View allAll Photos Tagged soilscience
A representative soil profile of a Typic Haplocryalf from Logan, Utah. (Photo privided by A. Hartemink.)
Typic Haplocryalfs are the Cryalfs with no glossic horizon. Most of these soils have no interfingering of albic materials into the argillic, kandic, or natric horizon. Most have an argillic horizon that has an upper boundary within 60 cm of the mineral soil surface. The common sequence of horizons is an O horizon, an albic horizon, and an argillic horizon. There also are transitional horizons and a Bw, Btk, or Bk horizon in some pedons. The Haplocryalfs of the United States are in the mountains of the Western States and have a cryic temperature regime. Most support coniferous forest vegetation. Virtually none of them are cultivated because their slopes are steep and the growing season is short and cool. In other countries, Haplocryalfs occur on mountains and also on plains nearly as far north as the line of continuous permafrost. Some of the associated soils on these landscapes are Gelisols on north-facing slopes and Histosols.
Cryalfs are the more or less freely drained Alfisols of cold regions. Nearly all of these soils have a cryic temperature regime and normally have a udic moisture regime. Cryalfs are not extensive. They formed in North America, Eastern Europe, and Asia above 49 degrees N. latitude and in some high mountains south of that latitude. In the mountains, they tend to form below the Spodosols or Inceptisols. Most Cryalfs are or have been under a coniferous forest. In North America they are mainly in forests because of their short, cool growing season. Cryalfs in the United States generally developed in Pleistocene deposits, mostly of Wisconsinan age.
For more information about soils and the Michigan State University-Department of Geography, visit:
project.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Sebree series in Idaho.
The Sebree series consists of moderately deep over a duripan, well drained soils on terraces or alluvial plains. They formed in loess over unconsolidated alluvial sediments. Permeability is slow. Slopes are 0 to 12 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 10 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Xeric Natridurids
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 54 degrees F.
Depth to duripan - 20 to 40 inches
Depth to calcium carbonate - 7 to 20 inches
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for rangeland and irrigated cropland. Crops are small grains, corn, alfalfa and pasture. Under natural conditions the soil is barren or nearly so; some cheatgrass, pepperweed, and stunted big sagebrush are around the edges of individual areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SEBREE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Typic Glossaqualfs from south-west Poland--lower Silesia region and the Sudetes Mountains, formed in loess. (Photo provided by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.)
Glossaqualfs are the Aqualfs that have a frigid, mesic, isomesic, or warmer temperature regime and have a glossic horizon. The glossic horizon is interpreted as evidence that the argillic horizon has been partly destroyed. Tubular intrusions of albic materials into the argillic horizon may be formed by filling of burrows made by crayfish or of traces of taproots. Light colored krotovinas or filled root channels should be considered albic materials only if they have no fine stratifications and no lamellae, if all sealing along krotovina walls has been destroyed, and if these intrusions have, after deposition, been leached of some free iron oxides and/or clay. Characteristically, these soils have the most humid climates of the Alfisols and the most water passing through the profile and have a relatively low base saturation for soils of this order. Before the soils were cultivated, the vegetation was mostly deciduous hardwood forest. The parent materials are largely basic or calcareous sediments of late-Pleistocene age. Slopes are nearly level or concave.
Glossaqualfs are mostly in the most northern and southern parts of the range of Aqualfs. They generally are in the Great Lakes area and on the gulf coast. A few are in the Pacific Northwest. Except where the temperature regime is frigid, most of these soils have been drained and are used for cultivated crops.
These soils are classified as Dystric Luvic Glossic Stagnosols (Siltic) by the World Reference Base (WRB).
For more information about this soil, visit:
sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home/taxonomy/j-alfisols...
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For additional information about the US Soil Taxonomy soil classification system, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
In addition to increasing the size of the fruit,Fulvic acid can also accelerate the color change of the fruit as a foliar fertilizer, and can significantly improve photosynthesis and sweetness.
Zhengzhou Shengda Khumic Biotechnology Co.,Ltd The Largest Humic & Fulvic Products Manufacturer In China.
Email:melisa@khumic.com|Whatsapp:008618503872723|Website:khumic.com
Phone:+86-371-60992820
Office:Juyimogen Business Center,No.59 Huayuan Road,Zhengzhou,China(Mainland).
Factory: Naomaohu Industrial Park, Hami City, Xinjiang Province, China.
Main products:Humic Acid, Potassium Humate, Fulvic Acid, Potassium Fulvate,Seaweed Extract,Amino Acid,etc.
Plate 15: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for the Al Daghar series (soil AD215).
Taxonomic classification: Lithic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic
The Al Dhagar series is a shallow sandy soil overlying bedrock (typically calcareous sandstone). The soils are typically moderately well to excessively drained. They occur on flats and gentle slopes within level to gently undulating deflation plains. They are formed from eolian sands overlying calcareous sandstone and occur in older landscapes.
These soils are used for rangeland grazing of camels though vegetation cover is frequently less than 5%. The major vegetation species recorded is Haloxylon salicornicum with, less often, Zygophyllum spp. and Stipagrostis plumosa.
The main feature of this soil is the shallow depth (<50cm) to a lithic contact. The soil material above the hardpan is sandy and contains a gypsic horizon. The shallow depth to the hardpan layer is the main restriction for this soil. This restricts water movement, moisture retention and presents a barrier to root development further restricting the availability of nutrients. The presence of gypsum also suggests that salinity might be a problem under irrigation. Soil subsidence may also be an issue as gypsum is leached from the soil under irrigation. This soil is considered unsuitable for irrigated agriculture.
A representative soil profile of the Glenlane series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in loamy material over shale bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=04...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Lithosols. Typical Lithosols have a distinct topsoil, without any distinguishing features. These are shallow (< 30 cm depth) non-calcareous soils, commonly overlying hard rock or skeletal and gravelly material made up of > 80% coarse material (> 2 mm).
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual; or a soil matrix color controlled by the presence of iron.
The composition and responsible formation processes for a soil color or color pattern must be known or inferred before it can be described as an RMF.
This is an example of a depleted matrix with Fe concentrations along old root channels. A depleted matrix refers to the volume of a soil horizon or subhorizon in which the processes of reduction and translocation have removed or transformed iron, creating colors of low chroma and high value.
Once the soil is saturated, Fe in solution moves downward and laterally. As the soil dries, the Fe accumulates along the pore wall forming pore linings. The linings are zones of accumulation that may be either coatings on a ped or pore surface or impregnations of the matrix adjacent to the pore or ped.
In addition, finer-textured material (gray clay and silt) have also been translocated and accumulated along the pore walls.
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
The Rub' al Khali is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert covers some 650,000 square kilometres including parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is part of the larger Arabian Desert. One very large pile of sand!!!
Jabal Hafeet is a mountain in the region of Tawam, on the border of the United Arab Emirates and Oman, which may be considered an outlier of Al Hajar Mountains in Eastern Arabia. Due to its proximity to the main Hajar range, the mountain may be considered as being part of the Hajar range. To the north is the UAE city of Al Ain, in the Eastern Region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and the adjacent Omani town of Al-Buraimi.
The sole mountain in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and one of the highest mountains in the country. As of 2017, the mountain is recognized as being part of a national park, and was incorporated into the Sheikh Zayed Network of Protected Areas in 2018.
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
A representative soil profile of the Inman soil series. (Soil Survey of Cannon County, Tennessee; by By Jerry L. Prater, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Inman series consists of moderately deep, well drained, flaggy soils. These soils formed in clayey residuum that weathered from interbedded phosphatic limestone and shale. They are on rolling to steep uplands in the outer part of the Central Basin. Slopes range from 5 to 40 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ruptic-Alfic Eutrudepts
Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Thin fragments of rock 1 inch to 15 inches long ranges from 10 to 35 percent by volume in each horizon. The reaction ranges from medium acid to neutral, except thin layers near bedrock range to mildly alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: About three-fourths of the soil is cleared and used mainly for growing pasture. The native vegetation is forest of oaks, walnut, locust, ash, hickory, beech, elm, maple, and cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Central Basin and extreme western edge of the Highland Rim in Tennessee. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/cann...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/INMAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Oglethrope series (Eutric Chromic Cambisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
The soil series in the Oglethorpe association are all typical brown earths in reddish drift. It is mapped in Wales around Brecon and west of Chepstow and in Lancashire, Northumberland and Cumbria. The Oglethorpe soils are coarse loamy but similar fine loamy Newbiggin soils are also common. Topsoils and subsoils are generally reddish brown with fine subangular blocky structure and common or many medium and large sandstones increasing in abundance with depth. Where subsoils are gravelly within 80 cm depth the Newnham series is found and this is a common associate. The association is most extensive south of Brecon between the Usk and the Brecon Beacons at heights from 100 to 300 m O.D. Newnham series is most common in the main valleys where there are hummocky glaciofluvial deposits and river terraces. Cambic stagnogley soils, Hollacombe series , are rare associates in rushy or wooded depressions. The association is found on glaciofluvial mounds north-west of Berwick-Upon-Tweed and there is a small area near Flookburgh in south Cumbria which was included in the Winmarleigh association by Hall and Folland (1970).
The land is generally undulating and the drift is mostly till, but there are some gravelly glaciofluvial deposits. With little risk of poaching because of the coarse textures these are valuable grassland soils, used for dairying at lower elevations and livestock rearing on higher ground.
The soils are permeable, naturally well drained (Wetness Class I) and readily absorb winter rainwater. The annual rainfall ranges from 1,000 mm in Gwent to about 1,500 mm on the flanks of the Brecon Beacons, corresponding to field capacity periods ranging from 215 days to more than 270 days. With little risk of poaching because of the coarse textures these are valuable grassland soils, used for dairying at lower elevations and livestock rearing on higher ground. Some cereals are grown in Gwent, but otherwise there is little arable apart from forage crops because cultivation is restricted by the climate and widespread presence of large stones in the topsoil. Soil depth ensures good reserves of available water, usually more than 125 mm, so the soils are not droughty in most years when soil moisture deficits are around 80 mm. Many tree species grow well and enhance the scenic value of the land in the Brecon Beacons National Park.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=54130
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
A representative profile of Nelse soil, a major soil on first bottom floodplains in the Bluestone National Scenic River area. (Image is from Lincoln County, West Virginia.)
The Nelse series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in recent alluvium on the gently sloping to moderately steep banks of major streams and rivers. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent, but is dominantly 12 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Mollic Udifluvents
Total thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Rounded or subrounded rock fragments, from 2mm to 10 inches across range from 0 to as much as 15 percent in individual horizons. Coal fragments from 1mm to 3 inches also range from 0 to 15 percent. The particle-size control section is silt loam, loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand, and contains strata (5mm to 4 inches thick) of very fine to medium sand. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to moderately alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are in woodland of mixed stands of sycamore, river birch, box elder, and maple. Some of the cleared areas are used as sites for gardens and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Kentucky, West Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. The extent of the area is estimated to be moderately extensive. The Nelse soils were mostly mapped as steep alluvial land in the past, or included with adjoining floodplain soils.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NELSE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pavohroo series.
Landscape: Pavohroo soil is used mainly for grazing and timber production.
The Pavohroo series consists of deep and very deep well drained soils that formed in silty alluvium and colluvium derived from loess and a variety of sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. They are on mountains. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 26 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 39 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Pachic Haplocryolls
Mean annual soil temperature - 38 to 44 degrees F.
Thickness of mollic epipedon - 16 to 45 inches
Thickness of the solum - 30 to more than 60 inches
Depth to bedrock - 40 to more than 60 inches
Depth to carbonates - 40 to more than 60 inches
Soil moisture regime - udic
Particle size control section
Clay content - 18 to 30 percent
Rock fragments - commonly increase with depth but average less than 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Pavohroo soil is used mainly for grazing and timber production. The potential natural vegetation is mainly Douglas-fir, pine reedgrass, and mountain snowberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern, Idaho. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PAVOHROO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a Fulvudand in Washington State. This soil formed in material weathered from basalt bedrock with an admixture of volcanic ash in roughly the upper 50 cm. This profile has an umbric epipedon extending from the surface to a depth of about 25 cm. Below this epipedon is a cambic horizon that extends to about 120 cm. The left side of the profile exhibits natural soil structure; the right side of the profile has been smoothed. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Fulvudands have a surface layer that meets the depth, thickness, and organic-carbon requirements for a melanic epipedon but is lighter in color. Characteristically, Fulvudands have a thin O horizon, an umbric (humus-rich with low base saturation) epipedon, and a cambic (minimal soil development) subsoil horizon. The Fulvudands in the United States generally developed in late-Pleistocene deposits. Most formed under coniferous forest vegetation.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Soil profile: Epibasic, Pedal, Supracalcic, Calcarsol. Original notes and photos provided by the State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) with revision.
Landscape: An upper slopeunderlain by Quaternary aeolian deposits (Woorinen formation).
Calcarosols lack strong texture contrast between surface (A) and subsoil (B) horizons. These soils are also calcareous throughout and often have accumulations of calcium carbonate (lime) in the soil profile. These soils form on calcareous, aeolian sediments of variable texture.
For more information about these soils, visit;
vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/malregn.nsf/pages/mall...
In soil taxonomy, these soils are commonly Alfisols and some Aridisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
The Cedarhill series consists of very deep, well drained soils on mountain slopes and ridges, foothills, and terraces. They formed in alluvium and colluvium derived from limestone and related sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. Permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 4 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 15 inches and the mean annual temperature is 44 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Calcixerolls
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for rangeland, wildlife habitat, watershed, and cropland. Important native plants are Utah juniper, mountain big sagebrush, arrowleaf balsamroot, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Indian ricegrass. The dominant crops are dryland wheat and alfalfa.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mountainous areas of southeastern Idaho. This series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CEDARHILL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Dekalb very channery loam. This Dekalb soil, which formed under forests, has dark organic horizons at a depth of 0 to 10 centimeters. Dekalb soils have bedrock at a depth of 50 to 100 centimeters. In this photo, bedrock occurs at a depth of approximately 70 centimeters. (Soil Survey of New River Gorge National River, West Virginia; by Wendy Noll and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A view of the New River Gorge, looking upstream from Stretcher Neck. The moderately deep Dekalb soils occur on the convex portions of the landscape (nose slopes), and the very deep Layland soils occur in the concave positions (coves).
Layland-Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to 80 percent slopes, extremely stony
Map Unit Setting
Major land resource area (MLRA): 127—Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains
Landscape: Mountains
Elevation: 250 to 874 meters
Mean annual precipitation: 1,034 to 1,289 millimeters
Mean annual air temperature: 5 to 17 degrees C
Frost-free period: 141 to 190 days
Map Unit Composition
Layland and similar soils: 45 percent
Dekalb and similar soils: 30 percent
Rock outcrop: 10 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 15 percent
Description of the Layland Soil
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountain flank
Down-slope shape: Linear and concave
Across-slope shape: Linear and concave
Aspect (representative): Southwest
Aspect range: All aspects
Slope range: 55 to 80 percent
Parent material: Extremely stony, acid colluvium derived from interbedded sedimentary rock
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEKALB.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Moana series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Moana soils from 0 0 - 20 cm : Very dark reddish brown forest litter. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Typic Perch-gley Podzols. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Typic Epiaquods. The Typic subgroup of Epiaquods is centered on soils that have an ochric epipedon. These soils do not have an argillic or kandic horizon, a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface, or andic soil properties in a layer 25 cm or more thick from the surface to a depth of 75 cm. These soils occur in the northeastern part of the United States and in Michigan and Wisconsin.
Aquods are the Spodosols of wet regions. They are characterized either by a shallow fluctuating water table or an extremely humid climate. If the soil temperature regime is mesic, isomesic, or warmer, most of the soils have a nearly white albic horizon thick enough to persist under cultivation or, in the wettest Aquods, a black surface horizon resting on a dark reddish brown spodic horizon that is virtually free of iron. Aquods formed mainly in sandy materials of Pleistocene age. They may have any temperature regime. Water-loving plants of a very wide variety, ranging from sphagnum in cold areas to palms in the tropics, grow on these soils. In the United States, relatively few Aquods are cultivated, except in New Jersey and Florida.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Fulvic acid is the essence of humic acid, and its smaller molecular structure allows plants and soil to absorb it better.
Zhengzhou Shengda Khumic Biotechnology Co.,Ltd The Largest Humic & Fulvic Products Manufacturer In China.
Email:melisa@khumic.com|Whatsapp:008618503872723 | Website: www.khumic.com
Phone:+86-371-60992820
Office:Juyimogen Business Center,No.59 Huayuan Road,Zhengzhou,China(Mainland).
Factory: Naomaohu Industrial Park, Hami City, Xinjiang Province, China.
Main products:Humic Acid, Potassium Humate, Fulvic Acid, Potassium Fulvate,Seaweed Extract,Amino Acid,etc.
A representative soil profile of the Ardeen series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=10...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic-gleyic Luvisols (soils with clay enriched subsoil). These soils have humose topsoil and display gleyic features due to the presence of a shallow fluctuating groundwater table.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
A portable XRF spectrometer, which can be attached to a monitoring bench in an office to scan collected samples (left) or can be used in the field to scan exposed faces of soil pits or surfaces (right).
Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometers use high-energy incident X-ray photons to forcibly eject electrons from the inner shell of atoms. The resulting electron holes cause instability, which causes electrons from the outer shell to drop into the inner shell and fill the voids. This process results in the emission of X-ray energy, which is referred to as X-ray fluorescence. Because the energy emitted as fluorescence is element specific, different elements can be identified and quantified (Weindorf et al., 2012a). A comprehensive discussion of P-XRF is provided by Kalnicky and Singhvi (2001). Soil samples and exposed surfaces can be readily scanned with P-XRF spectrometers.
X-ray fluorescence has been principally used to assess metals in contaminated soils (Dao et al., 2012; Schwarz et al., 2012; Weindorf et al., 2012b; Kalnicky and Singhvi, 2001). Weindorf et al. (2012a) used P-XRF to improve descriptions of soil morphology and differentiate soil horizons based on the concentration of different metals. In gypsiferous soils of west Texas, Weindorf et al. (2009) used P-XRF to quantify the calcium content and determine the percent of gypsum. Beaudette et al. (2009) conducted P-XRF surveys in two watersheds, one formed over metavolcanic rocks and the other over granite. They used the resulting geochemical data to infer differences in soil development weathering indices, mineralogy, and geologic signatures. Doolittle et al. (2013) used EMI and P-XRF data to characterize differences in the mineralogy and lithologies of serpentinite- and non-serpentinite-derived soils in the Northern Piedmont of Pennsylvania. In soil survey, P-XRF is primarily applicable to point data documentation.
(Soil Survey of Ontonagon County, Michigan; by J. Scott Eversoll and Lawrence M. Carey, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Moquah series consists of moderately well drained soils formed in loamy alluvium on flood plains. These soils have moderate or moderately slow permeability. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 31 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, frigid Typic Udifluvents
The soil typically is very strongly acid to mildly alkaline. Color, arrangement, and thickness of horizons vary considerably because of the nature of the parent materials.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested with mixed hardwoods and a few conifers. Naturally unforested areas have a cover of native grasses and weeds. Some of these areas are pastured.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan. These soils are of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/michigan/onton...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOQUAH.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Reddies series consists of moderately well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on flood plains in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. They formed in recent alluvium that is loamy in the upper part and is moderately deep to sandy strata containing more than 35 percent by volume gravel and/or cobbles. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F. and mean annual precipitation is 49 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 39 inches. The soil is underlain within depths of 20 to 40 inches, by horizons that contain more than 35 percent gravel and/or cobbles. The coarse-loamy material above the C horizon averages less than 50 percent fine and coarser sand. Rock fragments, dominantly gravel size are in the A and B horizons of some pedons, but comprise less than 35 percent by volume. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. Content of mica flakes is few to many.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the acreage is cleared and is used for hay, corn, pasture, truck crops, ornamentals, and urban uses. The rest is mainly in hardwood forest. Yellow-poplar, sycamore, red maple, and river birch are the dominant trees. Common understory plants are rhododendron, ironwood, flowering dogwood, red maple, tag alder, greenbrier, and switchcane. A few areas have been planted to eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B North Carolina and Tennessee and possibly Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia. This series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-buncombe-county-n...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/REDDIES.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A soil profile of Lazarus loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This soil has a thick loam mollic epipedon and a clay loam argillic horizon. The parent material is alluvium from the surrounding hills and mountains. (Soil Survey of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas; by Alan L. Stahnke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lazarus series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from sandstone, limestone, and shale. Lazarus soils are on drainageways of hillslopes and fan peidmonts. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 13 inches and mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Argiustolls
Soil moisture - The soil moisture control section (SMCS) is intermittently moist in some part from July to October and December to March. The soils are driest in May and June. The soil moisture regime is ustic aridic.
Soil temperature - 52 to 54 degrees F.
Depth to base of mollic epipedon - greater than 20 inches
Depth to base of argillic horizon - greater than 40 inches
Particle-size control section weighted averages:
Silicate clay content: 27 to 35 percent
Sand content: 7 to 24 percent
Fine sand or coarser content: 3 to 5 percent
Rock fragment content: less than 1 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Lazarus soils are used for livestock grazing and farming. Present vegetation is blue grama, galleta, and alkali sacaton.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lazarus soils are of small extent in the north-western part of the Estancia Basin in the Mexican Highland section of the Basin and Range physiographic province in northcentral New Mexico, MLRA 70C.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/guadalup...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LAZARUS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Driggs series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in mixed alluvium with loess influence. Driggs soils are on fan remnants and have slopes of 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 406 mm and the mean annual air temperature is about 5 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Argixerolls
Mollic epipedon thickness: 25 to 44 cm.
Control section total clay range: 20 to 30 percent in the upper part and 1 to 8 percent in the lower part
Rock fragments: 2 to 20 percent in the upper part and,35 to 95 percent in the lower part
Depth to argillic horizon: 12 to 29 cm
Depth to calcic horizon: 44 to 86 cm
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent in the calcic horizon
Depth to sandy-skeletal material (2Bk horizon): 50 to 89 cm
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: irrigated areas are used primarily for small grains, potatoes, hay and pasture; nonirrigated areas are used for pasture and limited production of small grains and hay. Dominant native vegetation: mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, arrowleaf balsamroot, snowberry, antelope bitterbrush
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho, MLRA 13
Extent: the series is not extensive
This revision in 2007 changes the type location and classification of this series. It was formerly classified as fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed superactive Xeric Argicryolls.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DRIGGS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The subsoil below a depth of about 40 cm consists of a clay-enriched argillic horizon (reddish brown) underlain abruptly by a calcic horizon (white) in which calcium carbonate has accumulated. The upper boundary of the calcic horizon is wavy, fluctuating between depths of about 80 and 110 cm. The profile has been smoothed on the right side; the natural soil structure is exposed on the left. The scale is in 20-cm increments (left) and feet (right).
Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy (p. 4-138)
A soil profile of Czar fine sandy loam, in an area of Czar fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. Czar soils have a thick, dark-colored surface layer about 100 cm thick. (Soil Survey of Kenedy and Kleberg Counties, Texas)
The Czar series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy alluvial and eolian sediments of Holocene age over loamy alluvium deposits of Quaternary age. These soils are on nearly level to gently sloping stream terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22.2 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 686 mm (27 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Pachic Argiustolls
Soil moisture: A typic-ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Thickness of the solum: more than 203 cm (80 in)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 91 to 203 cm (36 to 80 in)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 51 to 76 cm (20 to 30 in)
Some pedons have a loamy fine sand overburden less than 15 cm (6 in) thick
USE AND VEGETATION: The major uses are crop and forage production, livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The major crop grown is grain sorghum. Improved pastures grasses are coastal bermudagrass and buffelgrass. Native grasses are mainly two and four-flower trichloris, hooded windmill grass, Wrights threeawn, and plains bristlegrass. Woody vegetation includes mesquite, spiny hackberry, huisache, and prickly pear.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83A in LRR I) of southern Texas. The series is of moderate extent. This soil was previously included in the Willacy series.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CZAR.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Sherless soil series in Arkansas. The Sherless series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum of interbedded shale and sandstone of Mississippian age. These gently sloping to moderately steep soils are on the tops and sides of low ridges in the valleys of the Ouachita Mountains. Water runs off the surface at a medium to rapid rate. Slopes are 1 to 35 percent. (Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Thickness of solum is 20 to 40 inches. Gravel ranges from 5 to 20 percent by volume throughout the solum. Cobbles range from 0 to 20 percent by volume in the A horizon, and from 0 to 15 percent by volume in the B horizon. Total volume of coarse fragments is less than 35 percent in the B horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for woodland and pastureland. Forest of white oak, southern red oak, sweetgum, blackgum, hickory, and shortleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma and Arkansas. The series is of moderate extent. Sherless soils were formerly included with the Sherwood series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR097...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHERLESS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Mecklenburg soil series. These well drained soils are characterized by deep, clayey subsoil horizons and base saturation of more than 35 percent. (Soil Survey of Greene County, Georgia; by Dee C. Pederson and Gregory H. Clark, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Mecklenburg series consists of very deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from intermediate and mafic crystalline rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 45 inches, and mean annual temperature is 59 degrees near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet. The soil ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon and is moderately acid to neutral in the B and C horizons. Content of rock fragments of gravel and cobble size range from 0 to 30 percent by volume in the A horizon and 0 to 10 percent in the B horizon. Manganese concretions are few to many in the A and B horizons. Content of flakes of mica ranges from none to few.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used primarily for corn, soybeans, small grain, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in shortleaf, loblolly and Virginia pines, yellow- poplar, sweetgum, southern red oak, northern red oak, white oak and hickory. Flowering dogwood, Eastern red cedar, sourwood, winged elm, sassafras, greenbrier, and American holly are common in the understory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/greene...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MECKLENBURG.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Pope series from western West Virginia. The bright yellowish brown colors in the subsoil indicate a well drained soil. (Image is from Lincoln County, West Virginia.)
The Pope series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvium on flood plains. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Slopes range from 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 53 degrees F. near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Dystrudepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments, mostly sandstone gravels and channers, range from 0 to 30 percent in the solum and 0 to 75 percent in the substratum. Reaction ranges from strongly acid through extremely acid, unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Largely cultivated to corn, sorghum, small grains, tobacco, hay, pasture and vegetables. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forests of mainly tulip poplar, white oak, river birch, sycamore, beech and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Pope soils are found mainly in MLRAs 124, 125, 126, and 128 consisting of mountain and plateau areas of Kentucky, Georgia, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Pope soils are also mapped less extensively in Alabama, Indiana, New Jersey and New York. The extent is large.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/POPE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
An Udi-Alluvic Primosol and landscape. These soils distribute in the flat area of both sides of rivers and the bottom of valleys in humid climate zone. They also appear in low and flat areas in arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid climate zones. They are often found alternate with Aqui-Alluvic Primosols, Antrosols and Cambosols. Parent materials are mainly recent river alluvium ,but some are ancient river alluvium and sea sediments. They have smooth drainage and good agricultural performance. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Primosols are recent soils with no diagnostic horizons or only an ochric epipedon. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are mostly Entisols or some Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/196
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
The 2014 Crop Production Contest Winners were recognized at the 2015 Kentucky Commodity Conference Awards Banquet on Friday, January 16, 2015 at the University Plaza Holiday Inn in Bowling Green, Kentucky
A representative soil profile of the Diamondpeak series. (Soil Survey of Lassen Volcanic National Park, California; by Andrew E. Conlin, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Diamondpeak series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in tephra and colluvium over residuum from hydrothermally altered rocks. soils are on mountain side slopes in hydrothermally altered areas in the Southern Cascade mountains. Slopes are 10 to 80 percent. Elevation is 5674 to 7900 feet (1730 to 2407 m). The mean annual precipitation is about 117 inches (2972 mm) and the mean annual temperature is about 39 degrees F (4 degrees C).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, isotic, frigid Typic Dystroxerepts
Depth to restrictive feature: Paralithic contact greater than 60 inches (152 cm)
Mean annual soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F (6 to 8 degrees C).
Soil moisture control section is dry: July to October (about 90 days).
Particle-size control section (thickest part): 25 to 35 percent clay.
Surface fragments: 10 to 20 percent gravel, 0 to 5 percent cobbles, and 0 to 2 percent stones.
Some pedons have a Bw horizon above the 2Bwb horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for wildlife habitat, recreation, ecosystem management and watershed. Vegetation is California red fir, mountain hemlock, western white pine, lupine, western needlegrass, mountain monardella and squirreltail.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The soils are inextensive and are mapped in MLRA: 22B, Southern Cascade Mountains
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/las...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DIAMONDPEAK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Plate 46: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for the Madinat Zayed series, saline phase (soil AD246).
Taxonomic classification: Typic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic
The Madinat Zayed series saline phase is a very deep sandy soil. It is a phase of the Madinat Zayed series in that at least one soil horizon presents slightly elevated EC1:1 values suggesting some limited accumulation of secondary salts. The soils are typically well to excessively drained. They occur on dunes and sand sheets throughout the Emirate. They are formed from eolian sands.
These soils are used for rangeland grazing of camels though vegetation cover is frequently less than 5% and often absent. Common vegetation species recorded include Haloxylon salicornicum Zygophyllum spp. and Cyperus conglomeratus together with occasional Stipagrostis plumosa.
This soil has been described in all sub-areas, particularly the Ghayathi sub-area.
These are deep sandy soils showing little evidence of horizon development. Slightly elevated EC1:1 values occur in at least one horizon. The sandy nature of the soil, giving rise to low nutrient storage and moisture holding capacities, is the main limitation for these soils. The soil surface may need to be protected to prevent erosion by wind. The slightly elevated EC1:1 values suggest that there could be a salinity problem under irrigation. This soil is considered highly suitable for irrigated agriculture but is limited by the nature of the landforms in which it occurs. Leveling of dunes could make areas constrained by landform more suitable.
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the McGinty series. (Soil Survey of Costilla County Area, Colorado; by By Alan J. Stuebe, Natural Resources Conservation)
The McGinty series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from igneous and metamorphic rock. McGinty soils are on flood plains, valley floors, alluvial flats, fan remnants, and alluvial fans and have slopes of 0 to 9 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 7
inches and the mean annual temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Haplocalcids
The mean annual soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F (5 to 7.8 degrees C)
The mean summer soil temperature: 59 to 64 degrees F. (15 to 17.2 degrees C)
Depth to uniformly calcareous material: 0 to 18 inches in virgin areas.
Depth to the calcic horizon: 10 to 40 inches (30 to 53 centimeters)
Exchangeable sodium: 0 to 15 percent in a major part of the control section
Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent and are mainly 1/2 to 10 inches (1.27 to 25 centimeters) in diameter
Sand and silt fractions: Contain about 5 to 20 percent or more dark colored ferromagnesian rich minerals and fragments of basalt
Particle size control section:
Clay content: 5 to 18 percent
Silt content: 5 to 35 percent
Sand content: 52 to 75 percent with more than 15 percent fine or coarser sand. Loamy fine sand or coarser is excluded from the above range
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used extensively for irrigated cropland. Potatoes, barley, oats, and alfalfa are the main crops. Some areas are still in native range. Native vegetation is mainly tall rabbitbrush, greasewood and alkali sacaton and inland saltgrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: High mountainous valleys of central and southern Colorado LRR E, MLRA 51. This series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/colorado/costi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MCGINTY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Fairpoint series consists of very deep well drained soils formed in materials derived from the surface mining of coal. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow. The regolith is a mixture of partially weathered fine-earth and rock fragments. Slopes range from 0 to 90 percent. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Typic Udorthents
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Depth Class: Very deep
Rock Fragment Content: The A or Ap horizon ranges from 15 to 60 percent, by volume. The C horizon ranges from 35 to 60 percent, by volume, averaging 45 percent.
Rock Fragment Size: 2 mm to 25 cm, but can include stones and boulders
Rock Fragment Type: Nonacid siltstone, shale, sandstone, limestone and coal
Fine-Earth Fraction: Averages 18 to 35 percent clay in the control section
Soil Reaction: Moderately acid through neutral, except where limed
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Wildlife habitat and recreational areas. The rough topography and coarse fragment content of unreclaimed areas make it impractical for agriculture and difficult for standard forest harvesting practices. Some reclaimed areas are used for hay or pasture, and increasingly, are also used for homesites. Reclaimed areas typically exhibit higher bulk densities, much lower saturated hydraulic conductivities and low organic matter in the surface horizon, making establishment of vegetation difficult.
Dominant Vegetation: Unreclaimed areas are naturally seeded deciduous forests with a few barren areas. Reclaimed areas are usually open grassland, including some legumes. A few reclaimed areas have been planted to trees, but mortality is high because of soil compaction.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia
Extent: Large, over 500,00 acres identified. Fairpoint soils were previously mapped as a variety of strip mine spoil and udorthents units.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FAIRPOINT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Killyfinla series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in loamy material over sandstone bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic-stagnic Brown Earths (relatively young soils or soils with little profile development).
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Note the accumulation of iron (red redox feature) and areas of reduction (gray color).
Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual.
The question at this site were the RMFs formed from relict or contemporary aquic conditions.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
A soil profile of an Ustifluvent in Texas. The soil consists of relatively thin, loamy layers that were deposited by flooding. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Ustifluvents have an ustic moisture regime. Although moisture is limited, it is generally available during portions of the growing season. Temperatures range from cool to hot. These soils are on flood plains along rivers and streams in areas of mid or low latitudes. Flooding can occur in any season but is most common in summer in the mid latitudes and during the rainy season in the Tropics. A few of the soils are flooded regularly in summer, even though the summer is rainless, because of melting snow in high mountains.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States has been developed by soil scientists of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS); the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE); the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); various regional, state, and local agencies; universities; and the private sector. The editors recognize that this guide could not have been developed without the efforts of many individuals. Included in this publication are the hydric soil indicators approved by the NRCS and the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) for use in identifying, delineating, and verifying hydric soils in the field. Also included are indicators designated as test indicators, which are not approved for use but are to be tested so that their utility can be determined.
The current version of the indicators is available on the NRCS hydric soils website:
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. Water saturation (hydrology) largely determines how the soil develops and the types of plant and animal communities living in and on the soil. Wetlands may support both aquatic and terrestrial species. The prolonged presence of water creates conditions that favor the growth of specially adapted plants (hydrophytes) and promote the development of characteristic wetland (hydric) soils.
The concept of hydric soils includes soils developed under sufficiently wet conditions to support the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation. Soils that are sufficiently wet because of artificial measures are included in the concept of hydric soils. Also, soils in which the hydrology has been artificially modified are hydric if the soil, in an unaltered state, was hydric. Some soil series, designated as hydric, have phases that are not hydric depending on water table, flooding, and ponding characteristics.
Northeast Regional Soil Collegiate Competition ⛏📋🐾 #HuskyUnleashed #BloomOnward #EGGS #EnvironmentalGeoscience #SoilScience #geology #dirt
What kind of effect does amino acids play during the growth of crops? What is the function of amino acid fertilizer? Let's check it out with Khumic!
www.linkedin.com/pulse/do-you-really-understand-amino-aci...
Zhengzhou Shengda Khumic Biotechnology Co.,Ltd The Largest Humic & Fulvic Products Manufacturer In China.
Email:melisa@khumic.com|Whatsapp:008618503872723 | Website: www.khumic.com
Phone:+86-371-60992820
Office:Juyimogen Business Center,No.59 Huayuan Road,Zhengzhou,China(Mainland).
Factory: Naomaohu Industrial Park, Hami City, Xinjiang Province, China.
Main products:Humic Acid, Potassium Humate, Fulvic Acid, Potassium Fulvate,Seaweed Extract,Amino Acid,etc.
A representative soil profile of the Christian series.
The Christian series consists of deep and very deep, well-drained soils formed in residuum from interbedded limestone, sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent. Near the type location, the average annual precipitation is 48.4 inches and the average annual temperature is 53 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to more than 80 inches. Chert, sandstone fragments and channers or pebbles range from 0 to 50 percent in the A horizon and from 0 to 35 percent in the B and C horizon. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to extremely acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas on lesser slopes are cleared. Crops normally grown are corn, tobacco, small grain, hay, or pasture. Most of the steeper areas are in forest and less commonly, pasture. Forest consists of red, white, and black oaks, hickory, pines, dogwood, and red cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Virginia. It is of large extent.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Christian County, Kentucky, 1912.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHRISTIAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A profile of Dimebox clay. The texture is clayey throughout. (Soil Survey of Robertson County, Texas; by Harold W. Hyde, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Dimebox soils are on nearly level to very gently sloping plane to slightly convex uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. The soil formed in clayey marine sediments over the Cook Mountain Formation of the Tertiary Period.
This is a cyclic soil and undisturbed areas have gilgai microrelief with microknolls higher than microdepressions. The microknoll makes up about 20 percent, the intermediate or area between the knoll and depression about 60 percent, and the microdepression about 20 percent or less. When dry, the soil has cracks 1 to 5 cm (1/2 to 2 in) wide at the surface and extend to a depth of 30 cm (12 in) or more. Cracks remain open for 60 to 90 cumulative days in most years.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Udic Haplusterts
USE AND VEGETATION: The soil is used mainly for cultivation and rangeland. Cultivated crops include cotton, grain sorghum and corn. Winter pastures are planted to wheat, oats or ryegrass. Areas in range are little bluestem, big bluestem, switchgrass, brownseed paspalum, and indiangrass with various forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Blackland Prairies of East Central Texas (MLRA 86B). The series is of moderate extent. These soils were formerly included in the Burleson series. The classification was changed from Udic Pellusterts to Udic Haplusterts based on the change in the classification of Vertisols. (4/93)
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX395/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DIMEBOX.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photos shared by customers, it is obvious that this year's output is much higher than last year's. Not only for Rose Apples, Fulvic acid is also suitable for many fruits and crops, which can increase the yield and size.
Zhengzhou Shengda Khumic Biotechnology Co.,Ltd The Largest Humic & Fulvic Products Manufacturer In China.
Email:melisa@khumic.com|Whatsapp:008618503872723|Website:khumic.com
Phone:+86-371-60992820
Office:Juyimogen Business Center,No.59 Huayuan Road,Zhengzhou,China(Mainland).
Factory: Naomaohu Industrial Park, Hami City, Xinjiang Province, China.
Main products:Humic Acid, Potassium Humate, Fulvic Acid, Potassium Fulvate,Seaweed Extract,Amino Acid,etc.
A representative soil profile of a Humic Hapludult in North Carolina.
Humic Hapludults are the Hapludults that have a dark colored surface layer. Some have an umbric epipedon or, if heavily limed, a mollic epipedon. Humic Hapludults are mainly in the mountains in the Southeastern United States. They are of moderate extent. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to very steep. Many of these soils are used as cropland or forest. Some are used as pasture.
Hapludults formed in areas of acid rocks or sediments on surfaces that are at least of Pleistocene age. Where the soils are not cultivated, the vegetation consists almost exclusively of forest plants, either hardwood trees or conifers. Hapludults are extensive in the Southeastern United States, in the Middle Atlantic States, and on the coastal plain along the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern States east of the Mississippi River. Slopes generally are gently sloping to steep, but a few of the soils on the lowest part of the coastal plain are nearly level.
The Trimont series (fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Humic Hapludults) is an example:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TRIMONT.html
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
The Duckston series consists of poorly drained sands near the coast. These soils are in shallow depressions between coastal dunes and on nearly level flats between the dunes and the marshes. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Siliceous, thermic Typic Psammaquents
USE AND VEGETATION: The native plant community consists of waxmyrtle, black willow, black highbush blueberry, marshhay cordgrass, dotted smartweed, three square, virginia buttonweed, and sphagnum moss.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Along the Atlantic coast in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is moderate in extent.
Soil profile: Endohypersodic, Petrocalcic, Lithocalcic Calcarosol. Original notes and photos provided by the State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) with revision.
Landscape: A surface between east-west dunes in stubble paddock. These soils formed in Quaternary aeolian deposits (Woorinen formation).
Calcarosols lack strong texture contrast between surface (A) and subsoil (B) horizons. These soils are also calcareous throughout and often have accumulations of calcium carbonate (lime) in the soil profile. These soils form on calcareous, aeolian sediments of variable texture.
For more information about these soils, visit;
vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/malregn.nsf/pages/mall...
In Soil Taxonomy, these soils are commonly Alfisols and some Aridisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
A representative soil profile of the Quinlan series. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma; by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Quinlan series consists of shallow, well drained, moderately rapid to moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy residuum weathered from noncemented, calcareous sandstone bedrock of Permian age. These soils occur on nearly level to very steep interfluves and side slopes of hillslopes, ridges, and escarpments in the Central Rolling Red Plains. Slope ranges from 1 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 635 mm (25 in) and mean annual temperature is 16.1 degrees C (61 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic, shallow Typic Haplustepts
Soil moisture: A typic-ustic soil moisture regime.
Thickness of the ochric epipedon: 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in)
Depth to densic bedrock: 25 to 50 cm (10 to 20 in)
Note: At the time of publication of the Harper County soil survey, Quinlan soils were shallow to root limiting and cemented, paralithic materials (Cr). After study, the underlying parent material was revised to root limiting and noncemented, densic materials.
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Total clay content: 10 to 30 percent
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: mostly livestock grazing but a considerable acreage on lesser slopes is used for crop production
Native vegetation: mainly little bluestem and grama grasses
Ecological sites assigned to phases and components of this series are listed below. Current ecological site assignments are in Web Soil Survey. Components of this series include the following ecological sites: Shallow, Shallow Upland, Loamy Breaks
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General area: Western Oklahoma, a few counties in southern Kansas, and northwestern Texas
Land Resource Region: H - Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region
MLRA 78B & 78C - Central Rolling Red Plains, Western and Eastern Parts
Extent: Large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/Q/QUINLAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Calcareous soil.—A general term for a soil containing sufficient calcium carbonate to effervesce noticeably when treated with cold, dilute (0.1 M) HCl. There is no minimum amount of calcium carbonate required to be considered calcareous. The presence of calcareous horizons in the upper part of the soil is used as a criterion in Soil Taxonomy for some Calci great groups and some Calcic and Entic subgroups. In addition, the term free carbonates is used in several places in the keys to reflect soil materials having finely disseminated carbonates that effervesce in cold, dilute (0.1 M) HCl. See calcareous class and free carbonates.
Figure 21.—Soil profile and landscape of Rexburg soil (Calcic Haploxeroll). These soils have calcic horizon starting at a depth of about 65 cm extending to a depth of 125 cm.