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Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
A representative soil profile of the Westola series. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma; by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Little bluestem pasture in an area of Westola fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, rarely flooded.
The Westola series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in calcareous, recent alluvium. These soils occur on nearly level flood plains in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78B, 78C). Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 660 mm (26 in), and mean annual air temperature is about 16.1 degrees C (61 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, thermic Typic Ustifluvents
Soil Moisture: Typic-ustic soil moisture regime
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 5 to 18 percent
Sand content: more than 15 percent that is fine sand or coarser
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mainly cropped to alfalfa, cotton, small grains, forage sorghum, and tame pasture. The native vegetation is tall and mid grasses with Eastern Cottonwood, Tamarisk, and American Elm.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA-78B, 78C) of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. The series is extensive. Westola soils were formerly mapped as Yahola.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WESTOLA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Noseum soil series.
The Noseum series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on outwash plains, stream terraces, and glaciofluvial fans and in outwash areas on moraines. They formed in loamy deposits underlain by sandy outwash. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the loamy deposits and high or very high in the sandy outwash. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 760 millimeters. Mean annual temperature is about 5 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods
Thickness of the solum ranges from 56 to 102 centimeters. The loamy mantle ranges from 25 to 51 centimeters thick. Volume of rock fragments averages less than 10 percent in the series control section. Volume of gravel ranges from 0 to 5 percent and volume of cobbles ranges from 0 to 5 percent throughout the pedon. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid in the upper part of the solum and extremely acid to slightly acid in the lower part. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid in the substratum. Redox concentrations occur within 102 centimeters. Saturation occurs at 76 to 102 centimeters for 1 month or more per year in 6 or more out of 10 years.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mostly in woodland. Timber stands are mostly eastern hemlock, yellow birch, and sugar maple with American basswood, white ash, and eastern hophornbeam, as associates in most stands. Black cherry and balsam fir are associates in some stands. Some areas are cleared and used for cropland. Common crops are corn, small grain, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan. The extent is small.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NOSEUM.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil Profile: Nueces fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes. The sandy surface layer can range from about 20 to 40 inches (50 to 100 cm) in thickness. This soil is susceptible to wind erosion. (Soil Survey of Duval County, Texas; by John L. Sackett III, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Southern Duval County is dominated by the Sandsheet Prairie. Two extensive soils on the Sandsheet are Sarita fine sand (foreground) and Nueces fine sand (background). Despite the low water holding capacity of these soils, forb and grass production can be relatively high in wet years.
Nueces fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes
Setting
Major land resource area: MLRA 83E—Sandsheet Prairie
Elevation: 245 to 495 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 27 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 70 to 73 degrees F
Frost-free period: 270 to 300 days
Map unit prime farmland class: Not prime farmland
Composition
Nueces and similar soils: 80 percent
Contrasting soils: 20 percent
Soil Description
Nueces
Landscape: Coastal plains
Landforms: Vegetated sandsheets
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Eolian sands of Holocene age over eolian deposits and/or alluvium of Quaternary age
Typical Profile
A—0 to 10 inches; slightly alkaline fine sand
E—10 to 31 inches; strongly acid fine sand
2Bt—31 to 80 inches; neutral and moderately alkaline sandy clay loam
Properties and Qualities
Slope: 0 to 5 percent
Depth to first restrictive layer: Not present
Slowest soil permeability to 60 inches, above first cemented restrictive layer: 0.2 to 0.6 in/hr (Moderately slow)
Salinity, maximum within 40 inches: Not saline
Sodicity, maximum within 40 inches: Not sodic
Representative total available water capacity to 60 inches: About 7.5 inches (Moderate)
Natural drainage class: Moderately well drained
Runoff: Very low
Flooding frequency: None
Ponding frequency: None
Interpretive Groups
Land capability nonirrigated: 4e
Land capability irrigated: 4e
Ecological site name: Sandy 20-35" PZ
Ecological site number: R083EY706Texas
Typical vegetation: Native woody species include mesquite and live oak. Native grass
species include seacoast bluestem, yellow indiangrass, tanglehead, Pan American
balsamscale, sand dropseed, and fringeleaf paspalum.
Use and Management
The major land uses for this soil are livestock grazing, forage production, wildlife habitat, and crop production. Some of the crops grown are water melons.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX131/Du...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NUECES.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A Vertic (& Calcic), Mesonatric, Red Sodosol Original notes and photos provided by the State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) with revision.
Landscape: Grassland on the edge of plain, approximately 1,100 m east of Mt Kororoit summit.
Sodosols have a strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B) horizons and the subsoil horizons are sodic. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Sodosols can be grouped further (Suborder) based on the colour of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil i.e. red, brown, yellow, grey and black. These can be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics (Great Groups) such as the level of sodicity (in the upper B horizon) and the presence of carbonate or lime (Subgroup).
For more information about these soils, visit;
vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/portregn.nsf/pages/ppw...
In soil taxonomy, these soils are commonly Alfisols or Aridisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
Plate 21: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for the Al Khabar series (soil AD221).
Taxonomic classification: Calcic Petrogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic
The Al Khabar series is a moderately deep sandy soil overlying a petrogypsic layer. The soils are typically moderately well to excessively drained. They occur on flats and gentle slopes within level to gently undulating deflation plains. They are formed from eolian sands and may be representative of an older evaporite surface.
These soils are used for rangeland grazing of camels though vegetation cover is often less than 5%. Common vegetation species recorded are Haloxylon salicornicum with occasional Zygophyllum spp.
This soil is of limited extent and is confined to the northern half of the Ghayathi area. Very rare occurrences have been described from the Al Ain sub-area.
The main feature of this soil is the presence of a petrogypsic horizon at 50-100cm. The soil material above the hardpan is sandy and contains secondary calcium carbonate. The presence of the hardpan layer is the main issue for irrigated agriculture. This restricts water movement, moisture retention and presents a barrier to root development further restricting the availability of nutrients. The sandy soils have a low moisture retention and nutrient storage capacity. This soil is considered unsuitable for irrigated agriculture.
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Irondown soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are dominantly brownish or reddish subsoils and no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials at elevations below about 300 m.0.D. Most are in agricultural use.
They are non-alluvial, with non-calcareous loamy or clayey subsoils without significant clay enrichment. They formed in ferruginous medium loamy or medium silty drift over clayey material passing to clay or soft mudstone.
They are classified as Ruptic Chromic Endostagnic Cambisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
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A representative soil profile and landscape of a Luvisol from Luxembourg. (Photos courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Luvisols have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil, as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation in the 50–100 cm depth. Many Luvisols are known as Texturally-differentiated soils and part of Metamorphic soils (Russia), Sols lessivés (France), Parabraunerden (Germany), Chromosols (Australia) and Luvissolos (Brazil). In the United States of America, they were formerly named Grey-brown podzolic soils and belong now to the Alfisols with high-activity clays.
Cutanic (from Latin cutis, skin): having an argic or natric horizon that meets diagnostic criterion 2b (evidence of illuvial clay) for the respective horizon.
An argic horizon (from Latin argilla, white clay) is a subsurface horizon with distinctly higher clay content than the overlying horizon. The textural differentiation may be caused by:
• an illuvial accumulation of clay,
• predominant pedogenetic formation of clay in the subsoil,
• destruction of clay in the surface horizon,
• selective surface erosion of clay,
• upward movement of coarser particles due to swelling and shrinking,
• biological activity, or
• a combination of two or more of these different processes.
Stagnic (from Latin stagnare, to stagnate): are soils having a layer ≥ 25 cm thick, and starting ≤ 75 cm from the mineral soil surface, that does not form part of a hydragric horizon and that has stagnic properties in which the area of reductimorphic colours plus the area of oximorphic colours is ≥ 25% of the layer's total area, and reducing conditions for some time during the year in the major part of the layer's volume that has the reductimorphic colours.
Stagnic soil materials develop stagnic properties (from Latin stagnare, to stagnate) if they are, at least temporarily, saturated with surface water (or were saturated in the past, if now drained) for a period long enough that allows reducing conditions to occur (this may range from a few days in the tropics to a few weeks in other areas). In some soils with stagnic properties, the reducing conditions are caused by the intrusion of other liquids such as gasoline. (WRB)
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Hanslope soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are non-alluvial clayey soils that crack deeply in dry seasons, but are slowly permeable when wet. They have a coarse blocky or prismatic structure and no prominently mottled non-calcareous subsurface horizons within 40 cm depth.
They are classified as Calcaric Stagnic Cambisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Malham soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are dominantly brownish or reddish subsoils and no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials. Most are in agricultural use. They are non-alluvial, with non-calcareous loamy or clayey subsoils without significant clay enrichment. They formed in medium silty material over lithoskeletal limestone.
They are classified as Eutric Endoleptic Cambisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Downer soil series from Cape May County, New Jersey. New Jersey State Soil.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: (Agricultural) Well drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately High to high
Permeability (Obsolete): Moderate or moderately rapid
Landscape: Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain
Parent Material: Loamy fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 30 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 13 degrees C. (56 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1143 mm (45 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 13 to 48 centimeters (5 to 19 inches)
Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 38 to 114 centimeters (15 to 45 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 183 centimeters (72 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 183 centimeters (72 inches)
Rock Fragments: 0 to 25 percent, by volume throughout; mostly fine and medium quartzite pebbles, ironstone, or less commonly chert pebbles. The similar Swainton series has layers with more than 25 percent rock fragments.
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile, unless limed
Other Features: Undisturbed pedons typically have a microsequence of an A, E, and Bh horizon (micro-podzol). Total thickness of the A, E, and Bh horizons is less than 15 centimeters (6 inches) and individual horizons are less than 5 centimeters (2 inches thick).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Most areas are used for growing field crops, vegetables, flowers, and some tree fruits.
Dominant Vegetation: Native vegetation includes white oak, red oak, scarlet oak, black oak, Virginia pine, pitch pine, hickory, sassafras, dogwood, greenbriar, and American Holly. Loblolly Pine occurs in the southern part of Downer soils distribution. The understory is dominantly low bush blueberry and mountain laurel.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: The Northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland
Extent: Moderate
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/new_jersey/cap...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOWNER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Profile of Llanos Costa loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes. Llanos Costa soils are characterized by a surface layer of loam and a subsurface layer of clay loam or clay. They are in the aridic soil moisture regime. (Soil Survey of San Germán Area, Puerto Rico; by Jorge L. Lugo-Camacho, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Llanos Costa series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on mountain foot slopes and alluvial fans of the Semiarid Mountains and Valleys MLRA. They formed in gravelly sediments that weathered from basalt, chert and rhyolite. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 80 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 29 inches. Slopes range from 2 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, isohyperthermic Typic Haplargids
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral in the A or Ap horizon and from moderately acid to neutral in the Bt horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Llanos Costa soils are on pastureland. A few small areas are in cropland, primarily corn and sorghum. Vegetation consists of Guinea grass, Kleberg bluestem grass and other native and introduced grasses and shrubs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mountain foot slopes and alluvial fans of the Semiarid Mountains and Valleys MLRA. The series is of small extent.
These soils were formerly included in the Amelia series. A soil moisture study performed in the San German Area Soil Survey Update recognizes the Aridic Soil Moisture Regime in southern Puerto Rico. Llanos Costa soils formed in the Alluvium Formation (Qal) (Holocene and Pleistocene).
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/puerto_rico/PR...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LLANOS_COSTA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Lydott series (Endoskeletic Histic Stagnic Albic Podzols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Lydcott soils are mapped on hills above 300 m O.D. over the Old Red Sandstone in south Wales and Devon and over Carboniferous rocks in the southern Pennines. Lydcott series, which belongs to the ferric stagnopodzols, predominates, with ancillary ironpan stagnopodzols.
Below the peaty surface layer is a grey, strongly leached and often very stony horizon with evidence of gleying. At this depth some Lydcott profiles have weak irregular concentrations of iron coating prismatic peds. The subsoils of Lydcott series are generally freely draining and often brightly coloured and overlie very stony sandstone Head or bedrock between 40 and 80 cm depth.
The water regime of these soils is complicated by the presence of the contrasting horizons. Water is held in the surface horizons of the peat acting as a sponge so that they are seasonally waterlogged even though the subsoils drain freely (Wetness Class III or IV). Where strongly formed, the ironpan also impedes water movement.
The climate is wet, cold and exposed so the land is mostly under rough grazing with bilberry heath and moist heather moor although, in places, swards dominated by mat-grass and purple moor-grass have been established following grazing and burning. Relative grazing value is poor to moderate, the grassland providing better grazing than the heather.
Most of the land has never been cultivated but the soils would respond well to improvement using surface treatments developed at Pwllpeiran Experimental Husbandry Farm in mid-Wales on similar Hafren soils. This involves flail mowing and burning to eliminate the mat of dead vegetation followed by surface rotavation and reseeding, with large additions of lime, slag and nitrogen. The poaching risk is great, however, owing to the large retained water capacity of the peaty topsoils and the high rainfall. For afforestation, sites are deep ploughed to mix the peat and upper mineral horizons and to break any ironpan. This improves aeration and encourages deep rooting, while facilitating movement of water along the furrows into deep drains. Sitka spruce is the preferred species but tree growth may be poor or checked where heather is present unless it is suppressed with herbicide. Scots pine competes better than Sitka spruce on the heathery land.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=65402
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
Soil profile of Oxisol. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
Both the structure and “feel” of Oxisols are deceptive. Upon first examination, they appear structureless and have the feel of a loamy texture. While some are loamy or even coarser textured, many have a fine or very-fine particle-size class, but the clay is aggregated in a strong grade of fine and very fine granular structure. To obtain a true “feel” of the texture, a wet sample must be worked for several minutes in the hands to break down the aggregates. The strong granular structure apparently causes most Oxisols to have a much more rapid permeability than would be predicted, given the particle-size class. Although compaction and reduction in permeability can be caused by cultivation, the soils are extremely resistant to compaction and are so free draining that cultivation can take place soon after rain without puddling.
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Rock fragments.—Discreet mineral fragments 2 mm or more in size that have a strongly coherent or higher rupture-resistance class (i.e., gravel, cobbles, stones, etc.). Their origin may be geologic (e.g., pieces of granitic rock inherited from the parent material) or pedogenic (e.g., unattached pieces dislodged from a petrocalcic horizon). See pararock fragments and artifacts.
Figure 94.—Examples of soils with varying sizes and origin of rock fragments.
Left photo: Berks soil (loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts). The Berks series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in residuum weathered from shale, siltstone and fine-grained sandstone. Rock fragments are mostly channers (flat pieces, >2mm to 15 cm in length).
Center photo: Dellwood soil (sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts). The Dellwood series consists of very deep soils formed in dominantly coarse-textured alluvium. These soils are shallow to sandy material that has more than 35 percent by volume pebbles, cobbles, and stones.
Right photo: Kimberson soil (loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic, shallow Petrocalcic Calciustolls). The Kimberson series consists of soils that are very shallow or shallow, above a very slowly permeable petrocalcic horizon. These gravelly or cobbly soils formed in a thin mantle of calcareous, loamy eolian deposits.
A soil horizon is a layer that is commonly parallel to the soil surface. However, in some orders, such as Spodosols, horizons are not always parallel to the surface. A horizon has some set of properties that have been produced by soil-forming processes, and it has some properties that are not like those of the layers directly above and beneath it.
Note in this profile of a Myakk soil from Florida the unique circular area of a spodic horizon encompassing an elluvial Albic horizon. Myakka soils are Sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquods (USDA Soil Taxonomy)
A soil horizon commonly is differentiated from the horizons adjacent to it partly by characteristics that can be seen or measured in the field, such as color, structure, texture, rupture-resistance class, and the presence or absence of carbonates. In identifying a soil horizon, however, measurements in the laboratory are sometimes required to supplement field observations. According to the criteria we use, horizons are identified partly by their own morphology and partly by properties that differ from those of the overlying and underlying horizons.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of Sarco coarse sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes. The sandy surface is typically less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) thick and rests abruptly over sandy clay loam subsoil. (Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Sarco series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in loamy sediments derived from alluvium of late-Pleistocene age. These nearly level and very gently sloping soils are on high terraces of streams on the coastal plain. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 21.1 degrees C (70 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, hyperthermic Oxyaquic Haplustalfs
Soil Moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section remains dry for less than 120 cumulative days in normal years. July through September are the driest months.
Mean annual soil temperature: 21.7 to 22.8 degrees C (71 to 73 degrees F)
Depth to abrupt textural change: 20 to 46 cm (8 to 18 inches)
Depth to argillic horizon: 20 to 46 cm (8 to 18 inches)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: where present, 58 to 170 cm (23 to 67 in)
Depth to redox concentrations: 0 to 46 cm (0 to 18 inches)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 26 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: The major use is livestock grazing and pastureland. Native grasses include little bluestem, feathery bluestem, Nash and hooded windmillgrass, and Texas plains bristlegrass. Woody species consist of live oak, post oak, mesquite, huisache, spiny hackberry and pricklypear. Coastal bermudagrass is the dominant improved pasture grass. (Ecological site name: Claypan Savannah 28-40" PZ; Ecological site number is R087AY221TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83A in LRR I) in south central Texas mainly along the transition between MLRA 83A and MLRA 150A (Gulf Coast Prairie). Series is of moderate extent.
These soils were previously included with the Papalote series. Classification of this soil is based on the 1989 to 2002 water table study* conducted on similar soils in the central part of the Texas Gulf Coast Prairie MLRA. This soil does not have aquic conditions in most years. In some years, reduced conditions develop just above and in the upper part of the argillic horizon for brief periods following extreme above-normal precipitation events. Redoximorphic features that result from these above normal events are not diagnostic for classification.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/goliadTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SARCO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
NOTE:
Original classification based on USDA-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th Edition, 2006:
Typic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic, lithic phase
Updated classification based on UAE-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 2014:
Salidic Torripsamments, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, lithic
AD160 are moderately deep to very deep, sandy soils with mixed mineralogy. These soils are moderately to strongly saline in a layer 10 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface. and have a lithic contact occurs below 50cm. They occur on almost level plains to dune fields and are widespread throughout the Abu Dhabi Emirate. They are typically somewhat excessively drained or excessively drained and have rapid or very rapid permeability.
These soils remain as barren land or in some places have been leveled for agroforestry/irrigated farming or sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cyperus conglomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp.
The soils are widespread throughout the Emirate, particularly the central desert areas but also including some parts of the coastal plain where wind-blown sands have accumulated. The soil is a major component of many map units around the Emirate.
Plate 56: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic, lithic phase (Soil AD160).
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Newchurch series (Clayic Fluvic Calcaric Gleysols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Landscape: Newchurch soils formed in stoneless clayey marine alluvium and are subject to flooding in places. it is mainly used for grazing.
The Newchurch which belongs to the pelo-calcareous alluvial gley soils. These soils were formerly mapped by Crampton (1972) as the Wentlloog series and cover some 67 km² from the Caldicot Levels in Gwent along the Severn to Cardiff. The Newchurch series is dominant with some Wallasea but few other soils.
The land is very low-lying and protected from high spring tides by sea-defences. Most of the soils are at least moderately permeable but field drainage systems and pump drainage are necessary for efficient groundwater control. These soils are usually waterlogged for long periods in winter (Wetness Class IV) particularly where field drainage systems have not been installed and where the arterial system depends on gravity drainage. The soils are non-droughty for arable crops and grass.
These soils are mainly used for grazing. The land poaches easily in the autumn and spring, especially where undrained. Field drainage systems are necessary for successful arable use. Recently some land has been drained and about one-tenth is again in arable use. Even after drainage there is serious risk of structural damage during cultivations which need to be timed carefully to coincide with drier soil conditions.
The grazing tradition survives in the mild, moist climate bordering the Bristol Channel, where grassland yields well and good crops of hay and silage can be taken. However, the fields poach easily in the autumn and spring, especially undrained land suited to seasonal grazing only. Winter cereals are grown on some farms following the installation of field drainage systems but there is great risk of structural damage during cultivation and occasional winter floods can cause patchy germination.
Potassium and magnesium levels are generally satisfactory but phosphorus levels are often low when poor-quality grassland is brought into arable use. Manganese deficiency sometimes occurs on Newchurch soils.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=81403
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
Prairie potholes are depressional wetlands (primarily freshwater marshes) found most often in the Upper Midwest, especially North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. These potholes are the result of glacier activity in the Wisconsin glaciation, which ended about 10,000 years ago. The decaying ice sheet left behind depressions formed by the uneven deposition of till in ground moraines. These depressions are called potholes, glacial potholes, kettles, or kettle lakes. They fill with water in the spring, creating wetlands, which range in duration from temporary to semi-permanent.
A hydric soil is defined by federal law to mean "soil that, in its undrained condition, is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during a growing season to develop an anerobic condition that supports the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation". This term is part of the legal definition of a wetland included in the United States Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198).
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
A representative soil profile of a Arenosol from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
For more information about these soils, visit:
regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...
ARENOSOLS: Easily erodable sandy soil with slow weathering rate, low water and nutrient holding capacity and low base saturation (from the Latin, arena, meaning sand). Arenosols have a coarse texture to a depth of one metre or to a hard layer. Soil formation is limited by low weathering rate and frequent erosion of the surface. If vegetation has not developed, shifting sands dominate. Accumulation of organic matter in the top horizon and/or lamellae of clay, and/or humus and iron complexes, mark periods of stability. Arenosols are amongst the most extensive soil types in the world. They cover 1 percent of Europe.
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
A representative soil profile of an Oxisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Oxisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Oxisols are weathered soils that are low in fertility. They are most common on the gentle slopes of geologically old surfaces in tropical and subtropical regions. Their profiles are distinctive because of a lack of obvious horizons. Their surface horizons are normally somewhat darker than the subsoil, but the transition of subsoil features is gradual. Some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.
In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For more information about the Brazilian Soil Classification system, visit:
www.embrapa.br/en/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/10940...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Soil profile: A soil profile of McKittrick gravelly sandy loam, in an area of McKittrick-Riverwash complex, flooded, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This soil has a thick gravelly mollic epipedon over a very gravelly subsurface horizon. The parent material is alluvium from the surrounding hills and mountains. (Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas; by Alan L. Stahnke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The McKittrick series consists of very deep well drained soils that formed in gravelly alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 584 mm (23 in) and the mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluventic Haplustolls
Thickness of mollic epipedon: 21 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay Content: 14 to 29 percent
Rock fragment content: 35 to 80 percent total; 25 to 55 percent gravel; 10 to 50 percent cobbles
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is little bluestem, yellow indiangrass, bull muhly, pinyon ricegrass, pine muhly, sedges, sotol, apache plume, bigtooth maple, chinkapin oak, velvet ash, madrone, hoptree, alligator juniper, ponderosa pine, and pinyon pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR G; Western Great Plains Range and Irrigated Region; MLRA 70C-Central New Mexico Highlands. The soil is not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MCKITTRICK.html
For a detailed soil description, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/guadalup...
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Landscape--basalt plateaus, hills, canyonlands
Landform--structural benches, ridgetops, hillslopes, canyons
Slope--0 to 90 percent
Parent material--colluvium and residuum derived from basalt mixed with loess
Mean annual precipitation--about 510 mm
Mean annual air temperature--about 9 degrees C
Depth class--shallow
Drainage class--well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--mesic
Soil moisture subclass--typic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Lithic Argixerolls
Mean annual soil temperature--about 8 to 12 degrees C
Moisture control section--usually moist; typically dry 45 to 75 consecutive days following summer solstice
Depth to bedrock--25 to 50 cm
Particle-size control section--40 to 90 percent gravel, cobbles, and stones; 15 to 35 percent clay
Reaction--6.1 to 7.8
Hue--10YR or 7.5YR throughout
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--livestock grazing, wildlife habitat
Native vegetation--mainly bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and Sandberg bluegrass
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern and central Washington, eastern Oregon, and western Idaho; MLRAs 8, 9, and 10; large extent
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For a detailed description, visit:
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Soil scientists sampling an aquic soil in Alaska.
A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
A description of the soils is essential in any soil survey. Standard technical terms and their definitions for soil properties and features are necessary for accurate soil descriptions. For some soils, standard terms are not adequate and must be supplemented by a narrative. Some soil properties change through time. Many properties must be observed over time and summarized if one is to fully understand the soil being described and its response to short-term environmental changes. Examples are the length of time that cracks remain open, the patterns of soil temperature and moisture, and the variations in size, shape, and hardness of clods in the surface layer of tilled soils.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/home/?cid=...
Rhodhiss soil series
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low to high
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Piedmont upland
Landform: Hill, ridge
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, nose slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, back slope
Parent Material: Residuum from felsic crystalline rock
Slope: 2 to 95 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown feet
Frost Free Period (type location): 176 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 56 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 46 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 2 to 20 inches
Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 20 to 60 inches or more
Thickness of Argillic horizon: 10 to 40 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 60 inches
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 35 percent, by volume in the A and E horizons and 0 to 20 percent in the B and C horizon; mostly gravel
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid, unless limed
Mica Content: 0 to 20 percent, by volume mica flakes, throughout. Some pedons have C horizons, below a depth of 40 inches, that range to 35 percent mica flakes. (Due to the extremely elastic properties of mica minerals, attributed to mica's soft, spongy fabric, the micaceous soils in particular micaceous clays may deform remarkably under applied load and hence affect the bulk compressibility of such soils. Mica minerals, although rather resilient, may gradually recover their initial shape due to the elastic rebound (or springy action), thereby reducing the efficiency of compactive effort and hence potentially compromising the performance of various facilities constructed on micaceous clays,)
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--small grain, hay, and pasture. Where wooded--pine and mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: North Carolina and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RHODHISS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Triangle series. The Triangle series consists of deep, very poorly drained wide cracking soils with a high percentage of exchangeable sodium. They formed in mixed alluvium in basin rims and have slopes of less than 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches and the mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Sodic Epiaquerts
Most years the entire profile is saturated from September through April by a water table and stagnant surface water. Cracks range from 2 to 8 cm wide at the surface and 1 to 2 cm at depths of 34 inches from May 1 to September 15. The depth from the surface to the unrelated lower C horizon ranges from 45 to 70 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are ponded and used for waterfowl hunting with some areas used for limited grazing (during spring and summer) between hunting seasons. The vegetation is swampgrass, Baltic rush, alkali bullrush, sour clover, and other salt tolerant wetland grasses and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: These soils are distributed along the basin rim of the central part of the San Joaqin Valley in California. They are not extensive. These soils were formerly included with and surveyed as the Willows series in the Los Banos Area, series 1939 report. They are being differentiated by characteristics that show a reducing environment (Aquic Moisture Regime) and by being ponded for six months which is not characteristic of the Willows series.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TRIANGLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Gypsiferous soils are soils that contain sufficient quantities of gypsum (calcium sulphate) to interfere with plant growth. Soils with gypsum of pedogenic origin are found in regions with ustic, xeric and aridic moisture regimes. They are well represented in dry areas where sources for the calcium sulphate exist. They do not usually occur under wet climates. In most cases the gypsum is associated with other salts of calcium and salts of sodium and magnesium.
Chris Grose (Mapping Crew Leader) for Abu Dhabi Soil Survey. Chris is a soil scientist with over 30 years’ experience in soil mapping and land evaluation much of it in Tasmania. Originally from the UK, Chris arrived in Australia after spending several years investigating soils in Papua New Guinea. He has also worked in Kuwait, Israel, the Philippines and in the United Arab Emirates.
Shabbir Shahid has more than 32 years of experience as a soil scientist in Pakistan, the UK, Kuwait, and the UAE. He served as lead soil taxonomist, technical coordinator, and quality assurance expert. He is a prolific author with over 150 scientific papers published in peer-reviewed journals and books and was a pioneer in soil survey on the Arabian Peninsula.
Mike Wilson is a Research Soil Scientist, USDA-NRCS-National Soil Survey Laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska, He has served in this position for more than 25 years conducting soil genesis research specifically in the area of soil geochemistry and mineralogy. He has contributed to numerous USDA soils-related research projects in both the US and around the world specializing in climate change and soil classification/interpretation.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A representative soil profile of the Kenn soil series. (Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Kenn series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy alluvium. These level to gently sloping soils are on flood plains of the Ouachita Mountains and the Arkansas Valley and Ridges. Slopes are 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual temperature is 63 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 1168 cm (46 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness is 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 in). Depth to the gravelly 2BC ranges from 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in). Depth to bedrock is greater than 152 cm (60 in).
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for tame pasture and woodland. The vegetation is primarily post oak, southern red oak, sweetgum, and shortleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Flood plains of the Ouachita Mountains and the Arkansas Valley and Ridges of Arkansas and Oklahoma. The series is of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KENN.html
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KENN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Plinthite on the soil surface on an exposed Btv horizon from a Dothan soil. Plinthite nodules are less than strongly cemented. Most plinthite nodules are weakly or moderately cemented and progressively harden over time when exposed. Udults that have one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface in which plinthite either forms a "continuous phase " or constitutes one-half or more of the volume are classified as Plinthudults. To date, no soil series has been established in the US as a Plinthudult.
This soil clearly contains more than 50 percent plinthite in the subsoil. It does however fail the concept of "continuous phase" as traditionally used in Soil Taxonomy since zones that roots can enter are less than 10cm apart.
Plinthite normally forms in a horizon below the surface, but it may form at the surface in a seepy area at the base of a slope. From a genetic viewpoint, plinthite forms by the segregation, transport, and concentration of iron. In many places iron may have been transported vertically or horizontally from other horizons or from higher adjacent soils. Plinthite may occur as a constituent of a number of horizons, such as an epipedon, a cambic horizon, an argillic horizon, a kandic horizon, an oxic horizon, or a C horizon. Generally, plinthite forms in a horizon that is (or has been) periodically saturated with water. Initially, the segregated iron forms more or less clayey, reddish, or brownish redox concentrations.
Individual plinthite nodules commonly have 3 to more than 10 percent citrate-dithionite extractable Fe.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
The Colthorp series consists of shallow to a duripan, well drained soils on basalt plains and terraces. They formed in silty alluvium from loess and weathered volcanic ash. Permeability is moderately slow. Slopes are 0 to 20 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 11 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, shallow Xeric Argidurids
Average annual soil temperature - 50 to 55 degrees F.
Depth to duripan - 10 to 20 inches
Depth to bedrock - 20 to 40 inches
Depth to secondary calcium carbonates - 5 to 15 inches
Particle-size control section - 18 to 30 percent clay; 0 to 15 percent rock fragments
Moisture control section - moist less than 90 consecutive days when the soil temperature is greater than 47 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: The Colthorp soils are used mainly for rangeland. Some areas are irrigated and are used for pasture, hay, corn, small grains, sugar beets, and potatoes. Vegetation in the potential natural plant community is mainly Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and Thurber needlegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern and south central Idaho; MLRA 11. It is of moderate extent.
The classification of this pedon has been revised as of 4/00 from loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow Xerollic Durargids to loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, shallow Xeric Argidurids based on revision to Soil Taxonomy.
The term silty alluvium used in this series concept infers a localized influence on the mixed loess and weathered volcanic ash soil material by overland flow of running water.
Geographic setting - terms used throughout MLRA 11 to identify the setting of this soil are quire varied although all equate to the same landscape. There will be further investigation from an MLRA project level as to the accepted terms for use.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COLTHORP.html
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A representative soil profile of the Riverview series. These well drained, very deep soils are derived from alluvium and occur on flood plains other than those of the James River. These soils are very fertile, however, flooding is a limitation. (Soil Survey of Appomattox County, Virginia; by William F. Kitchel, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
The Riverview series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy alluvium on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 66 degrees F. and the average annual precipitation is about 58 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluventic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 24 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon and from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the Bw, BC, and C horizons. Buried A and/or B horizons, present in some pedons below a depth of 25 inches, have the same range in color and texture as the A or B horizons. Content of mica flakes ranges from none to common throughout the solum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Chiefly in woodland. Native vegetation is forests of
sweetgum, oak, beech, yellow poplar and loblolly pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain and Southern Piedmont of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA011...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RIVERVIEW.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Casino soil series. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of a Casino soil. This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is blue oak with an understory of grasses.
The Casino series consists of moderately deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in residuum weathered from andesite. The Casino soils are on hills. Slopes range from 20 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches (432 millimeters) and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Pachic Argixerolls
Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches (50 to 100 centimeters).
Mean annual soil temperature: 61 to 63 degrees F (16 to 17 degrees C).
Soil moisture control section: dry in all parts from about June 15 to November 15 (90 days), and moist in all parts from about January 15 to April 15 (105 days).
Particle size control section: 38 to 60 percent clay, 0 to 35 percent rock fragments from andesite.
Base Saturation by ammonium acetate: 93 to 100%
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is blue oak with an understory of grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: San Benito and Monterey Counties, California in MLRA 15 -- Central California Coast Range. These soils are of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CASINO.html
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A Hapli-Ustic Cambosol and landscape. These soils mainly distribute in low mountains, hills, and platforms in loess areas in warm temperate zone. Because of loose structure of loess and severe erosion caused by intensive rainfall in summer, most of this group of soil remain in its young stage. They are weakly developed only in areas in low mountains and hills covered by natural vegetation and on loess platform with less erosion. The topsoil or cultivated layer has low organic matter content. There is no argic horizon under surface or cultivated layer. However, a cambic horizon or an ancient calcic horizon may present in the profile. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Cambosols have low-grade soil development with formation of horizon of alteration or weak expression of other diagnostic horizons. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, or Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/242
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the ___ soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are seasonally waterlogged slowly permeable soils, formed above 3 m.0.D. and prominently mottled above 40 cm depth. They have no relatively permeable material starting within and extending below 1 m of the surface.
They have a humose or peaty topsoil. They are mainly upland soils, intermediate between stagnogley soils and peat soils. They formed in loamy material over lithoskeletal sandstone.
They are classified as Dystric Histic Stagnosols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
The 2014 Crop Production Contest Winners were recognized at the 2015 Kentucky Commodity Conference Awards Banquet on Friday, January 16, 2015 at the University Plaza Holiday Inn in Bowling Green, Kentucky
Ironstone fragments from a petroferric layer. A petroferric (Gr. petra, rock, and L. ferrum, iron; implying ironstone) contact is a boundary between soil and a continuous layer of indurated material in which iron is an important cement and organic matter is either absent or present only in traces. The indurated layer must be continuous within the limits of each pedon, but it may be fractured if the average lateral distance between fractures is 10 cm or more. The fact that this ironstone layer contains little or no organic matter distinguishes it from a placic horizon and an indurated spodic horizon (ortstein), both of which contain organic matter.
Using GPR to Characterize Plinthite and Ironstone Layers in Ultisols. Available from: www.researchgate.net/publication/282805887_Using_GPR_to_C... [accessed Dec 09 2020].
Several features can aid in making the distinction between a lithic contact and a petroferric contact.
First, a petroferric contact is roughly horizontal.
Second, the material directly below a petroferric contact contains a high amount of iron (normally 30 percent or more Fe2O3
Third, the ironstone sheets below a petroferric contact are thin; their thickness ranges from a few centimeters to very few meters. Sandstone, on the other hand, may be thin or very thick, may be level-bedded or tilted, and may contain only a small percentage of Fe2O3.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Left photo: A soil profile and typical landscape of Kimper soil in an area of Kimper-Sharondale-Muskingum complex, 30 to 80 percent slopes, very stony; from the Soil Survey of Pike County, KY. (Photos provided by John Kelley, USDA-NRCS).
The Kimper series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy colluvium or colluvium and residuum weathered from sandstone, siltstone and shale. Permeability is moderate to moderately rapid. These sloping to very steep soils are mostly on mountain sides. Slopes range from 5 to 95 percent, but are dominantly 30 to 75 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Humic Dystrudepts
TYPE LOCATION: Pike County, Kentucky; on a north facing mountainside about 2,500 feet southeast of the confluence of Henroost Fork and Dicks Fork near the headwaters of Feds Creek; 4.6 miles east of the community of Fedscreek.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches and depth to bedrock ranges from 48 to 100 inches or more. Rock fragments, mostly sandstone channers, range from 5 to 60 percent in individual horizons, but the 10 to 40 inch particle-size control section averages less than 35 percent. Coverage of surface stones ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to neutral in the A horizon and from very strongly to moderately acid in the B and C horizon.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kimper soils are in the Cumberland-Allegheny Plateau of eastern Kentucky with possible similar areas in Virginia, West Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. The area is estimated to be of large extent, over 200,000 acres.
Center photo: Most areas of Kimper soils are in secondary growth hardwood forests with mixed stands of yellow poplar, American basswood, white ash, cucumber tree, northern red oak, black walnut, black locust and umbrella magnolia. Less sloping areas are used as pasture and sites for houses and gardens.
Right photo: Kimper soils in Pike County, Kentucky typically occur on steep slopes (30–75%) and support mixed hardwood forests, especially oak and hickory. Timber growth potential is moderate, with typical site index values for upland oaks around 60–70 feet at 50 years, translating to a moderate to moderately high yield of 50–80 cubic feet per acre per year under good management. Steep terrain, rockiness, and erosion hazards limit harvest methods — cable or selective systems with strong erosion control are preferred. With proper practices, Kimper soils can sustain productive hardwood stands while protecting water and soil resources.
Soil profile: Profile of Watahala gravelly silt loam. Yellowish red clay begins at a depth of about 70 Centimeters and extends to below a depth 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Bland County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Sinkholes in a hayfield in an area of Frederick and Watahala soils, karst, 8 to 15 percent slopes.
The Watahala series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in residuum from chert or cherty limestone over residuum from purer limestone on low hills and ridges in limestone valleys. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid. Slope ranges from 2 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 44 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 57 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over clayey, siliceous over mixed, subactive, mesic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock are more than 60 inches. Depth to the 2Bt horizon ranges from 20 to 50 inches. Coarse fragments are mostly chert, but may include limestone and sandstone and are mostly gravel or cobble size. Percent coarse fragments range from 10 to 45 in individual horizons above the 2Bt, but the control section averages less than 35 percent. Percent coarse fragments range from 0 to 35 in the 2Bt horizon. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid in the upper part of the solum, and very strongly acid to strongly acid in the 2Bt horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: The soils are used for the production of timber and related natural resources. Some areas are used for pasture or have been developed for homesites. Some less sloping areas are used for row crops. The overstory in most areas consists of white oak, red oak, eastern white pine, black locust, chestnut oak, yellow-poplar, red maple, black birch, white ash, and black cherry. The understory contains mountain laurel, huckleberry, azalea, flowering dogwood, sassafras, black locust, black gum, wild grape, red maple, multi-flora rose, Virginia creeper, black birch, black berry and ferns.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 128 and 147, Appalachian Ridge and Valley areas of Virginia and northern Tennessee. Series is of moderate extent. Soils now within the range of the Watahala series were correlated as Frederick, gravelly phase in several published soil surveys.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA021...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WATAHALA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Kalkaska series. This series was named the State Soil of Michigan in 1991. (Photo provided by Iowa State University)
The Kalkaska series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in sandy drift on outwash plains, valley trains, moraines, and stream terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 760 mm, and the mean annual temperature is about 6 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, frigid Typic Haplorthods
Soil Moisture: Dry in some part of the soil moisture control section in July in normal years; dry throughout the soil moisture control section in August in normal years.
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 140 cm.
Rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 3 percent cobbles throughout.
Surface fragments: 0 to 0.1 percent stones covering the surface.
USE AND VEGETATION: The majority of this soil is forested. Some areas are idle cropland or in pasture. A small portion of this soil is cultivated with small grains, hay, and potatoes being the principle crops. Native vegetation is intermixed hardwoods and conifers, predominantly sugar maple, American beech, red pine, quaking aspen, bigtooth aspen, and eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 93B, 94A, 94B, 94C, and 96 in the northern Lower Peninsula and Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and northern Wisconsin. The type location is in MLRA 94A. These soils are extensive, with about 982,000 acres of the series mapped.
For more information about ISU-Geospatial Laboratory for Soil Informatics, visit:
glsi.agron.iastate.edu/images/soil-profiles/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KALKASKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative profile of Potomac soil, the dominant soil on first-bottom flood plains in the Bluestone National Scenic River area. Potomac soils are characterized by a high content of cobbles and gravel throughout and commonly have layers deposited from a series of flood events. (Soil Survey of Bluestone National Scenic River, West Virginia; by Eileen Klein, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Potomac series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in coarse-textured alluvial material on floodplains. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Udifluvents
Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet. Pebbles and cobblestones dominantly of sandstone range from 0 to 50 percent in the A horizon, and the weighted average by volume in the C horizon is dominantly greater than 50 percent, but ranges from 35 to 70 percent. Subhorizons of the C horizon in some pedons are nearly free of rock fragments and in others it ranges to 80 percent. Unlimed soils are mildly alkaline to very strongly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: More than one-half of the acreage is cleared and used mainly for pasture or hay. Many areas are idle and reverting to woody vegetation. Native vegetation was mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Ridge and Valley and southern Appalachian Plateau areas of West Virginia, also Kentucky and North Carolina. The extent is moderate. These soils were previously mapped as Alluvial land and Alluvial land, cobbly. These soils as mapped are sandy-skeletal, but in some areas they are marginal to loamy-skeletal.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/POTOMAC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Ballygree series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine silty drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=07...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic Surface-water Gleys. These soils have evidence of gleying within 40 cm and humose topsoil.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Photo courtesy of EAD-Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi. www.ead.gov.ae/
Typic Haplosalids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, lithic phase (Soil AD148) are moderately deep to very deep, sandy soils with salinity throughout the profile. A lithic contact occurs below 50cm. The soils occur in coastal sabkha plains and some inland sabkha. They are typically moderately well drained or somewhat excessively drained and have moderately rapid or rapid permeability.
Due to the strongly saline nature, the soils are barren without any vegetation and are not used for any specific purpose.
These soils occur within the coastal sabkha areas and have also been described from inland sabkhas including Sabkha Matti. They have been identified as components of two map units.
Plate 46: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Haplosalids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, lithic phase (Soil AD148).
For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
agrifs.ir/sites/default/files/United%20Arab%20Emirates%20...
The Duckston series consists of poorly drained sands near the coast. These soils are in shallow depressions between coastal dunes and on nearly level flats between the dunes and the marshes. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Siliceous, thermic Typic Psammaquents
USE AND VEGETATION: The native plant community consists of waxmyrtle, black willow, black highbush blueberry, marshhay cordgrass, dotted smartweed, three square, virginia buttonweed, and sphagnum moss.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Along the Atlantic coast in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is moderate in extent.
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.
Organic soil is a soil that is created by the decomposition of plant and animal materials to create a nutrient and mineral rich mini-ecosystem with microorganisms that feed and breathe life back into the soil.
In both the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) and the USDA soil taxonomy, a Histosol--or an organic soil--is a soil consisting primarily of decomposed plant material. They are defined as having 40 centimetres (16 in) or more of organic soil material in the upper 80 centimetres (31 in). Organic soil material has an organic carbon content (by weight) of 12 to 18 percent, or more, depending on the clay content of the soil. These materials include muck (sapric soil material), mucky peat (hemic soil material), or peat (fibric soil material). Aquic conditions or artificial drainage are required.
Typically, Histosols have very low bulk density and are poorly drained because the organic matter holds water very well. Most are acidic and many are very deficient in major plant nutrients which are washed away in the consistently moist soil. Histosols are known by various other names in other countries, such as peat or muck. In the Australian Soil Classification, Histosols are called Organosols. Histosols form whenever organic matter forms at a more rapid rate than it is destroyed. This occurs because of restricted drainage precluding aerobic decomposition, and the remains of plants and animals remain within the soil.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For more soil related images, visit: