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Vaucluse soils are characterized by a B horizon more than 6 inches thick that is compact, dense, and brittle in 30 to 60 percent of the mass. This pedon has a similar layer several feet thick.
The brittleness is thought to be due to masses of oxidized iron. This horizon commonly has weak or moderate, medium or coarse subangular blocky structure but in some pedons it appears to be massive especially in the lower parts. Since establishment, the Vaucluse series has been classified as: Typic Hapludults, Fragic Paleudults, Typic Fragiudults, Typic Kanhapludults, and (2005) Fragic Kanhapludults.
Most of these soils have coarsely shaped vesicular areas of iron concentrations that are non-cemented to weakly cemented. Once exposed to the elements, these concentrations progressively hardened.
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In the U.S. soil science community, these soils are not well understood and are inconsistently described and correlated. Often, they have been ignored or identified as "map unit inclusions". Further study of the soil is needed to accurately determine the dominant diagnostic characteristics--the distinction between fragic soil properties, plinthite, and to a lesser extent ironstone (petroferric material) or the occurrence of each of these within the same profile.
In the FAO-WRB soil classification system, this soil may have a Ferric horizon. A ferric horizon (from Latin ferrum, iron) is one in which segregation of Fe (or Fe and Mn) has taken place to such an extent that large mottles or discrete concretions or nodules have formed and the matrix between mottles, concretions or nodules is largely depleted of Fe and Mn. They do not necessarily have enhanced Fe (or Fe and Mn) contents, but Fe (or Fe and Mn) are concentrated in mottles or concretions or nodules. Over time, these horizons may become a plinthic horizon.
Generally, such segregation leads to poor aggregation of the soil particles in Fe- and Mn-depleted zones and compaction of the horizon. The segregation is the result of redox processes that may be active or relict.
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For a detailed description of Vaucluse soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/V/VAUCLUSE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Bewleyville series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in a silty mantle about 2 to 3.5 feet thick and the underlying loamy or clayey material. Slopes range from 2 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to limestone bedrock are more than 6 feet. Fragments of chert, sandstone, geodes and quartzite pebbles range from 0 to 5 percent in the A and Bt horizons and from 0 to 25 percent in the 2Bt horizon. The soil is moderately acid to very strongly acid in the A and Bt horizons and strongly acid or very strongly acid in the 2Bt horizon. The surface layer is less acid where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Practically all is used for general farm crops including corn, alfalfa, small grains, tobacco, hay, and pasture. Some areas are used for growing nursery stock. The native vegetation was mixed hardwoods such as oaks, hickories, beech, and poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim and Pennyroyal in Tennessee and Kentucky, and possibly northern Alabama.
In recent years, the Bewleyville soils have been correlated in the Pickwick series in Tennessee. This series was placed on the inactive list about 1960. The type location had been moved to Kentucky some time before that. The series was reactivated in 1974 with the type location in White County, Tennessee.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BEWLEYVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high or high
Landscape: Coastal Plain upland
Parent Material: Loamy fluviomarine sediments
Slope: 0 to 15 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 13 degrees C. (56 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1143 mm (45 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Aquic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--Cleared areas are used for production of fruit, vegetables, row crops, and nursery stock.
Vegetation--Native vegetation is a mixed hardwood forest containing scattered pitch pine, shortleaf pine, loblolly pine and Virginia pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution--New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland
Extent--Moderate
For more information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/new_jersey/atl...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HAMMONTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Profile of Faula fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes. The thin brown bands located at 90 centimeters, are accumulations of finer material, and are known as lamellae. (Soil Survey of Lee County, Texas; by Maurice R. Jurena, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Faula series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, rapidly permeable upland soils that formed in sandy sediments of Pleistocene age. These soils are on nearly level to undulating terraces of the Colorado, Brazos, and Navasota Rivers and their tributaries. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, thermic Lamellic Paleustalfs
Solum thickness is greater than 80 inches. Mean annual soil temperature ranges from 68 to 72 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: Dominantly used for rangeland. Native vegetation is post oak, blackjack oak, hickory, and yaupan with an understory of tall grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Drainage systems of the Colorado, Brazos, and Navasota Rivers and their tributaries within the Blackland and Claypan Prairies of Texas (MLRAs 86 and 87). The series is extensive. These soils were formerly included in the Eufaula series. They are separated based on mean annual soil temperature.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX287/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FAULA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Ruston soil series; the State Soil of Louisiana. The left side of the profile exhibits natural soil structure; the right side has been smoothed to show change in color.
Landscape: A considerable portion of the acreage formerly cultivated has been converted to pasture or southern pine woodland. These soils are on nearly level to moderately sloping uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal Plains on slope gradients of 0 to 8 percent.
Established in 1909, the Ruston series was named for the town of Ruston which is the parish seat of Lincoln Parish, Louisiana. It is located in the north-central part of the state. In 1884, the town of Ruston was named for Robert E. Russ who offered 640 acres to the Vicksburg, Shreveport, and Pacific Railroad, stipulating that the tracks run across the property and that the land be used as a town site. At the time Ruston was selected as the state soil, it had the most extensive acreage and widespread distribution in the upland areas of Louisiana.
The Ruston series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy marine or stream deposits. These soils are on uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal Plains. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness exceeds 60 inches. The Bt/E and B't horizons are definitive for the series. Calcium-magnesium ratios are variable in the Bt horizons, but typically are less than 1 in the B't horizons. The concept of the series limits the series to a bisequal profile. Soils formerly included in Ruston but having low silt content are excluded.
USE AND VEGETATION: Principal use is woodland consisting of southern pine and some hardwoods with understories of shrubs or grasses. A small acreage is used for cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, truck crops, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plains of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. The series is of large extent, with an area of more than 2 million acres.
For more information about this soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/la-state-soi....
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RUSTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative profile of a Smithdale soil. Smithdale soils formed in thick deposits of loamy sediments. They are very deep, are loamy, and have a reddish subsoil. They are on hillslopes and summits of narrow ridges. (Soil Survey of Clarke County, Alabama; by Soil Survey of Clarke County, Alabama; Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A stand of longleaf pine in an area of Maubila-Smithdale complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes. This area is in Talladega National Forest and is managed for timber production and as habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker, an endangered species. (Soil Survey of Bibb County, Alabama; by Lawrence E. McGhee, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Smithdale series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridge tops and hill slopes in dissected uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) and in the Western Coastal Plain (133B). They formed in thick beds of loamy marine sediments. Near the type location the average annual temperature is 63 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 57 inches. Slopes range from 1 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 100 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, except where the surface has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Smithdale soils are used for woodland, principally loblolly, longleaf, and shortleaf pines. Cleared areas are used mainly for growing pasture and a few areas are cropped to corn, cotton, soybeans, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Coastal Plain of Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL025/...
and ...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL007/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SMITHDALE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
Profile of Etoile loam in an area of Etoile loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes. Etoile soils have clayey subsoils, and formed over densic material. (Soil Survey of San Augustine and Sabine Counties, Texas; by Kirby Griffith, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Etoile series consists of soils that are deep to shale. They are moderately well drained and very slowly permeable. These soils are on broad, very gently sloping to moderately steep interfluves. The slope is dominantly less than 5 percent but ranges from 1 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The particle-size control section is clayey with a weighted average clay content of 40 to 60 percent. Depth to calcium carbonate accumulations ranges from 25 to 50 inches. The soil cracks when dry. Cracks 1/2 inch or more wide in the top of the argillic horizon extend to a depth of more than 12 inches for 60 to 90 cumulative days in normal years. Slickensides and/or wedge shaped peds are in some subhorizon more than 6 inches thick within the argillic horizon. The combined thickness of the A and E horizons is dominantly less than 10 inches, however, the depth ranges from 3 inches on subsoil crests to 14 inches in some subsoil troughs. Some pedons do not have an E horizon, and in most areas that have been cultivated the E horizon has been incorporated into the Ap horizon. Redox features are considered relic or lithochromic.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for woodland. Native species are shortleaf and loblolly pine, red oak, and sweetgum. A few areas are used for native or improved pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Coastal Plain (MLRA 133B) in eastern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/sanaugus...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/ETOILE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Honeoye series; the State Soil of New York.
Landscape: Honeoye is one of the most productive soils in New York for growing corn and other crops. They are dominantly on gently undulating to rolling till plains. In some places they are on dissected side slopes of the upland plateau and in other areas they are on the top and upper side slopes of drumlins and convex ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 65 percent. These soils formed in till of late Wisconsin age derived from limestone, dolomite, and calcareous shale, and from lesser amounts of sandstone and siltstone. These soils are mainly on the low plateau in the northern part of the Appalachian plateau, in the southern part of the Ontario Lowland and Mohawk Valley of New York.
The Honeoye soil series is shown on some of the earliest soil maps made in New York. It was established as a soil series in 1910, in a soil survey of Ontario County. Honeoye is designated as a Benchmark soil in recognition of its significance to soil science and the soil resource. The Honeoye series occurs only in New York State, making it a uniquely New York soil. Honeoye was unofficially chosen as the New York State soil in the mid 1980’s by a group of local, state, and federal soil experts. The word Honeoye is believed to have come from the Seneca word “Ha-ne-a-yeh” or “where the finger lies”. The soil was named after the hamlet of Honeoye, NY, one of the places where these soils are found.
The Honeoye series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy till. They are nearly level to very steep soils on till plains, hills, ridges, and drumlins. Slope ranges from 0 to 65 percent. Mean annual temperature is 8 degrees C. (46 degrees F.), and mean annual precipitation is 995 millimeters (39 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Glossic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 51 to 81 cm (20 to 32 in). Depth to bedrock is more than 152 cm (60 in). Depth to carbonates ranges from 41 to 81 cm (16 to 32 in). Rock fragments are mainly gravel, cobbles, and channers of limestone and shale with lesser amounts of sandstone and siltstone. Rock fragment content in the solum ranges from 5 to 30 percent and includes up to 10 percent greater than 3 in in diameter. Rock fragment content in the C horizon ranges from 10 to 60 percent and includes up to 20 percent greater than 3 in in diameter. Rock fragments greater than 10 in in diameter cover 0 to 20 percent of the surface. Some pedons have a Cd or densic substratum that ranges from 51 to 97 cm (20 to 38 in).
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to raise vegetables, some fruit, wheat, corn, oats, hay, soybeans, and dry beans. Woodlots contain sugar maple, white ash, red and white oak, hickory, black cherry, hop hornbeam, and associated species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Dominantly western and central New York, but extending from extreme western New York to the Hudson Valley in New York. MLRA 101 and 140. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about this state soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/ny-state-soi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HONEOYE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Typic Paleaquult from the Guangdong Province in China. Note the horizonation of the A horizon. The second layer is a mechanically compacted zone (densic layer) that acts as an aquitard. Densic materials (d) are normally little affected by soil development, the exception being mechanically compacted layers such as a plow pan if they are root limiting and not cemented. This pedon had been in continuous rice production for over a thousand years
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Paleaquults is fixed on soils that have grayish colors in the matrix below the A or Ap horizon.
Typic Paleaquults generally are nearly level. In the U.S, they occur mostly on the coastal plain of the Southeastern United States and are of moderate extent. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Most of these soils are used as forest, but some have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A soil profile of a Boykin soil. Boykin soils are well drained and are on summits and side slopes in the uplands. They have an argillic horizon of reddish sandy loam and sandy clay loam underlying a thick epipedon of loamy sand. (Soil Survey of Bibb County, Alabama; by Lawrence E. McGhee, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Boykin series consists of deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in sandy and loamy coastal plain sediments of Pleistocene age. These soils are on gently sloping to moderately steep uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Arenic Paleudults
Solum thickness is greater than 60 inches. Clay content in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon ranges from 18 to 30 percent. Base saturation at 50 inches below the top of the Bt ranges from 5 to 20 percent. CEC ranges from about 10 to 20 me/100 gm.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for timber and pasture. Forest vegetation includes loblolly, shortleaf, slash, and longleaf pines, red oak, and sweetgum trees with an understory of grasses and legumes. Pastures are mainly bermuda grass and bahiagrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Coastal Plains of southeastern Texas and western Louisiana. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BOYKIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile and landscape of the Bonner soil series in Idaho. The Bonner series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in glacial outwash material derived dominantly from granite, gneiss and schist, with a mantle of volcanic ash and loess. Permeability is moderate in the solum and rapid to very rapid in the underlying material.
Landscape: These soils are on terraces and terrace escarpments. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 30 inches and average annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Ashy over loamy-skeletal, aniso, glassy over isotic, frigid Typic Vitrixerands
Soil moisture control section - dry 45 to 60 days July to September, moist October through June Average annual soil temperature - 43 to 47 degrees F. Average summer soil temperature - 50 to 55 degrees F. with an O horizon
Solum thickness - 24 to 36 inches Reaction - moderately acid to neutral throughout
Volcanic ash mantle - 14 to 26 inches thick Volcanic glass content in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction - 40 to 70 percent Acid-oxalate extractable Al + 1/2 Fe - 1 to 3 percent Phosphate retention - 55 to 90 percent 15-bar water content an air dried samples - 7 to 12 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, grazing, homesites, cropland, hay and pasture, recreation, and wildlife habitat. Natural vegetation is mainly grand fir, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and western larch, with an understory of pine reedgrass, myrtle pachystima, baldhip rose, common snowberry, longtube twinflower, American trailplant, piper anemone, goldthread, sedge, and common princes pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho, northeastern Washington, and northwestern Montana. The series is extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Appling series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
Appling soils are very similar to Cecil soils, except Cecil soils have a subsoil with dominant hue of 5YR or redder. Where hue is 5YR in Cecil soils, evident patterns of mottling are absent in the Bt and BC horizon, whereas patterns of lithochromic mottling are common in Appling soils that have hue of 5YR.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 24 to 50 inches thick and extends to 40 inches or more. Depth to bedrock ranges from 6 to 10 feet or more. The soil is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, unless limed. Limed soils typically are moderately acid or slightly acid in the upper part. Content of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the A and E horizons and 0 to 10 percent by volume in the Bt horizon. Fragments are dominantly gravel in size. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the A and Bt horizons and few to many flakes of mica in the BC and C horizons.
Most of the acreage is in cultivation or pasture and the remainder is in forests of mixed hardwoods and pine. Common crops are corn, tobacco, soybeans, cotton, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/APPLING.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Troup soils are characterized by sandy surface and subsurface layers with a combined thickness of 40 to 80 inches. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia; Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Drought-tolerant longleaf pine in an area of Troup-Lucy complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes. These soils are suitable for longleaf pine because they have thick, sandy surface layers that quickly drain water. (Soil Survey of Sumter County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Troup series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in unconsolidated sandy and loamy marine sediments. Troup soils are on ridges and hillslopes. Slopes predominantly range from 0 to 15 percent but range to 45 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 17 degrees C (64 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1320 millimeters (52 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Troup soils are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for pastureland and for growing peanuts, watermelons, and vegetables.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA's): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). It also occurs to a lesser extent in the Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills (MLRA 137), North Central Florida Ridge (MLRA 138), Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152A), and the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/webste...
and...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TROUP.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil Profile: A Typic Aquisalid in the United Arab Emirates Typic Aquisalids, sandy, carbonatic, hyperthermic (Soil AD128)
Landscape: These soils are associated with surface salt crust, commonly in a polygonal pattern. The soils occur in plains to slight depressions, or on coastal flats above the tidal zone. They are formed on alluvial sands. The soils are very deep sand, poorly drained and slowly permeable above the water table. Water table fluctuates between 40 and 80cm depth.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i34214_001.pdf
The Aquisalids are formed on plains to slight depressions in coastal flats above the tidal zone. Inland they might occur in slight to moderate depressions where water is collected from nearby areas and evaporated.
The high salt concentration and the shallow water table prevent vegetation growth and the soils are typically unused and without any vegetation. The soils occur throughout the coastline of Abu Dhabi Emirate in small to large patches.
Plate 26: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Aquisalids sandy, carbonatic, hyperthermic (Soil AD128).
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.biosaline.org/projects/soil-survey-emirate-abu-dhabi
For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
agrifs.ir/sites/default/files/United%20Arab%20Emirates%20...
Soil Profile: Blackgap very gravelly loam in an area of Blackgap-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to 30 percent slopes. Hard limestone bedrock ranges in depth from 7 to 20 inches (18 cm to 51 cm). (Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of Blackgap-Rock outcrop complex, 1 to 16 percent slopes. This area shows vegetation such as Texas false agave, creosotebush, and Chino grama growing on a backslope. This map unit is in the Limestone Hill and Mountain 8-14" PZ ecological site of
MLRA 81D—Southern Edwards Plateau.
Map Unit Setting
Major land resource area (MLRA): MLRA 81D—Southern Edwards Plateau
Elevation: 1,925 to 3,910 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 13 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 68 to 72 degrees F
Frost-free period: 240 to 280 days
Map Unit Composition
Blackgap and similar soils: 85 percent
Rock outcrop: 10 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 5 percent
Minor components:
Unnamed, minor components soils—5 percent; not hydric
Blackgap soils--
Soil taxonomic classification: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, hyperthermic Lithic Ustic Haplocalcids
Typical Profile
Ak—0 to 5 inches; very gravelly loam
Bk—5 to 11 inches; extremely cobbly silt loam
R—11 to 21 inches; limestone bedrock
Setting
Landscape: Dissected plateaus
Landform: Hills, ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, shoulder, backslope
Slope: 1 to 16 percent
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Convex
Representative aspect: Southeast
Aspect range: All aspects
Soil temperature class: Hyperthermic
Soil temperature regime: Hyperthermic
Soil moisture class: Aridic (torric)
Properties and Qualities
Runoff class: Very high
Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from thick-bedded limestone bedrock
Depth to restrictive feature: 7 to 20 inches to lithic bedrock
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Depth to water table: More than 72 inches
Drainage class: Well drained
Shrink-swell potential: Low (about 1.5 LEP)
Salinity maximum: Not saline (about 1.0 dS/m)
Sodicity maximum: Not sodic
Calcium carbonate maximum: 47
Available water capacity: Very low (about 1.1 inches)
Gypsum maximum: None
Interpretive Groups
Land capability subclass (nonirrigated): 7s
Hydric soil rating: No
Hydrologic soil group: D
Vegetation
Existing plants: Chino grama, lechuguilla, creosotebush, guayacan, Big Bend silverleaf, sideoats grama, black grama, candelilla, slim tridens, Texas false agave, perennial forbs, other perennial grasses, other shrubs.
Ecological site name and identification: Limestone Hill and Mountain 8-14" PZ (R081DY592TX)
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BLACKGAP.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Cid series consists of moderately deep, moderately well drained or somewhat poorly drained soils on Piedmont uplands. These soils formed in residuum weathered from argillite and other fine-grained metavolcanic rocks. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for forest with minor acreage in pasture, crops, or idle. Woodland consists primarily of shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, Virginia pine, southern red oak, white oak, willow oak, sweetgum, red maple, flowering dogwood, American holly, blackgum, post oak, black oak, scarlet oak, and eastern red cedar. Crops grown include corn, soybeans, small grains, and hay.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina. The series is of moderate extent.
Profile of Totatlanika fine-silty, mixed, active, subgelic Typic Histoturbels. Totatlanika soils have moderately deep mixed alluvium over permafrost. Segregated ice seen in this photo starting around 70 cm are common in these soils. (Soil Survey of Greater Nenana Area, Alaska; by Dennis Mulligan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Totatlanika soils occur on flood plains. Vegetation is stunted black spruce (P. mariana) forest with an understory of mixed
shrubs that include labrador tea (L. groenlandicum), blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idea) and vaious willows (Salix spp.) with a thick ground cover of peat mosses (sphagnum spp.) and tussock forming sedges (Eriophorum spp.).
Depth class: moderately deep
Drainage class: very poorly or poorly drained
Parent material: fine-silty alluvium
Landform: flood plains
Slopes: 0 to 2 percent
Mean annual precipitation: about 11 inches, 280 mm
Mean annual temperature: about 25 degrees F., -4 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, subgelic Typic Histoturbels
Particle-size control (section weighted average):
Percent clay in the control section: 20 to 35 percent
Soil moisture regime: aquic
Mean annual soil temperature: 26 degrees F., 50 cm
Thickness of organic materials: 8 to 15 inches, 20 to 37 cm
Texture of the fine silty mantle: silt loam or silty clay loam
Texture of the permafrost substratum: permanently frozen material
Percent clay in the fine silty mantle: 20 to 35 percent
Thickness of histic epipedon 8 to 16 inches, 20 to 37 cm
Thickness of redoximorphic concentrations: from 11 to 72 inches, 27 to 183 cm.
Thickness of redoximorphic depletions: from 15 to 72 inches, 38 to 183 cm.
Thickness of cryoturbation and gelic materials: 11 to 72 inches, 27 to 183 cm.
Depth to permafrost: 17 to 31 inches, 44 to 80 cm
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for recreation and wildlife habitat. The native vegetation includes black spruce and ericaceous shrub.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 229, Interior Alaska Lowlands, The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alaska/AK655/0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TOTATLANIKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Macropores are too large to have any significant capillary force. Unless impeded, water will drain from these pores, and they are generally air-filled at field capacity. Macropores can be caused by cracking, division of peds and aggregates, as well as plant roots, and zoological exploration.
Note the accumulation of iron in the reddish area surrounding the pore and clay accumulation (dark gray areas) along the pore interiors, and iron depletions (light gray to light brown areas).
Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual.
For more soil related images, visit:
www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/sets/72157622983226139/
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
A soil profile and landscape of a Haplosalid from the United Arab Emirates.
Petrogypsic Haplosalids, loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, shallow (Soil AD140) are shallow, loamy soils with gypsum occurring in the subsoil. A petrogypsic horizon occurs within 50cm depth. They occur mostly in the north of Umm az Zimul in the south-eastern part of the Emirate. They are typically well drained or moderately well drained soils and have rapid or moderately rapid permeability.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i34214_001.pdf
These soils remain as barren land or sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cyperus conglomeratus, Zygophyllum mandavillei and Zygophyllum qatarense.
The soils are common around Sabkha Matti and in the south-east of the Emirate and deflation plains within the Liwa area. The soil has been used to define components of several map units in these areas.
Plate 38: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Petrogypsic Haplosalids, loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, shallow (Soil AD140).
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
The Arkaqua series consists of somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable soils on nearly level flood plains along creeks and rivers in the Appalachian, Blue Ridge, and Great Smokey Mountains. They formed in loamy alluvial sediments washed largely from soils formed in residuum from granite, gneiss, schist, phyllite, and other metamorphic and crystalline rocks. Slopes are less than 2 percent. Near the type location the mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is 54 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 35 to 60 inches. Depth to stratified sand and gravel is 44 to more than 72 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. Flakes of mica range from few to many in all horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of acreage is used for pasture, corn, and truck crops. The native trees are mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and possibly Tennessee and Virginia. The series is not extensive.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ARKAQUA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Denbigh series (Eutric Endoleptic Cambisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
The Denbigh soils are brown stony well drained soils of moderate depth over Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks. They extend over more than 4,600 km² in the foothills of the Lake District, the Pennines, in South West England and Wales on hills and ridges from sea level to about 300 m O.D. Fine loamy typical brown earths, Denbigh series, cover much of the land with loamy brown rankers. The Denbigh soils are usually on cultivable slopes up to about 7 degrees. Rock outcrops and narrow valleys with alluvium and small river terraces occur locally. Formerly mapped widely in the South West as Highweek series, Denbigh series covers most of the cultivable slopes on low ground.
Typical brown earths differing from Denbigh series in soil depth and texture are scattered widely, for example the fine loamy East Keswick series are deeper. In west Somerset, north-east Devon and the South Hams reddish fine loamy Milford soils sometimes replace the Denbigh series over reddened rocks.
Most of the soils are permeable and naturally well drained (Wetness Class I). The soils accept most winter rain but temporary water storage capacity is limited by rock or, locally, by compact drift at less than 80 cm depth, which cause some run-off. For most of the land drought restrictions to crop production in average years are slight. Exceptions occur in drier districts where grassland and more rarely cereals suffer moisture stress on Denbigh soil.
Long-term grass is traditionally the most common crop although the soils are more frequently cultivated in the drier districts. The land is firm enough to carry farm vehicles and resist poaching. The growing season is usually seven to nine months (Smith 1976) but the livestock grazing period is often a month or two less to avoid damage to sward and soil structure. Rainfall is the main limitation to arable crops, particularly in the west where August is usually one of the wettest months. Apart from steeper land, the Denbigh soils are suitable for direct drilling. Patchy distribution of the wetter soils can reduce the time available for working some fields. Bare soil, even on gentle slopes, is eroded during heavy rain and capping occurs from raindrop impact where organic matter in the plough layer has been depleted by long continued arable use.
Conditions for disposal of slurry on Denbigh soils are generally favorable since there is little risk of pollution (Lea 1979), and soils carry traffic well, particularly when spreading is done during drier periods. Forest clearance over the centuries has left a scatter of woods mainly on steep or otherwise inaccessible ground. Such land is valuable for wildlife and game cover and adds scenic interest. Although the land is well suited for trees, large new plantations are expensive to establish, needing stockproof fencing and control of vigorous weeds which can smother young trees. Sitka spruce and Douglas fir yield well and many other soft and hard wood species are also grown for scenic as well as timber value.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=54110
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Typic Haplocryalf in Idaho.
Landscape: The Haplocryalfs of the United States are in the mountains of the Western States and have a cryic temperature regime. Most support coniferous forest vegetation.
Most Haplocryalfs are not cultivated because their slopes are steep and the growing season is short and cool. In other countries, Haplocryalfs occur on mountains and also on plains nearly as far north as the line of continuous permafrost. Some of the associated soils on these landscapes are Gelisols on northfacing slopes and Histosols.
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Haplocryalfs is fixed on freely drained soils that are deep or moderately deep to hard rock. These soils have a high color value in an Ap horizon or in a layer of comparable depth after mixing and have a loamy or finer textured argillic horizon. Most of them are under a coniferous forest. Slopes generally are moderately steep to very steep.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
Boulders are a major management concern for any use in areas of Toecane-Tusquitee complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, very bouldery. (Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina; By Mark S. Hudson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Setting
Landscape: Low and intermediate mountains, dominantly in the western and eastern parts of the county
Elevation range: 2,400 to 4,800 feet
Landform: Coves, colluvial fans, drainageways, and benches
Landform position: Head slopes and footslopes
Shape of areas: Irregular or oblong
Size of areas: Up to 389 acres
Composition
Toecane soil and similar inclusions: 50 percent
Tusquitee soil and similar inclusions: 35 percent
Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent
Typical Profile
Toecane
Surface layer:
0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown cobbly loam
Subsoil:
8 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly sandy clay loam
24 to 37 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly sandy loam
Underlying material:
37 to 80 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly loamy sand
Dominant Uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat
Other Uses: Recreation, building site development, and pasture
Woodland Management and Productivity
Potential for commercial species: Moderately high for cove hardwoods and northern hardwoods
Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility
Management measures and considerations:
• Using cable logging methods helps to overcome limited road and trail construction caused by the large number of stones and boulders on the soil surface.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water-control structures, such as broad-base dips, water bars, and culverts, help to maintain road stability.
• Avoiding the diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
• Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent soil erosion.
• When the soil is wet, skid trails and unsurfaced roads are highly erodible and very slick due to the slope and the high content of organic matter in the surface layer.
• Avoiding logging operations during periods when the soil is saturated helps to prevent rutting of the soil surface and damage to tree roots due to soil compaction.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the aquatic habitat.
• Livestock should not graze in areas managed for woodland.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TOECANE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
"Laterite" is an antiquated term referring to hardened soil that contains large amounts of plinthite.
Laterite is considered both a soil and a rock type rich in iron and aluminum and most commonly formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock, usually when there are conditions of high temperatures and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods. Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
With laterite being referred to as a soil type as well as being a rock type with variation in the modes of conception--there has been calls for the term to be abandoned altogether. Material that looks highly similar to the Indian laterite occurs abundantly worldwide.
Historically, laterite was cut into brick-like shapes and used in monument-building. After 1000 CE, construction at Angkor Wat and other southeast Asian sites changed to rectangular temple enclosures made of laterite, brick, and stone. Similar materials in the US have not sufficiently hardened to be mined as building blocks. This material has been referred to as "soft" plinthite.
Laterites are a source of aluminum ore; the ore exists largely in clay minerals and the hydroxides, gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore, which resembles the composition of bauxite. In Northern Ireland they once provided a major source of iron and aluminum ores.
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Morley soil series. (Soil Survey of Delaware County, Indiana; by Gary R. Struben, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A grassed waterway in a wheat field in an area of Morley-Mississinewa clay loams, 5 to 10 percent slopes, severely eroded on the sideslopes.
The Morley series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to dense till. Morley soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and in the underlying clay loam or silty clay loam till. They are on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 1 to 18 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 940 mm (37 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.6 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Thickness of the loess: 0 to 46 cm (0 to 18 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 50 percent clay, 15 to 25 percent sand, and 1 to 5 percent rock fragments
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, soybeans, and small grain. Some areas are used for hay and pasture, and a few areas are used for woodland. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Indiana, southern Michigan, northwestern Ohio, eastern Illinois, and southeastern Wisconsin; mainly in MLRAs 111B, 110, and 99, and less extensively in MLRAs 95A, 95B, 97, 98, 108A, 111A, 111C, 111D, 111E, and 115C. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN035/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MORLEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Salidic Haplocalcid from the interior of the UAE.
Salidic Haplocalcids are the Haplocalcids that have an ECe of more than 8 to less than 30 dS m −1 in a layer 10 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface (UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy). The "salidic" subgroup in Haplocalcids is not currently recognized in Soil Taxonomy.
Haplocalcids are the Calcids that have a calcic horizon with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. These soils do not have a duripan or an argillic, natric, or petrocalcic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Some of the soils have a cambic horizon above the calcic horizon. Haplocalcids are extensive.
Calcids are the Aridisols with calcium carbonate that was in the parent materials or was added as dust, or both. Precipitation is insufficient to leach or even move the carbonates to great depths. The upper boundary of the calcic or petrocalcic horizon is normally within 50 cm of the soil surface. If the soils are irrigated and cultivated, micronutrient deficiencies are normal. These soils are extensive in the western part of the United States and in other arid regions of the world.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home
For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
agrifs.ir/sites/default/files/United%20Arab%20Emirates%20...
Photo courtesy of EAD-Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. www.ead.gov.ae/
When excavating soil, slope stability is important for many uses. USDA-NRCS identifies slope instability as "cut banks cave". The soil scientist was to trying to excavate a soil pit for soil sampling in this Torripsamment, but no matter how he tried, the soil kept caving.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
The Tonka series consists of very deep, poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits. These soils are in closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains and have slopes of 0 to 1 percent.
Hydric soils are formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (Federal Register, 1994). Most hydric soils exhibit characteristic morphologies that result from repeated periods of saturation or inundation that last more than a few days.
To download the latest version of "Field Indicators of Hydric Soils" and additional technical references, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=s...
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Argiaquic Argialbolls
Tonka soils are widely distributed on the glaciated plains of North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. The series is extensive and is used mainly for small grains, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses, sedges and rushes. 09-05A-39
For a detailed description, please visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TONKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Figure 2.—The canyon wall in Providence Canyon State Park as viewed from the canyon floor in an area of Gullied land-Nankin-Ailey complex, 15 to 90 percent slopes, severely eroded.
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-stewart-county-ge...
Providence Canyon is not a purely natural feature: many of the massive gullies—the deepest of which is more than 150 feet—are thought to be primarily the result of erosion caused by poor farming practices in the 19th century. The park lies on marine sediments, usually loam or clay, with small areas of sand. Loamy sand topsoils overlie subsoils of sandy clay loam, sandy clay, or clay in most of the uneroded sections. Nankin and Ailey soils are the most prominent soil series. The canyons have significant exposure to clay, over which water often seeps.
Major components--
Gullied land: About 40 percent
Nankin and similar soils: About 25 percent
Ailey and similar soils: About 15 percent
Gullied land are areas where erosion has cut a network of V-shaped or U-shaped channels deep enough to inhibit or prevent crossing.
The Nankin series (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) consists of very deep, well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils on uplands of the Coastal Plain. They formed in stratified loamy and clayey marine sediments.
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/sde/?series=nankin#osd
The Ailey series (loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Kanhapludults) consists of slowly permeable soils that are moderately deep or deep to fragic soil properties and deep or very deep to densic materials. They formed in stratified sandy and loamy marine sediments on uplands of the Coastal Plain.
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/AILEY.html
Minor components--
Cowarts soils, which are in positions similar to those of Nankin and Ailey soils and have a subsoil that extends to a depth of 40 inches or less
Faceville soils, which are in positions similar to those of the Nankin soil or slightly higher and have a subsoil that extends to a depth of more than 60 inches
Greenville soils, which are in positions similar to those of Nankin soil or slightly higher and have a subsoil that extends to a depth of more than 60 inches
Maubila soils, which are in positions similar to those of Nankin soil and have thin layers of indurated ironstone
Orangeburg soils, which are in positions similar to those of Nankin and Ailey soils or higher and have a subsoil that extends to a depth of more than 60 inches
For more information about the park, visit:
An area of Ninepoint clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. The eolian deposits associated with shrubs, are known as coppice dunes. (Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Map Unit Setting
Major land resource area (MLRA): MLRA 42—Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and
Mountains
Elevation: 1,835 to 3,430 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 13 inches
Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas 72
Mean annual air temperature: 68 to 72 degrees F
Frost-free period: 240 to 280 days
Map Unit Composition
Ninepoint and similar soils: 85 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 15 percent
Minor components:
Unnamed, minor components soils—11 percent; not hydric
Chillon soils—4 percent; not hydric
Description of Ninepoint soils
Soil taxonomic classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Ustic Haplocambids
Setting
Landscape: Basins
Landform: Alluvial flats
Slope: 0 to 3 percent
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Representative aspect: Southeast
Aspect range: All aspects
Soil temperature class: Hyperthermic
Soil temperature regime: Hyperthermic
Soil moisture class: Aridic (torric)
Properties and Qualities
Runoff class: Very low
Parent material: Calcareous alluvium derived from limestone and mudstone
Depth to restrictive feature: None within 60 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Depth to water table: More than 72 inches
Drainage class: Well drained
Shrink-swell potential: Moderate (about 4.5 LEP)
Salinity maximum: Not saline (about 0.7 dS/m)
Sodicity maximum: Sodium adsorption ratio is about 1.0
Calcium carbonate maximum: 32
Available water capacity: Very high (about 15.1 inches)
Gypsum maximum: About 2 percent
Interpretive Groups
Land capability subclass (nonirrigated): 7c
Land capability subclass (irrigated): 3e
Hydric soil rating: No
Hydrologic soil group: C
Vegetation
Existing plants: Tobosa, alkali sacaton, pappusgrass, burrograss, plains bristlegrass, cane bluestem, fourwing saltbush, tarbush, western honey mesquite, catclaw acacia, creosotebush, other shrubs, perennial forbs, other annual forbs, other perennial grasses, vine mesquite
Ecological site name and identification: Loamy, Hot Desert Shrub (R042XG738TX)
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NINEPOINT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a fragian soil (Fragiaqualf). (Photo provided by the European Soil Database. The ESDAC is an important source of environmental data, including the Soil Profile Analytical Database of Europa (SPADBE).
For more information about the European soil datatbase, visit;
esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/resource-type/european-soil-databa...
To be identified as a fragipan, a subsurface layer must have all of the following characteristics: (1) the layer is 15 cm or more thick; and (2) the layer shows evidence of pedogenesis within the horizon or, at a minimum, on the faces of structural units; and (3) the layer has very coarse prismatic, columnar, or blocky structure of any grade, has weak structure of any size, or is massive. Separations between structural units that allow roots to enter have an average spacing of 10 cm or more on the horizontal dimensions; and (4) air-dry fragments of the natural soil fabric, 5 to 10 cm in diameter, from more than 50 percent of the layer slake when they are submerged in water; and (5) the layer has, in 60 percent or more of the volume, a firm or firmer rupture-resistance class, a brittle manner of failure at or near field capacity, and virtually no roots; and (6) the layer is not effervescent (in dilute HCl).
Fragiaqualfs are the Aqualfs that have a fragipan within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Most of them have ground water that is perched above a fragipan at some period and saturates the soils at another period. The soil temperature regime is frigid, isomesic, mesic, or warmer.
In the United States, the soils generally have frigid to thermic temperature regimes. In normal years, the albic horizon generally does not become dry, but the ground water drops below the base of the fragipan during summer and the soil moisture content is below field capacity at some period. Most Fragiaqualfs in the United States formed in Wisconsinan deposits of late-Pleistocene age and had a broadleaf deciduous forest vegetation before they were cultivated. Most of the soils are nearly level. Fragiaqualfs as a group have lower base saturation than other Aqualfs.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Tanana River is a tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river's headwaters are located at the confluence of the Chisana and Nabesna rivers just north of Northway in eastern Alaska. The Tanana flows in a northwest direction from near the border with the Yukon Territory, and laterally along the northern slope of the Alaska Range, roughly paralleled by the Alaska Highway. In central Alaska, it emerges into a lowland marsh region known as the Tanana Valley and passes south of the city of Fairbanks. In the marsh regions it is joined by several large tributaries, including the Nenana (near the city of Nenana) and the Kantishna. It empties into the Yukon approximately 70 miles (110 km) downriver from the village of Manley Hot Springs, near the town of Tanana.
For additional images related to soils and landscapes, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Burgundy soil series. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of a Burgundy soil. This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is mixed chaparral.
The Burgundy series consists of very shallow to bedrock, well drained soils that formed in residuum weathered from rhyolite. The Burgundy soils are on hills. Slopes range from 35 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches (432 millimeters) and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Lithic Xerorthents
Depth to bedrock: 4 to 10 inches (9 to 25 centimeters)
Mean annual soil temperature: 71 to 76 degrees F (22 to 24 degrees C).
Soil moisture control section: dry in all parts from about May 15 to November 15 (180 days), and moist in all parts from about January 15 to April 15 (about 90 days).
Particle size control section: 10 to 15 percent clay, 40 to 70 percent rock fragments mostly gravel from rhyolite.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is mixed chaparral.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: San Benito County, California in MLRA 15 -- Central California Coast Range. These soils are of small extent. Source of name: landmark rock spires in Pinnacles National Monument. This series was established based on limited acreage observed within the National Park Service Pinnacles National Monument boundary.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BURGUNDY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
View of Cathedral Valley, looking northeast from near the Cathedral Valley campground. The valley floor is mapped Begay, saline-sodic-Begay, moist-Elias complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes. The escarpments and buttes are mapped Remorris, strongly alkaline-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70 percent slopes. The hillslope in the near foreground is mapped Milok, steep-Strych complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes.
Capitol Reef National Park is in south-central Utah and is 241,904 acres in size. It is located in the central parts of Wayne and Garfield Counties, in the southeast corner of Sevier County, and in the southwest corner of Emery County. It is bounded by Glen Canyon National Recreation Area on the south, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument to the west, the Fishlake and Dixie National Forests to the north and west, and Henry Mountains Resource Area to the east.
Capitol Reef National Park (Capitol Reef NP) is irregular in shape and consists of monoclines, mesas, structural benches, canyons, river terraces, and flood plains. Under the NRCS land classification system, the United States is divided into regions known as major land resource areas (MLRAs). MLRAs are distinguished by regional climate, soils, geology, water, topography, and predominant plant communities characteristic of the region. Capitol Reef National Park is within MLRA 35—Colorado and Green River Plateaus. MLRA 35 occurs in Arizona (56 percent), Utah (22 percent), New Mexico (21 percent), and Colorado (1 percent). It makes up about 71,735 square miles (185,885 square kilometers). The cities of Kingman and Winslow, Arizona; Gallup and Grants, New Mexico; and Kanab and Moab, Utah, are in this area. The Grand Canyon and Petrified Forest National Parks and the Canyon de Chelly and Wupatki National Monuments are in the Arizona part of this MLRA. The Zion, Capitol Reef, Canyonlands, and Arches National Parks and the Grand Staircase-Escalante and Hovenweep National Monuments are in the Utah part. The Aztec Ruins, El Morro, El Malpais, and Chaco Canyon National Monuments and Chaco Culture National Historic Park are in the New Mexico part. Currently, MLRA 35 in Utah is not subdivided by land resource units (LRUs).
The roads inside the park range from unimproved gravel and dirt roads to paved highways. State Highway 24 runs east and west through the park, and Scenic Drive runs south from the highway to Capitol Gorge. Several improved gravel roads run north into Cathedral Valley and south to Bullfrog, Utah. Burr Trail runs east and west through the park. Many hiking trails provide access to the most remote areas of the park and vary from easy to strenuous.
For more information, visit:
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-capitol-reef-nati...
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Describing, sampling, and photographing a Kina soil (Dysic Typic Cryohemist) in Alaska. The Kina series (a hydric soil) consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in partially decomposed organic material derived from sedges. Kina soils occupy depressional bench-like areas associated with drumlinoid hills and the toeslope, lower backslopes, and floors of valleys.
Note: Special effort was taken to set aside the soil layers in sequence on a tarp and returned once our work was completed, ensuring as minimum of disruption to the soil and area as possible.
The Kina series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in partially decomposed organic material derived from sedges. Kina soils occupy depressional bench-like areas associated with drumlinoid hills and the toeslope, lower backslopes, and floors of valleys.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Dysic Typic Cryohemists
The soils formed in organic material derived in sedges which is many feet thick over glacial till or bedrock. The climate is humid maritime with an average annual precipitation of about 100 inches. The mean annual temperature is 45 degrees F., and the mean summer air temperature is about 55 degrees F. The slope gradient is commonly less than 35 percent, but ranges from 0 to 30 percent on the drumlinoid hills and 0 to 60 percent on the landforms associated with the valley landscape. Elevation ranges from sea level to 1500 feet.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KINA.html#:~:text=....
For geographic distribution, visit:
MSU researcher James Tiedje is leading the charge to determine the future direction of soil science research.
President Jimmy Carter lived here from the age of four until he left for college. The farmhouse was owned by Earl Carter, Jimmy's father, from 1928 until 1949. This farm was sold by Earl Carter to T. Richard Downer in 1949. The Downer family owned the property until 1994 when it was purchased by the National Park Service.
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/50725817718/in/album-72157...
The Greenville soil series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. They formed in clayey marine sediments of the Coastal Plain. Slopes are dominantly less than 8 percent but range up to 18 percent. Near the type location, the average annual air temperature is about 65 degrees F. and the average annual precipitation is about 59 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudults
Solum thickness exceeds 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout except for surface layers that have been limed. Few quartz pebbles are in some pedons. Content of ferro-manganese masses and concretions ranges from none to common throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and are used for the production of cotton, corn, small grain, soybeans, truck crops, orchards, and pasture. Wooded areas are in pine, oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. This soil is extensive, over 500,00 acres.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GREENVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Al Madam series is a very deep soil formed in loamy and gravelly alluvial deposits containing gypsum as well as secondary calcium carbonate. It has a thin eolian mantle. (NE023) UAE.
Taxonomic classification: Typic Calcigypsids, coarse-loamy, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizons described in this profile are: Calcic horizon, 34 to 95 cm; Gypsic horizon, 95 to 120 cm.
The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.5 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) ranges from 0.1 to 2.0 in the A horizon. EC (1:1) ranges mostly from 0.5 to 5.0 in the B horizon, but it is as high as 8.5 in a few places. Gravel content is 0 to 15% in the A horizon. Many pedons have a mantle of eolian sand up to 40 cm thick, but this is not present on some pedons. Gravel content is mostly 5 to 35% in the B horizon, but in some pedons it is as high as 65% in one or more layers below 75 cm. The weighted average gravel content in the particle-size control section is less than 35%.
The A horizon ranges from about 10 to 40 cm thick. A thickness of more than 20 cm is generally associated with an eolian mantel. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value 5 to 7, and chroma 3 to 6. It is very fine sand or loamy fine sand where an eolian mantel is present, and fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam where there is no mantle.
The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value 5 to 7, and chroma 2 to 4. It is mostly sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam, but includes layers of fine sand, loamy sand or loamy coarse sand. Also included are gravelly texture modifiers above 75 cm, and gravelly, very gravelly, or extremely gravelly texture modifiers in one or more layers below depths of 75 cm. Combined volume of visible secondary calcium carbonate and gypsum range from 2 to 25% in the B horizon. In some pedons, the B horizon is extremely weakly cemented to moderately cemented with gypsum and carbonates.
Some pedons near Rock outcrop areas have a 2R horizon below 150 cm.
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Preparing for spring planting in an area of Coxville soil (in a Carolina Bay in the foreground) and Norfolk soil (on an interfluve in the background). Note the severely eroded shoulder slope, exposing the upper reddish-brown subsoil of the Norfolk soil. Cultivating on the slope contour (instead of up and down the slope) will help reduce erosion and conserve soil moisture.
For more information about the Lee County soil survey, visit;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_carolina...
Coxville soils are very deep and poorly drained. The have moderately slow permeability and formed in marine deposits or fluviomarine sediments. They are commonly on lower to upper coastal plain flats and in Carolina bays or depressions on slopes of 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleaquults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Forest, some pasture and cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, and truck crops. Where wooded--loblolly and longleaf pine, sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, willow oak, water tupelo, elm, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and possibly Virginia and Louisiana
Extent: Large
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COXVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COXVILLE.html
The Norfolk soils are very deep and well drained with moderate permeability. They are on summits, shoulders, backslopes of interfluve or side slopes. The formed in marine deposits or fluviomarine deposits of the lower, middle, or upper coastal plain uplands or marine terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 10 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly cleared and used for general farm crops.
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, and soybeans. Where wooded--pines and mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Large
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NORFOLK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A young Andisol with multiple layers of ash and volcanic ejecta.
Landscape: A newly created landscape from the eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington.
The central concept of an Andisol is that of a soil developing in volcanic ejecta (such as volcanic ash, pumice, cinders, and lava) and/or in volcaniclastic materials, the colloidal fraction of which is dominated by short-rangeorder minerals or Al-humus complexes. Under some environmental conditions, weathering of primary aluminosilicates in parent materials of nonvolcanic origin may also lead to the formation of short-range-order minerals. Some of these soils also are included in Andisols.
The dominant processes in most Andisols are weathering and mineral transformation. Translocation within the soils and accumulation of the translocated compounds are normally minimal. The accumulation of organic matter, complexed with aluminum, however, is characteristic of Andisols in some regimes.
Andisols have andic soil properties in 60 percent of a layer in the upper part of the soils. The upper part is considered to start at the mineral soil surface or at the surface of organic soil materials with andic soil properties and end at a point 60 cm below the starting point or at a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, a duripan, or a petrocalcic horizon, whichever is shallowest. These soils may have many kinds of diagnostic horizons below this layer. The soils are considered Andisols if the criteria for thickness and position of the andic layer or layers are met, irrespective of the nature of the underlying material or horizons.
Cultivation of the soils, as in puddling of the surface layer in areas used for rice paddies, may change some of the physical properties of the upper part of the soils, such as bulk density. A soil that, below this disturbed zone, has a layer, at least 36 cm thick, with andic soil properties meets the requirements for Andisols. Many Andisols, such as those that formed in some loess or alluvium, are stratified. Before the soils are considered Andisols, the layers that meet the requirements for andic soil properties must have a cumulative thickness of at least 36 cm within the upper 60 cm.
One of the outstanding features of Andisols is their high natural productivity. There are exceptions to this very general statement, but the dominance of physical properties that favor the growth of most plants, allied to the most common occurrence of the soils in areas of considerable rainfall, has resulted in volcanic soils being generally regarded as highly fertile soils.
Andisols cover more than 124 million hectares, or approximately 0.8 percent of the earth’s surface. By far, the most striking pattern in the distribution of Andisols follows the circum-Pacific Ring of Fire—that concentration of active tectonic zones and volcanoes along the western coast of the American continents, both North and South, across the Aleutian Islands, down the Kamchatka peninsula of Russia, through Japan, the Philippine Islands, and Indonesia, across Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu and other Pacific Islands to New Zealand. Other distinctive patterns are associated with the Rift Valley of Africa, the west coast of Italy, the Hawaiian Islands, the West Indies, Iceland, the Canary Islands, and other island locations.
Increasingly, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is being used in agronomic, archaeological, engineering, environmental, and soil investigations. GPR is a geophysical method that is often mentioned in news commentaries for its use in locating unmarked graves, clandestine burials and tunnels, terrorism and military hazards, and disaster victims. However, the effectiveness of GPR in these activities is highly site-specific and soil dependent. A common concern of GPR service providers is whether or not GPR will be able to achieve the desired depth of penetration in the soils of an assignment area. In many soils, high rates of signal attenuation severely restrict penetration depths and limit the suitability of GPR for a large number of applications. Knowledge of the probable penetration depth and relative suitability of soils can help service providers assess the appropriateness of using GPR and the likelihood of achieving acceptable results. Soil attribute data contained in the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) and the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) databases have been used to develop thematic maps showing, at different scales and levels of resolution, the relative suitability of soils for many GPR applications.
Using GPR to Characterize Plinthite and Ironstone Layers in Ultisols. Available from: www.researchgate.net/publication/282805887_Using_GPR_to_C... [accessed Dec 09 2020].
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of the Hook series (Siltic Endogleyic Luvisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Hook soils are deep, stoneless, well drained, silty soils affected by groundwater, over gravel usually on flat land. These soils are formed in a silty mantle and are only occasionally affected by wetness (Wetness Class II). The flat landscapes generally prevent much surface run-off and winter rain passes downward through the soil. Infiltration is impeded by surface soil compaction, and water may stand on fields for much of the winter. Subsoiling when the soil is dry helps to form fissures and so improves infiltration and throughflow. Comparison of the amount of water available for crop growth and potential soil moisture deficits indicate that cereal yields are slightly limited because of droughtiness, and grass yields are likely to be severely depressed in dry summers.
Where drained, Hook soils are easy to work in all but the wettest springs but because of the silty textures and weak soil structure they slake and cap readily, so reducing infiltration. Standing water is common in wet periods in winter. Subsoiling when the soil is dry forms fissures and improves infiltration and throughflow. There is sufficient available water for most cereal crops, but grass yields are likely to be severely limited in dry summers, and potatoes require irrigation. The soils are naturally acid and periodic liming is needed for successful arable cropping.
The large silt content of the soils makes them liable to cap and pan where they are under long term cultivation and organic matter contents are small. Capping often occurs during periods of heavy rain when fields are sparsely vegetated. Pans are easily created by cultivating the soils when too wet and plastic and the topsoil structure is easily damaged during the autumn harvesting of root crops if the soils are wet. The soils are naturally acid, and very low in phosphorus and potassium (Hodgson 1967). Chalking in previous times has done much to alleviate acidity, notably in those areas adjacent to chalk or calcareous drift deposits.
Arable farming is predominant with winter wheat and winter barley the principal crops. Oilseed rape and dry harvest peas are important break crops. Potatoes are grown where irrigation is available and in West Sussex early potatoes are grown. Glasshouse vegetable growing is a prominent but declining enterprise, most notably around Sidlesham on the West Sussex Coastal Plain where the Land Settlement Association estate was established in 1935 (Hodgson 1967). Pears and apples are grown in Kent between Marden and Hadlow, around Iwade and south of Hoo.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=57126
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
The soils and landscape:
Foreground: Chipeta
The Chipeta series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in slope alluvium and/or colluvium derived from sedimentary rocks over residuum from shale. Chipeta soils are on pediments and hills and have slopes of 0 to 50 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 7 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Clayey, mixed, active, calcareous, mesic, shallow Typic Torriorthents
USE AND VEGETATION: A few of the smoother areas of deeper soil are irrigated and used for growing grain and hay crops. Potential vegetation is mat saltbush and galleta.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Colorado, Wyoming, eastern Utah, and New Mexico. LRR D, MLRA 34. The series is extensive.
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHIPETA.html
Background: Hanksville-Badland
The Hanksville series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum, colluvium, and slope alluvium derived from shale. Hanksville soils are on hillslopes, eroding shale hills, lower terraces, and alluvial fans. Slopes range from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 7 inches (178mm) and the mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F (10C).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, calcareous, mesic Typic Torriorthents
USE AND VEGETATION: The soils are used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. The potential vegetation is dominantly saltbush, shadscale, Indian ricegrass, and galleta.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Utah and western Colorado; LRR D, MLRA 34 and 35; The series is of minor extent.
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HANKSVILLE.html
Badland is defined as moderately steep to very steep barren land dissected by many intermittent drainage channels in soft geologic material. Ordinarily, it is not stony and occurs in semiarid and arid areas.
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Soil Survey Manual, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=n...
Soil profile and aerial view: A representative profile of Nelse soil, a major soil on first bottom floodplains in the Bluestone National Scenic River area. (Soil Survey of Bluestone National Scenic River, West Virginia; by Eileen Klein, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Map Unit Setting
Landscape: Mountains
Major land resource area: 127—Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains
Elevation: 435 to 478 meters
Mean annual precipitation: 865 to 1,044 millimeters
Mean annual air temperature: 6 to 18 degrees C
Frost-free period: 147 to 205 days
Map Unit Composition
Potomac and similar soils: 60 percent
Nelse and similar soils: 20 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 20 percent
Description of Nelse Soil
Classification
Sandy, mixed, mesic Mollic Udifluvents
Setting
Landform: High-energy flood plains in river valleys
Landform position (two-dimensional): Toeslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Tread
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Aspect (representative): Southwest
Aspect range: All aspects
Slope range: 0 to 5 percent
Parent material: Nonacid sandy alluvium derived from interbedded sedimentary rock
Properties and Qualities
Depth to restrictive feature: None within a depth of 150 centimeters
Shrink-swell potential: Low (about 1.5 LEP)
Salinity maximum based on representative value: Nonsaline
Sodicity maximum: Not sodic
Calcium carbonate equivalent percent: No carbonates
Hydrologic Properties
Slowest capacity to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Flooding frequency: Frequent
Ponding frequency: None
Depth to seasonal water table: About 122 to 183 centimeters
Available water capacity (entire profile): Very high (about 18.7 centimeters)
Interpretive Groups
Land capability subclass (nonirrigated): 5w
West Virginia grassland suitability group (WVGSG): Moist Loams (ML3)
Dominant vegetation map class(es):
Floodplain Forest and Woodland
Modified Successional Floodplain Forest and Woodland
Oak - Hickory - Sugar Maple Forest
Hydric soil status: No
Hydrologic soil group: B
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NELSE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/7/708#:~:text=As%20established%....
The scare crow is facing the North. South Korean farmers see the area adjecent to the DMZ as valuable soil, frequently planting crops despite warnings to stay away, a typical example of how South Korea's population has encroached on once-rural training areas.
In 1996 and 1998, unexploded ordnance killed two Korean civilians who had entered the Story range to look for scrap metal. Unexploded munitions and live-fire exercises make the area dangerous. Unexploded ordnance in that area presents a very real and significant danger to anyone walking in the impact area. This danger is greatly amplified if someone is planting or harvesting crops.
The South Korean Army supervises farming. Farmers must have a pass to cross any of the three bridges, guarded by South Korean soldiers, leading to the range. Normally, range control officials and Army explosive ordnance disposal teams would clear munitions from the impact area annually. But the impact area at Story Range is swampy, and teams can only look for duds on the surface.
Additionally, the entire area just south of the DMZ is rife with mines. Many are newer mines laid by the South Korean Army as part of the DMZ defense. But there are unmarked mine fields, and monsoon rains shift mines around. Korean contractors and 8th Army personnel have uncovered about 30 mines while putting in fence posts. Not the place to examine soils with shovel or auger!!!
Rice production in South Korea is important for the food supply in the country, with rice being a common part of the Korean diet. In 2009, South Korea produced 3,899,036 metric tonnes (4,297,951 tons) of rice. Camp Casey sits in between the South Korean capital of Seoul and the Demilitarized Zone.
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Trevino stony loam. Trevino soils generally are near areas of Rock outcrop and on more recent pahoehoe flows, where loess and mixed alluvial deposits are less than 50 centimeters thick to bedrock. (Soil Survey of Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, Idaho; by Francis R. Kukachka, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Trevino soils are on basalt plains, buttes, terraces, and terrace side slopes and plug domes, lava flow lobes, pressure ridges and tumuli on shield volcanoes and lava plains. Elevations are 2,000 to 5,400 feet. The soils formed in loess and weathered volcanic ash mixed with alluvium and colluvium from basalt. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. These soils are used mainly for rangeland and wildlife habitat.
The Trevino series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained soils on plains. They formed in loess, alluvium, and material weathered from basalt. Permeability is moderate. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 9 inches and the average annual temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Lithic Xeric Haplocambids
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 56 degrees F.
Depth to bedrock - 8 to 20 inches
Depth to calcium carbonate - 8 to 18 inches
Particle-size control section
Clay content - 10 to 18 percent
Sand content - more than 15 percent coarser than VFS
Rock fragments - 0 to 35 percent including gravel, cobbles and stones
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for rangeland and wildlife habitat. Some minor areas are irrigated and used for small grains, corn, beans, hay, and pasture. Potential vegetation in the natural plant community is Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, and bluebunch wheatgrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Idaho; MLRA 11. The series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/cratersN...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TREVINO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
(Classification by UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy)
Calcic Petrogypsids are the Petrogypsids that have a calcic horizon above a petrogypsic horizon. The calcic horizon is an illuvial horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate or other carbonates have accumulated to a significant extent. The petrogypsic horizon is a horizon in which visible secondary gypsum has accumulated or has been transformed. The horizon is cemented (i.e., extremely weakly through indurated cementation classes), and the cementation is both laterally continuous and root limiting, even when the soil is moist. The horizon typically occurs as a subsurface horizon, but it may occur at the surface in some soils.
Petrogypsids are the Gypsids that have a petrogypsic horizon that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. These soils occur in very arid areas of the world where the parent material is high in content of gypsum. When the petrogypsic horizon is close to the surface, crusting forms pseudohexagonal patterns on the soil surface. Petrogypsids occupy old surfaces. In Syria and Iraq, they are on the highest terraces along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. These soils are not extensive in the United States but are extensive in other countries.
Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use. One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. The presence of one or more of these horizons, with or without other diagnostic horizons, defines the great groups of the Gypsids. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States. Gypsids are on many segments of the landscape. Some of them have calcic or related horizons that overlie the gypsic horizon.
Aridisols, as their name implies, are soils in which water is not available to mesophytic plants for long periods. During most of the time when the soils are warm enough for plants to grow, soil water is held at potentials less than the permanent wilting point or has a content of soluble salts great enough to limit the growth of plants other than halophytes, or both. There is no period of 90 consecutive days when moisture is continuously available for plant growth. Because of an extreme imbalance between evapotranspiration and precipitation, many Aridisols contain salts. The dominant process is one of accumulation and concentration of weathering products. The accumulation of salts is the second most important constraint to land use.