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Zhengzhou Shengda Khumic Biotechnology Co.,Ltd The Largest Humic & Fulvic Products Manufacturer In China.
Email:melisa@khumic.com|Whatsapp:008618503872723 | Website: www.khumic.com
Phone:+86-371-60992820
Office:Juyimogen Business Center,No.59 Huayuan Road,Zhengzhou,China(Mainland).
Factory: Naomaohu Industrial Park, Hami City, Xinjiang Province, China.
Main products:Humic Acid, Potassium Humate, Fulvic Acid, Potassium Fulvate,Seaweed Extract,Amino Acid,etc.
A representative soil profile of an Inceptisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation associated with Inceptisols occurring on an interfluve in Brazil.
Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. They have little or no accumulation of clays, iron oxide, aluminium oxide or organic matter. They have an ochric or umbric horizon and a cambic subsurface horizon. The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons.
In the Brazil soil classification system these are Latossolos. They are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A representative soil profile of the Pope series from eastern Kentucky.
The Pope series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvium on flood plains. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Slopes range from 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 53 degrees F. near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Dystrudepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments, mostly sandstone gravels and channers, range from 0 to 30 percent in the solum and 0 to 75 percent in the substratum. Reaction ranges from strongly acid through extremely acid, unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Largely cultivated to corn, sorghum, small grains, tobacco, hay, pasture and vegetables. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forests of mainly tulip poplar, white oak, river birch, sycamore, beech and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Pope soils are found mainly in MLRAs 124, 125, 126, and 128 consisting of mountain and plateau areas of Kentucky, Georgia, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Pope soils are also mapped less extensively in Alabama, Indiana, New Jersey and New York. The extent is large.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/POPE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Dothan soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite: Depth to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 60 to 152 centimeters (24 to 60 inches). Silt content is less than 20 percent. Clay content is between 18 to 35 percent in the upper 51 centimeters (20 inches) of the Bt horizon. Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
DESCRIPTION (Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils; Version 3.0, p.2-10):
"Few to common, coarse, prominent, black iron-manganese nodules, moist, dendritic, in the matrix, weakly cemented, sharp"
This concentration formed in a very poorly drained sandy substratum below organic layers. It was weakly cemented by aluminum-humus complexes and other amorphous materials, including iron and manganese. They formed along old abandoned root channels where water ladened with these materials accumulated.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
Seven Spring Farms of Trigg County earned 3rd place in the White Corn division and 3rd place in the Irrigated division of the 2011 Kentucky Corn Yield Contest. Heather Brantley accepted the awards. The winning yields were 225.84 bu/A (white) using Pioneer P1431W seed and 251.25 bu/A (irrigated) using Pioneer P1395HR seed. Pictured with Brantley is Ray Allan Mackey (right), president of the Kentucky Corn Growers Association. KyCGA sponsors the yield contest.
Soil profile: The Sadler series consists of deep or very deep, moderately well drained soils with a fragipan in the subsoil. The soil formed in a mantle of loess underlain by residuum of acid sandstone, siltstone, and shale on level to rolling upland ridgetops. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
Landscape: Sadler soils are on level to rolling upland ridgetops. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. The soil formed in 12 to 48 inches of loess underlain by residuum of acid sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Most areas are used for corn, small grains, soybeans, tobacco, specialized truck crops, hay, and pasture. The remainder are in forest. Native vegetation is chiefly oak, hickory, maple, gum poplar, dogwood, beech, ironwood, persimmon, and sassafras.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Fraglossudalfs
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Western Coalfields part of Kentucky (MLRA 120), southern and southeastern Ohio, Missouri and possibly Arkansas. The series is of moderate extent. The Sadler soils previously were included in the Tilsit series.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SADLER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Ruston soil series: the State Soil of Louisiana. The left side of the profile exhibits natural soil structure; the right side has been smoothed to show change in color or features.
Established in 1909, the Ruston series was named for the town of Ruston which is the parish seat of Lincoln Parish, Louisiana. It is located in the north-central part of the state. In 1884, the town of Ruston was named for Robert E. Russ who offered 640 acres to the Vicksburg, Shreveport, and Pacific Railroad, stipulating that the tracks run across the property and that the land be used as a town site. At the time Ruston was selected as the state soil, it had the most extensive acreage and widespread distribution in the upland areas of Louisiana.
The Ruston series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy marine or stream deposits. These soils are on uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal Plains. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness exceeds 60 inches. The Bt/E and B't horizons are definitive for the series. Calcium-magnesium ratios are variable in the Bt horizons, but typically are less than 1 in the B't horizons. The concept of the series limits the series to a bisequal profile. Soils formerly included in Ruston but having low silt content are excluded.
USE AND VEGETATION: Principal use is woodland consisting of southern pine and some hardwoods with understories of shrubs or grasses. A small acreage is used for cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, truck crops, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plains of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. The series is of large extent, with an area of more than 2 million acres.
For more information about this soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/la-state-soi....
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RUSTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Cambisol from Germany. (Photo provided by Yakov Kuzyakov, revised.)
Cambisols combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal. Other soil classification systems refer to many Cambisols as Braunerden and Terrae fuscae (Germany), Sols bruns (France), burozems (Russia) and Tenosols (Australia). The name Cambisols was coined for the Soil Map of the World (FAO–UNESCO, 1971–1981) and later adopted by Brazil (Cambissolos). In the United States of America they were formerly called Brown soils/Brown forest soils and are now named Inceptisols. (WRB)
Haplic (from Greek haplous, simple): having a typical expression of certain features (typical in the sense that there is no further or meaningful characterization) and only used if none of the preceding qualifiers applies.
For more information, visit;
wwwuser.gwdg.de/~kuzyakov/soils/WRB-2006_Keys.htm
For more information about Dr. Kuzyakov, visit;
www.uni-goettingen.de/de/212970.html
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
A Lamellic Haplorthod from south-west Poland--lower Silesia region and the Sudetes Mountains formed in glaciofluvial sands. (Photo provided by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.)
Lamellic Haplorthods are the Haplorthods that have lamellae. These soils do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface, saturation with water for extended periods within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface, or fragic properties. In the US, they occur in Michigan. In some areas they are forested. In other areas they have been cleared and are used for small grain, hay, or potatoes.
These Haplorthods have below the spodic horizon but not below an argillic horizon, lamellae (two or more) within 200 cm of the mineral soil surface. A lamella is an illuvial soil horizon less than 7.5 cm thick that “contains an accumulation of oriented silicate clay on or bridging sand and silt grains”.
These soils are classified as Entic Podzols (Arenic, Aric) by the World Reference Base (WRB).
For more information about this soil, visit:
karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Bielice.html
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For additional information about the US Soil Taxonomy soil classification system, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Fenwick series consists of moderately deep, moderately well drained soils with moderately slow permeability. These soils formed in material weathered from acid sandstone or interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Fenwick soils are on broad mountain ridgetops and benches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 47 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquic Hapludults
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock are 20 to 40 inches. Sandstone fragments range from 0 to 15 percent by volume in the A, AB, BA, and Bt horizons and from 5 to 35 percent in the BC and C horizons. Fragments are commonly of channer and flagstone size. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid through neutral in the A horizons and is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the Bt, BC, and C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Fenwick soils are mostly in mixed hardwood forest. Many areas have been cleared for corn or hay crops or pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Virginia and possibly Kentucky, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and western Virginia. The acreage is small.
These soils were previously mapped as Variants of the Cookport series. In West Virginia, they are associated with the Kanawha and New River Formations of the Pottsville group. It is not clear whether these soils formed in sandstone residuum or from extremely old sediments deposited on the sandstone.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FENWICK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Sinbul soil in Korea.
Landscape: These soil are on footslopes and toeslopes in landscape positions where organic material accumulate in the upper layers.
The Sinbul series are members of the loamy skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Typic Humudepts [Cambic Umbrisols (Alumic Hyperdystric Skeletic Chromic) classified by WRB].
These soils have umbric epipedons and cambic horizons. Solum thickness is 50 to 100 cm and depth to bedrock is commonly more than 3 meters. Base saturation is less than 60 percent. Reaction is very strongly to strongly acid. 35 to 90 percent gravel, stones, and cobbles occur in the control section. Boulders and few bedrock outcrops may occur. Ap horizons are dark brown, very dark brown, or very dark grayish brown gravelly or cobbly silt loam, silty clay loam, or loam. Cambic B horizons are brown, yellowish brown, strong brown, or dark yellowish brown very stone clay loam, silty clay loam, loam, or silt loam. C horizons are yellowish brown, strong brown, or dark yellowish brown vey stony loam, silt loam, sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam.
Use and Vegetation: Most areas grow forest in northern parts of the country and wild grass or wild grass mixed with scrub bush and scattered trees in southern areas.
For more information about soils in Korea, visit:
A representative soil profile of Maverick soil, 1 to 8 percent slopes. At a depth of about 80 centimeters, a densic layer occurs. Densic layers restrict the movement of water and roots. (Soil survey of Zapata County, Texas; by Ramiro Molina and Roel D. Guerra, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Maverick series consists of soils that are moderately deep to densic material, well drained soils. These gently sloping to strongly sloping soils formed in calcareous, saline clayey residuum weathered from Cretaceous and Tertiary mudstone. Slope ranges from 1 to 10 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 610 mm (24 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Aridic Haplustepts
Note: Classification change from Ustollic Camborthids to Aridic Haplustepts based on geographic distribution of the series, rainfall patterns, and vegetative production and composition.
Soil Moisture: An aridic ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years. June to August and December to February are the driest months, while September to November and March to May are the wettest months.
Solum thickness: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in) to densic material (weathered mudstone bedrock)
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 24 degrees C (72 to 76 degrees F)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 35 to 55 percent
Coarse Fragments: 0 to 5 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.6 to 1.00
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The grasses consist of a sparse cover of curlymesquite, hairy tridens, tobosa, red grama, and threeawn. Woody vegetation is mostly scrubby mesquite, blackbrush, guayacan, and twisted acacia. The ecological site is Rolling Hardland, PE 19-31 (R083BY431TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I; MLRA 83B. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/zapataTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MAVERICK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Fuquay soil. (Soil Survey of Screven County, Georgia; by Gary C. Hankins, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Fuquay soils formed on marine terraces and are dominantly used for cropland, commonly they are planted to corn. With proper use and management these soils are very productive.
MLRA(s): 133A-Southern Coastal Plain, 153A-Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (upper part)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep or very deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Slowest Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately low
Landscape: Upper and middle coastal plains
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands, flats
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Parent Material: Sandy over loamy marine deposits or fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 10 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 16.7 degrees C. (about 62 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1240 millimeters (about 49 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 50 to 100 centimeters (about 20 to 40 inches)
Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 150 to more than 200 centimeters (about 60 to more than 78 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 200 centimeters (about 78 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 100 to 150 centimeters or more (about 40 to 60 inches or more), January to March
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 50 to 100 centimeters (about 20 to 40 inches)
Content and Size of Rock Fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A, E, and BE horizons and 0 to 15 percent throughout the lower profile; mostly rounded nodules of ironstone
Organic matter content: 0.5 to 2.0 percent in the A horizon and less than 0.5 in E, B, and C horizons
(Effective) Cation Exchange Capacity: 2 to 10 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil in the A horizon; 1 to 4 in E and B horizons; and 2 to 5 in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid, except where limed
Plinthite Content: Greater than 5 percent within a depth of 150 centimeters (about 60 inches) starting at a depth greater than 50 centimeters (about 20 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/screve...
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FUQUAY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Hapludert from Texas. (Photo and comments courtesy of Stan Buol, NCSU.)
Vertisols contain 30 percent or more clay in all horizons. The predominate clay mineral is montmorillonite that expands when wet and shrinks when dry. This photo of a Lake Charles profile was taken in Jefferson County Texas during the 1990 ICOMAQ tour.
Lake Charles soils are present on nearly level land and have very slow permeability when wet and widely used for rice production. They are also used for crops and pasture. Their high shrink-swell potential and low strength necessitates special engineering designs for buildings, roads and streets.
For more information about the soil series, visit;
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LAKE_CHARLES.html
____________________________________
Hapluderts are the Uderts with pH values that are dominantly above 5.0 in the upper 50 cm. These soils typically have high base saturation, and some have diagnostic horizons, including argillic horizons. Hapluderts occur on uplands and in lower areas. They formed in a variety of fine textured parent material, including alluvium. In the United States, these soils commonly occur in the Southeast but also occur on the northern Great Plains and in the Pacific Northwest.
Uderts are the Vertisols of humid areas. These soils have cracks that open and close, depending upon the amount of precipitation. In some years the cracks may not open completely. The Uderts in the United States occur on gentle slopes and are derived dominantly from marine shales, marls, and alluvium. At one time many of these soils supported grass, although some support a hardwood or pine forest.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A Molli-Ustic Cambosol. These soils mainly distribute in semi-arid steppe and mountainous forest- steppes with fairly cool climate in central or western temperate zone, including semi-arid steppes on Inner Mongolian Plateau and Ordos Plateau, as well as in mountainous arid forest and forest-steppe areas covered with loess in Tianshan Mountain, western Qinling Mountain, Luliang Mountain, and northern Taihang Mountain. The formation of Molli-Ustic Cambosols is related in certain degree with the climate condition with tendency of dry and cooling. There is a mollic epipedon which is not in line with isohumic property in the profile. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Cambosols have low-grade soil development with formation of horizon of alteration or weak expression of other diagnostic horizons. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, or Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/241
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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Zhengzhou Shengda Khumic Biotechnology Co.,Ltd The Largest Humic & Fulvic Products Manufacturer In China.
Email:melisa@khumic.com|Whatsapp:008618503872723 | Website: www.khumic.com
Phone:+86-371-60992820
Office:Juyimogen Business Center,No.59 Huayuan Road,Zhengzhou,China(Mainland).
Factory: Naomaohu Industrial Park, Hami City, Xinjiang Province, China.
Main products:Humic Acid, Potassium Humate, Fulvic Acid, Potassium Fulvate,Seaweed Extract,Amino Acid,etc.
A representative soil profile of the Smithcanyon soil series. (Soil Survey of Joshua Tree National Park, California; by Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, Peter Fahnestock, Stephen Roecker, and Emily Meirik, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Marchel Munnecke and Alice Miller, Pyramid Botanical Consultants).
The Smithcanyon series consists of very shallow and shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in colluvium over residuum derived from granitoid and/or gneissic rocks. Smithcanyon soils are on hills and mountains. Slopes range from 8 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 200 millimeters (8 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 15 degrees C (59 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic, shallow Xeric Torripsamments
Soil moisture control section: usually dry from May 1 through November 30, and is moist in some or all parts the rest of the time. Aridic bordering on xeric soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 15 to 19 degrees C (59 to 66 degrees C).
Surface rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent, dominated by fine gravel.
Control section-
Clay content: 2 to 6 percent.
Organic matter: 0.25 to 1 percent.
Rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent gravel, with 0 to 5 percent cobbles in the lower part.
Depth to paralithic contact: 7 to 35 centimeters (3 to 14 inches).
Effervescence: noneffervescent throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is mainly scrub oak, bigberry manzanita, Eastern Mojave buckwheat, California juniper, holly-leaf cherry, Parry's jujube, California joint-fir, narrow-leaf goldenbush, blackbrush, and Sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mojave Desert of Southeastern California; MLRA 30. The soils are of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/Jos...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SMITHCANYON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Poporangi series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Poporangi soils from 0 - 19 cm; Very dark brown sandy loam. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Mottled Duric Pallic Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Typic Durustalfs. These are the Ustalfs that have a duripan within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. These taxa are provisional in Soil Taxonomy.
A duripan is a silica-cemented subsurface horizon with or without auxiliary cementing agents. The pan is cemented or indurated in more than 50 percent of the volume of some horizon and shows evidence of the accumulation of opal or other forms of silica, such as laminar caps, coatings, lenses, partly filled interstices, bridges between sand-sized grains, or coatings on rock and pararock fragments
In less than 50 percent of the volume, air-dry fragments slakes in 1N HCl even during prolonged soaking, but more than 50 percent slakes in concentrated KOH or NaOH, or in alternating acid and alkali; and because of lateral continuity, roots can penetrate the pan
only along vertical fractures with a horizontal spacing of 10 cm or more.
Ustalfs are thee Alfisols that have an ustic moisture regime.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Salop soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are seasonally waterlogged slowly permeable soils, formed above 3 m 0.D. and prominently mottled above 40 cm depth. They have no relatively permeable material starting within and extending below 1 m of the surface.
They have a distinct topsoil and are found mainly in lowland Britain. They formed in reddish medium loamy over clayey drift with siliceous stones.
They are classified as Chromic Eutric Albic Luvic Stagnosols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Mesotrophic Red Kandosol in a mapunit of brown or red loams grading to clay. These soils are deep loamy duplexes and earths from the West Midlands of Australia. (Base photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia.)
Topsoil
Red or brown hard-setting loam.
Acid to neutral through to alkaline pH
Subsoil
Neutral to alkaline pH
Loams grading to clays
Calcareous nodules or Ironstone gravels may be present
For more information about these soils including common management constraints, visit:
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-deep-sandy-duplexes-wes...
For more information about the soils of Western Australia, visit;
www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-land-water/soils
In the Australian soil classification system, the soils in this unit are:
Mesotrophic Red Kandosols, Mesotrophic Red Dermosols, Red or Yellow or Brown Chromosols, Red or Yellow or Brown Sodosols, and Red or Brown Kandosols.
Kandosols are non texture contrast soils (with little or gradual increase in clay content with depth) that have massive (i.e. weakly to non structured) subsoils (B horizons). They are found mainly in the upland areas, often in association with Dermosols, Chromosols and Kurosols. These soils can vary from stony soils to deeper friable soils. Some may almost be texture contrast and have a bleached subsurface (A2) horizon. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Kandosols can be grouped further (into Suborders) based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil (i.e. Red, Brown, Yellow, Grey and Black). These can be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics such as nutrient level capacities and ratios and the presence of carbonate or lime.
Chromosols are soils that display a strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B) horizons. The upper part of the subsoil ranges from slightly acid to alkaline (pH >5.5) but is not sodic. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Chromosols can be grouped further (in to Suborders) based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil (i.e. Red, Brown, Yellow, Grey and Black). These can be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics (in to Great Groups) such as the nutrient level capacities and ratios and the presence of carbonate or lime.
Dermosols are non texture contrast soils that have structured subsoils (B horizons). They are found mainly in the upland areas, often in association with Kandosols which have massive B horizons. These soils can vary from stony soils to friable deeper profiles. Some may almost have some texture contrast and a bleached subsurface (A2) horizon. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Dermosols can be grouped further (into Suborders) based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil (i.e. Red, Brown, Yellow, Grey and Black). These can be further differentiated (into Great Groups) based on subsoil characteristics such as the nutrient level capacities and ratios and the presence of carbonate or lime.
Sodosols are soils which display a strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B) horizons which are sodic. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Sodosols can be grouped further based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil (ie. Red, Brown, Yellow and Grey). These can then be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics such as level of sodicity and presence of carbonate (lime).
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
In Soil Taxonomy, these soils are primarily Alfisols and Ultisols or some are Aridisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A profile of Wheatwood loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. Wheatwood soils developed on flood plains, are well drained, and moderately permeable. (Soil Survey of Young County, Texas; by Thomas E. Cyprian, Natural Resources Conservation Services)
Note: With the lower A horizon being identified as buried (Ab), the subsequent underlying Bk horizons would commonly be described as buried (Bkb).
The Wheatwood series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. The soils are on nearly level to gently sloping flood plains of rivers and wide creeks. Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Fluventic Haplustepts
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. The 10- to 40- inch particle-size control section is silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam with 20 to 35 percent clay. Thin stratification of very fine sandy loam and clay are common below a depth of 20 inches. The soil is dry in some part of the moisture control section for four-tenths to six-tenths of the cumulative days during the growing season in most years. The organic carbon content is greater than 0.2 percent at a depth of 50 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly used for cropland or pecan orchards. Crops are grain sorghum, cotton, and small grains. Some small areas are in improved bermudagrass pastures. Woody vegetation includes oak, pecan, elm, hackberry, and willow.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly along the Brazos and Red River watersheds in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78B, 78C), Rolling Limestone Prairie (MLRA 78D), Central Rolling Red Prairie (MLRA 80A) and North Central Prairie (MLRA 80B) in Texas and possibly Oklahoma. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX503/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WHEATWOOD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Antigo soil series was named the official state soil of Wisconsin by the State Legislature in 1983, a declaration intended to remind us of the importance of our soil resources. The person instrumental in the process was Dr. Francis D. Hole, soil science professor at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. Antigo is named for the nearby city of Antigo, WI in Langlade County where it was first mapped in 1947.
Most areas of Antigo soil are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, small grains, and hay. In some places, potatoes and snap beans are important crops and some areas are pastured. Some areas are forested. The native vegetation is American basswood, sugar maple, yellow birch, white ash, big tooth aspen, quaking aspen, and black cherry. Areas where the land has been cleared for farming remain rich in forest nutrients. This combined with the fact that the landscape is pretty flat due to the sand spreading out evenly makes this a fantastic soil for growing crops. Lot of potatoes are grown and lots of dairy cows are raised on Antigo. The forests still provide timber for foresters. Many gravel pits can be found in Antigo soil areas as it can also be a good source of sand and gravel.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
A representative soil profile of Weswood loam. The subsoil is stratified with sandy, loamy, and clayey calcareous materials. (Soil Survey of Fayette County, Texas; by Dennis D. Ressel and Samuel E. Brown, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Weswood series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. These soils are on nearly level to moderately sloping flood plains. Slopes are mainly less than 1 percent, but range up to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Udifluventic Haplustepts
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. The particle-size control section has a weighted average clay content of 18 to 35 percent. Texture is mainly silt loam or silty clay loam. However, strata about 1/8 to 2 inches thick of loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam range from few to many in most pedons below a depth of 20 inches. The organic carbon content is irregular in the control section and/or it ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 percent at a depth of 50 inches below the soil surface. Effervescence ranges from very slight to violent and the reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly used for cropland with the main crops being cotton, corn, grain sorghum, and small grains. Some areas are in pecan orchards while others are producing improved or common bermudagrass pastures. Woody vegetation includes cottonwood, pecan, oak, elm, hackberry, and willow. Native grasses include indiangrass, big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, virginia wildrye, and beaked panicum.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly along the Brazos and Colorado Rivers in central Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX149/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WESWOOD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative pedon of Portneuf silt loam. Portneuf soils generally are in the southern part of the survey area, where loess deposits are thicker. (Soil Survey of Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, Idaho; by Francis R. Kukachka, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Portneuf soils are on fan terraces, terrace side slopes, basalt plains and hillsides, and have slopes of 0 to 20 percent. They are mostly used for irrigated crops and rangeland. The main crops grown are potatoes, sugar beets, beans, small grains and hay.
The Portneuf series consists of deep and very deep, well-drained, moderately to moderately slowly permeable soils that formed in loess and silty alluvium. They are on fan terraces, terrace side slopes, basalt plains and hillsides, and have slopes of 0 to 20 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the average annual temperature is about 48 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcids
Soil temperature - 49 to 53 degrees F.
Depth to calcic horizon - 6 to 15 inches
Thickness of calcic - 15 to 30 inches
Calcium carbonate equivalent - 15 to 30 percent
Particle size control section - 6 to 15 percent clay
Depth to bedrock - 40 to greater than 60 inches
USE AND VEGETATION: Portneuf soils are used for irrigated crops and rangeland. The main crops grown are potatoes, sugar beets, beans, small grains and hay. The natural vegetation is Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass and Thurber needlegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: This series is extensive in southern Idaho.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/cratersN...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PORTNEUF.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soils designated as "State Soils" for each of the 50 states and "Representative Soils" for Washington DC. and U.S territories.
A state soil is a soil that has special significance to a particular state. Each state in the United States has selected a state soil, twenty of which have been legislatively established. These “Official State Soils” share the same level of distinction as official state flowers and birds. Also, representative soils have been selected for the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
Areas with similar soils are grouped and labeled as soil series because their similar origins, chemical, and physical properties cause the soils to perform similarly for land use purposes. A soil series name generally is derived from a town or landmark in or near the area where the soil was first recognized. Each series consists of soils having major horizons that are similar in color, texture, structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical composition, and arrangement in the soil profile. A soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. It extends from the surface downward to unconsolidated material. Most soils have three major horizons, called the surface horizon, the subsoil, and the substratum.
The surface layer has the maximum accumulation of organic matter and is the horizon of maximum leaching of clay minerals and of iron and aluminum oxides. Some soils have a subsurface layer below the surface layer. The subsoil, which underlies the surface layer or subsurface layer, is the horizon of maximum accumulation of clay minerals, iron and aluminum oxides and other compounds. These compounds may have been leached from the surface layer and redeposited in the subsoil, or may have formed in place. Most likely, they occur as a result of a combination of both of these processes. The subsoil commonly has blocky or prismatic structure and generally is firmer and lighter in color (color change with depth) than the surface layer. The substratum is below the surface layer and subsoil. It consists of material that has been somewhat modified by weathering but is relatively unchanged by soil-forming processes.
A moist body of plinthite withstands moderate rolling between the thumb and forefinger, and either moist or air dry it will not slake when submerged in water even with periodic gentle agitation. It is firm when moist and hard to very hard when dry, yet can be broken in the hands.
Plinthite nodules are checked for degree of cementation to determine plinthite versus ironstone. Ironstone aggregates are strongly or more cemented. Plinthite is less than strongly cemented. Ironstone nodules are strongly or more cemented.
Plinthite normally forms in a horizon below the surface, but it may form at the surface in a seepy area at the base of a slope. From a genetic viewpoint, plinthite forms by the segregation, transport, and concentration of iron. In many places iron may have been transported vertically or horizontally from other horizons or from higher adjacent soils. Plinthite may occur as a constituent of a number of horizons, such as an epipedon, a cambic horizon, an argillic horizon, a kandic horizon, an oxic horizon, or a C horizon. Generally, plinthite forms in a horizon that is (or has been) periodically saturated with water. Initially, the segregated iron forms more or less clayey, reddish, or brownish redox concentrations.
Individual plinthite nodules commonly have 3 to more than 10 percent citrate-dithionite extractable Fe.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
The Oboship series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in materials weathered from dioritic rock. Oboship soils are on side slopes of interfluves of dissected hills and mountains on offshore islands. The mean annual precipitation is about 305 millimeters (12 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (64 degrees F). Slopes range from 15 to 75 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, isothermic Pachic Haplustolls
The mean annual soil temperature is 15 to 17 degrees Celsius (59 to 63 degrees F.) The difference between mean summer and mean winter temperatures ranged from 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. The soil moisture control section is dry in all parts from about mid-June to mid-November (about 150 days) and is usually moist the rest of the time.
USE AND VEGETATION: Wildlife habitat, recreation and building site development. Vegetation communities are predominately Island Chaparral, Coastal Sage Scrub and Island Woodland, Southern Riparian Woodland, also Non-native Scrub.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California. The soil is not extensive. MLRA 20.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OBOSHIP.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of Mansic loam. The zone of secondary carbonate accumulation can be seen between a depth of 40 and 100 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Woods County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Jimmy Ford, Clay Salisbury, Clay Wilson, and Glen Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Mansic series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous alluvium of Tertiary age. These soils are on nearly level to moderately steep ridge crests and side slopes of uplands in the Southern High Plains Breaks (MLRA 77E). Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 22 inches. Mean annual temperature is 59 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Aridic Calciustolls
Solum thickness is 20 to 40 inches. Reaction is slightly or moderately alkaline throughout. Rounded gravel less than 3 inches in diameter range from 0 to 5 percent throughout the profile. Depth to a calcic horizon ranges from 7 to 30 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for small grains and grain sorghums. Some areas are used for tame pasture or rangeland. Native vegetation is mid and tall grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern High Plains-Breaks (MLRA-77E) of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. The series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK151...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MANSIC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A profile of Yanush very cobbly silt loam in an area of Yanush-Avant-Bengal complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Yanush series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy colluvium from chert and novaculite of Ordovician age. These soils are on very gently sloping to very steep sideslopes and footslopes of the Ouachita Mountains. Slopes are 1 to 60 percent. Mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 48 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, thermic Typic Paleudalfs
Solum thickness is greater than 60 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for tame pasture or forest. Some less sloping areas are cultivated to wheat or oats. Native vegetation consists of southern red oak, shortleaf pine, and black walnut.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Ouachita Mountains land resource area of Oklahoma and Arkansas. The series is of moderate extent. These soils were formerly included in the Baxter and Bodine series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR097...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/Y/YANUSH.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Hartleton series (photo courtesy of M.C. Ricker, NCSU): cals.ncsu.edu/crop-and-soil-sciences/people/mcricker/
This is the most commonly mapped soil in Columbia County, PA. It is commonly pre-Wisconsin till or frost churned residuum/colluvium on secondary ridges compost of interbedded shales and sandstone. The sandstone resists weathering and remains as channers/flagstones in the matrix.)
cals.ncsu.edu/crop-and-soil-sciences/people/mcricker/
For additional information, visit;
www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/49697493873/in/album-72...
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland, pasture, and woodland.
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Corn, soybeans, wheat, and truck crops.
Where wooded--Northern hardwood forest: sugar maple, American beech, eastern white pine, black cherry, eastern hemlock, northern red oak, white oak, white ash, and Virginia pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia
Extent: Large
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HARTLETON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Oruataiaka series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Oruataiaka soils from 0 - 20 cm; Very dark greyish brown silt loam with few weakly weathered greywacke gravels. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Typic Orthic Recent Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Typic Udorthents. Udorthents are the Orthents of cool to hot, moist regions. They have a udic moisture regime and a temperature regime warmer than cryic. Generally, they are acid to neutral, but some are calcareous. Slopes generally are moderate to steep but are gentle in a few areas. Udorthents commonly occur in areas of very recently exposed regolith, such as loess or till; in areas of weakly cemented rocks, such as shale; or in areas of thin regolith over hard rocks.
Many of the gently sloping soils are the result of mining or other earth-moving activities. Some have a sandy-skeletal particle-size class. The vegetation is commonly a deciduous forest, or the soils are used as pasture. Udorthents are extensive soils on steep slopes in the humid parts of the United States.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A Geli-Alluvic Primosol and landscape. These soils are mainly in udic and ustic temperate zones with gelic climate condition, permafrost or seasonal frost layers. Distributing areas include broad valley plains, lowlands at footslopes, as well as broad valleys, lake basins, and canyon valleys at northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau . There are scattered deciduous shrubs and some prairie with low coverage. Very little farming and grazing would be found in those areas. Presenting in soil solum, alluvial beddings vary with parent material types. With finer texture, lake and river sediments lead to better soil moisture regime and more organic matter accumulation, on the other hand, diluvial materials with coarser texture lead to less organic material accumulation. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Primosols are recent soils with no diagnostic horizons or only an ochric epipedon. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are mostly Entisols or some Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/194
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
This landfill complex (center-right) is a constructional anthropogenic landform that rises approximately 33 m higher than the surrounding lower coastal plain swamp near Virginia Beach, Virginia. The geometric shaped excavation pit (now a lake) is an associated destructional landform. Both landforms are out of context with surrounding soils and landforms.
Soils in urban areas are commonly human-transported (e.g., fill) or human-altered (e.g., truncated or mixed in situ) to significant depth. They generally exhibit a wide variety of conditions, and many are covered with impervious surfaces (e.g., buildings and pavements). The same situation occurs in suburban and low-density urban areas, but the proportion of less altered soils is higher and the proportion of buildings and pavements is lower. In many areas with HAHT soils, surface geomorphology and hydrology have been intensely altered. Other highly modified landscapes contain significant amounts of human-transported materials, such as steep farmland with closely spaced hillslope terraces) and areas of intense activity, such as mines, oilfields, and highway corridors.
The 2014 Crop Production Contest Winners were recognized at the 2015 Kentucky Commodity Conference Awards Banquet on Friday, January 16, 2015 at the University Plaza Holiday Inn in Bowling Green, Kentucky
The Duckston series consists of poorly drained sands near the coast. These soils are in shallow depressions between coastal dunes and on nearly level flats between the dunes and the marshes. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. Average annual precipitation near the type location is about 53 inches and mean annual temperature is about 62 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Siliceous, thermic Typic Psammaquents
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DUCKSTON.html
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
A representative soil profile of a Fox soil. The dark yellowish brown subsoil tongues into the sandy and gravelly substratum. (Soil Survey of Hancock County, Ohio; by Rick A. Robbins and Mark M. Feusner, Ohio Department of Natural Resources)
Soybeans under center-pivot irrigation in an area of Fox loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Bartholomew County, Indiana; by Mike Wigginton and Dena Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Fox series consists of very deep, well drained soils which are moderately deep to stratified calcareous sandy outwash. These soils formed in thin loess and in loamy alluvium or just in loamy alluvium overlying stratified calcareous sandy outwash on outwash plains, stream terraces, valley trains, kames, and glacial moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches) near the type location. Mean annual air temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Thickness of loess mantle: 0 to 61 cm (0 to 24 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages from 18 to 35 percent clay, 15 to 45 percent fine sand or coarser
Depth to free carbonates and stratified sandy outwash: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Volume of gravel: 0 to 35 percent in the loamy mantle, averages 3 to 70 percent in the stratified outwash and ranges from 0 to 95 percent in individual strata.
Volume of cobbles: 0 to 50 percent in individual strata in the outwash
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the upper part of the solum, but it ranges to neutral in the upper parts of some pedons where the soil is limed and ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the in the lower subsoil and is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the outwash
Free calcium carbonates: in the sand and gravel outwash and in the lower part of the loamy mantle in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the less sloping areas are used for cropland. Common crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland or woodland. Native vegetation is hardwood forest. Common trees are northern red oak, white oak, sugar maple, black cherry, and white ash.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 108A, 108B, 110, 111A, 111B, 111C, 111D, 111E, 113, 114A, 114B, and 124 in southeastern Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, southern Michigan, western Ohio, and eastern Iowa. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN005/...
and
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/ohio/OH063/0/O...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FOX.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of Blanton loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Blanton soils are characterized by sandy surface and subsurface layers with a combined thickness of 40 to 80 inches. (Soil Survey of Decatur County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Blanton series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained to moderately well drained, moderately to slowly permeable soils on uplands and stream terraces in the Coastal Plain. They formed in sandy and loamy marine or eolian deposits. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 67 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 55 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 45 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Content of gravel-sized fragments, dominantly quartz and ironstone pebbles, is less than 10 percent, by volume, in all horizons except the A and E horizons which may have as much as 35 percent, by volume. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout except where the surface has been limed. Depth to the Bt horizon is commonly 50 to 70 inches but ranges from 40 to 80 inches. Redoximorphic features that indicate wetness occur at depths of between 30 and 72 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are cleared and used for cropland, truck crops, improved pasture, and hayland. Natural vegetation consists of slash and longleaf pine, red, bluejack, and live oak with an understory of chinkapin, highland fern, huckleberry, and pineland threeawn, bluestem, panicum, and tickclover.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/GA087/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BLANTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Newport soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils have dominantly brownish or reddish subsoils and no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials at elevations below about 300 m.0.D. Most are in agricultural use.
They are non-calcareous sandy or sandy gravelly. They formed in sandy drift with siliceous stones.
They are classified as Eutric Arenosols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Norfolk soil. Norfolk soils are characterized by a deep, loamy, yellowish brown subsoil that has redoximorphic features, areas of iron accumulations and iron depletions, in the lower part. (Soil Survey of Crawford and Taylor Counties, Georgia; by Alfred J. Green, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep, transitory or very deep
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium
Permeability: Moderate (Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high)
Landscape: Lower, middle, or upper coastal plain
Landform: Uplands or marine terraces
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Parent Material: Marine deposits or fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 10 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 62 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 49 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 3 to 19 inches
Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 3 to 19 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to more than 80 inches
Depth to top of the Kandic horizon: 3 to 19 inches
Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 40 to 72 inches, January to March
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, throughout except where limed
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 5 percent, by volume throughout; mostly quartz pebbles or ironstone nodules
Plinthite Content: 0 to 4 percent to a depth of 60 inches and 0 to 10 percent or more below 60 inches
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly cleared and used for general farm crops.
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, and soybeans. Where wooded--pines and mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/GA630/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NORFOLK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, hyperthermic Lithic Hapludoll from Brazil. (Photo and comments courtesy of Stan Buol, NCSU.)
This profile was photographed in São Paulo state Brazil SA. The soil is formed over calcareous sandstone at the edge, shoulder position below a plateau covered with Oxisols formed in thick oxidized sediments. The lithic contact, seen in this photo is at 47 cm.
Mollisols formed in base enriched sediments from the calcareous sandstone also dominate the side slopes directly below this site are thicker and classify as Typic Hapludolls and Typic Argiudolls. Base saturation in the soils formed in and from sediments derived from the calcareous sandstone range from 50 to 90%. In surrounding Oxisols base saturation percentages are mostly less than 10%.
Although Mollisols are present in only a small portion of the area their presence of in an area dominated by Oxisols illustrates the significance of parent material properties in determining soil properties.
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Lithic Hapludolls have a shallow lithic contact. The mollic epipedon commonly extends to the rock. Some of the soils have impeded drainage because of shallow, impermeable rock. Lithic Hapludolls are of moderate extent and are widely distributed in the United States. Slopes are gentle to very steep. Many of the soils supported grasses, but some supported trees and shrubs. Most are used as rangeland or wildlife habitat.
Hapludolls are the Udolls that generally have a cambic horizon below a mollic epipedon. There may be a Bk horizon below the cambic horizon, and a few of the soils have enough secondary carbonates for a calcic horizon. Hapludolls formed mostly in Holocene or late-Pleistocene deposits or on surfaces of that age. Slopes generally are gentle, and most of the soils are cultivated. Hapludolls are extensive soils in Iowa, Minnesota, and adjacent states.
Udolls are the more or less freely drained Mollisols of humid climates. In addition to the mollic epipedon, these soils may have a cambic, calcic, natric, or argillic horizon. They formed mainly in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits or on surfaces of comparable ages. In the United States, their vegetation at the time of settlement was dominantly a tall grass prairie, but some of the soils on Pleistocene surfaces appear to have supported at some time a boreal forest that was supplanted by grasses several thousand years ago.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/field-book.pdf
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Keys-to-Soi...
Soil profile: A typical profile of Brasstown channery fine sandy loam. Brasstown soils are deep to weathered bedrock. (Soil Survey of Cherokee County, North Carolina; by Brian Wood and Southern Blue Ridge Soil Survey Office, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Pasture and hayland in an area of Farner-Brasstown complex. The strongly sloping ridges have 8 to 15 percent slopes, and the moderately steep side slopes have 15 to 30 percent slopes.
The Brasstown series consists of deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. These soils formed in residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper part, and is weathered from metasedimentary rocks such as phyllite, slate, quartzite and thinly bedded metasandstone. Slope ranges from 2 to 95 percent. Near the type location, mean annual air temperature is 56 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 60 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, subactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Thickness of the solum ranges from 26 to 59 inches. Depth to a paralithic contact with soft weathered bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. Content of rock fragments ranges up to 35 percent by volume. Fragments are dominantly channers or gravel in the A, E, Bt, and BC horizons. They range from channers to flagstones in the C horizon. Content of mica flakes is few to common throughout. Reaction is extremely acid to moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is in forest. Common trees are scarlet oak, chestnut oak, northern red oak, white oak, black oak, hickory, and some Virginia pine, pitch pine, shortleaf pine, and eastern white pine. The understory includes flowering dogwood, rhododendron, mountain-laurel, sourwood, blueberry, buffalo nut, blackgum, and red maple. Some areas are used for pasture and cropland. The main crops are corn and hay.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Carolina, and possibly Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
The soils now placed in the Brasstown series were previously included in the Evard series. However, Brasstown is derived from and has fragments of metasedimentary rocks, and Evard contains fragments of granite, gneiss, or schist. The 6/99 revision updates the classification to the 8th Edition of Keys to Soil Taxonomy. The soil is placed in the subactive CEC activity class based upon NSSL lab data from the typifying pedon.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BRASSTOWN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Lloyd gravelly loam. This very old, well drained soil is characterized by deep, well drained subsoil horizons and a dark red (rhodic) color. (Soil Survey of Greene County, Georgia; by Dee C. Pederson and Gregory H. Clark, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Corn growing on Lloyd gravelly loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, moderately eroded.
The Lloyd series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands in the Southern Piedmont. The soils formed in residuum derived from intermediate and mafic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kanhapludults
Most areas are cleared and used for cultivated crops or pasture. Principal crops are corn, small grain, hay and pasture grasses. Common trees in forested areas are loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, northern red oak, southern red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, and red maple. Understory plants include dogwood, winged elm, eastern hophornbeam, eastern redbud, eastern red cedar, and sassafras.
These soils are of large extent in the Southern Piedmont in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, and possibly Alabama, and Virginia.
These soils were combined with Hiwassee in 1969. Hiwassee series was originally established on high stream terraces. This revision separates the soils formed in residuum as Lloyd on the basis of parent material and depth of Rhodic colors. Terrace Hiwassee soils are dominantly value 3 or less throughout. A proposal to amend the 1996 Keys to Soil Taxonomy involves changing the thickness of the part of the kandic horizon with value of 3 or less to include more soils in the Rhodic subgroup.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/greene...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LLOYD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Foxton series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Foxton soils from 0 - 25 cm; Black loamy sand, fine polyhedral structure. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Typic Sandy Brown Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Typic Udipsamments. Udipsamments is centered on soils that are moderately deep or deeper to a lithic contact, have deep ground water, do not have a weak accumulation of amorphous materials, do not have lamellae within 200 cm of the soil surface, and do not have an epipedon (less than 50 cm thick) that meets all of the requirements for a plaggen epipedon except thickness. Soils that have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface are excluded from the Typic subgroup, a convention used throughout this taxonomy. Soils that are saturated with water within a depth of 100 cm and have redox depletions with low chroma (2 or less) are considered intergrades to Psammaquents.
Soils that have weak accumulations of amorphous materials are considered intergrades to Spodosols. In the United States, such soils are mostly intergrades to Orthods. Lamellae are used as criteria for the Lamellic subgroup and indicate a transition to Alfisols or Ultisols. A thin surface mantle that meets all of the requirements for a plaggen epipedon except thickness is considered a transition to Plagganthrepts. Typic Udipsamments are extensive in the Eastern United States. They are used mainly as forest, but large areas have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
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A representative soil profile of Newcastle fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. Depth to a paralithic contact is 71 to 97 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Young County, Texas; by Thomas E. Cyprian, Natural Resources Conservation Services)
The Newcastle series consists of well drained, moderately permeable, moderately deep, loamy soils that formed in residuum from sandstone over sandstone bedrock. These gently sloping soils are on uplands. Slope ranges from 1 to 5 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 64 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 28 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, superactive, thermic Typic Haplustalfs
Soil Moisture: An Ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 0 to 19 inches.
Depth to densic or paralithic contact: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to argillic horizon: 3 to 12 inches
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Sand content: 25 to 60 percent
Coarse Fragments: 0 to 10 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used as rangeland, however; some areas are cultivated to small grains, cotton and forage sorghums. The native vegetation is mainly mid and tall grasses with scattering of oaks. Mesquite, oaks, lotebush, and cactus have invaded most rangeland areas. Post oak and blackjack oak have formed dense canopies in some of the sandy areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Great Plains, North Central Parries; LRR H; MLRA 80B; and possibly Central Rolling Red Parries, MLRA 80A. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX503/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NEWCASTLE.html
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An Oxyaquic Hapludoll from south-west Poland--lower Silesia region and the Sudetes Mountains. (Photo provided by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland)
These soils formed remnant of glacial sediments/loess (Vistulian) on remnants of glacial sediments over Tertiary clay. They are like Typic Hapludolls, but they are saturated with water within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface for 20 or more consecutive days or 30 or more cumulative days in normal years. They are of small extent but are widely distributed in the United States. They commonly are in areas between the Aquic and Typic subgroups of Hapludolls. Slopes generally are gentle. Oxyaquic Hapludolls supported mostly tall grasses and commonly are used as cropland.
Udolls that generally have a cambic horizon below a mollic epipedon. There may be a Bk horizon below the cambic horizon, and a few of the soils have enough secondary carbonates for a calcic horizon. Hapludolls formed mostly in Holocene or late-Pleistocene deposits or on surfaces of that age. Slopes generally are gentle, and most of the soils are cultivated. Hapludolls are extensive soils in Iowa, Minnesota, and adjacent states.
These soils are classified as a Calcic Chernozems (Endoclayic, Raptic, Episiltic, Endostagnic) by the World Reference Base (WRB).
For more information about this soil, visit:http://karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Czarnoziemne.html
karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Czarnoziemne.html
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For additional information about the US Soil Taxonomy soil classification system, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...