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UPS Driver Wes Korczyncski delivers a food box from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) Meals to You program that responded to the school closures due to COVID-19, here one of the partners, PepsiCo, implemented a logistics solution that utilizes package delivery company (UPS) to get multi-week supplemental food boxes to children in rural locations, such as Natalia, TX, on August 24, 2020.
USDA first began the Meals to You program in 2019 as a three-year demonstration project designed to test a method to deliver nutritious food to children during the summer months in rural areas where the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) is not available to difficult to access. USDA entered into an agreement with Baylor University's Texas Hunger Initiative (now called the Baylor Collaborative on Hunger and Poverty) for the original demonstration.
In response to COVID-19, USDA and its partners were able to leverage the summer demonstration project to ensure rural children had access to food during pandemic-related school closures. The Emergency Meals to You demonstration project continues our public-private partnership with the Baylor Collaborative on Hunger and Poverty and McLane Global that began in Summer 2019, and additionally includes Pepsi Co. and Chartwells.
USDA was able to fund this expansion utilizing funding provided by the CARES Act. Overall, we allocated $185 million for the program (from the $8.8 billion that the CARES Act provided for Child Nutrition.)
Meals to You boxes are delivered directly to children's homes via the U.S. Postal Service or another delivery service. Each box contains 20 nutritious, shelf-stable meals, including ten breakfasts and ten lunches/suppers. In participating states, families with students who attend an eligible school or are eligible for free or reduced-price meals may opt-in to receive one box per child every two weeks.
The original goal was to serve 1 million meals per week, which was quickly surpassed. The partnership is now serving around 5 million meals per week.
For more information about the 1,000,000 meals a week program partnership, please visit: usda.gov/media/press-releases/2020/03/17/usda-announces-feeding-program-partnership-response-covid-19
For more information about FNS Program Guidance on Human Pandemic Response, please visit: fns.usda.gov/disaster/pandemic
For additional information and photos please visit the album and see its description:
flic.kr/s/aHsmPrXwEi
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USDA Media by Lance Cheung.
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Though the US Navy reconsidered its decision to retire the AD Skyraider after the Korean War, it was still a piston-engined attack aircraft designed during World War II, while the Navy preferred going to a modern, all-jet attack/fighter fleet. To supplement and then replace the AD, the Navy issued a requirement for a jet attack fighter weighing no more than 48,000 pounds, capable of carrying tactical nuclear weapons, and with a speed of at least 550 miles an hour.
The Navy was not surprised when Douglas’ chief designer, Edward Heinemann, submitted a proposal for a delta-winged, light attack jet—they were surprised to find that it met all of the requirements, yet weighed in at only 23,000 pounds, less than half the required weight. It was also so small that it did not need folding wings to fit on aircraft carrier elevators. Heinemann deliberately omitted as much weight as possible to bring the aircraft in under weight, and subsequently, at a lower unit cost than anticipated.
Heinemann’s design was quickly ordered by the Navy as the A4D Skyhawk. The first A4D-1 flew in June 1952, with deliveries to the fleet beginning in 1956. Pilots used to the increasingly larger and more powerful aircraft the US Navy fielded in the late 1950s, such as the F3H Demon and F4H Phantom II, were surprised at the diminutive A4D, which looked toylike on the decks of Forrestal-class supercarriers. It quickly earned the nicknames “Tinkertoy Bomber,” “Scooter,” and “Heinemann’s Hot Rod.”
The Skyhawk—redesignated A-4 in 1962—also quickly gained a reputation for reliability and nimbleness. Despite its small size, it could carry its own weight in bombs and still turn inside anything in the inventory, even the purpose-built F-8 Crusader fighter. Besides their internal 20mm cannon, A-4s could also carry up to four Sidewinder missiles.
It would be in the Vietnam War that the A-4 would prove its worth. Besides its large bombload and superb maneuverability, the Skyhawk was also found to be able to take considerable punishment. At the beginning of American involvement, the Navy began replacing the older A-4C “short-nose” models with the improved A-4E, which added a fifth hardpoint and a longer nose with more advanced avionics; this was quickly supplemented by the A-4F, which added a dorsal hump with still more avionics and ECM equipment.
Until the A-7 Corsair II began arriving in the fleet in the late 1960s, the A-4 represented the backbone of naval light attack units, operating alongside the A-6 Intruder in striking targets throughout Southeast Asia. On land, A-4s served with Marine Corps units, and proved so reliable and well-liked that the Marines decided not to use the A-7 at all. The Skyhawk also proved itself to be adaptable to other missions: A-4s carried out the US Navy’s first precision strike mission, a 1967 attack on the Hanoi thermal powerplant with AGM-62 Walleye missiles, and also served as Wild Weasel/Iron Hand suppression of enemy air defense aircraft, armed with AGM-45 Shrikes.
Skyhawks would drop the first and last bombs of US Navy aircraft in the Vietnam War, and flew more sorties than any other naval aircraft—and paid a commensurate price: 362 Skyhawks were shot down or lost in accidents during the war, the most of any one type. Two A-4 pilots won the Medal of Honor during Vietnam, James Stockdale and Michael Estocin, the latter posthumously; longtime prisoner of war Everett Alvarez Jr. was also an A-4 pilot, as was fellow POW and later Presidential candidate, John McCain.
The A-4’s story did not end with Vietnam. Recognizing its superb maneuverability, the US Navy began building adversary units with Skyhawks simulating the MiG-17 as part of the Top Gun program, beginning in 1969. These stripped down “Mongoose” A-4s proved to be a match even against far more advanced F-14 Tomcats and F-18 Hornets, and A-4s remained in the adversary role until 1998. Alongside these aircraft, the Navy used two-seat TA-4J Skyhawks as advanced trainers until 2003, while Marine units continued to use the penultimate A-4M Skyhawk in the light attack role until after the First Gulf War in 1991; Marine OA-4M “fast FAC” forward air control aircraft flew as late as 1998. The TA-4J was replaced by the T-45 Goshawk.
While Vietnam was the last war for American Skyhawks, foreign users would put the aircraft to further use. Israel would use their A-4H/Ns in the Yom Kippur War with heavy casualties, due to more advanced Egyptian and Syrian air defenses; better luck was had in the Lebanon War of 1982. Argentina’s A-4B/Qs saw extensive service over the Falklands in 1982, impressing even their British adversaries with hair-raising low-level bomb runs against British ships in San Carlos Water: though the Argentine aircraft took severe punishment from Fleet Air Arm Sea Harriers, they also sank or damaged five ships. Finally, Kuwait used their A-4KU Skyhawks from the beginning of the First Gulf War. Overall, 2960 A-4s were produced and flew with the air arms of eleven nations.
I initially had this picture labeled as an A-4C, but on closer inspection, this is probably an A-4E variant: the US insignia is on the rear of the fuselage, whereas on the C models it was almost always carried on the nose. The markings also do not look like those carried by the USS Yorktown's A-4C detachment, VSF-1 ("War Eagles"). As the Yorktown frequently "bounced" other A-4 squadrons undergoing carrier qualification, that may be what this Skyhawk is doing.
In any case, Dad did not take this picture, but it was from his camera. Dad didn't work on the flight deck, but in CIC and on lookouts, so he lent his camera to a friend of his who did work on the flight deck catapult crew. In any case, this is a dramatic shot of an A-4 just as its main gears leave the deck on a "cat shot."
(further pictures and information you can see if you go to the end of page and by clicking on the link...)
Belvedere
Belvedere Castle. Garden Front of the Lower Belvedere.
Belvedere Palace stands supposedly on the foundations of a Roman camp that had been erected here for strategic reasons. In 1693 Prince Eugene of Savoy acquired field and vineyard grounds between today's Rennweg and today's Gürtel. In 1700 Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt began with the construction of a palace garden (Lower Belvedere), whose in French-style layed out park was equipped with large water basins, an orangery with precious foreign plants and a menagerie. Prince Eugene was a great animal lover, and some animals in his collection could be fed exclusively by himself.
1720 the Prince conceived the plan the summer palace to supplement by a another palace building on the hill of the garden.
The 1721 by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt begun works had been completed in 1724. The Upper Belvedere served in contrast to the Lower only representative purposes and was never meant to live.
The Prince and his architect managed a perfect symbiosis between architecture and garden. After the death of the Savoy (1736) inherited his niece Victoria of Savoy-Soisson, nee Princess Hildburghausen, all his possessions. From her the Habsburgs beginning of 1752 acquired the Belvedere. From 1755 Empress Maria Theresa moved the Arcierenleibgarde (Royal Company of the Archers) and the Galician Guard in the annex of the Belvedere. Besides, the castle stood almost empty.
Belvedere Castle. Engraving by Salomon Kleiner 1731/40 (left).
Vienna from the Belvedere. Coloured copper engraving by Carl Schütz, 1784 (right).
1770 Belvedere Palace was venue of brilliant festivities:
In castle and park the marriage of Archduchess Maria Antonia (Marie Antoinette) with the Dauphin of France by proxy (per procura) was celebrated. About 2,000 people were invited, more than 1,500 bottles of champagne, which was far from home in Vienna at that time,
were emptied. For hospitality of the guests, there were round tables, which were covered with silver. However, the Court of Vienna had a large part of the silver service to rent of nobles, because the stocks of the silver chamber were not sufficient. Finished was the festival by a magnificent fireworks.
1776, the imperial picture gallery from the Stallburg (home of the famous Lipizzan stallions) was transferred to the Upper Belvedere, the animals of the menagerie came to Schönbrunn. Shortly before the Congress of Vienna in 1814 in the Lower Belvedere the Ambras Collection was exposed. During the war against Napoleon (1805-1809), much of the collection of paintings had to be outsourced. The Corsican claimed 400 masterpieces for himself, but which after his defeat at Waterloo to the Habsburgs have been restituted. The after the French wars completely neglected building has been restored 1850-1866.
Castle Park with Upper Belvedere. Photograph, around 1890.
1819 Emperor Franz II (I) the Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, had given spacious grounds for enlargement of the Botanical Garden at Rennweg. Franz was very interested in botany and in accordance with a Habsburg House bill - every Archduke must learn a civilian job - has been educated for gardener. In an adjoining garden of Schloß Belvedere he had from his private funds laid out a botanical garden ("Flora Austriaca") which was left to the Institute of Botany for use.
During the cholera epidemic of 1831, the Belvedere served as well as Schönbrunn Palace the imperial family as a refuge; supposedly one was there protected from the bad air, which was attributed to the onset of the disease. Both castles lay in the "countryside", the air was much better here than in the densely populated city. During wartime, a hospital was set up in the castle.
As the space for the imperial collections became too small, it was thought to expand the Upper Belvedere by wing buildings. This plan was dropped for aesthetic reasons, however. After the expansion of the city (razing of the bastions and glacis) arose on the ring road the newly created Court Museums; moved there in 1891 the major part of the paintings.
Archduke-Heir to the Throne Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este at folk and children's party in the park of the Belvedere Palace. Photograph, 1905.
To 1893/94 it is likely that Archduke Franz Ferdinand has chosen the Upper Belvedere to his residence in Vienna. Other sources say that it had been assigned to him by the Emperor Franz Joseph as a place to stay in Vienna. The rooms have been restored, adapted for residential purposes and supplemented with neo-Baroque furniture. The heir of the Este collections furnished his residence with numerous works of art. He had envisaged the castle for the accommodation of his collections; in 1893 were numerous boxes from India and Singapore in Belvedere stored. 1894 Emperor Franz Joseph could see the collection: "Yesterday I went to the Belvedere, where Franzi showed me his now quite and very nicely prepared collections. The same are as imposing as interesting by the incredible amount of objects and by the rarity and beauty of them. I believe that this exhibition would be interesting for you", wrote the monarch to his wife, Empress Elisabeth. That same year, Archduke Franz Ferdinand showed his collections his future wife, Sophie Chotková,
"Where I unaware of your fatigue with particular brutality you dragged from box to box" as he apologetically from Budweis wrote to the Countess.
Then the collections moved one the one hand to the Palais Modena in the Beatrixgasse, on the other hand to Konopischt. Only in 1898, Franz Ferdinand was granted by Emperor Franz Joseph to move into the Belvedere as Vienna Residence. More revitalization works were carried out and were also necessary. Technical modernization and preservation of the original building condition had priority - as always with the projects of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. As furnishings served still preserved furnitures from Schloss Hof, which were supplemented by new ones in old style. The private rooms in addition to electric lighting were equipped with central heating.
Belvedere Castle. Staircase in the Upper Belvedere (left).
Marble plastic "Apotheosis of Prince Eugene" by Balthasar Permoser in Gold Cabinet of the Lower Belvedere (right).
If his presence was needed in Vienna, Franz Ferdinand here could lead a normal family life and escape the pressures of court ceremonial, in which the to him in morganatic marriage affiliated wife was exposed to the evils of the courtiers. When the heir to the throne invited guests to the Belvedere, he was sitting opposite his wife as a hostess while she was ranked in the Hofburg always after the latest unmarried Archduchess. About the cozy family life at Belvedere reported Prince von Clary-Aldringens:
"Aunt Sophie invited us ... to snack into a Belvedere, unexpectedly, suddenly appeared the Archduke - we literally froze in our Hab-Acht-position (stand at attention). He greeted us warmly ... [I got to know] the Archduke as a friendly landlord, who was playing and laughing with his Children..."
Between 1899 and 1914 in the Lower Belvedere the military bureau of the heir to the throne was housed. Other well-known Residents - but of outbuildings - were Anton Bruckner, who in 1896 died in the Kustodenwohnung (guardian house), and Richard Strauss, who lived here from 1925 to 1944.
After the assassination of the Archduke and his wife in Sarajevo, the Belvedere should serve as the residence of the new heir to the throne, Archduke Karl and his family. This, however, preferred living in Schönbrunn and especially in the villa Wartholz. In 1917, Charles' brother Archduke Maximilian moved with his family into the Belvedere.
During World War II the castle was badly damaged by bombs, but rebuilt after the war ended immediately. On 15 May 1955 was the Marble Hall venue of the signing of the Austrian State Treaty. Today, the Upper Belvedere houses important art collections.
Excerpts from
Thus lived the Habsburgs - Imperial and Royal Palaces in the
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
Ingrid Haslinger, Gerhard Trumler
Christian Brandstätter Verlag mbH
The publishing service for museums, businesses and
public bodies
www.brandstaetter - verlag.at
Denomination of the summer residence which Prince Eugene of Savoy himself had erected btw Rennweg and Swiss Garden. The term which refers to the unique view over Vienna dates from the time of Maria Theresa. Prinz Eugen bought in 1697 a plot of land at the Rennweg, which he extended to 1721 in four stages to the current area. Between 1714 and 1716 emerged the Lower Belvedere It is an elongated ground floor building, designed of a 7-axes central projection, two wings and two corner pavilions. The 3-axis central pavilion houses the Marble Hall. The castle the only rarely in Vienna sojourning builder served during the summer months as a pleasure palace.
Only in 1720 commenced construction works for the Upper Belvedere, first drawings for this existed already in 1717. The in it extent and form language compared to the Lower Belvedere especially magnificent Upper Belvedere served primarily as a representative setting for grand receptions and festivities. The architectural history of the example due to the loss of the Eugenianischen Bauarchivs (construction archiv of Prince Eugene) cannot be explored in detail without any gaps. 1723 (according to Rizzi 1721/22) the Upper Belvedere s is considered complete. The architect Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, who repeatedly worked for Prince Eugen, with the construction of the Belvedere has created his main work. It counts in its multiform architectonic as well as sculptural structure to the most important baroque buildings of the 18th century. The to the ensemble belonging, btw Upper and Lower Belvedere laying garden has been created by the Bavarian horticultural engineer D. Girard and today only in broad terms is original. The designs for the interior of the castle stem from C. le Fort du Plessy.
After the death of the prince the belvedere went into the possession of his sole heiress, Victoria Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen. She sold it in 1752 to Maria Theresa. At the behest of Joseph II from 1775 the imperial picture gallery was transferred here, which in 1781 for the first time was open to the public. had. Since 1806 was located in the Lower Belvedere the Ambras Collection. Both collections were in 1890 in the Museum of Art History transferred. In 1894, the palace became residence for the heir to the throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
After the first World War I the Republic of Austria in Belvedere installed the Austrian Gallery. 1945 suffered the Belvedere severe war damage. In 1950, the "Gold Cabinet" in the north-eastern corner pavilion of the Upper Belvedere was destroyed by fire and replaced by a copy. The since 1988 ongoing general renovation should have been completed in 1996.
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Austrian Gallery Belvedere
The in the center of Vienna situated Belvedere palaces with their extensive parks form an impressive baroque Gesamtkunstwerk. The Museum in the Upper and Lower Castle
provides an excellent overview of the Austrian Art from the Middle Ages to the present. the collections of the 19th and 20th Century also include an exquisite inventory of international art. World Famous works by Klimt, Schiele, Kokoschka, Renoir and Monet you can see in the upper
Belvedere, from where you can enjoy a spectacular view to the center of Vienna. In the historic rooms of the Lower Belvedere are shown works of art from the Middle Ages and Baroque.
Austrian Gallery Belvedere
Prinz Eugen -Strasse 27 , A - 1037 Wien
Phone +43 / ( 0) 1 / 79557-0
Fax +43 / (0) 1/79 84 337
Upper Belvedere
Collections of the 19th and 20th century
Prinz Eugen -Strasse 27 , A - 1037 Wien
Lower Belvedere
Baroque Museum, and Museum of Medieval Art
Rennweg 6a, A - 1030 Vienna
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James Norman drives one of 20 Genesee County Community Action Resource Department (GCCARD) vehicles that perform deliveries of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) Disaster Household Distribution Program (DHHDP) commodities, on Wednesday, October 5, 2016, in Flint, Michigan. USDA Foods are being packaged and delivered to 17,000 households eligible for The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) in the Flint area to help address the ongoing water crisis. DHHDP packages are prepositioned in shopping carts in the onsite distribution area that includes receptionists, commodity shelves, assistants, and checkout counters. The DHHDP consists of an additional 14-pound nutrient-targeted food package, containing foods rich in calcium, iron, and Vitamin C â which are believed to help limit the absorption of lead in the body. This number of boxes will be distributed each month for four months. The food is in addition to the regular allotment that TEFAP recipients currently receive. The packing line team included Michigan government employees volunteering their personal time produced hundreds of Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) and TEFAP packages. CSFP works to improve the health of low- income elderly persons at least 60 years of age by supplementing their diets with nutritious USDA Foods. USDA photo by Lance Cheung.
For more information about USDA -- www.usda.gov
For more information about FNS -- www.fns.usda.gov
For more information about Disaster Nutrition Assistance Programs, including DHHDP -- www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/disaster/Disaster-Br...
For more information about CSFP -- www.fns.usda.gov/csfp/commodity-supplemental-food-program...
For more information about TEFAP -- www.fns.usda.gov/tefap/emergency-food-assistance-program-...
@USDA
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By the late 1950s, the US Navy had successfully made operational a carrier-based nuclear bomber, the North American AJ Savage, and were fielding supercarriers capable of carrying large numbers of nuclear-capable aircraft. As a result, North American privately suggested to the Navy a supersonic jet nuclear bomber that could be operated from Forrestal-class carriers as a Savage replacement and as a supplement to the subsonic A3D Skywarrior. The Navy liked the idea and ordered a prototype, the XA3J-1 Vigilante, in 1956, with the first aircraft coming off the line two years later.
The Vigilante was far ahead of its time. It was the first operational aircraft to use a primitive fly-by-wire microprocessor system, an all-moving tail that replaced the ailerons of more conventional aircraft, a heads-up display, inertial navigation, an undernose television camera system (TCS), bombing computer, and extensive use of titanium to lighten the weight. The bomb delivery system was also unique: a nuclear weapon would be carried in a mid-fuselage tunnel, and ejected out the back of the aircraft over the target along with used fuel cells. The first A3J-1s entered service in 1961
Because of this new technology, the Vigilante’s early years were fraught with maintenance problems, posting the worst operational capability in the Navy for its first few years in service. The nuclear delivery system never worked correctly, and operational use of spare fuel cells in the tunnel led to the loss of one aircraft and several deck fires: the shock of a catapult launch would send the cells flying out the rear of the aircraft. In any case, the Navy was moving away from dedicated nuclear bombers: nuclear weapons had gotten small enough that even diminutive aircraft like the A-4 Skyhawk could carry them, and the development of the Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile made something like the Vigilante largely unnecessary. North American had also attempted to sell the Vigilante to the USAF as an interceptor—including one three-engined aircraft capable of Mach 3 and armed with six AIM-7 Sparrows on a rotary launcher; though the USAF used the A3J as the basis for the cancelled XF-108 Rapier, it never showed serious interest in the Vigilante.
Pilots reported the aircraft—redesignated A-5A in 1962—was difficult to bring back aboard a carrier due to its high landing speed, but that its handling was excellent, and maneuverability was also very good: Vigilantes had proven capable of maneuvering with F-8 Crusaders. As a result, the Navy decided to convert its A-5s to RA-5C fast reconnaissance aircraft. The RA-5C kept most of the advances of the A-5A (including using fuel cells in the tunnel bay, despite the possibility of fire) along with that of the prototype-stage A-5B, which added a dorsal “hump” with additional fuel. The RA-5C would have a larger wing and a slew of new electronics, including cameras, side-looking radar and infrared sensors. The first RA-5Cs entered service in 1963 with former nuclear-attack “heavy” squadrons.
The RA-5C soon found itself in action over North Vietnam, beginning in 1964. These aircraft proved invaluable: their speed made them virtually immune to MiG interceptors, and even surface-to-air missile batteries found it a tough target to bring down. Because of its speed, the normal F-4 Phantom II fighter escort left the RA-5C at the shoreline and waited for its return. However, since it operated at low level, the Vigilante was vulnerable to ground fire, and the North Vietnamese were well aware that Vigilantes would soon arrive over a target recently struck by Navy aircraft, and would set up ambushes. 18 RA-5Cs were lost in combat over North Vietnam, all but four to antiaircraft guns, and another nine in accidents; because there had not been that many Vigilantes built, North American reopened the production line to replace these losses. This was still a better loss ratio than the RF-8s that supplemented the RA-5Cs. “Vigis” would be one of the few aircraft to serve from the first day of the Vietnam War until the very end.
Following the end of the Vietnam War, the RA-5C’s sheer size and continued maintenance headaches led to it leaving carrier air groups by 1975. The development of the TARPS reconnaissance pod for the F-14 Tomcat spelled the end of the Vigilante, which was deemed no longer necessary. The last RA-5C flight took place in November 1969. Of 156 built, 13 survive today as gate guards and museum pieces.
The RA-5C Vigilante on display in the Malmstrom Museum’s model collection is an aircraft of RVAH-1 (“Smoking Tigers”), as it appeared on USS Independence during its first Vietnam war cruise in 1964-1965. It carries the standard US Navy scheme of the time of medium gray over white, with the typically high-visibility squadron markings of the era.
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This is a supplemental, the second of several ... we'll call it part 13b of 50 in an occasional series.
This is a long one.
Here's a description of what North America looked like at the middle of the 18th century. Great Britain had its 13 colonies on the continent's East Coast. France had its colonies in Acadia, Quebec, and Louisiana, along with all those wilderness forts and trading posts scattered throughout the Great Lakes and the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. And Spain had the Florida peninsula, along with a bunch of missions way out in that patch of map the British still labelled "Here there be dragons." There were Russians on the West Coast, though that's not something that would ever really matter all that much. And in the middle of everything, there were still many dozens of Native American groups, most of whom still thought they might have a chance to hold onto their home territories, and some of them didn't yet realize there was a threat. The North American table was set, and the boundaries were ... well, not drawn exactly. We've seen how good British colonial folks were at drawing boundaries. But the boundaries existed, at least, even if they were only laid out in hand-wavy language that boiled down to "out there ... somewhere." It was inevitable that the British colonists would bump up against one sooner or later.
That bump would come to be called the French and Indian War, and it turned out to be one of larger reasons why I call this series the "Origin of the States" and not the "Origin of the Colonies."
The French and Indian War is probably the most significant conflict fought on the North American continent that most people forget happened. I sometimes use that phrase for the War of 1812, but this one was a bigger deal. There aren't many preserved sites related to it, so there's not much to photograph that justifies me going into it at length in pictures and captions, though I do have a direct ancestral link. There's an apocryphal tale told by the Ojibwe Indians that says French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm died on the Plains of Abraham in the arms of a seventh-great-grandfather of mine, so I might tell that story if I ever go to Quebec. (I'll discuss the veracity of this and other claims after a trip I hope to take in September.)
It all started at the point of land shown in the not-great picture above, taken with a bad camera in 2012 at a construction site in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers come together to form the Ohio at a point called the Forks. Both the British and French had their eyes set on control of the Ohio Valley, and both sides knew the Forks would be essential to securing that control. The British actually thought they'd gotten there first when an Englishman set up a trading post in 1740, but then the French started stalking around the place building forts in the wilderness and making the British nervous about things. In January of 1754, the Governor of Virginia--who claimed this territory because the descendants of William Penn were too busy arguing with Maryland about the 40th parallel to notice Virginians crossing it--sent a garrison of British soldiers to build a fort of their own at the Forks. They were about halfway through the project when a much larger force of French showed up and told them to get lost. Heavily outnumbered, the British got lost, and the French knocked down the little British fort and built a much fancier fort of their own.
As you'd expect, this put the British Virginians in a bad mood. They weren't going to stand for this. This meant war. On the upside, the British had a strong population advantage in North America. About 1.5 million British colonists lived in the fast-growing settlements along the coast in 1750, compared to about 75,000 French trappers and traders scattered in an arc that reached across half the continent. On the downside, the British didn't have much of an army stationed in the colonies. But then again, neither did the French. Both sides would have to use militia to fight their war, at least until the homeland could send in the troops. In the mean time, both sides turned to the natives and started looking for allies.
Here, the French had the distinct advantage, as they had established much stronger ties with a much more diverse collection of Native American groups. They were able to get the Wabanaki Confederation from what are now Canada's Maritime Provinces to sign on, along with various northeastern Algonquins, the three allied Anishinaabe nations (the Ottawas, Potawatomis, and Ojibwes), and the Shawnee of the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys. The British were only able to beg help from the Iroquois Confederacy of upstate New York and the Cherokee from Tennessee ... at least until 1758, when they ticked the Cherokee off. So for the first couple of years of the war, things just didn't go the way Great Britain and her colonists would have liked. Things went bad enough, in fact, that British blundering almost managed to kill a talented young lieutenant colonel from Virginia named George Washington. (The Brits would probably look back and wish they'd messed this one up just a tad bit more in later years.)
But then in 1756, things got complicated as events in Europe absorbed the attention of both home nations. It seemed that Austria wanted to reclaim Silesia from the Prussians ... and isn't it always Silesia and the Prussians? (As a proud American, I can honestly say that sentence means absolutely nothing to me.) Britain and Prussia were allies, and since France was already at war with Britain in the colonies, they decided to just go ahead and make it a thing and signed on to fight beside the Austrians ... even though they hated the Austrians. But that's just how things go in Europe. As with any European war, you can really get deep into the weeds if you start digging too far into any of it, so we'll just sum it up by saying that this all turned into a really big, continent spanning conflict known as the Seven Years' War that forced all the European powers to pick sides, and the French and Indian War just got sucked right into the thick of it. Britain and France committed to fighting even harder against each other, but things worked out much better for Britain in Europe, so France wasn't able to send the reinforcements their North American armies needed to keep the fight going. The North American tide turned completely, and in 1759 the British forces rolled up the St. Lawrence and decimated the French, grabbing Quebec City, Montreal, and pretty much everything else.
The war in Europe raged on another four years, but when everybody sat down in Paris in 1763 to decide who won what, the negotiators remembered what the British had done in Canada and told them they could keep it. Spain, meanwhile, hadn't been involved in the North American fighting, but they'd joined the Seven Years' War in Europe to help out the French just as the French were losing the thread, so they wound up having to give Florida to the British. But France reimbursed Spain for the loss by giving them the Louisiana territory ... something that will be kind of a big deal once I get back to the state origin stories. France, meanwhile, was kicked off the North American continent. They still held onto a few islands in the Caribbean--Haiti would turn into kind of a big thing for France in a couple of generations--but as for the mainland, they were out of the colony business.
Consequences
The funny thing about the Seven Years' War and its French and Indian theater is that it's easy to miss just how consequential an event this was. It seems like sort of a little thing in the list of wars, and I know American history books undersell it, but it set up the conditions that would lead directly to the end of the Bourbons and fall of the French monarchy, the quarter-century of near-constant warfare from the French Revolutionary Wars all the way up to Waterloo, and all the revolutions that would wrack Europe between 1789 and 1848. Europe was always a convoluted soap opera of international intrigue far too complicated for mere mortals to ever comprehend, but the Seven Years' War changed the plot significantly.
In North America, the consequences were simpler, but they bore down with more weight on the common British colonist. The British let the French speakers of Quebec stick around, which would result in a province full of confusing road signs two centuries later, but for reasons mostly to do with fishing, they kicked all the French-speakers out of the Acadia colony and replaced them with new settlers from England. This added a new set of British colonies full of loyal Englishmen who felt very little connection to the nutcases down in Boston.
(Those Acadians will pop up later, though they'll be missing a syllable.)
Meanwhile, the Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi had gone from active control by the French to a sort of passive control by a declining and disinterested Spanish Empire. And while you'd think this would be good for British colonists looking to push west with renewed vigor, King George III had other ideas. For the most part, the British government had taken an increasingly hands-off approach to running the colonies. The colonial assemblies had increasingly been left to fend for themselves, and this had been just fine with the colonists, who had gotten used to a certain level of freedom and self-determination. But George III had taken the throne just as the French and Indian part of the Seven Years' War was wrapping up, and all those colonies suddenly caught the attention of the new King and the government formed in his name.
For one thing, George didn't think it was all that good an idea to let the colonists go running all over the continent willy-nilly, grabbing up lands from Indians who might like to keep them, so he issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763. This limited colonial settlement to a line drawn down the middle of the Appalachian Mountains, far east of the Ohio Valley everybody'd just fought a war to secure. He was hoping he might divert settlers north to Canada or south to Florida, but he mostly just made a bunch of people mad.
On top of that, though, was the notion George and his ministry had that maybe it might be a good idea to have the colonies contribute a little more to their upkeep and protection. The colonies weren't really paying much in the way of taxes at that point, and George had just spent an enormous amount of money fighting a war to keep them all from being overrun by the French, after all. The least they could do was pay a little bit for a stamp.
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Belvedere
Belvedere Castle. Garden Front of the Lower Belvedere.
Belvedere Palace stands supposedly on the foundations of a Roman camp that had been erected here for strategic reasons. In 1693 Prince Eugene of Savoy acquired field and vineyard grounds between today's Rennweg and today's Gürtel. In 1700 Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt began with the construction of a palace garden (Lower Belvedere), whose in French-style layed out park was equipped with large water basins, an orangery with precious foreign plants and a menagerie. Prince Eugene was a great animal lover, and some animals in his collection could be fed exclusively by himself.
1720 the Prince conceived the plan the summer palace to supplement by a another palace building on the hill of the garden.
The 1721 by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt begun works had been completed in 1724. The Upper Belvedere served in contrast to the Lower only representative purposes and was never meant to live.
The Prince and his architect managed a perfect symbiosis between architecture and garden. After the death of the Savoy (1736) inherited his niece Victoria of Savoy-Soisson, nee Princess Hildburghausen, all his possessions. From her the Habsburgs beginning of 1752 acquired the Belvedere. From 1755 Empress Maria Theresa moved the Arcierenleibgarde (Royal Company of the Archers) and the Galician Guard in the annex of the Belvedere. Besides, the castle stood almost empty.
Belvedere Castle. Engraving by Salomon Kleiner 1731/40 (left).
Vienna from the Belvedere. Coloured copper engraving by Carl Schütz, 1784 (right).
1770 Belvedere Palace was venue of brilliant festivities:
In castle and park the marriage of Archduchess Maria Antonia (Marie Antoinette) with the Dauphin of France by proxy (per procura) was celebrated. About 2,000 people were invited, more than 1,500 bottles of champagne, which was far from home in Vienna at that time,
were emptied. For hospitality of the guests, there were round tables, which were covered with silver. However, the Court of Vienna had a large part of the silver service to rent of nobles, because the stocks of the silver chamber were not sufficient. Finished was the festival by a magnificent fireworks.
1776, the imperial picture gallery from the Stallburg (home of the famous Lipizzan stallions) was transferred to the Upper Belvedere, the animals of the menagerie came to Schönbrunn. Shortly before the Congress of Vienna in 1814 in the Lower Belvedere the Ambras Collection was exposed. During the war against Napoleon (1805-1809), much of the collection of paintings had to be outsourced. The Corsican claimed 400 masterpieces for himself, but which after his defeat at Waterloo to the Habsburgs have been restituted. The after the French wars completely neglected building has been restored 1850-1866.
Castle Park with Upper Belvedere. Photograph, around 1890.
1819 Emperor Franz II (I) the Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, had given spacious grounds for enlargement of the Botanical Garden at Rennweg. Franz was very interested in botany and in accordance with a Habsburg House bill - every Archduke must learn a civilian job - has been educated for gardener. In an adjoining garden of Schloß Belvedere he had from his private funds laid out a botanical garden ("Flora Austriaca") which was left to the Institute of Botany for use.
During the cholera epidemic of 1831, the Belvedere served as well as Schönbrunn Palace the imperial family as a refuge; supposedly one was there protected from the bad air, which was attributed to the onset of the disease. Both castles lay in the "countryside", the air was much better here than in the densely populated city. During wartime, a hospital was set up in the castle.
As the space for the imperial collections became too small, it was thought to expand the Upper Belvedere by wing buildings. This plan was dropped for aesthetic reasons, however. After the expansion of the city (razing of the bastions and glacis) arose on the ring road the newly created Court Museums; moved there in 1891 the major part of the paintings.
Archduke-Heir to the Throne Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este at folk and children's party in the park of the Belvedere Palace. Photograph, 1905.
To 1893/94 it is likely that Archduke Franz Ferdinand has chosen the Upper Belvedere to his residence in Vienna. Other sources say that it had been assigned to him by the Emperor Franz Joseph as a place to stay in Vienna. The rooms have been restored, adapted for residential purposes and supplemented with neo-Baroque furniture. The heir of the Este collections furnished his residence with numerous works of art. He had envisaged the castle for the accommodation of his collections; in 1893 were numerous boxes from India and Singapore in Belvedere stored. 1894 Emperor Franz Joseph could see the collection: "Yesterday I went to the Belvedere, where Franzi showed me his now quite and very nicely prepared collections. The same are as imposing as interesting by the incredible amount of objects and by the rarity and beauty of them. I believe that this exhibition would be interesting for you", wrote the monarch to his wife, Empress Elisabeth. That same year, Archduke Franz Ferdinand showed his collections his future wife, Sophie Chotková,
"Where I unaware of your fatigue with particular brutality you dragged from box to box" as he apologetically from Budweis wrote to the Countess.
Then the collections moved one the one hand to the Palais Modena in the Beatrixgasse, on the other hand to Konopischt. Only in 1898, Franz Ferdinand was granted by Emperor Franz Joseph to move into the Belvedere as Vienna Residence. More revitalization works were carried out and were also necessary. Technical modernization and preservation of the original building condition had priority - as always with the projects of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. As furnishings served still preserved furnitures from Schloss Hof, which were supplemented by new ones in old style. The private rooms in addition to electric lighting were equipped with central heating.
Belvedere Castle. Staircase in the Upper Belvedere (left).
Marble plastic "Apotheosis of Prince Eugene" by Balthasar Permoser in Gold Cabinet of the Lower Belvedere (right).
If his presence was needed in Vienna, Franz Ferdinand here could lead a normal family life and escape the pressures of court ceremonial, in which the to him in morganatic marriage affiliated wife was exposed to the evils of the courtiers. When the heir to the throne invited guests to the Belvedere, he was sitting opposite his wife as a hostess while she was ranked in the Hofburg always after the latest unmarried Archduchess. About the cozy family life at Belvedere reported Prince von Clary-Aldringens:
"Aunt Sophie invited us ... to snack into a Belvedere, unexpectedly, suddenly appeared the Archduke - we literally froze in our Hab-Acht-position (stand at attention). He greeted us warmly ... [I got to know] the Archduke as a friendly landlord, who was playing and laughing with his Children..."
Between 1899 and 1914 in the Lower Belvedere the military bureau of the heir to the throne was housed. Other well-known Residents - but of outbuildings - were Anton Bruckner, who in 1896 died in the Kustodenwohnung (guardian house), and Richard Strauss, who lived here from 1925 to 1944.
After the assassination of the Archduke and his wife in Sarajevo, the Belvedere should serve as the residence of the new heir to the throne, Archduke Karl and his family. This, however, preferred living in Schönbrunn and especially in the villa Wartholz. In 1917, Charles' brother Archduke Maximilian moved with his family into the Belvedere.
During World War II the castle was badly damaged by bombs, but rebuilt after the war ended immediately. On 15 May 1955 was the Marble Hall venue of the signing of the Austrian State Treaty. Today, the Upper Belvedere houses important art collections.
Excerpts from
Thus lived the Habsburgs - Imperial and Royal Palaces in the
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
Ingrid Haslinger, Gerhard Trumler
Christian Brandstätter Verlag mbH
The publishing service for museums, businesses and
public bodies
www.brandstaetter - verlag.at
Denomination of the summer residence which Prince Eugene of Savoy himself had erected btw Rennweg and Swiss Garden. The term which refers to the unique view over Vienna dates from the time of Maria Theresa. Prinz Eugen bought in 1697 a plot of land at the Rennweg, which he extended to 1721 in four stages to the current area. Between 1714 and 1716 emerged the Lower Belvedere It is an elongated ground floor building, designed of a 7-axes central projection, two wings and two corner pavilions. The 3-axis central pavilion houses the Marble Hall. The castle the only rarely in Vienna sojourning builder served during the summer months as a pleasure palace.
Only in 1720 commenced construction works for the Upper Belvedere, first drawings for this existed already in 1717. The in it extent and form language compared to the Lower Belvedere especially magnificent Upper Belvedere served primarily as a representative setting for grand receptions and festivities. The architectural history of the example due to the loss of the Eugenianischen Bauarchivs (construction archiv of Prince Eugene) cannot be explored in detail without any gaps. 1723 (according to Rizzi 1721/22) the Upper Belvedere s is considered complete. The architect Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, who repeatedly worked for Prince Eugen, with the construction of the Belvedere has created his main work. It counts in its multiform architectonic as well as sculptural structure to the most important baroque buildings of the 18th century. The to the ensemble belonging, btw Upper and Lower Belvedere laying garden has been created by the Bavarian horticultural engineer D. Girard and today only in broad terms is original. The designs for the interior of the castle stem from C. le Fort du Plessy.
After the death of the prince the belvedere went into the possession of his sole heiress, Victoria Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen. She sold it in 1752 to Maria Theresa. At the behest of Joseph II from 1775 the imperial picture gallery was transferred here, which in 1781 for the first time was open to the public. had. Since 1806 was located in the Lower Belvedere the Ambras Collection. Both collections were in 1890 in the Museum of Art History transferred. In 1894, the palace became residence for the heir to the throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
After the first World War I the Republic of Austria in Belvedere installed the Austrian Gallery. 1945 suffered the Belvedere severe war damage. In 1950, the "Gold Cabinet" in the north-eastern corner pavilion of the Upper Belvedere was destroyed by fire and replaced by a copy. The since 1988 ongoing general renovation should have been completed in 1996.
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Austrian Gallery Belvedere
The in the center of Vienna situated Belvedere palaces with their extensive parks form an impressive baroque Gesamtkunstwerk. The Museum in the Upper and Lower Castle
provides an excellent overview of the Austrian Art from the Middle Ages to the present. the collections of the 19th and 20th Century also include an exquisite inventory of international art. World Famous works by Klimt, Schiele, Kokoschka, Renoir and Monet you can see in the upper
Belvedere, from where you can enjoy a spectacular view to the center of Vienna. In the historic rooms of the Lower Belvedere are shown works of art from the Middle Ages and Baroque.
Austrian Gallery Belvedere
Prinz Eugen -Strasse 27 , A - 1037 Wien
Phone 43 / ( 0) 1 / 79557-0
Fax 43 / (0) 1/79 84 337
Upper Belvedere
Collections of the 19th and 20th century
Prinz Eugen -Strasse 27 , A - 1037 Wien
Lower Belvedere
Baroque Museum, and Museum of Medieval Art
Rennweg 6a, A - 1030 Vienna
Samantha sits in her home watching TV lessons to supplement her radio lessons. Samantha, 17, is in Secondary 4 studying tourism. Content for radio and TV lessons was developed by Rwanda Education Board with support from UNICEF.
Rwanda is the first GPE partner country to receive a COVID-19 accelerated grant of US$10 million to support its response to the pandemic.
UNICEF photos on remote education during COVID-19
Rwanda, May 2020
Copyright: UNICEF Rwanda/Saleh
Learn more: www.globalpartnership.org/where-we-work/rwanda
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"Keep out of the reach of children. May lead to dependency and loutish behaviour".
Alongside newspaper supplements like this one, the Weekly Freeman and the Freeman's Journal were very keen on publicising "Mr. Davitt's Story of the Boer War" as evidenced by many adverts, e.g. one from the Freeman's Journal on Wednesday, 8 May 1901. It called The Boer Story of the War by Mr Michael Davitt, the Publication of the Year. It promised "photographic and other sketches of battles, leaders, war scenes, incidents, councils, camps, prisons, trenches, etc., and portraits of noted Boer officers and commanders..."
Date: Saturday, 11 May 1901
Size: 41.5 x 28 cm
Printed by: The Weekly Freeman
NLI Ref.: WEEKLY FREEMAN 1901 MAY 11 (A)
Reproduction rights owned by the National Library of Ireland
Most Medigap policies do not have deductibles, but a few Medicare supplement plan levels do. These are plans F, K and L. Actually, plan F has a high-deductible option, and that option works similarly to K and L. blog.trustedseniorspecialists.com/medicare-supplements-wi...
"Because you're a miserable bastard obviously"
View Large: farm5.static.flickr.com/4027/4366639559_1c455a7eb7_b.jpg
Looks like I've been tagged by my Flickr buddy, Dr. Cuervo www.flickr.com/photos/drcuervo/
So here are 10 Random Things About Me:
1- My dad's Glaswegian and a distant relative of Robert The Bruce
2- I studied and eventually graduated from Marine Biology at UNSW but became disillusioned with it and am now 2 years into a law degree. Graduating at 30. WOO!
3- I have a bunch of creative projects in the works and am hoping that eventually i'll be able to work part time in law and supplement my income through creative endeavors.
4- I play guitar reasonably well
5- I was brought up Catholic but am now an Agnostic (Really an atheist who is too scared to give up the god of the gaps entirely)
6- I roleplay (Dungeons and Dragons etc) (Please don't give me a wedgie). In fact i love most types of escapism :p
7- I trained in Angola Capoeira for 6 years but left due to the organizational politics
8- I sometimes suffer from major self doubt and depression (But i'm getting on top of this)
9- I'm torn between taxi driver and donnie darko. Either way i'm gods lonely confused man.
10- I'm working towards going on a tour of all the weirdest parts of America. Winchester Mystery House etc
If you have any other random questions that you would like to ask feel free to do so in the comments and I'll respond. BTW,
Oh and obviously if you've been tagged it's now your turn