, Voronezh was a center of the Central Black Earth Region. Manufacturing industry (mills, tallow-melting, butter-making, soap, leather, and other works) as well as bread, cattle, suet, and the hair trade developed in the town. A railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871.

 

20th century

World War II

During World War II, Voronezh was the scene of fierce fighting between Soviet and combined Axis troops. The Germans used it as a staging area for their attack on Stalingrad, and made it a key crossing point on the Don River. In June 1941, two BM-13 (Fighting machine #13 Katyusha) artillery installations were built at the Voronezh excavator factory. In July, the construction of Katyushas was rationalized so that their manufacture became easier and the time of volley repetition was shortened from five minutes to fifteen seconds. More than 300 BM-13 units manufactured in Voronezh were used in a counterattack near Moscow in December 1941. In October 22, 1941, the advance of the German troops prompted the establishment of a defense committee in the city. On November 7, 1941, there was a troop parade, devoted to the anniversary of the October Revolution. Only three such parades were organized that year: in Moscow, Kuybyshev, and Voronezh. In late June 1942, the city was attacked by German and Hungarian forces. In response, Soviet forces formed the Voronezh Front. By July 6, the German army occupied the western river-bank suburbs before being subjected to a fierce Soviet counter-attack. By July 24 the frontline had stabilised along the Voronezh River as the German forces continued southeast into the Great Bend of the Don. The attack on Voronezh represented the first phase of the German Army's 1942 campaign in the Soviet Union, codenamed Case Blue.

 

Until January 25, 1943, parts of the Second German Army and the Second Hungarian Army occupied the western part of Voronezh. During Operation Little Saturn, the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive, and the Voronezhsko-Kastornenskoy Offensive, the Voronezh Front exacted heavy casualties on Axis forces. On January 25, 1943, Voronezh was liberated after ten days of combat. During the war the city was almost completely ruined, with 92% of all buildings destroyed.

 

Post-war

By 1950, Voronezh had been rebuilt. Most buildings and historical monuments were repaired. It was also the location of a prestigious Suvorov Military School, a boarding school for young boys who were considered to be prospective military officers, many of whom had been orphaned by war.

 

In 1950–1960, new factories were established: a tire factory, a machine-tool factory, a factory of heavy mechanical pressing, and others. In 1968, Serial production of the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic plane was established at the Voronezh Aviation factory. In October 1977, the first Soviet domestic wide-body plane, Ilyushin Il-86, was built there.

 

In 1989, TASS published details of an alleged UFO landing in the city's park and purported encounters with extraterrestrial beings reported by a number of children. A Russian scientist that was cited in initial TASS reports later told the Associated Press that he was misquoted, cautioning, "Don't believe all you hear from TASS," and "We never gave them part of what they published", and a TASS correspondent admitted the possibility that some "make-believe" had been added to the TASS story, saying, "I think there is a certain portion of truth, but it is not excluded that there is also fantasizing".

 

21st century

From 10 to 17 September 2011, Voronezh celebrated its 425th anniversary. The anniversary of the city was given the status of a federal scale celebration that helped attract large investments from the federal and regional budgets for development.

 

On December 17, 2012, Voronezh became the fifteenth city in Russia with a population of over one million people.

 

Today Voronezh is the economic, industrial, cultural, and scientific center of the Central Black Earth Region. As part of the annual tradition in the Russian city of Voronezh, every winter the main city square is thematically drawn around a classic literature. In 2020, the city was decorated using the motifs from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker. In the year of 2021, the architects drew inspiration from Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen as well as the animation classic The Snow Queen from the Soviet Union. The fairy tale replica city will feature the houses of Kai and Gerda, the palace of the snow queen, an ice rink, and illumination.

 

In June 2023, during the Wagner Group rebellion, forces of the Wagner Group claimed to have taken control of military facilities in the city. Later they were confirmed to have taken the city itself.

 

Administrative and municipal status

Voronezh is the administrative center of the oblast.[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Voronezh Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.

 

City divisions

The city is divided into six administrative districts:

 

Zheleznodorozhny (183,17 km²)

Tsentralny (63,96 km²)

Kominternovsky (47,41 km²)

Leninsky (18,53 km²)

Sovetsky (156,6 km²)

Levoberezhny (123,89 km²)

 

Economy

The leading sectors of the urban economy in the 20th century were mechanical engineering, metalworking, the electronics industry and the food industry.

 

In the city are such companies as:

Tupolev Tu-144

Voronezhselmash (agricultural engineering)

Sozvezdie[36] (headquarter, JSC Concern “Sozvezdie”, in 1958 the world's first created mobile telephony and wireless telephone Altai

Verofarm (pharmaceutics, owner Abbott Laboratories),

Voronezh Mechanical Plant[37] (production of missile and aircraft engines, oil and gas equipment)

Mining Machinery Holding - RUDGORMASH[38] (production of drilling, mineral processing and mining equipment)

VNiiPM Research Institute of Semiconductor Engineering (equipment for plasma-chemical processes, technical-chemical equipment for liquid operations, water treatment equipment)

KBKhA Chemical Automatics Design Bureau with notable products:.

Pirelli Voronezh.

On the territory of the city district government Maslovka Voronezh region with the support of the Investment Fund of Russia, is implementing a project to create an industrial park, "Maslowski", to accommodate more than 100 new businesses, including the transformer factory of Siemens. On September 7, 2011 in Voronezh there opened a Global network operation center of Nokia Siemens Networks, which was the fifth in the world and the first in Russia.

 

Construction

In 2014, 926,000 square meters of housing was delivered.

 

Clusters of Voronezh

In clusters of tax incentives and different preferences, the full support of the authorities. A cluster of Oil and Gas Equipment, Radio-electronic cluster, Furniture cluster, IT cluster, Cluster aircraft, Cluster Electromechanics, Transport and logistics cluster, Cluster building materials and technologies.

 

Geography

Urban layout

Information about the original urban layout of Voronezh is contained in the "Patrol Book" of 1615. At that time, the city fortress was logged and located on the banks of the Voronezh River. In plan, it was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of about 238 meter. inside it, due to lack of space, there was no housing or siege yards, and even the cathedral church was supposed to be taken out. However, at this small fortress there was a large garrison - 666 households of service people. These courtyards were reliably protected by the second line of fortifications by a standing prison on taras with 25 towers covered with earth; behind the prison was a moat, and beyond the moat there were stakes. Voronezh was a typical military settlement (ostrog). In the city prison there were only settlements of military men: Streletskaya, Kazachya, Belomestnaya atamanskaya, Zatinnaya and Pushkarskaya. The posad population received the territory between the ostrog and the river, where the Monastyrskaya settlements (at the Assumption Monastery) was formed. Subsequently, the Yamnaya Sloboda was added to them, and on the other side of the fort, on the Chizhovka Mountain, the Chizhovskaya Sloboda of archers and Cossacks appeared. As a result, the Voronezh settlements surrounded the fortress in a ring. The location of the parish churches emphasized this ring-like and even distribution of settlements: the Ilyinsky Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda, the Pyatnitskaya Cossack and Pokrovskaya Belomestnaya were brought out to the passage towers of the prison. The Nikolskaya Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda was located near the marketplace (and, accordingly, the front facade of the fortress), and the paired ensemble of the Rozhdestvenskaya and Georgievskaya churches of the Cossack Sloboda marked the main street of the city, going from the Cossack Gate to the fortress tower.

 

Climate

Voronezh experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.

 

Transportation

Air

The city is served by the Voronezh International Airport, which is located north of the city and is home to Polet Airlines. Voronezh is also home to the Pridacha Airport, a part of a major aircraft manufacturing facility VASO (Voronezhskoye Aktsionernoye Samoletostroitelnoye Obshchestvo, Voronezh aircraft production association) where the Tupolev Tu-144 (known in the West as the "Concordski"), was built and the only operational unit is still stored. Voronezh also hosts the Voronezh Malshevo air force base in the southwest of the city, which, according to a Natural Resources Defense Council report, houses nuclear bombers.[citation needed]

 

Rail

Since 1868, there is a railway connection between Voronezh and Moscow. Rail services form a part of the South Eastern Railway of the Russian Railways. Destinations served direct from Voronezh include Moscow, Kyiv, Kursk, Novorossiysk, Sochi, and Tambov. The main train station is called Voronezh-1 railway station and is located in the center of the city.

 

Bus

There are three bus stations in Voronezh that connect the city with destinations including Moscow, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, and Astrakhan.

 

Education and culture

Aviastroiteley Park

The city has seven theaters, twelve museums, a number of movie theaters, a philharmonic hall, and a circus. It is also a major center of higher education in central Russia. The main educational facilities include:

 

Voronezh State University

Voronezh State Technical University

Voronezh State University of Architecture and Construction

Voronezh State Pedagogical University

Voronezh State Agricultural University

Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies

Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko

Voronezh State Academy of Arts

Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov

Voronezh State Institute of Physical Training

Voronezh Institute of Russia's Home Affairs Ministry

Voronezh Institute of High Technologies

Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force «N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy» (Voronezh)

Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Voronezh branch)

Russian State University of Justice

Admiral Makarov State University of Sea and River Fleet (Voronezh branch)

International Institute of Computer Technologies

Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law

and a number of other affiliate and private-funded institutes and universities. There are 2000 schools within the city.

 

Theaters

Voronezh Chamber Theatre

Koltsov Academic Drama Theater

Voronezh State Opera and Ballet Theatre

Shut Puppet Theater

 

Festivals

Platonov International Arts Festival

 

Sports

ClubSportFoundedCurrent LeagueLeague

RankStadium

Fakel VoronezhFootball1947Russian Premier League1stTsentralnyi Profsoyuz Stadion

Energy VoronezhFootball1989Women's Premier League1stRudgormash Stadium

Buran VoronezhIce Hockey1977Higher Hockey League2ndYubileyny Sports Palace

VC VoronezhVolleyball2006Women's Higher Volleyball League A2ndKristall Sports Complex

 

Religion

Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral in Voronezh

Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Voronezh.[citation needed] There is an Orthodox Jewish community in Voronezh, with a synagogue located on Stankevicha Street.

 

In 1682, the Voronezh diocese was formed to fight the schismatics. Its first head was Bishop Mitrofan (1623-1703) at the age of 58. Under him, the construction began on the new Annunciation Cathedral to replace the old one. In 1832, Mitrofan was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

 

In the 1990s, many Orthodox churches were returned to the diocese. Their restoration was continued. In 2009, instead of the lost one, a new Annunciation Cathedral was built with a monument to St. Mitrofan erected next to it.

 

Cemeteries

There are ten cemeteries in Voronezh:

Levoberezhnoye Cemetery

Lesnoye Cemetery

Jewish Cemetery

Nikolskoye Cemetery

Pravoberezhnoye Cemetery

Budyonnovskoe Cemetery

Yugo-Zapadnoye Cemetery

Podgorenskоye Cemetery

Kominternovskoe Cemetery

Ternovoye Cemetery is а historical site closed to the public.

 

Born in Voronezh

18th century

Yevgeny Bolkhovitinov (1767–1837), Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia

Mikhail Pavlov (1792–1840), Russian academic and professor at Moscow University

19th century

1801–1850

Aleksey Koltsov (1809–1842), Russian poet

Ivan Nikitin (1824–1861), Russian poet

Nikolai Ge (1831–1894), Russian realist painter famous for his works on historical and religious motifs

Vasily Sleptsov (1836–1878), Russian writer and social reformer

Nikolay Kashkin (1839–1920), Russian music critic

1851–1900

Valentin Zhukovski (1858–1918), Russian orientalist

Vasily Goncharov (1861–1915), Russian film director and screenwriter, one of the pioneers of the film industry in the Russian Empire

Anastasiya Verbitskaya (1861–1928), Russian novelist, playwright, screenplay writer, publisher and feminist

Mikhail Olminsky (1863–1933), Russian Communist

Serge Voronoff (1866–1951), French surgeon of Russian extraction

Andrei Shingarev (1869–1918), Russian doctor, publicist and politician

Ivan Bunin (1870–1953), the first Russian writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature

Alexander Ostuzhev (1874–1953), Russian and Soviet drama actor

Valerian Albanov (1881–1919), Russian navigator and polar explorer

Jan Hambourg (1882–1947), Russian violinist, a member of a famous musical family

Volin (1882–1945), anarchist

Boris Hambourg (1885–1954), Russian cellist who made his career in the USA, Canada, England and Europe

Boris Eikhenbaum (1886–1959), Russian and Soviet literary scholar, and historian of Russian literature

Anatoly Durov (1887–1928), Russian animal trainer

Samuil Marshak (1887–1964), Russian and Soviet writer, translator and children's poet

Eduard Shpolsky (1892–1975), Russian and Soviet physicist and educator

George of Syracuse (1893–1981), Eastern Orthodox archbishop of the Ecumenical Patriarchate

Yevgeny Gabrilovich (1899–1993), Soviet screenwriter

Semyon Krivoshein (1899–1978), Soviet tank commander; Lieutenant General

Andrei Platonov (1899–1951), Soviet Russian writer, playwright and poet

Ivan Pravov (1899–1971), Russian and Soviet film director and screenwriter

William Dameshek (1900–1969), American hematologist

20th century

1901–1930

Ivan Nikolaev (1901–1979), Soviet architect and educator

Galina Shubina (1902–1980), Russian poster and graphics artist

Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990), Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934

Yakov Kreizer (1905–1969), Soviet field commander, General of the army and Hero of the Soviet Union

Iosif Rudakovsky (1914–1947), Soviet chess master

Pawel Kassatkin (1915–1987), Russian writer

Alexander Shelepin (1918–1994), Soviet state security officer and party statesman

Grigory Baklanov (1923–2009), Russian writer

Gleb Strizhenov (1923–1985), Soviet actor

Vladimir Zagorovsky (1925–1994), Russian chess grandmaster of correspondence chess and the fourth ICCF World Champion between 1962 and 1965

Konstantin Feoktistov (1926–2009), cosmonaut and engineer

Vitaly Vorotnikov (1926–2012), Soviet statesman

Arkady Davidowitz (1930), writer and aphorist

1931–1950

Grigory Sanakoev (1935), Russian International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster, most famous for being the twelfth ICCF World Champion (1984–1991)

Yuri Zhuravlyov (1935), Russian mathematician

Mykola Koltsov (1936–2011), Soviet footballer and Ukrainian football children and youth trainer

Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov (1936), Russian composer

Iya Savvina (1936–2011), Soviet film actress

Tamara Zamotaylova (1939), Soviet gymnast, who won four Olympic medals at the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics

Yury Smolyakov (1941), Soviet Olympic fencer

Yevgeny Lapinsky (1942–1999), Soviet Olympic volleyball player

Galina Bukharina (1945), Soviet athlete

Vladimir Patkin (1945), Soviet Olympic volleyball player

Vladimir Proskurin (1945), Soviet Russian football player and coach

Aleksandr Maleyev (1947), Soviet artistic gymnast

Valeri Nenenko (1950), Russian professional football coach and player

1951–1970

Vladimir Rokhlin, Jr. (1952), Russian-American mathematician and professor of computer science and mathematics at the Yale University

Lyubov Burda (1953), Russian artistic gymnast

Mikhail Khryukin (1955), Russian swimmer

Aleksandr Tkachyov (1957), Russian gymnast and two times Olympic Champion

Nikolai Vasilyev (1957), Russian professional football coach and player

Aleksandr Babanov (1958), Russian professional football coach and player

Sergey Koliukh (1960), Russian political figure; 4th Mayor of Voronezh

Yelena Davydova (1961), Soviet gymnast

Aleksandr Borodyuk (1962), Russian football manager and former international player for USSR and Russia

Aleksandr Chayev (1962), Russian swimmer

Elena Fanailova (1962), Russian poet

Alexander Litvinenko (1962–2006), officer of the Russian FSB and political dissident

Yuri Shishkin (1963), Russian professional football coach and player

Yuri Klinskikh (1964–2000), Russian musician, singer, songwriter, arranger, founder rock band Sektor Gaza

Yelena Ruzina (1964), athlete

Igor Bragin (1965), footballer

Gennadi Remezov (1965), Russian professional footballer

Valeri Shmarov (1965), Russian football player and coach

Konstantin Chernyshov (1967), Russian chess grandmaster

Igor Pyvin (1967), Russian professional football coach and player

Vladimir Bobrezhov (1968), Soviet sprint canoer

1971–1980

Oleg Gorobiy (1971), Russian sprint canoer

Anatoli Kanishchev (1971), Russian professional association footballer

Ruslan Mashchenko (1971), Russian hurdler

Aleksandr Ovsyannikov (1974), Russian professional footballer

Dmitri Sautin (1974), Russian diver who has won more medals than any other Olympic diver

Sergey Verlin (1974), Russian sprint canoer

Maxim Narozhnyy (1975–2011), Paralympian athlete

Aleksandr Cherkes (1976), Russian football coach and player

Andrei Durov (1977), Russian professional footballer

Nikolai Kryukov (1978), Russian artistic gymnast

Kirill Gerstein (1979), Jewish American and Russian pianist

Evgeny Ignatov (1979), Russian sprint canoeist

Aleksey Nikolaev (1979), Russian-Uzbekistan footballer

Aleksandr Palchikov (1979), former Russian professional football player

Konstantin Skrylnikov (1979), Russian professional footballer

Aleksandr Varlamov (1979), Russian diver

Angelina Yushkova (1979), Russian gymnast

Maksim Potapov (1980), professional ice hockey player

1981–1990

Alexander Krysanov (1981), Russian professional ice hockey forward

Yulia Nachalova (1981–2019), Soviet and Russian singer, actress and television presenter

Andrei Ryabykh (1982), Russian football player

Maxim Shchyogolev (1982), Russian theatre and film actor

Eduard Vorganov (1982), Russian professional road bicycle racer

Anton Buslov (1983–2014), Russian astrophysicist, blogger, columnist at The New Times magazine and expert on transportation systems

Dmitri Grachyov (1983), Russian footballer

Aleksandr Kokorev (1984), Russian professional football player

Dmitry Kozonchuk (1984), Russian professional road bicycle racer for Team Katusha

Alexander Khatuntsev (1985), Russian professional road bicycle racer

Egor Vyaltsev (1985), Russian professional basketball player

Samvel Aslanyan (1986), Russian handball player

Maksim Chistyakov (1986), Russian football player

Yevgeniy Dorokhin (1986), Russian sprint canoer

Daniil Gridnev (1986), Russian professional footballer

Vladimir Moskalyov (1986), Russian football referee

Elena Danilova (1987), Russian football forward

Sektor Gaza (1987–2000), punk band

Regina Moroz (1987), Russian female volleyball player

Roman Shishkin (1987), Russian footballer

Viktor Stroyev (1987), Russian footballer

Elena Terekhova (1987), Russian international footballer

Natalia Goncharova (1988), Russian diver

Yelena Yudina (1988), Russian skeleton racer

Dmitry Abakumov (1989), Russian professional association football player

Igor Boev (1989), Russian professional racing cyclist

Ivan Dobronravov (1989), Russian actor

Anna Bogomazova (1990), Russian kickboxer, martial artist, professional wrestler and valet

Yuriy Kunakov (1990), Russian diver

Vitaly Melnikov (1990), Russian backstroke swimmer

Kristina Pravdina (1990), Russian female artistic gymnast

Vladislav Ryzhkov (1990), Russian footballer

1991–2000

Danila Poperechny (1994), Russian stand-up comedian, actor, youtuber, podcaster

Darya Stukalova (1994), Russian Paralympic swimmer

Viktoria Komova (1995), Russian Olympic gymnast

Vitali Lystsov (1995), Russian professional footballer

Marina Nekrasova (1995), Russian-born Azerbaijani artistic gymnast

Vladislav Parshikov (1996), Russian football player

Dmitri Skopintsev (1997), Russian footballer

Alexander Eickholtz (1998) American sportsman

Angelina Melnikova (2000), Russian Olympic gymnast

Lived in Voronezh

Aleksey Khovansky (1814–1899), editor

Ivan Kramskoi (1837–1887), Russian painter and art critic

Mitrofan Pyatnitsky (1864–1927), Russian musician

Mikhail Tsvet (1872–1919), Russian botanist

Alexander Kuprin (1880–1960), Russian painter, a member of the Jack of Diamonds group

Yevgeny Zamyatin (1884-1937), Russian writer, went to school in Voronezh

Osip Mandelstam (1891–1938), Russian poet

Nadezhda Mandelstam (1899-1980), Russian writer

Gavriil Troyepolsky (1905–1995), Soviet writer

Nikolay Basov (1922–2001), Soviet physicist and educator

Vasily Peskov (1930–2013), Russian writer, journalist, photographer, traveller and ecologist

Valentina Popova (1972), Russian weightlifter

Igor Samsonov, painter

Tatyana Zrazhevskaya, Russian boxer

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- - -

 

The NSU Ro 80 was a technologically advanced large sedan-type automobile produced by the German firm of NSU from 1967 until 1977. Most notable was the powertrain; a 113 bhp (86 kW), 995 cc twin-rotor Wankel engine driving the front wheels through a semi-automatic transmission employing an innovative vacuum system. It was voted Car of the Year for 1968 by European motoring writers.

 

Unfortunately for NSU, the car developed an early reputation for unreliability, from which it would never escape. The Wankel engine in particular suffered from heavy wear on the rotor tip seals, among many other problems, and some early cars required a completely rebuilt engine before 30,000 miles (50,000 km), with problems visible as early as 15,000 miles (24,000 kilometres). The fact that the rotary engine design was inherently thirsty (typically 15-18 mpg) and a poor understanding of the Wankel engine by dealers and mechanics did not help this situation. By the 1970 model year, most of these problems were resolved, but a necessarily generous warranty policy and damage to the car's reputation had undermined NSU's financial situation irreparably. NSU was acquired by Audi (of the Volkswagen group) in 1969. Second hand Ro80s were virtually worthless in the 1970s due to the well-publicised engine problems, and a common "cure" for an ailing rotary engine was to simply swap it for a Ford V4 "Essex" engine (as found in Mk1 Transits) purely as it was one of the few engines compact enough to fit in the Ro80's engine bay. Thus in an ironic twist, one of the smoothest engines in the world was replaced by one of the roughest. The NSU's unpopularity caused by the above problems means that surviving examples are very rare, and are now considered highly-prized classic cars with values to match, particularly as thanks to Mazda's perseverance with rotary design, the tip seal problem has been all but eradicated.

 

Other technological features of the Ro 80 aside from the powertrain were the four wheel ATE Dunlop disc brakes, which for some time were generally only featured on expensive sports or luxury saloon cars. The front brakes were mounted inboard, reducing the unsprung weight. The suspension was independent on all four wheels, with MacPherson struts at the front and semi-trailing arm suspension at the rear, both of which are space-saving designs commonly used today. Power assisted ZF rack and pinion steering was used, again foreshadowing more recent designs.

 

The car featured an automatic clutch which was commonly described as a three-speed semi-automatic gearbox: there was no clutch pedal but instead, on top of the gearknob, an electric switch that operated a vacuum system which disengaged the clutch. The gear lever itself then could be moved through a standard 'h pattern' gate.

 

Interior trim combined cloth covered seats with pvc headlining and a carpeted floor.

 

The styling, by Claus Luthe who was head of design at NSU and later BMW, was considered very modern at the time and still holds up well; the Ro 80 has been part of many gallery exhibits of modern industrial design. The large glass area foreshadowed 1970s designs such as Citroën's. The shape was also slippery, with a drag coefficient of 0.355 (very good for the era, although average for modern cars). This allowed for a top speed of 112 mph (179.2 km/h). Indeed, comparisons have been drawn between the design of the Ro80 and the superbly aerodynamic 1984 Audi 100 - the shape is very, very similar.

 

Series production started in October 1967: the last examples came off the production line in April 1977. There were 37,204 vehicles produced during the ten year production run.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

- - -

 

Der NSU Ro 80 war eine Limousine der gehobenen Klasse von NSU, später Audi NSU. Er erschien 1967 mit einer revolutionären aerodynamischen Karosserie, die ihrer Zeit weit voraus war. Ebenfalls ungewöhnlich war der Wankelmotor, der 115 PS leistete. Dieser Motor machte in der Frühzeit durch häufige Dichtleistendefekte auf sich aufmerksam, denen jedoch der Hersteller mit kulantem Motorenaustausch begegnete. Dennoch litt der Ruf des neuen Modells und des Wankelmotors darunter erheblich.

 

Die konsequente Umsetzung der Keilform im Entwurf von Claus Luthe war ein stilprägender Impuls für das Automobildesign der 1980er-Jahre. Insbesondere bei Audi sollte das Erscheinungsbild des Ro 80 maßgeblich für ganze Fahrzeuggenerationen werden. Das charakteristische hintere Dreiecksfenster ist bis heute typischer Bestandteil des Designs bei Audi.

 

Der Ro 80 wurde in nur 37.398 Exemplaren bis 1977 produziert und blieb, technisch gesehen, ohne Nachfolger. Das letzte produzierte Fahrzeug wurde 1977 dem Deutschen Museum übergeben. Weitere Fahrzeuge sind unter anderem in der Pinakothek der Moderne in München, im Depot des Deutschen Technikmuseums Berlin, im Deutschen Zweirad- und NSU-Museum und im Audi Forum in Neckarsulm, im museum mobile in Ingolstadt, im EFA-Museum für Deutsche Automobilgeschichte in Amerang sowie in der Autostadt in Wolfsburg ausgestellt. Das Schnittmodell des Ro 80, mit dem der Wagen auf der IAA vorgestellt wurde, wird im Museum Autovision als Teil der Dauerausstellung Wankelmotor gezeigt.

 

Der weltweit älteste noch erhaltene NSU Ro 80 gehört einem Architekten aus Frankfurt am Main, und trägt die Fahrgestell-Nr. 80 001 061, Fertigungsdatum Donnerstag, der 19. Oktober 1967, Farbe saguntoblau.

 

Das „Ro“ im Namen steht für Rotationskolben im Gegensatz zu „K“ wie beim VW K 70, das für Kolben bzw. Hubkolben stand.

 

Bei den ersten Serienmotoren kam es infolge eines Konstruktionsfehlers zu vermehrten Motorschäden. Hatten die Motoren in der Erprobung über 200 000 km gehalten, so verloren sie in Kundenhand oft schnell an Kompression. Schnell wurde eine falsche Materialpaarung als Ursache dafür erkannt. Eilig wurden Material sowie die Teilung der Dichtleisten geändert und somit war das Dichtleistenproblem vorerst gelöst. In Verbindung mit einem Ferrotic-Mittelteil und einer härteren Enesilschicht mit höherem Siliziumkarbidanteil ging man später auf die ursprüngliche Dichtleistenteilung zurück. Ab Anfang 1970 wurden die neuen Ferrotic-Dichtleisten in die Serie eingeführt.

 

Als ebenfalls problematisch erwies sich die Doppelzündung, zum einen von der Einstellung her und zum anderen wegen des hohen Abbrands der Zündkontakte, was dann durch zu viel Frühzündung zu Motorschäden führte. Dies wurde durch eine Einfachzündung in Verbindung mit einer Hochspannungskondensatorzündung (HKZ) auf Kosten des Spritverbrauchs behoben. Die kulante Austauschpraxis führte zeitweise dazu, dass über 35 % der angeblich defekten Motoren in Ordnung waren. Nachdem der Zündzeitpunkt sowie der Vergaser neu eingestellt wurden und der Motor einen Probelauf auf dem Prüfstand absolviert hatte, wurden diese Motoren wieder als Austauschmotoren ausgeliefert.

 

Ein nicht unerheblicher Anteil an Motorschäden ging auf das Konto des Drehmomentwandlers, den man gegen das Schieberuckeln (verursacht durch den Umfangseinlass) einbaute und der zum Teil für den Mehrverbrauch des Ro 80 mitverantwortlich war. Da der Wankelmotor erheblich höher drehte (wohl eher wegen erheblicher Überdrehzahl aufgrund fehlender Drehzahlbegrenzung), passierte es bei einer Reihe Drehmomentwandlern, dass sie sich radial ausdehnten. Dadurch zogen sie sich axial zusammen und nun kollidierte das Pumpen- mit dem Turbinenrad. Da der Wandler im Motorölkreislauf hing, gelangten dadurch Späne in den Motor, was dann umgehend zu Motorschäden führte. Auch erwies sich ein kleines Nadellager im Wandler als anfällig, dessen häufiger Ausfall ebenfalls zu Spänen im Motoröl führte und damit indirekt für einen defekten Motor sorgte. Dies wurde dann durch einen verstärkten Wandler behoben. Ab Herbst 1971 führte man dann in Verbindung mit der Bosch-Hochspannungskondensatorzündung und thermischer Abgasentgiftung einen akustischen Drehzahlwarner ein, der die elektrische Benzinpumpe bei Überdrehzahl abschaltete und dadurch eine Überdrehzahl des Motors wirksam vermied.

 

Anfänglich war alle 20 000 km ein Ölwechsel nötig, der später jedoch entfiel. So mancher Fahrer glaubte deshalb, man müsste kein Öl mehr nachfüllen, worauf einige Motoren ohne Öl liegen blieben. Dieser Art Motorschäden begegnete man mit einer geänderten zweiflutigen Ölpumpe. Der Einlass für den Wandlerkreislauf wurde höher angesetzt. Bevor nun der Motorölkreislauf kein Öl mehr bekam, saugte der Wandlerkreislauf Luft, woraufhin der Wandleröldruck absank und die Öldruckanzeige aufleuchtete. Ignorierte der Fahrer die Warnlampe, übertrug der Wandler keine Kraft mehr an das Getriebe und das Auto blieb stehen. Spätestens jetzt wusste der nachlässige Fahrer, dass er vergessen hatte, den Ölstand zu kontrollieren.

 

Ein weiteres Problem, das ebenfalls direkt zu Motorschäden führte, war eine Öldosierpumpe ohne Nullanschlag. Dies führte dazu, dass, wenn diese Pumpe falsch eingestellt wurde, im Leerlauf kein Öl für die Trochoidenschmierung geliefert wurde. Daraufhin wurde eine geänderte Öldosierpumpe eingesetzt, die nun nicht mehr auf Null gestellt werden konnte.

 

Problematisch war auch, dass man gleich mehrere bis dahin unerprobte Verfahren in Verbindung mit dem Wankelmotor einführte. So hieß es von dem Enesilverfahren scherzhaft, es funktioniere nur bei Südwind, was auf die Witterungsempfindlichkeit anspielte. Auch gab es anfänglich Probleme mit der Dosierung und Korngröße des eingebetteten Siliziumkarbids und der Dosierung des Saccharin (das als Einebner für Nickelschichten in der Galvanik angewendet wird). Zudem waren die Werkstätten zum Teil mit der Technik rund um den Motor überfordert. Teilweise aber entwickelten einige Kunden auch geradezu kriminelle Energien. Kurz vor dem Ablauf der Garantie provozierten sie absichtlich einen Motorschaden.

 

Als das Dichtleistenproblem gelöst schien, kam es wieder zu gehäuften Motorschäden. Nun war es aber kein Konstruktionsfehler, sondern ein Zulieferer, der sich nicht an die Fertigungsvorschriften hielt.

 

Bei den letzten Ausführungen der Motoren bestanden die Dichtleisten komplett aus Ferrotic, diese Aggregate erwiesen sich als äußerst robust. Zusätzlich kam der Lebensdauer die Einführung des bleifreien Benzins entgegen. Anders als ein Viertakthubkolbenmotor dessen Ventilsitze mit Blei geschmiert werden mussten konnte der Wankelmotor des Ro 80 problemlos mit bleifreiem Kraftstoff betrieben werden, da beim Wankelmotor für die Gaswechselsteuerung keine Ventile benötigt werden.

 

(Wikipedia)

School of Art, Design and Media of Nanyang Technological University of Singapore

Maher will be graduating from Tennessee Technological University soon, so he wanted some graduation photos done. We set up right on the Quad and used the iconic Derryberry Hall as our backdrop. It all came together quite nicely if I do say so myself.

 

Press "L"

 

strobist: 1 White Lighting Ultrazap 1600, camera right, diffused by a Paul C. Buff Large Foldabe Octabox. 1 White Lightning Ultrazap 1600, camera left, diffused by a 64" PLM with diffusion cover in place. 1 White Lightning Ultrazap 1600, camera right (behind subject), diffused by an 8"x36" stripbox. Flashes triggered via Cybersyncs and Cyber Commander; powered via Vagabond II and Innovatronix Explorer XT. A CPL (circular polarizer) was used.

Metalhead - Donatello's half-pint associate and technological creation. He is a feisty little Turtle-bot. He received a few upgrades since we last saw him, compelling the Turtles to test out his new moves. They all are impressed with him except for Leonardo, who is apparently still hesitant about Metalhead's dependability, was later convinced that he could indeed be trusted.

 

In the 1987 cartoon series, Metalhead first appeared in the episode "The Making of Metalhead" where it he imbued with thoughts and memories of the Turtles. This gave Metalhead an identity disorder until Donatello reprograms him to work for the Ninja Turtles. Metalhead replicated the voices of the Ninja Turtles, Shredder, and April O'Neil, meaning that Metalhead was voiced by Cam Clarke, Barry Gordon, Rob Paulsen, Townsend Coleman, Dorian Harewood (who was filling in for James Avery at the time), and Renae Jacobs. In this appearance, He was only seen again when Donatello tries to get him to vacuum their TV room in the episode "Big Bug Blunder".

 

In the 2003 series, Metal Head was part of the final attack on the Tengu Shredder. Metal Head appears in the "Fast Forward" season episode The Journal. Metal Head also appears in TMNT: Back to the Sewer. He shows up in the episodes "Super Power Struggle" and "Wedding Bells and Bytes".

 

In the 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series, Metalhead was created by Donatello from a salvaged Kraang droid as a way to upgrade "his" weapons. Donatello could control Metalhead via a NES-like controller while observing through a TV monitor since there are cameras in Metalhead's eyes. Donatello can also speak through Metalhead voice box.

 

While Metalhead proved to be nearly unstoppable in combat situations, he was far too clunky and heavy to properly sneak around. Later in the episode, when his brothers became overwhelmed, Donatello sent Metalhead in to take care of the krangg. He easily defeated the Kraang attacking them, knocking off the control antenna in the process. One Kraang realized that Metalhead was made from their technology and detached from its robot body where it opted to control Metalhead. The Kraang-controlled Metalhead and attacked the Ninja Turtles, nearly killing them until Donatello showed up in person. Donatello managed to defeat Metalhead by crashing a support pillar on it.

 

In a later episode, Metalhead was rebuilt by Donatello where it aided the Ninja Turtles in the battle against the Kraang. Apparently now programmed with some degree of independence and operating without any sign of a direct controller, Metalhead drove the Shellraiser into the TCRI building lobby and subsequently attacked the Kraang guards while the Ninja Turtles used their new gliders to infiltrate the building from the roof.

 

Metalhead is reconfigured by Donatello in "Metalhead Rewired", in which he exhibits a personality similar to R2-D2 . After a battle with the Kraang goes awry, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael vote to terminate Metalhead, who quickly escapes before Donatello can do so. Metalhead is able to find a portal to a Kraang prison where many mutants from the series have been incarcerated. later Metalhead saves the turtles by staying behind to close the portal and later self destructs.

 

Weapons-

He has extending and rocket propelled punches and kick attacks, as well as a machine guns in his chest and rocket launchers. he also is programed and skilled with strong ninjutsu capabilities.

 

Video Games-

Metalhead appears in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time as the boss of the second level. Turtles in Time Re-Shelled; The instruction manual of the Super NES version of Turtles in Time erroneously refers to Metalhead as Mechaturtle.

 

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GO TMNT GO !!

A budist monk talking on the phone while holding an iPad with his other hand. Took in one of the many temples that form the Angkor Wat complex in Siem Reap, Cambodia.

 

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Messing with her phone; not an uncommon thing amongst the teenagers.

Somewhere between technological singularity and ecological singularity

francois-quevillon.com/w/?p=5242

 

Quelque part entre la singularité technologique et la singularité écologique

francois-quevillon.com/w/?p=5231

  

Metalhead - Donatello's half-pint associate and technological creation. He is a feisty little Turtle-bot. He received a few upgrades since we last saw him, compelling the Turtles to test out his new moves. They all are impressed with him except for Leonardo, who is apparently still hesitant about Metalhead's dependability, was later convinced that he could indeed be trusted.

 

In the 1987 cartoon series, Metalhead first appeared in the episode "The Making of Metalhead" where it he imbued with thoughts and memories of the Turtles. This gave Metalhead an identity disorder until Donatello reprograms him to work for the Ninja Turtles. Metalhead replicated the voices of the Ninja Turtles, Shredder, and April O'Neil, meaning that Metalhead was voiced by Cam Clarke, Barry Gordon, Rob Paulsen, Townsend Coleman, Dorian Harewood (who was filling in for James Avery at the time), and Renae Jacobs. In this appearance, He was only seen again when Donatello tries to get him to vacuum their TV room in the episode "Big Bug Blunder".

 

In the 2003 series, Metal Head was part of the final attack on the Tengu Shredder. Metal Head appears in the "Fast Forward" season episode The Journal. Metal Head also appears in TMNT: Back to the Sewer. He shows up in the episodes "Super Power Struggle" and "Wedding Bells and Bytes".

 

In the 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series, Metalhead was created by Donatello from a salvaged Kraang droid as a way to upgrade "his" weapons. Donatello could control Metalhead via a NES-like controller while observing through a TV monitor since there are cameras in Metalhead's eyes. Donatello can also speak through Metalhead voice box.

 

While Metalhead proved to be nearly unstoppable in combat situations, he was far too clunky and heavy to properly sneak around. Later in the episode, when his brothers became overwhelmed, Donatello sent Metalhead in to take care of the krangg. He easily defeated the Kraang attacking them, knocking off the control antenna in the process. One Kraang realized that Metalhead was made from their technology and detached from its robot body where it opted to control Metalhead. The Kraang-controlled Metalhead and attacked the Ninja Turtles, nearly killing them until Donatello showed up in person. Donatello managed to defeat Metalhead by crashing a support pillar on it.

 

In a later episode, Metalhead was rebuilt by Donatello where it aided the Ninja Turtles in the battle against the Kraang. Apparently now programmed with some degree of independence and operating without any sign of a direct controller, Metalhead drove the Shellraiser into the TCRI building lobby and subsequently attacked the Kraang guards while the Ninja Turtles used their new gliders to infiltrate the building from the roof.

 

Metalhead is reconfigured by Donatello in "Metalhead Rewired", in which he exhibits a personality similar to R2-D2 . After a battle with the Kraang goes awry, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael vote to terminate Metalhead, who quickly escapes before Donatello can do so. Metalhead is able to find a portal to a Kraang prison where many mutants from the series have been incarcerated. later Metalhead saves the turtles by staying behind to close the portal and later self destructs.

 

Weapons-

He has extending and rocket propelled punches and kick attacks, as well as a machine guns in his chest and rocket launchers. he also is programed and skilled with strong ninjutsu capabilities.

 

Video Games-

Metalhead appears in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time as the boss of the second level. Turtles in Time Re-Shelled; The instruction manual of the Super NES version of Turtles in Time erroneously refers to Metalhead as Mechaturtle.

 

Please like and share.

GO TMNT GO !!

Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Concorde, Fox Alpha, Air France:

 

The first supersonic airliner to enter service, the Concorde flew thousands of passengers across the Atlantic at twice the speed of sound for over 25 years. Designed and built by Aérospatiale of France and the British Aviation Corporation, the graceful Concorde was a stunning technological achievement that could not overcome serious economic problems.

 

In 1976 Air France and British Airways jointly inaugurated Concorde service to destinations around the globe. Carrying up to 100 passengers in great comfort, the Concorde catered to first class passengers for whom speed was critical. It could cross the Atlantic in fewer than four hours - half the time of a conventional jet airliner. However its high operating costs resulted in very high fares that limited the number of passengers who could afford to fly it. These problems and a shrinking market eventually forced the reduction of service until all Concordes were retired in 2003.

 

In 1989, Air France signed a letter of agreement to donate a Concorde to the National Air and Space Museum upon the aircraft's retirement. On June 12, 2003, Air France honored that agreement, donating Concorde F-BVFA to the Museum upon the completion of its last flight. This aircraft was the first Air France Concorde to open service to Rio de Janeiro, Washington, D.C., and New York and had flown 17,824 hours.

 

Gift of Air France.

 

Manufacturer:

Societe Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale

British Aircraft Corporation

 

Dimensions:

Wingspan: 25.56 m (83 ft 10 in)

Length: 61.66 m (202 ft 3 in)

Height: 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in)

Weight, empty: 79,265 kg (174,750 lb)

Weight, gross: 181,435 kg (400,000 lb)

Top speed: 2,179 km/h (1350 mph)

Engine: Four Rolls-Royce/SNECMA Olympus 593 Mk 602, 17,259 kg (38,050 lb) thrust each

Manufacturer: Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale, Paris, France, and British Aircraft Corporation, London, United Kingdom

 

Physical Description:

Aircaft Serial Number: 205. Including four (4) engines, bearing respectively the serial number: CBE066, CBE062, CBE086 and CBE085.

Also included, aircraft plaque: "AIR FRANCE Lorsque viendra le jour d'exposer Concorde dans un musee, la Smithsonian Institution a dores et deja choisi, pour le Musee de l'Air et de l'Espace de Washington, un appariel portant le couleurs d'Air France."

The Texas Technological College Dairy Barn stands on the Texas Tech University campus in Lubbock. It was built in 1926-27 using the designs of Wyatt C. Hedrick, and served as a teaching facility for 40 years.

 

Until 1935, students would bring their own cows to campus and market their own milk products through the Student Dairy Association. After 1927, the Dairy Manufacturers department sold milk and ice cream to Lubbock residents and college cafeterias. The university moved its dairy facility elsewhere in 1967 and abandoned the dairy barn.

 

From 1990 through 1992, students raised funds to preserve the barn as a symbol of Texas Tech's agricultural roots. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

 

Information from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Technological_College_Dairy_Barn

 

Located in the South Plains region of West Texas, where the Panhandle begins, Lubbock is the seat of Lubbock County and home to Texas Tech University. It was the 11th largest city in the state in 2020 with roughly 260,000 people.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

  

Some background:

In March 1941 Saab was given the task to design a better fighter than the Seversky Republic P-35s and Reggiane 2000s, at that time the only fighter aircraft Sweden was able or allowed to buy and the air force’s most modern fighters. Several other foreign designs, including the German Bf 109 or even the Japanese Mitsubishi Zero had also been considered.

 

Anyway, during the ongoing war the procurement of foreign equipment had no predictable future, and so a program for an indigenous fighter aircraft was launched the same year. This resulted in two different designs, which were both initially constructed around an imported German DB 603 engine – a deal which had become possible through the allowance of German transport flights to Norway over Swedish territory, a reason why no Allied equipment was sold to Sweden.

 

The resulting designs, the L-21 and L-23, differed considerably from each other. The Saab L-21 was a futuristic twin-boom pusher. This unconventional layout was a technological risk, with ejection seat and all, but it was expected to exploit the DB603 engine to the max, with a low-drag airframe (e .g. with a totally buried radiator installation inside of the inner wings) and a well-balanced center of gravity, which was expected to improve handling and turn radius. It was the favored design of Saab’s engineers.

 

As a fall-back option, though, the L-23 was added. It was a more conservative design with the same DB 603 engine, but with the engine in the classic nose position, a tunnel radiator under the rear fuselage, low tapered wings and a conventional tail. The overall outline resembled the P-51B/C Mustang. Most interestingly, the J 23 was to have a Bofors ejection seat, too, despite its conventional layout.

 

In December 1941 both designs were approved for prototypes, so that a direct comparison of both layouts could be made. The first of three J 21 prototypes flew on 30 July 1943, while the first three J 23 fighters followed on 10 August, just two weeks later.

 

Flight tests and evaluation continued until mid-1944 and, despite less weight and size, the J 23 turned out to be fast (Max. speed 626 km/h (388 mph) with the DB 603), but considerably less maneuverable than the J 21, which in itself was also not a perfect aircraft and frequently faced overheating problems.

 

Faced with two mediocre designs and an urgent need for a modern fighter, it was eventually decided to go ahead with the J 21 for serial production, but a pre-production batch of upgraded J 23 was also ordered for field tests and further development. In the meantime, Sweden had acquired rights to produce the DB 605 in license, and the new fighter was to be adapted to this more modern and powerful engine – it was hoped that the new engine would improve the J 23’s performance, and it was also fitted to the production J 21.

 

This re-engined variant was the J 23A, of which twelve aircraft were constructed at the main plant in Trollhättan and delivered from August 1945, too late to be involved in typical interception duties at the Swedish borders.

Deliveries of the favored J 21 started in December of the same year. The latter’s field performance turned out to be unsuited for the interceptor role, and the cooling problems persisted. Relegated mainly into the bomber and CAS role (the J 21 turned out to be a passable ground attack aircraft and a stable gun platform), the limitation of the J 21’s pusher design led to a revival of the front-engine J 23.

 

The resulting J 23B became the aircraft’s actual production variant, incorporating many improvements which had been developed and tested on the prototypes and the pre-production J 23As. These included aerodynamic modifications like a different airfoil on the outer wings and a lowered horizontal stabilizer, coupled with an extended rear fuselage for better directional stability and a slimmed-down radiator fairing for less drag. These machines were delivered from late 1946 on, and a total of forty-six J 23B airframes were produced until early 1948.

 

In service, the lighter J 23Bs proved to be a better interceptor than the J 21, with a higher top speed and rate of climb, but its handling was less responsive than the pusher aircraft with the same engine and armament.

 

Overall the J 23B was regarded as inferior to the very similar J 26 (the P-51D) in almost any respect, and the J 23B was never really popular with its flight or ground crews. Consequently, the J 23Bs active fighter career was short and the machines were only operated by the F 16 fighter wing and the F 20 Air Force Academy, both based at Uppsala Airfield, primarily used for advanced weapon and air combat training.

 

A new evaluation of the J 21 and the J 23 in 1947 led to the decision to retain the J 21 series but to consider the modification of the airframe to accommodate a jet engine. While production line J 21A series aircraft were first selected for conversion, the initial piston-engine version continued in production in five series "batches" that were completed in 1948–49.

 

Further J 23B production was not resumed, instead the J 26 and J 27 were procured. Anyway, the age of the piston-engine fighter came soon to a close and the Swedish Air Force entered the jet age. Consequently, the J 23B was already phased out, together with the J 21, after 1954.

  

General characteristics:

Crew: one

Length: 9.58 m (31 ft 4 in)

Wingspan: 11.3 m (37 ft 8 in)

Height: 3.96 (13 ft 0 in)

Wing area: 20.00 m² (215.28 ft²)

Empty weight: 2,535 kg (5,583 lb)

Loaded weight: 3,445 kg (7,588 lb)

Max. take-off weight: 3,663 kg (8,068 lb)

 

Powerplant:

1× Daimler-Benz liquid-cooled, supercharged, 60° inverted V12 DB 605B engine,

rated at 1,085 kW (1,455 hp / 1,475 PS) and license-built by SFA.

 

Performance:

Maximum speed: 680 km/h (367 knots, 422 mph)

Cruise speed: 495 km/h (265 knots, 308 mph)

Range: 750 km (466 mi)

Service ceiling: 11,200 m (36,685 ft)

Rate of climb: 17 m/s (3,340 ft/min)

Armament:

1× engine-mounted 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404 or Bofors cannon,

firing through the propeller hub

4× 13 mm Bofors-built Colt machine guns in the outer wings nose

Underwing hardpoints for various bombs, drop tanks and unguided rockets

  

The kit and its assembly:

The “Swedish Season” continues! The Saab 23 is another “phantom of the past”, a real world design that never left the drawing board. The J 23 actually started as an alternative to the J 21, but was discarded in late 1941 in favor of the more promising, yet bigger and heavier, pusher design. But that would not stop modelers from trying to build one, even though I have never seen a model of this aircraft? Having recently tried to build a Saab 27 fighter caught me in the right mood for another whiffy Swedish design, so I took a chance on the J 23, too.

 

At first glance you can mistake the J 23 for a P-51B with an engine from a late Bf 109, some sources describe it as “a Swedish Messerschmitt”. But that’s only superficial, much like the later Griffon-powered J 27 project which can be described as a “Super Spitfire”, but this does not do justice to the aircraft’s construction.

Both were independent developments, even though the P-51 (some early specimen were forced to land in Sweden and closely examined) certainly had a massive impact on both designs.

 

Anyway, the information basis surrounding the J 23 is worse than the J 27’s, and I only had rather vague profile drawings/sketches at hand for reference. A basis model was also hard to find: the rear section from a P-51B (in this case an Intech kit from Poland) was settled, since the Mustang’s cockpit shape, dorsal section and fin come really close to the J 23. But you cannot simply mate a P-51 with a Bf 109 nose, it would result in a rather wacky Mustang-thing because the proportions are not right.

 

Finding a good solution was not easy, and I was lucky to find a Hasegawa Ki-61 in the stash – it has a German engine (an earlier DB 601, though) and an overall layout similar to the P-51B. But the Ki-61 is considerably larger than a Bf 109, more in the P-51’s size class. Despite many detail modifications I decided to mate these unlikely aircraft for the J 23s basis – engraved panel lines on both kits made the combination less obvious, too.

 

The InTech P-51B gave its tail and the cockpit section (excluding the radiator tunnel and the wing roots), cut away from the rest of the Mustang fuselage with a Z-shaped cut. With a matching cut on the Ki-61’s fuselage, the engine and the whole wing/fuselage intersection were used. Styrene strips held the fuselage sections in place, on the outside the seams were later blended with nitrous compound putty. One benefit of this solution is that the OOB P-51 canopy could be used (even though the rear end fit necessitated some body work), and the resulting cockpit position was just as far forward as on the J 23, right above the wings. As a consequence the rear fuselage behind the cockpit appears to be rather long, but that is AFAIK correct, the J 23 had these slightly odd proportions!

 

For the J 23’s DB 605 engine a different, bigger spinner had to be mounted – scratched from a massive PZL 23 spinner and single blades (from the Hasegawa Ki-61), together with a metal axis and a styrene tube adapter inside of the nose. Some putty work was necessary to fair over the Ki-61 guns on the cowling, the typical DB 601 front bulge and blend the bigger, new spinner to the rest of the fuselage, but the result looks O.K.

 

The Ki-61’s original wings and landing gear could, thanks to the original fuselage section from the Hasegawa kit, be carried over and easily mounted, even though the wing tips were clipped for a square, Mustang-esque shape (the J 23’s look in all illustrations I’ve seen like upscaled Bf 109E wings).

 

The InTech P-51’s horizontal stabilizers were used, but for a J 23 they had to be placed in a different position: further back (so that wedges for the vertical rudder had to be cut out) and considerably lower, necessitating some (more) body work to hide the original attachment points. The new position adds to the impression of an extended fuselage section behind the cockpit, even though the P-51 donor fuselage section is only a little longer than the Ki-61’s. All tail surface outlines were slightly modified, too.

 

The J 23’s typical, shallow radiator tunnel had to be scratched, the semi-buried construction sits far behind the wings’ training edge. In an initial step, the removed Ki-61 radiator’s gap as well as the P-51 tail wheel well were faired over with styrene sheet and new intake/outlet ramps integrated into the lower rear fuselage. The tunnel itself is the narrow, aerodynamic fairing of a Boulton Paul Defiant’s machine guns behind the turret (raised when not in use), left over from a Pavla kit, opened at both ends.

As a consequence of the new and long radiator tunnel, the P-51 tail wheel well was moved about 5mm further back and the fuselage profile under the tail fin re-shaped.

 

One of the final steps was the cockpit interior, because I was not sure concerning the relative position of the P-51’s canopy (cut into three pieces for open display) and dashboard and the Ki-61’s cockpit floor panel and seat. But both turned out to match relatively well, and I added a tank and radio dummy behind the seat in order to prevent a clear view into the rear fuselage.

 

The landing gear was taken OOB from the Ki-61 – it looks similar to the real J 23 arrangement, so I stuck with it. The tail wheel comes from the InTech P-51, just the covers were scratched for the re-located well.

 

All gun barrels on spinner and wings are hollow steel needles, no ordnance was hung under the wings, even though the Ki-61 hardpoints were retained. After all, it’s a fighter aircraft.

  

Painting and markings:

Once more a classic, if not conservative, livery for a fictional aircraft – and in this case I chose the simple olivgrön/ljust blågrå camouflage of the late Fourties, coupled with contemporary color-coded letters identifying the individual aircraft and its squadron within the Flygflöttilj group.

 

The uniform upper surfaces were painted with RAF Dark Green (Humbrol 163). This tone has an olive drab touch and comes IMHO pretty close to the original Swedish color, the frequently recommended FS 34079 is IMHO too blue-ish. For the underside I used Humbrol 87 (Steel Gray), which is a blue-greenish gray. The authentic tone would be FS 36270, but on a model it appears much too dark, so that the lighter Steel Gray is a handy and individual alternative.

 

A light black ink was applied in order to emphasize the panel lines, some more depth was added through dry-painted panels with lighter shades of the basic colors (in this case, Humbrol 155 and 128).

 

The cockpit interior was painted in dark gray (Humbrol 32), while the landing gear and the wells became Aluminum (Humbrol 56).

 

As an aircraft of the air staff flight, this J 23 received a white spinner and a white code letter on the tail. These and other markings came from various sources and spare decal sheets. Some extra color was added with red warning markings on the wings above the flaps, plus some visual markings - all made with generic decal stripes. The cock nose art is a personal addition - taken from a Spanish Bf 109D, but AFAIK such personal markings were not uncommon on Swedish Air Force aircraft in the post WWII era.

 

An eye-catcher and some variety on the otherwise simple green/gray livery are white high-viz markings on the wing tips and a wide fuselage band. Such additional markings were frequently used in the post WWII-era during exercises, training or public displays. Styles varied considerably, though, between “color blocks” and wide single bands which I used (seen on a J 21) and even dense, thin zebra stripes on wings and fuselage. In this case, the white markings were painted onto wings and fuselage (Humbrol 34).

 

Since most panel lines on the fuselage were lost I painted some new ones with a soft pencil. Finally, after some gun soot and exhaust stains made with grinded graphite as well as some dry-brushed silver on the wings’ leading edges and around the cockpit were added, the kit received a coating with matt acrylic varnish.

  

Another scratch build of an obscure Swedish aircraft that never reached the hardware stage – and pretty successful, IMHO. This sleek J 23 model looks just as harmless and innocent, but involved massive construction work in almost every area as the kitbashed J 27 before. It’s actually the first model rendition of the J 23 I have seen so far – and another funny fact is that this “Swedish Messerschmitt” was built without any Bf 109 part at all!

A very large poster of the Škoda Kodiaq on the facade of the Škoda Technological Centre in Mladá Boleslav.

A technologically advanced interactive pumper truck greets all guests at "Where's the Fire?" Designed and built by W.S. Darley & Company of Melrose Park, Ill., the truck lets guests see

how a pumper operates and learn about the equipment worn, carried and used by firefighters. One side of the truck has a "Badges of Honor" display -- Liberty Mutual's tribute to the important role of paid and volunteer fire fighters in this country.

 

Both books describe the AI revolution and technology’s ability to shift geopolitical power, but draw nearly opposite conclusions.

 

Suleyman argues for robust AI containment, rife with dystopian fears and surveillance solutions. He is CEO of Microsoft AI, and formerly Google Deep Mind (where at both companies employee protests shut down work on military systems).

 

Karp, in stark contrast, argues that restraint is misguided, and America should “without delay commit to launching a new Manhattan Project in order to retain exclusive control over the most sophisticated forms of AI for the battlefield.” He is CEO of Palantir.

 

Here are the excerpts that summarize their AI arguments, starting with similar premises but driving to divergent recommendations:

 

The Technological Republic

Opening line: “SILICON VALLEY HAS LOST ITS WAY.”

“A generation of founders cloaked themselves in the rhetoric of lofty and ambitious purpose — indeed their rallying cry to change the world has grown lifeless from overuse — but often raised enormous amounts of capital and hired legions of talented engineers merely to build photo-sharing apps and chat interfaces for the modern consumer. A skepticism of government work and national ambition took hold in the Valley. Startup after startup catered to the whims of late capitalist culture without any interest in constructing the technical infrastructure that would address our most significant challenges as a nation.” (9)

 

Why? “The most capable generation of coders have never experienced a war or genuine social upheaval.” (10) “The current generation of spectacularly talented engineering minds has become unmoored from any sense of national purpose or grander and more meaningful project.” (11)

 

“The causes of this turn away from defending the American national project, we argue, include the systematic attack and attempt to dismantle any conception of American or Western identity during the 1960s and 1970s. The dismantling of an entire system of privilege was rightly begun. But we failed to resurrect anything substantial, a coherent collective identity or set of communal values, in its place.” (13)

 

“In this book, we make the case that the technology sector has an affirmative obligation to support the state that made its rise possible.” (11)

 

The Software Century

“The newest forms of artificial intelligence, known as large language models, have for the first time in history pointed to the possibility of artificial general intelligence (AGI) — that is, a computing intellect that could rival that of the human mind when it comes to abstract reasoning and solving problems. It is not clear however that the companies building these new forms of AI will allow them to be used for military purposes. We make the case that one of the most significant challenges that we face in this country is ensuring that the U.S. Department of Defense turns the corner from an institution designed to fight and win kinetic wars to an organization that can design, build, and acquire AI weaponry — the unmanned drone swarms and robots that will dominate the coming battlefield.” (12)

 

“The United States since its founding has always been a technologic republic, one whose place in the world has been made possible and advanced by its capacity for innovation.” (15)

 

“An unwinding of the skepticism of the American project will be necessary to move forward. We must bend the latest and most advanced forms of AI to our will, or risk allowing our adversaries to do so as we examine and debate, sometimes it seems endlessly, the extent and character of our divisions. Our central argument is that—in this new era of advanced AI, which provides our geopolitical opponents the greatest opportunity since the last world war to challenge our global standing—we should return to that tradition of close collaboration between the technology industry and the government. It is that combination in pursuit of innovation with the objectives of the nation that will not only advance our welfare but safeguard the legitimacy of the democratic project itself.” (15)

 

“We have now, nearly eighty years after the invention of the atomic bomb, arrived at a similar crossroads in the science of computing, a crossroad that connects engineering and ethics, where we will again have to choose whether to proceed with the development of a technology whose power and potential we do not yet fully apprehend.” (18) “It is not at all clear—not even to the scientists and programmers who build them—how or why the generative language and image models work.” (19)

 

“The risks of proceeding with the development of artificial intelligence have never been more significant. Yet we must not shy away from building sharp tools for fear they might be used against us. The potential integration of weapons systems with increasingly autonomous AI software necessarily brings risks, which are only magnified by the possibility that such programs might develop a form of self-awareness and intent. But the suggestion to halt the development of these technologies is misguided. It is essential that we redirect our attention toward building the next generation of AI weaponry that will determine the balance of power in this century, as the atomic age ends, and the next.” (26)

 

“This next era of conflict will be won or lost with software. One age of deterrence, the atomic age, is ending, and a new era of deterrence built on AI is set to begin. The risk, however, is that we think we have already won.” (28)

 

“The decisive wars of the future will be driven by artificial intelligence, whose development is proceeding on a far different, and faster timeline than in the past. A fundamental reversal of the relationship between hardware and software is taking place. For the 20th century, software has been built to maintain and service the needs of hardware, from flight controls to missile avionics, and fueling systems to armored personnel carriers. With the rise of AI and the use of large language models on the battlefield to metabolize data and make targeting recommendations, however the relationship is shifting. Software is now at the helm, with the hardware—the drones on the battlefields of Europe and elsewhere—increasingly serving as the means by which the recommendations of AI are implemented in the world.” (45)

 

“Yet the level of investment in such technologies, and the software systems that will be required for them to operate, is far from sufficient (at 0.2% of the defense budget). The U.S. government is still focused on developing a legacy infrastructure—the planes, ships, tanks, and missile—that delivered dominance of the battlefield in the last century but will almost certainly not as central in this one.” (45)

 

“Other nations, including many of our geopolitical adversaries, understand the power of affirming shared cultural traditions, mythologies, and values in organizing the efforts of people. They are far less shy than we are about acknowledging the human need for communal experience.” (217)

 

“What we need is more cultural specificity—in education, technology and politics—not less. The vacant neutrality of the current moment risks allowing our instinct for discernment to atrophy. We must now take seriously the possibility that it will be the resurrection of a shared culture, not its abandonment, that will make possible our continued survival and cohesion.” (216)

----------------------------

And from The Coming Wave:

 

“Having been up close to this unfurling revolution over the last decade and a half, I am convinced that we’re on the cusp of the most important transformations of our lifetimes.” (16) “We really are at a turning point in the history of humanity.” (78)

 

“At the heart of the coming wave lie two general purpose technologies of immense promise, power, and peril: artificial intelligence and synthetic biology.” (17)

 

“Four key features that explain why this isn’t business as usual: these technologies are inherently general and therefore omni-use, they hyper-evolve, they have asymmetric impacts, and in some respects, they are increasingly autonomous.” (17)

 

“The foundation of our present political order will be further weakened by a series of shocks amplified by the wave: the potential for new forms of violence, a flood of misinformation, disappearing jobs, and the prospect of catastrophic accidents.” (17)

 

“The coming wave of technologies threatens to fail faster and on a wider scale than anything witnessed before. Containment is not, on the face of it, possible. And yet, containment must be possible. (19)

 

“Proliferation of new technology is the default. Civilization’s appetite for useful and cheaper technologies is boundless. This will not change.” (31)

 

“History tells us that technology diffuses, inevitably, eventually to almost everywhere, from the first campfires to the fires of the Saturn V rocket. Incentives are overwhelming. Capabilities accumulate; efficiencies increase. Waves get faster and more consequential.” (34)

 

“Technology’s unavoidable challenge is that its makers quickly lose control over the path their inventions take once introduced to the world.” (35) “Thus, technology’s problems have a tendency to escalate in parallel with its capabilities, and so the need for containment grows more acute over time.” (36)

 

HAVE WE EVER SAID NO?

“Unhappy at the prospect of unregulated mass production of knowledge and culture, the Ottoman empire tried to ban it. Istanbul did not possess a sanctioned printing press until 1727, nearly three centuries after its invention.” (38)

 

“Technologies are ideas, and ideas cannot be eliminated.” (41) “For most of history, the challenge of technology lay in creating and unleashing its power. That has now flipped; the challenge of technology is about containing its unleashed power, ensuring it continues to serve us and our planet.” (48)

 

A CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION

“Technology is a set of evolving ideas. New technologies evolve by colliding and combining with other technologies. Invention is a cumulative, compounding process. It feeds on itself.” (56) “General-purpose technologies are accelerants. Invention sparks invention.” (92)

 

“Of course all programs in the future will ultimately be written by AIs, with humans relegated to, at best, a supervisory role.” (69)

 

(He then gives a cursory nod to robotics, quantum computing, and fusion energy as amplifiers of the mega wave)

 

“The coming decades will be defined by the convergence of biology and engineering. At the center of this wave sits the realization that DNA is information, a biologically evolved encoding and storage system.” (79) “Already genetically engineered organisms account for 2% of the U.S. economy through agricultural and pharmaceutical uses.” (88)

 

ASYMMETRY: A COLOSSAL TRANSFER OF POWER

“Never before have so many had access to such advanced technologies capable of inflicting death and mayhem.” (106)

 

“Over time, technology tends toward generality. What this means is that weaponizable or harmful uses of the coming wave will be possible regardless of whether this was intended. Simply creating civilian technologies has national security ramifications. What’s different about the coming wave is how quickly it is being embedded, how globally it spreads, how easily it can be componentized into swappable parts, and just how powerful and above all broad its applications could be. It unfurls complex implications for everything from media to mental health, markets to medicine. This is the containment problem supersized.” (112)

 

“A paradox of the coming wave is that its technologies are largely beyond our ability to comprehend at a granular level yet still within our ability to create and use. In AI, the neural networks moving toward autonomy are, at present, not explainable.” (114)

(I have described this process of creation as more akin to parenting than programming.)

 

“In China, Go wasn’t just a game. It represented a wider nexus of history, emotion, and strategic calculation. AlphaGo [AI-built with RL, beating a human champion] helped focus government minds even more acutely on AI. Today, China has an explicit national strategy to be the world leader in AI by 2030 ‘making China the world’s primary innovation center’ from defense to smart cities” (120)

 

“In terms of volume of AI research, Chinese institutions have published a whopping 4.5x more AI papers than U.S. counterparts since 2010, and comfortably more than the U.S., U.K., India and Germany combined.” (121)

 

“China installs as many robots as the rest of the world combined. It built hypersonic missiles thought years away by the U.S. In 2014, China filed the same number of quantum technology patents as the U.S.; by 2018 it filed twice as many.” (122)

 

“Shortly after becoming President in 2013, Xi Jinping made a speech with lasting consequences. ‘Advanced technology is the sharp weapon of the nation state,’ he declared. ‘Our technology still generally lags that of developed countries, and we must adopt an asymmetric strategy of catching up and overtaking.’” (123) “Any world leader could make the same point. Technology has become the world’s most important strategic asset” (124)

 

“In the Manhattan Project, America had conducted an arms race against phantoms, bringing nuclear weapons into the world far earlier than other circumstances." (126)

 

FRAGILITY AMPLIFIERS:

"Technology is ultimately political because technology is a form of power. Wherever power is today, it will be amplified. Whether it’s commercial, religious, cultural, or military, democratic or authoritarian, every possible motivation you can think of can be dramatically enhanced by having cheaper power at your fingertips. This will be the greatest, most rapid accelerant of wealth and prosperity in human history.” (164)

 

“The cost of military drones has fallen 1000x over the last decade. AI-enhanced weapons will improve themselves in real time. AI cyberweapons will continuously probe networks, adapting themselves autonomously to find and exploit weaknesses… a worm that improves itself using reinforcement learning, experimentally updating its code with each network interaction” (166)

 

“Now powerful, asymmetric, omni-use technologies are certain to reach the hands of those who want to damage the state. The nature of the features favors offense: this proliferation of power is just too wide fast and open.”

 

“A Carnegie Mellon study analyzed more than 200 million tweets discussing COVID-19 at the height of the first lockdown. 82% of influential users advocating for ‘reopening America’ were bots. This was a targeted propaganda machine, most likely Russian, designed to intensify the worst public health crisis in a century.” (172)

 

“More than half of all jobs could see many of their tasks automated by machines in the next seven years. Automation is unequivocally another fragility amplifier.” (179)

 

“The history of humanity is, in part, a history of catastrophe. Pandemics feature widely. Two killed up to 30% of the world population” (205) “We know what a lab leak might look like in the context of amplifying fragility… the omnicron variant of COVID infected a quarter of Americans within 100 days of first being identified.” (209)

 

THE DYSTOPIAN TURN

“Technology has penetrated our civilization so deeply that watching technology means watching everything. With the architecture of monitoring and coercion being built in China and elsewhere, the first steps have arguably been taken. If zombielike states will sleepwalk into catastrophe, their openness and growing chaos a petri dish for uncontained technology, authoritarian states are already gladly charging into this techno-dystopia, setting the stage, technologically if not morally, for massive invasions of privacy and curtailments of liberty. And on the continuum between the two, there is a chance of the worst of all worlds: scattered but repressive surveillance and control apparatuses that still don’t add up to a watertight system. Catastrophe and dystopia.” (217)

 

“Make no mistake: standstill spells disaster. I think it’s easy to discount how much of our way of life is underwritten by constant technological improvements. A moratorium on technology is not a way out; it’s an invitation to another kinds of dystopia, another kind of catastrophe. Even if it were possible, the idea of stopping the coming wave isn’t a comforting thought. Maintaining, let alone improving, standards of living needs technology. Forestalling a collapse needs technology. The costs of saying no are existential. And yet every path from here brings grave risks and downsides. This is the great dilemma.” (221)

 

“For progress there is no cure. Any attempt to find automatically safe channels for the present explosive variety of progress must lead to frustration.” — John von Neumann in 1955

 

CONTAINMENT MUST BE POSSIBLE

“On paper, regulation looks enticing, even obvious and straightforward; suggesting it lets people sound smart, concerned, and even relieved. It’s a simple way to shrug off the problem. It’s also the classic pessimism-averse answer. As we have seen, governments face multiple crises independent of the coming wave—declining trust, entrenched inequality, polarized politics, to name a few.” (226)

 

After this thoughtful discussion of the problems facing us, the final 40 pages on containment remedies rang hollow to me, more wishful thinking than implementable solutions to the grand dilemma. Rather than quote them all, I will list:

Narrow AI instead of general systems that are harder to contain. An “Apollo program for technical safety.” More safety researchers. Automating alignment research. Resource caps on training compute. Crypto-protecting model weights limiting how widely they could be copied. Bulletproof off switch. “Audits are critical to containment.” “Keeping close tabs on significant data sets that are used to train models.” KYC for AI API access. Scan for harmful code. “Encrypted back doors” (!) Buy time with choke points: “China spends more on importing chips than it does on oil.” (249) “Skills too are a choke point: the number of people working on all the frontier technologies discussed in this book is probably no more than 150,000.” (251) A new generation of corporations. Heavier government involvement: “I think the government needs to get way more involved, back to building real technology, setting standards, and nurturing in-house capability.” (259) but… he then suggests that the government “above all needs to log all the ways technology causes harm—tabulate every lab leak, every cyberattack, every language model bias, every privacy breach—in a publicly transparent way so everyone can learn from failures and improve.” (260) Licensing labs to restrict access. Overhaul taxation “to fund security and welfare as we undergo the largest transition of value creation¬—from labor to capital—in history. If technology creates losers, they need material compensation.” (261) A new tax on robots and autonomous systems. UBI. New world government entities – a “World Bank for biotech or a UN for AI” Precautionary principles: “pause before building, pause before publishing” a “Pandemic Test Ban Treaty to stop working with pathogens or gain-of-function research.

 

“Technology is not a niche; it is a hyper object dominating human existence.” (236)

 

“The wave and its central dilemma need containment, need an intensified, unprecedented, all-too-human grip on the entire technosphere. It will require epic determination over decades across the spectrum of human endeavor.” (286)

 

“Looking at the myriad paths forward, it seems containment fails in many of them. The narrow path must be walked forever from here on out, and all it takes is one misstep to tumble into the abyss. The blunt challenge of containment is not a reason to turn away; it’s a call to action, a generational mission we all need to face.” (278)

I've seen a few things in Mexico but this is on my top ten list. A grill built from a wheel rim with rebar supports. It's short--only comes up to about your waist, and it's small, just the diameter of a car wheel, but it represents a cultural embrace of recycling, innovation, and utility that reflects a spirit we can only wish for on our part of the continent. Really and truly--sorry if I gush, but I was blown away by this simple built object and it got me looking closer at what people are doing in markets and on the street in the Yucatan, making beautiful simple handbuilt objects incorporating used manufactured parts.

 

Guess how much this cost in pesos (about 12.5 pesos to the dollar) and I'll write to you and tell you how much it was.

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