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In 2010/2011, Langston & Tasker purchased foru double deckers, all Volvo Olympians. Odd man out in the four is P751 SWC, new to Dublin Bus as RV355 and more recently with Souls of Olney. It was seen in Buckingham on 21st March, 2014.
Task Force Phoenix Soldiers had long journeys to the locations they will be operating out of during their deployment to the Middle East. Here they get a little help from the U.S. Air Force. First Lt. Christopher Tinklenberg, from B Company, 1st Battalion, 171st Aviation Regiment (General Support Aviation Battalion), tries to get some rest in an Air Force C-130 cargo plane en route to his duty station in the Middle East. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. 1st Class William Pace)
I promised Steve (misterpexies57) some low-loader progress a while back, to be honest there hasn't been much to show really.
Until now, shown here are some of the 16 new wheel bearing's, 16 new brake shoe pull-back springs, and 4 new push-rod springs I've had to have made, and 4 relined shoes.
This trailer was in pretty good condition to say it's 60 years old, unfortunately water ingress has knackered all the wheel bearings, corrosion has also made the big compression springs fall to pieces as well, the shoe pull-back springs are out of shape and have to be replaced.
Well........ Posted another Beaver shot earlier. For some reason. Now pictures outside must be offensive. Even if it's an actual beaver and a play on words.
Anyways...... Hopefully this isn't offensive. Seeing l don't post nudity.
Who knows. Maybe having a cup of coffee is offensive to people allergic to caffeine.
Tuttles.🐣🐤🐥❤️💋🌹
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
(further pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Motto tradition and innovation
Founded in 1817
Government-sponsored
Location Vienna, Austria
Director Ulrike Sych
Approximately 3,000 students
Approximately 850 employees
Professors of about 140
www.mdw.ac.at website
The University of Music and Performing Arts 2007
Columned hall to the stairs, Kaiserstein
Pillar staircase to open shaft, Kaiserstein
Institution building and former main building including Academy Theatre, Lothringerstraße 18
The University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna (mdw) is an Austrian university located in the 3rd District of Vienna Landstraße, Anton-von-Webern-Platz 1, it claims to be the largest art university in Austria and largest music university in the world. Approximately 3,000 students are supported by more than 850 teachers. It is since 2002 in 24 institutions structured offering the artistic, artistic-scientific and purely scientific doctrine. Since 2002 Werner Hasitschka is rector.
History
Already in 1808, was discussed on the establishment of a conservatory of music modelled on Paris (Conservatoire de Paris). The Society of Friends of Music in Vienna, founded in 1812 had set itself this ventur to the main task, so in 1817 a singing school was launched, which laid the foundation stone for such an institution. Thus 1817 is also known as the official founding year of mdw. In 1819 began with the Engagierung (engagement) of Joseph Boehm, professor of violin, music lessons.
With short interruptions was during the 19th Century the curriculum massively expanded so that in the 1890s more than 1,000 students could be counted. In 1909, this private institution was nationalized on resolution of the Emperor and was now kk Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.
With the nationalization it also received an own house: In cooperation with the Vienna Konzerthaus Society from 1912 in the Lisztstraße was built a building together with a sample stage (Academy Opera, today), in which alreay in January 1914 could moved in. After World War I the institution was then State College (1919). In 1928, the Academy has been extended to a drama seminar (Reinhardt-Seminar) and a music educational seminar. Between 1938 and 1945 it was continued as a Reichshochschule (Reich high school) under exclusion of Jewish high school teachers and students.
After the war in 1946 the institution was again an art school, from 1970 to 1998 it was called the University of Music and Performing Arts, since 1998 it has been a university. In 1952 Walter Kolm-Veltée established a special training course for film making. In 1960 a film class led by Hans Winge was added. In 1963 the two courses were combined into the newly formed "Department of Film and Television". This was followed by additional courses, and since 1998, the department is also known as the Vienna Film Academy.
Building
In addition to the headquarters, the mdw-campus at Anton-von-Webern-Platz in the third district, are other branches in the 3rd district in Ungargasse 14, Rennweg 8, in the Metternichgasse 8 and 12 and in the Lothringerstraße 18. In Vienna's first district teaching places are at Karlsplatz 1 and 2, at Schubertring 14 at the corner of Johannesgasse/Seilerstaette and in the Singerstraße 26. Furthermore, in the 4th district in Rienösslgasse 12, in 13th district in the Schoenbrunn Palace Theater as well as in the Palais Cumberland in Penzingerstrasse.
Campus
The monumental functional purpose building in the sober classicising forms of the Hofbauamtes (Vienna Court Building Department) located at the former Wiener Neustadt Canal (speed train track), is situated at the Anton-von-Webern-Platz 1. In 1776 was here at the suggestion of the Emperor Joseph II in the former Jesuit dairy farm an animal hospital built. 1821-1823 followed a new building by Johann Nepomuk Amann a sprawling complex being planned. The main building extends with long façade to the left Bahngasse, there are numerous additional buildings. A large contract received the Kaisersteinbrucher stonemasons, the spacious entrance hall with Tuscan columns, pilasters and coupled columns, the spacious pillar staircase around open shaft, all of them made of light Kaiserstein with the typical blue translucent inclusions - a special room for friends of the imperial stone (Kaiserstein). Until 1996, the building was the headquarters of the University of Veterinary Medicine and its predecessor institutions.
In 1996 the building was chosen as the new seat of the University, and refurbished by architect Reinhardt Gallister. The historic structure was preserved, elements such as glass, wood and stone are the defining style resources and modern technology and equipment has been connected with good acoustics. Studios, classrooms and halls can be hired externally.
Study
Composition and Music Theory
Conducting
Sound engineer
Instrumental studies
Church Music
Educational Studies
Singing and musical theater director
Performing Arts
Film and Television
PhD
Summer Campus
The isa - International Summer Academy is the musical summer campus of the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna. More than 200 students from over 40 countries take part in two weeks of top-class master classes in the Semmering region and in Vienna. The summer campus was founded in 1991 as an initiative of Michael Frischenschlager. The isa emerged from the euphoria over the fall of the Iron Curtain, with the aim of exceptionally talented young students, mainly from the Central and Eastern European countries (CEE-countries) to allow musical encounters and build international relationships. Since 2005 Johannes Meissl is artistic director of the isa.
Institutions
Institute for Composition and Electro-acoustics
Institute for Music management
Institute for Analysis, Theory and History of Music
Department of Keyboard Instruments (panel/concert)
Institute for string and other string instruments (panel/concert)
Leonard Bernstein Institute for wind and percussion instruments
Joseph Haydn Institute of Chamber Music and Special Ensembles
Institute for organ, organ and church music research
Institute for singing and music theater
Institute for Drama and Acting Director (Max Reinhardt Seminar)
Institute for Film and Television (Film Academy Vienna)
Institute for Music Education
Institute for Music and Movement Education and Music Therapy
Research Institute of Musical Style
Institute of Popular Music
Institute Ludwig van Beethoven (keyboards in music pedagogy)
Hellmesberger - Institute ( String id Plucked and other music education)
Franz Schubert Institute (wind and percussion instruments in music pedagogy)
Institute Antonio Salieri (vocals in music pedagogy)
Institute Anton Bruckner (music theory, ear training, ensemble direction)
Institute for Folk Music Research and Ethnomusicology
Institute for Viennese Sound Style (Musical Acoustics)
Institute for Music Sociology
Institute of Culture Management and Culture Studies (IKM)
Science
Apart from artistic training form the scientific institutions (or professors and lecturers with the great teaching qualification - Venia Docendi) a significant part of the university's work. A special feature of the MDW is the high integration of science and art. The promotion law is the foundation of a university, and is implemented on the MDW in the PhD program. Departments of scientific work are here:
Dramaturgy
Film Studies
Gender Studies
History and Theory of Popular Music
Gregorian chant and liturgy
Historical musicology (including analysis, music theory and Harmonic Research)
Musical style and performance practice
Cultural Production Engineering,
Musical Acoustics
Music Education
Sociology of music
Music Theory
Music Therapy
Systematic musicology in interdisciplinary approaches
Folk Music Research, Ethnomusicology
Famous graduates
Claudio Abbado
Barbara Albert
Peter Alexander
Christian Altenburger
Maria Andergast
Walter Samuel Bartussek
Johanna Beisteiner
Erwin Belakowitsch
Achim Benning
Zsófia Boros
Thomas Brezinka
Rudolf Buchbinder
Friedrich Cerha
Gabriel Chmura
Mimi Coertse
Luke David
Yoram David
Jacques Delacôte, French conductor
Jörg Demus
Helmut German
Johanna Doderer
Iván Eröd
Karlheinz Essl
Matthias Fletzberger
Sabrina Frey
Beat Furrer
Rudolf Gamsjäger
Raoul Gehringer
Nicolas Geremus
Wolfgang Glück
Wolfgang Glüxam
Eugene Gmeiner
Walter Goldschmidt
Stefan Gottfried
Friedrich Gulda
Robert Gulya
Ingomar Auer
Christoph Haas (born 1949), Swiss conductor
Georg Friedrich Haas
Hans Hammerschmid
Gottfried Hemetsberger
John Hiemetsberger
Robert Holl
Mariss Jansons
Leo Jaritz
Mariama Djiwa Jenie, concert pianist and dancer
Thomas Jöbstl
Thomas Kakuska
Bijan Khadem-Missagh, violin
Angelika Kirschschlager
Hermann Killmeyer
Patricia Kopatchinskaya
Leon Koudelak
Bojidara Kouzmanova
Tina Kordić
Klaus Kuchling
Rainer Küchl
Gabriele Lechner
Wolf Lotter
Gustav Mahler
Edith Mathis
Zubin Mehta
Tobias Moretti
Tomislav Mužek
Helmut Neumann
Josef Niederhammer
Ernst Ottensamer
Erwin Ortner
Rudolf Pacik
Harry Pepl
Günter Pichler
Josephine Pilars de Pilar
Peter Planyavsky
Stefanie Alexandra Prenn
Armando Puklavec
Carole Dawn Reinhart
Gerald Reischl
Wolfgang Reisinger
Erhard Riedlsperger
Jhibaro Rodriguez
Hilde Rössel-Majdan
Michael Radanovics
Sophie Rois
Gerhard Rühm
Kurt Rydl
Clemens Salesny
Heinz Sandauer
Klaus-Peter Sattler
Wolfgang Sauseng
Nikolaus Schapfl
Agnes Scheibelreiter
Heinrich Schiff
Michael Schnitzler
Peter Schuhmayer
Christian W. Schulz
Wolfgang Schulz
Ulrich Seidl
Fritz Schreiber
Kurt Schwertsik
Ulf-Diether Soyka
Christian Spatzek
Arben Spahiu
Götz Spielmann
Othmar Steinbauer
Hermann Sulzberger, (*1957), österreichischer Komponist
Roman Summereder
Hans Swarowsky
Jenő Takács
Wolfgang Tomböck
Karolos Trikolidis, griechisch-österreichischer Dirigent
Mitsuko Uchida
Timothy Vernon, (*1948), kanadischer Dirigent
Eva Vicens, Cembalistin aus Uruguay, lebt in Spanien
Annette Volkamer
Johanna Wokalek
Adolf Wallnöfer
Gregor Widholm
Bruno Weil
Hermann Wlach
Paul Zauner
Herbert Zipper
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und...
Members of 3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment (3 RCR) fast rope down the Latvian search and rescue helicopter while the Latvian army observe during EXERCISE Summer Shield XII in Adazi, Latvia on March 27, 2015.
Photo: Land Task Element, DND
TN2015-0009-C0265
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Des membres de l’armée lettone observent des membres du 3e Bataillon du Royal Canadian Regiment (3 RCR) effectuer des descentes rapides depuis l’hélicoptère de recherche et sauvetage letton au cours de l’exercice Summer Shield XII, à Adazi, en Lettonie, le 27 mars 2015.
Photo : Élément opérationnel terrestre, MDN
TN2015-0009-C0265
932 GRO - Tasker B2 4nhp tractor (1928) built 9/1928. Bedfordshire Steam & Country Fayre, Old Warden on 15th September 2018
Oesterreichische Nationalbank
Logo of the Austrian National Bank
Headquarters Vienna, Austria
Central Bank of Austria
Currency€
To ISO 4217 EUR
website
Previous Austro- Hungarian Bank
List of Central Banks
Oesterreichische Nationalbank, at Otto-Wagner -Platz No. 3, Vienna
The Austrian National Bank (OeNB), Austria's central bank as an integral part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the Eurosystem. It is instrumental in the design of the economic development in Austria and in the euro area. Legally, the OeNB is a public limited company.. However, it is also subject to further enshrined in the National Bank Act regulations resulting from its separate position as a central bank. In the framework of the Eurosystem, the OeNB contributes to a stability-oriented monetary policy. At the national level, it cares about the preservation of financial stability and the money supply and manage foreign exchange reserves to hedge against the euro in times of crisis. The guideline values in terms of the tasks of the Austrian National Bank are "security, stability and trust".
Contents
1 History
1.1 1816 to 1818
1.2 1818 to 1878
1.3 1878 to 1922
1.4 1922 to 1938
1.5 1938 to 1945
1.6 1945 to 1998
1.7 From 1999
2 The OeNB as a modern central bank
3 Legal form and organs
3.1 Legal framework
3.2 organs
3.2.1 General
3.2.2 General
3.2.3 Board of Directors
4 Tasks
4.1 Monetary policy strategies and monetary policy decision-making process
4.1.1 Economic analysis
4.1.2 Production of statistical information
4.1.3 Contribute to international organizations
4.2 Implementation of monetary policy
4.2.1 use of monetary policy instruments
4.2.2 Reserve Management
4.2.3 Money Supply
4.3 Communication of monetary policy
4.4 ensure financial stability
4.4.1 Financial Stability
4.4.2 Payment System Stability and payments
5 The OeNB in the European System of National Banks
6 President / Governors
7 See also
8 Literature
9 links
10 Notes and references
History
1816-1818
As long as 50 years before the founding of the National Bank the Habsburgs carried out first experiments with securities in the form of paper money. Finally, in the 18th Century the issue of banknotes transferred to a state independent institution, while the issue of paper money called "Banco notes," founded in 1705 by the "Vienna City Bank" took place in 1762.
In wartime governance took back control of the money issue, so there was an inflation of Banco-Zettel 1796-1810. The state ordered the forced acceptance of paper money in private transport, which led to a fast-growing discount on bills in the market. 1799 was therefore one for 100 guilders paper money only 92 guilders in silver coins, and at the end of 1810 the value of the paper florin had fallen to 15 % of the nominal value of the Banco-Zettel. Later, the Habsburgs declared a devaluation of the Banco-Zettel in the ratio of 5:1. This act was considered by the business community as a sovereign default, which the paper money experienced a rapid devaluation.
At the end of the Napoleonic wars the Habsburg multinational state ( → Habsburg Monarchy) faced a new challenge: the restoration of a European balance. Church, the nobility, the army and the bureaucracy as elements in the Ancien Régime were not sufficient to solve this problem, a well -founded economic situation was needed. Moreover, one could not ignore readily the laws of supply and demand.
In this regard, were the first June 1816 by Emperor Francis I two patents issued (later to distinguish the "main patent" or "bank patent"), the "privileged Austrian National Bank", conceived as a public company, had to constitute itself as soon a possible, propose the emperor three of its directors for selection of the governor and take up their activity provisionally on 1 July 1816.
The National Bank had henceforth a monopoly on the issuance of paper money, which led to a slowdown in the Austrian monetary system and an increase in the value of paper money. The economy was again a solid source of money keeping constant the value of money regardless of the spending plans of the State. The equity of the Bank justified this by share issues.
Initially comprised the activities of the bank - under temporary management - the redemption of paper money and the issuance of shares. The full effectiveness attained the National Bank until after the issue of 1,000 shares and the associated possibility of shareholders to set the management themselves.
1818-1878
On 15 July 1817 recieved the National Bank as the "first Bankprivilegium" the exclusive right to unrestricted issue of banknotes and in this context a special position in terms of Rediskontgeschäfts (rediscount business). Beginning of 1818 the definitive bank management was ready. Part of it were among leading figures of Viennese society, including the banker Johann Heinrich von Geymüller and Bernard of Eskeles. From 1830 to 1837 the Office of the Governor was held by Adrian Nicholas Baron Barbier.
In the countries of the Habsburg Monarchy, which were characterized in large part by an agricultural oriented activity pattern, some regions showed a lively commercial-industrial growth. The goal now was to create a system of economic exchange between these areas. Successively established the National Bank branch network and thus guaranteed a uniform money and credit supply. From its headquarters in Vienna this network extended over early industrial areas and commercial centers in Eastern and Central Europe to the northern Mediterranean.
Trade bills and coins were preferred assets of the National Bank, less the supply of money to the state. With the exchange transactions, the National Bank supported the economic growth of the monarchy and secured at the same time the supply of silver coins in the event that the need for these increases in exchange for bank notes, contrary to expectations. 1818 was the National Bank, however, by increasing public debt, due to high spending in times of crisis, not spared to make an increase in the government debt positions on the asset side of its balance sheet.
The patent provisions of the founding of the National Bank not sufficiently secured against the autonomy of governance. At the center of the struggle for independence, this was the question of the extent to which the issue of banknotes must be made on the basis of government bonds. In 1841, a renewal of Bankprivilegiums got a weakening of the independence by pushing back the influence of the shareholders in favor of the state administration. During the revolution of 1848/49 followers of constitutional goals received great support from senior figures in the National Bank. For about a hundred years, the Austrian branch of the Rothschild bank (from which from 1855, the "Royal Privileged Austrian Credit-Institute for Commerce and Industry", the later Creditanstalt, was born) was playing a leading role in the banking center of Vienna. Salomon Mayer von Rothschild was involved during the pre-March in all major transactions of the National Bank for the rehabilitation of the state budget.
Special focus the National Bank was putting on the development of the premium that was payable at the exchange of banknotes into silver money in business dealings. The increase, which corresponded to a depreciation of the notes issued by the Bank should be prevented. From an overall state perspective, the increase of the silver premium means a deterioration in terms of the exchange ratio towards foreign countries, influencing the price competitiveness of the Austrian foreign trade adversely. The stabilization of the premium were set some limits. Although the height of the emission activitiy was depending on the Bank, but also the price of silver and the potential effects of increased government debt materially affected the silver premium. Especially the 1848 revolution and conflicts in the following years caused an increasement of the silver premium.
Mid-century, the private banking and wholesale houses were no longer able to cope with the rapidly growing financial intermediation of the Habsburg monarchy. New forms of capital formation were required. From an initiative of the House of Rothschild, the first by the government approved and private joint-stock bank was created. This formation was followed in 1863 and 1864 by two other joint-stock banks, whose major shareholders included important personalities of the aristocracy, who possessed large liquid funds. Overall, grew with these banks the money creation potential of the "financial center of Vienna".
The central bank faced another difficult task: with its limited resources it had to secure sufficient liquidity on the one hand and on the other hand prevent the inflationary expansion of the money supply. Through close contacts with the shareholders of Vienna was a financial center (informal) ballot, especially in times of crisis, easily dealt out. In contrast, it gave differences of opinion in the Fed Board, which required enforcement of decisions.
In 1861, Friedrich Schey Koromla became director of the National Bank. On 27 December 1862 experienced the Bankprivilegium another innovation. The independence of the National Bank of the State was restored and anchored. Furthermore, was introduced the direct allocation of banknotes in circulation by the system of "Peel'schen Bank Act", which states that the fixed budget of 200 million guilders exceeding circulation of banknotes must be covered by silver coins. In 1866, when the German war ended in defeat for Austria, the compliance of the system was no longer met. The state felt itself forced to pay compensation for breach of privilege. This balance was supported by a law of 1872, after the National Bank may issue notes up to a maximum of 200 million guilders and each additional payment must be fully backed by gold or silver.
1873 the economic boom of the Habsburg monarchy was represented in a long-lasting rise in the share price. A now to be expecting break could by the behavior of the Vienna Stock not be intercepted, so it came to the "Great Crash of 1873". The in 1872 fixed restrictions of the circulation of notes for a short time have been suspended. Contrary to expectations, the money supply in crisis peak but only outgrew by nearly 1% the prescribed limit in the bank acts. The banks and the industrial and commercial companies survived the crash without major losses, although the share prices significantly lay below the initial level.
The years with high growth were followed by a period of stagnation.
1878-1922
As part of the compensation negotiations between Austria and Hungary in 1867, the National Bank was able to exercise fully their Privilegialrechte, the Kingdom of Hungary but now had the certified right, every ten years exercisable, to found an own central bank (bank note). As resulted from the first 10 -year period that furthermore none of the two parts of the monarchy wanted to build an independent money-issuing bank (Zettelbank), was built on 28 June 1878, initially to 31 December 1887 limited, an Austro-Hungarian Bank, and equipped with the Fed privilege. The first privilege of the new bank was a compromise in which on the one hand, regulations on liability for national debts as well as regulations limiting the influence of the government on banking businesses were included. 1878 Gustav Leonhardt was Secretary of the Bank.
The General Assembly and the General Council formed the unit of the bank management. Two directorates and major institutions - in Vienna and Budapest - represented the dual nature of the bank. 1892-1900 followed a long discussion finally the currency conversion from guilders (silver currency) to the crown (gold standard) with "Gold Crown" said coins.
Since the new banknotes were very popular in the public, now many gold coins piled up in the vaults of the Austro-Hungarian Bank. This period was characterized by a balanced combination of price growth and damping, the "per capita national product" grew while prices remained mostly stable. Against this background, it was easy for the Fed to encourage a new wave of industrialization.
With a third privilege in 1899 conditions were established under which the bank could be put into the financial services of the two countries, on the other hand there have been important innovations that paved a good exchange policy. By 1914, the exchange ratio of the Austro-Hungarian currency was unchanged with only minor fluctuations. In contrast, was the by conflicts marked political development.
The expansive foreign policy quickly led to high costs from which had to be shouldered by the central bank a significant part. The stability of the currency was in danger. Shortly after the beginning of World War I in 1914, laid down the Military Command to indemnify any seized property with double the price. There was an increasing scarcity of goods, connected with an ongoing expansion of the money supply and finally the increase in the price level on the 16-fold.
The resulting cost of the war of the Dual Monarchy were covered to 40% on central bank loans and 60% through war bonds. Over the duration of the war, the power force built up in recent decades has been frozen at the end of the conflict in 1918, the real income of the workers had fallen to one-fifth of the last year of peace.
With the end of the war the end for the old order had come, too. The decay of Cisleithania and Transleithania caused in several successor states, despite the efforts of the central bank to maintain the order, a currency separation (see Crown Currency in the decay of the monarchy, successor states). First, a separate "Austrian management" of the bank was introduced. It was encouraged to shoulder the shortcomings of the state budget of the Republic of Austria founded in 1918.
The new South Slav state began in January 1919 stamping its crown banknotes. The newly founded Czechoslovak Republic retained the crown currency (to date), but their printed banknotes in circulation as of February 1919 with indications that now these ar Czechoslovak crowns. (The country could an inflation as experienced by Austria avoide.) In March 1919, German Austria began to stamp its crown banknotes.
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 10 September 1919, by Austria on 25 October 1919 ratified and which on 16 July 1920 came into force, determined the cancellation and replacement of all crown banknotes of all successor states of Austria-Hungary as well as the complete liquidation of the Austro-Hungarian Bank under the supervision of the war winners. The last meetings of the Bank took place mid 1921 and at the end of 1922.
After a period of overvaluation of the crown the dollar rate rose from 1919 again. 1921, had to be paid over 5,000 Austrian crowns per dollar. In addition to the significant drop in the external value existed in Austria rising inflation. End of 1922 was ultimately a rehabilitation program with foreign assistance - the "Geneva Protocol" - passed which slowed down the inflation.
1922-1938
With Federal Law of 24 July 1922 the Minister of Finance was commissioned to build a central bank, which had to take over the entire note circulation plus current liabilities of the Austrian management of the Austro-Hungarian Bank. With Federal Law of 14 November 1922, certain provisions of the law were amended and promulgated the statutes of the Austrian National Bank. By order of the Federal Government Seipel I 29 December 1922, the Board of the Austrian Austro-Hungarian Bank issued authorization for the central bank union activity with 1 January 1923 have been declared extinct and was made known the commencement of operations of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank this day.
The statutes of the Austrian National Bank (OeNB) secured the independence from the state, the independence of the Bank under exclusion of external influences and the corresponding equity. First, the stabilization of the Austrian currency was at the forefront. With the Schilling Act of 20 December 1924 was the schilling currency (First Republic) with 1 Introduced in March 1925, it replaced the crown currency. For 10,000 crowns now you got a shilling.
As an important personality in terms of the order of the state budget, Dr. Victor Kienböck has to be mentioned. He was in the time from 1922 to 1924 and from 1926 to 1929 finance minister of the First Republic and from 1932 to 1938 President of the Austrian National Bank. Through his work remained the Austrian Schilling, also beyound the global economy crisis, stable. Under this condition, the Fed was able to cope with the large number of bank failures of the past.
1938-1945
According to the on 13th March issued Anschlussgesetz (annexation law) , the Reichsmark with order of the Fuehrer and Chancellor of 17 was March 1938 introduced in the country Austria and determines the course: A Reichsmark is equal to one shilling fifty pence. On the same day, the Chancellor ordered that the management of the to be liquidated National Bank was transferred to the Reichsbank.
With regulation of three ministers of the German Reich of 23 April 1938, the National Bank was established as a property of the Reichsbank and its banknotes the quality as legal tender by 25 April 1938 withdrawn; public funds had Schilling banknotes until 15th of may in 1938 to accept. All the gold and foreign exchange reserves were transferred to Berlin.
The Second World War weakened the Austrian economy to a great extent, the production force after the war corresponded to only 40% of that of 1937 (see also air raids on Austria). To finance the war, the Reichsbank brought to a high degree banknotes in circulation, which only a great victory of the kingdom (Reich) actual values would have been opposable. Since prices were strictly regulated, inflation virtually could be "banned" during the war.
1945-1998
In occupied postwar Austria about 10 billion shillings by Allied military occupying powers were initially printed, which contributed to significant price increases.
With the re-establishment of the Republic of Austria by the Austrian declaration of independence of 27 April 1945, it came to the resumption of activities of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank. By the "Fed Transition Act" of July 1945 preliminary legal regulations for the operations of the Bank have been established. The restoration of the Austrian currency was their first big job. The goal was the summary of all currencies, which at the time were in circulation, and their secondment to a new Austrian currency. The "Schilling Act" of November 1945, the basis for the re-introduction of the Schilling (Second Republic) as legal tender in Austria. The next step was to reduce excess liquidity to make necessary funds for new business investment available and to make the external value of the shilling for the development of the economy competitive. First, however, less changed the inflationary situation and also the shilling was still significantly undervalued in relation to other currencies.
The "Currency Protection Act" of 1947 brought a significant change in the monetary overhang. Some deposits have been deleted without replacement, others converted into claims against the Federal Treasury. The following exchange operations also significantly reduced the amount of cash: banknotes from 1945 were canceled and exchanged for new schilling notes in the ratio 1:3. Only 150 shillings per person could go 1-1.
To control inflation, the social partners came to the foreground. The associations of employers and employees set in 1947 prices for supplies, wages were also raised. This was the first of the five "wage-price agreements" of the social partners. In 1952, inflation was held back by limiting the use of monetary policy instruments by the National Bank. Also, the external sector slowly relaxed after the end of the Korean War.
In 1955, the Austrian National Bank was re-established by the new National Bank Act as a corporation and the by the National Bank Transition of Authorities Act (Nationalbank-Überleitungsgesetz) established provisional arragement abolished. The National Bank Act stipulated that each half of the capital should be situated at the federal government and private shareholders. In addition to the independence of bank loans of the state, the new National Bank Act also contained an order that the central bank must watch within their monetary and credit policies on the economic policies of the federal government. From now on also included within the instruments of the National Bank were the areas open market and minimum reserve policy.
The Austrian economy increasingly stabilized, through good fiscal and monetary policy a high growth could be attained, with low inflation and long-term maintenance of external equilibrium.
1960, Austria joined the European Free Trade Association and participated in the European integration.
In the sixties came the international monetary system based on gold-dollar convertibility into currency fluctuations and political reforms were necessary. First, the loosening of exchange rate adjustments between several states was an option. However, U.S. balance of payments problems brought with it restrictions on capital movements, and then the Euro-Dollar market was born. In 1971, the convertibility of the U.S. dollar was lifted.
1975 interrupted a recession increasing growth time. International unbalanced ayments caused very extensive foreign exchange movements, whereby the intervention force of Austrian monetary policy has been strongly challenged. Their task now was to control the effect of foreign exchange on domestic economic activities to stabilize the shilling in the context of constantly shifting exchange rates and to control the price rise appropriately. Since the inflow of foreign funds reached to high proportions, so that the economic stability has been compromised, the policy went the way of the independent course design in a pool of selected European currencies.
The collapse of the economy forced the policy makers to a new course with active mutual credit control, subdued wage growth, financial impulses in supply and demand, and interest rates are kept low. This system of regulation, however, kept back the need for structural change, so it had to be given up in 1979. In the same year a fire destroyed large parts of the main building of the Austrian National Bank in Vienna. The repairs lasted until 1985.
Target in the eighties was to strengthen the economic performance using a competitive power comparison. The findings from the seventies stimulated the Austrian monetary policy to align the Schilling course at the Deutsche Mark to ensure price stability in the country. In addition, the structural change was initiated by inclusion in a large area. Stable, if not necessarily comfortable environment of monetary policy was a prerequisite, to secure the companies long-term productivity gains and thus safeguard their position in the economy.
Initially, this development stood a high level of unemployment in the way. Growth until the second half of the decade increased, at the same time increased the competitiveness and current accounts could be kept in balance.
In the nineties, the annexation of Austria took place in the European Community. 1995 Austria became a member of the European Union (EU) and joined the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System. In 1998, the Central Banks (ESCB) have established the independence of institutions or bodies of the European Community and the governments of the EU Member States through an amendment to the National Bank Act of the Austrian National Bank to implement the goals and tasks of the European System. Thus, the legal basis for the participation of Austria in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was created in 1999.
As of 1999
The Austrian National Bank, and other national central banks including the European Central Bank ( ECB), belongs to the European System of Central Banks.
On 1 January 1999 was introduced in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union in Austria and ten other EU Member States, the euro as a common currency. The European Central Bank is henceforth responsible for monetary and currency policy, decisions in this regard will be taken in accordance with the Council of the European Central Bank.
Since May 2010, the OeNB is in full possession of the Republic of Austria, after originally lobbies, banks and insurance companies were involved with 50 % of the share capital in it. In 2011, the National Bank Act was adapted by an amendment (Federal Law Gazette I No. 50 /2011) in this circumstance, a renewed privatization is thus excluded by law.
The OeNB as a modern central bank
With the withdrawal from the retail business in the sixties as well as the first major internationalization and implementation of a strategic management in the seventies, the OeNB went on the way to a future-oriented central bank. Another major reform of banking began at the end of the eighties.
In terms of global development, the OeNB established in 1988 as a service company and expanded its guiding values - "security, stability and trust" - to the principles of " fficiency" and "cost-consciousness". The business center was optimized and strategic business experienced through targeted improvements a reinforcement. Be mentioned as examples are intensifying domestic cooperation in the area of payments by encouraging the creation of the Society for the Study co-payments (STUZZA), the liberalization of capital movements, the professional management of foreign exchange reserves, the improvement of the supply of money through the construction of the money center and the internationalization of business activities through the establishment of representative offices in Brussels (European Union), Paris (OECD) and the financial center of New York.
After Austria's accession to the EU in 1995, the OeNB participated in the European Monetary System (EMS ) and its Exchange Rate Mechanism. The integration in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was the next step towards further development of policy stability. Since the conclusion of the Maastricht Treaty, the Austrian National Bank has very fully considered its role in the ESCB and created a basis for inclusion in the community. The profound economic and monetary policy of Austria was also a reference that qualified the OeNB to actively participate in the monetary future of Europe, a greater harmonization of the statistical framework and monetary policy instruments with a view to the euro system, the preparation of the issue of European banknotes, and the establishment of operational processes and organizational integration of business processes within the ESCB being specific objectives of the OeNB.
In the following, it came, inter alia, to the establishement of an economic study department, of an education or training initiative and to strengthen the position of payment transactions through the TARGET system.
A in 1996 created "OeNB master plan" provided important points for the upcoming transition to the euro.
In May 1998, a new pension system came into force, by which new employees were incorporated into a two-pillar model.
1999, Austria's participation in the third stage of EMU was manifest. The Austrian National Bank - as part of the ESCB - became the owner of the European Central Bank and received new powers in this context in the sense of participation in the monetary policy decision-making at the level of the European Community. With the introduction of the euro, monetary policy functions of the General Council have been transferred to the Governing Council. However, the implementation remains the responsibility of national central banks.
Activities of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank were or are, for example, the further professionalization of asset management, the expansion of the network of representative offices by opening a representative office in the financial center of London, preparation of the smooth introduction of euro cash in 2002 and the participation of the OeNB on the creation of the "A-SIT" (Center for secure Information Technology Center - Austria) and the "A-Trust" (society of electronic security systems in traffic GmbH ) in order to promote security in information technology.
Langston & Tasker Ford R1114 Plaxton Supreme V VJT 612X seen at Steeple Claydon in January, 1997. It had been new to Excelsior of Bournemouth.
Soldiers assigned to Task Force Orion, 27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, New York Army National Guard, 12th Combat Aviation Brigade, and the Joint Multinational Readiness Center, carry a military training manikin away from a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter during a medical evacuation rehearsal at Grafenwoehr, Germany, Nov. 3, 2022. Task Force Orion has been deployed in support of the Joint Multinational Training Group – Ukraine mission since August 2022 to ensure the combat effectiveness of Ukrainian military personnel training on systems and equipment issued under the United States’ Presidential Drawdown Authority. (U.S. National Guard photo by Staff Sgt. Jordan Sivayavirojna)
A friend of mine is engaged in refurbishing, renewing a former home of hers. Throwing out the old and bringing in the new with a flourish. I visited for a while yesterday...wandering through the old farm house, trying to document the works in progress. It's a bit daunting to realize the amount of work to be done, but then at the same time it's overwhelming to take in what she has accomplished already.
And as you can see, she's adept at multi-tasking.
:)
Wicomico County Task Force Honda Pilot on a traffic stop backed up by a Salisbury Police Dept Chevrolet Caprice on Business Route 50 near Booth Street in Salisbury, Maryland.
2048 x 2048 pixel image for the iPad’s 2048 x 1536 pixel retina display.
Designed to complement the iPad iOS 7 lock screen, also works on an iPhone, simply centre the image horizontally after selecting it.
Image via www.pexels.com/photo/2639/
Typeface: Museo
The Land Task Force conducts a robust presence patrol increasing Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) Arctic presence and projecting CAF capabilities in the north as part of Operation NANOOK-NUNALIVUT 22 in the northern Northwest Territories. February 23, 2022.
Photo by: Master Corporal Jax Kennedy, Joint Task Force (North), Canadian Armed Forces photo
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La Force opérationnelle terrestre effectue une patrouille de présence renforcée permettant d’accroître la présence des Forces armées canadiennes (FAC) dans l’Arctique et de faire connaître leurs capacités dans le Nord au cours de l’opération NANOOK-NUNALIVUT 22, dans le nord des Territoires du Nord Ouest, le 22 février 2022.
Photo : Caporal chef Jax Kennedy, Force opérationnelle interarmées (Nord), Forces armées canadiennes
A UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter assigned to Task Force Guardian, flies over areas along the storm-damaged coast of New York on a mission from Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. to Floyd Bennett Field, NY, Nov. 4, 2012. The helicopter is assisting with the movement of the National Urban Search and Rescue task force teams from JB MDL to storm damaged areas in New York and New Jersey. (U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Parker Gyokeres/Released) 621st Contingency Response Wing
http:/www.usaraf.army.mil
By Troy Darr
Public Affairs Officer
Joint Task Force-East
NOVO SELO, Bulgaria — U.S. and Bulgarian military personnel joined together for two symbolic ceremonies Sept. 27 and 28 as exercise Lion Strike came to an end.
First, Joint Task Force-East celebrated the ribbon-cutting ceremony for a humanitarian project at a kindergarten in Mokren, Bulgaria. Eleven U.S. Navy personnel from Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40, otherwise known as SeaBees, finished an extensive renovation of the school during the exercise.
The children from the school, along with parents, teachers, school director, local officials and U.S. and Bulgarian military personnel, crowded the small courtyard during the ceremony.
"We say in the United States that the children are our future," said Army Lt. Col. Bruce Sones, commanding officer for JTF-E "Lion Strike".
"We hope through the efforts of those involved in this project that the improved environment created for teaching the children will contribute to the children's development as they grow and become leaders in your society."
The school director, Margarita Nicolova, thanked the SeaBees and then presented them with a picture painted by the children, a CD of Bulgarian folk music, a photo of the children and a glass vial filled with Bulgarian soil.
Of the soil, she said, "Wherever you go, you know you'll have a piece of Bulgaria with you."
The school children then sang several songs for the audience and the ribbon was cut. But, there was another surprise for the children, a HMMWV full of gifts. All of the soldiers, sailors and airmen participating in the exercise had contributed money to buy much-needed school supplies and educational toys for the school.
"We will maintain what you have done, and promise to continue with improvements," said Emil Enchev, mayor of Mokren. "Hopefully we will continue working together in the future."
The next day, all JTF-E "Lion Strike" participants, both U.S. and Bulgarian, came together again, this time to commemorate the end of the exercise during the closing ceremony.
During the ceremony Sones and Col. Biser Kalinov, chief of Training, Bulgarian Land Forces, presented certificates of achievement to 14 U.S. Soldiers and 16 Bulgarian soldiers for their efforts during the exercise.
"During this training, we had the opportunity to gain military experience from the leading force in NATO - the United States Military, and to show that while representing a small army, the Bulgarian officers, Non-commissioned officers and soldiers are honorable partners and excellent professionals," said Kalinov, who spoke first during the ceremony.
He was followed by Sones, who echoed Kalinov's feelings.
"This closing ceremony does not mark the end of a training opportunity or a farewell to relationships fostered," said Sones.
"In our minds, it marks the hopeful commencement of future training opportunities to be conducted between our nations."
"We can truly say the professionalism and generosity of the Bulgarian Land Forces is unrivaled," he continued.
"We know the strong relationship between the United States and Bulgaria, as demonstrated during this exercise, will continue to grow, and we look forward to training and serving with you in the years to come."
Nato's 26 member states unanimously agreed earlier this year to send a naval task force on a look-and-learn mission around the coast of the African continent.
The visit to Cape Town this week by the powerful Standing Nato Maritime Group 1 task force represents the first move by the organisation, outside its traditional areas of operation.
The Nato ships, docked at the V&A Waterfront, will leave Cape Town on Monday to begin an extensive three-day programme of exercises with the South African Navy.
Reunited with ex Brighton Buses Dennis Dominator East Lancs 17 (OAP 17W) at Langston & Tasker, Steeple Claydon, on 6th January, 1997.
Members of the 3rd Battalion of The Royal Canadian Regiment (3 RCR) and the Latvian Army fire each other's weapons during Exercise Summer Shield XII in Adazi, Latvia on March 26, 2015.
Photo: Land Task Element, DND
TN2015-0009-C0232
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Des membres du 3e Bataillon du Royal Canadian Regiment (3 RCR) et de l’armée lettone tirent avec leurs armes au cours de l’exercice Summer Shield XII, à Adazi, en Lettonie, le 26 mars 2015.
Photo : Élément opérationnel terrestre, MDN
TN2015-0009-C0232
Task Group flagship HMCS Ville de Québec anchors in Nuuk, Greenland on August 14, 2020 during Operation NANOOK 20.
Photo: MCpl Manuela Berger, Canadian Armed Forces Photo
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Le NCSM Ville de Québec, navire amiral du groupe opérationnel, accoste à Nuuk, au Groenland, le 14 août 2020, au cours de l’opération NANOOK 20.
Photo : Cplc Manuela Berger, Forces armées canadiennes
20200814NKAC0265D107
The Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training (MCTFT) program provided free training facilities to members of the U.S. Marshals Service at the MCTFT facility at Camp Blanding Joint Training Center in Starke, Fla., Feb. 25. Florida SWAT Association instructors trained Florida Regional Fugitive Task Force members from the medic profession. The training is intended to prepare team members with the ability to give emergency combat first aid while in a tactical situation.
http:/www.usaraf.army.mil
By Troy Darr
Public Affairs Officer
Joint Task Force-East
NOVO SELO, Bulgaria — U.S. and Bulgarian military personnel joined together for two symbolic ceremonies Sept. 27 and 28 as exercise Lion Strike came to an end.
First, Joint Task Force-East celebrated the ribbon-cutting ceremony for a humanitarian project at a kindergarten in Mokren, Bulgaria. Eleven U.S. Navy personnel from Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40, otherwise known as SeaBees, finished an extensive renovation of the school during the exercise.
The children from the school, along with parents, teachers, school director, local officials and U.S. and Bulgarian military personnel, crowded the small courtyard during the ceremony.
"We say in the United States that the children are our future," said Army Lt. Col. Bruce Sones, commanding officer for JTF-E "Lion Strike".
"We hope through the efforts of those involved in this project that the improved environment created for teaching the children will contribute to the children's development as they grow and become leaders in your society."
The school director, Margarita Nicolova, thanked the SeaBees and then presented them with a picture painted by the children, a CD of Bulgarian folk music, a photo of the children and a glass vial filled with Bulgarian soil.
Of the soil, she said, "Wherever you go, you know you'll have a piece of Bulgaria with you."
The school children then sang several songs for the audience and the ribbon was cut. But, there was another surprise for the children, a HMMWV full of gifts. All of the soldiers, sailors and airmen participating in the exercise had contributed money to buy much-needed school supplies and educational toys for the school.
"We will maintain what you have done, and promise to continue with improvements," said Emil Enchev, mayor of Mokren. "Hopefully we will continue working together in the future."
The next day, all JTF-E "Lion Strike" participants, both U.S. and Bulgarian, came together again, this time to commemorate the end of the exercise during the closing ceremony.
During the ceremony Sones and Col. Biser Kalinov, chief of Training, Bulgarian Land Forces, presented certificates of achievement to 14 U.S. Soldiers and 16 Bulgarian soldiers for their efforts during the exercise.
"During this training, we had the opportunity to gain military experience from the leading force in NATO - the United States Military, and to show that while representing a small army, the Bulgarian officers, Non-commissioned officers and soldiers are honorable partners and excellent professionals," said Kalinov, who spoke first during the ceremony.
He was followed by Sones, who echoed Kalinov's feelings.
"This closing ceremony does not mark the end of a training opportunity or a farewell to relationships fostered," said Sones.
"In our minds, it marks the hopeful commencement of future training opportunities to be conducted between our nations."
"We can truly say the professionalism and generosity of the Bulgarian Land Forces is unrivaled," he continued.
"We know the strong relationship between the United States and Bulgaria, as demonstrated during this exercise, will continue to grow, and we look forward to training and serving with you in the years to come."