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The Holdrege soil series was first described as separate from surrounding soils in 1917 in Phelps County, NE and named for the nearby community of Holdrege. It was selected by the state legislature in 1979 to represent the soil resources of the state as the Official State Soil. Agriculture and soil are very important aspects of Nebraska’s economy.
The south-central region of the state, where Holdrege soils are common, has the greatest concentration of high yielding irrigated corn production in Nebraska. Nebraska ranks third in the U.S. production of corn grain, and Holdrege is one of the many soils that is very productive because of its high natural fertility and high water storage capacity. Holdrege soils are also well suited to other crops including wheat, soybean, sorghum, and alfalfa. Some areas are also used as pasture and rangelands for cattle production.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
The Umm Al Quwain series formed in loamy and sandy marine deposits. It is shallow or moderately deep to a water table. (UAE (NE025).
Taxonomic classification: Gypsic Aquisalids, coarse-loamy, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizons described in this profile are: Gypsic horizon, 0 to 35 cm, and Salic horizon 5 to 70 cm. This soil would be classified with a fine-gypseous over loamy strongly contrasting particle-size class, but it is not currently provided for in Soil Taxonomy. It is therefore placed in the coarse-loamy particle-size class. Also note that because gypsum crystals and shell fragments greater than 2 mm in size are easily broken down during the crushing and sieving process in the laboratory, the amount of coarse gypsum crystals and shell fragments that were observed in the field is not reflected in the coarse fraction sieve analysis on the data sheet. Also, the highly calcareous 2Bkzg1 and 2Bkzg2 layers do not meet the concept of a calcic horizon. The carbonates present are indicative of the marine deposited parent material. Secondary carbonates were not observed in this soil and they would not be expected to readily accumulate in this continually wet or saturated material.
The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.4 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) ranges from 15.0 to 62.0 dS/m throughout. Depth to the water table ranges from 15 to 90 cm. Fragments of seashells range from 0 to 30% throughout. ESP and SAR are greater than 15 and 13 respectively throughout the subsoil.
The A horizon ranges from 5 to 20 cm thick. It has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 7, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is coarse gypsum material, fine gypsum material; or gypsiferous fine sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand. Gypsum content is generally in the form of fine to coarse crystals and ranges from 15 to 80%.
The B horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 3. Redoximorphic features in the form of masses of oxidized iron are present. Texture is very fine sandy loam or loam; including channery texture modifiers. Individual layers of loamy fine sand or sand are also included, but they make up less than half of the particle-size control section. Some pedons have silty clay loam or clay loam below 100 cm. Gypsum content is generally less than 5% below depths of about 50 cm.
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This soil is on flood plains and on terraces along wadis in mountain valleys. This soil is excessively drained. Estimated saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface layer is very high.
This soil is mostly used for rangeland grazing for goats and camels. Small mountain villages are also located on this soil. Due to the presence of water aquifers, some areas are used for growing date palms or other crops, although the soil in these areas has been replaced with less stony material. Commonly described vegetation species include Acacia tortilis,Tephrosia apollinea, Euphorbia larica, and Rhazya stricta. Vegetation cover is about 1 to 8%. This soil is in mountain valleys.
The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the extremely coarse particle-size class. Because the soil is dominated by gravel, cobbles and stones; and the fine-earth fraction makes up less than 10% of the soil volume; it has very low water and nutrient holding capacity. It is nearly impossible to dig by hand, so even small excavations require power equipment. Soil strength is high due to the coarse nature of the soil and it can provide a good surface for building sites and roads, although the large size of the rock fragments can present difficulties for construction projects
Center-pivot irrigation (sometimes called central pivot irrigation), also called waterwheel and circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers. A circular area centered on the pivot is irrigated, often creating a circular pattern in crops when viewed from above (sometimes referred to as crop circles).
A Eutric Cambisol in Poland.(Photo provided by Bradley Miller, Iowa State University, Department of Agronomy, Geospatial Laboratory for Soil Informatics). For more information, visit: glsi.agron.iastate.edu/images/soil-profiles/
A Cambisol in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is a soil in the beginning of soil formation. The horizon differentiation is weak. This is evident from weak, mostly brownish discolouration and/or structure formation in the soil profile. Cambisols are developed in medium and fine-textured materials derived from a wide range of rocks, mostly in alluvial, colluvial and aeolian deposits.
Most of these soils make good agricultural land and are intensively used. Cambisols in temperate climates are among the most productive soils on earth. Cambisols cover an estimated 15 million square kilometres worldwide. They are well represented in temperate and boreal regions that were under the influence of glaciation during the Pleistocene, partly because the soil's parent material is still young, but also because soil formation is comparatively slow in the cool, northern regions. Cambisols are less common in the tropics and subtropics, but they are common in areas with active erosion where they may occur in association with mature tropical soils.
Most of these soils make good agricultural land and are intensively used. Cambisols in temperate climates are among the most productive soils on earth.
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of a Phaeozem from Nebraska. (Photos courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humus rich surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are less rich in bases. Phaeozems are either free of secondary carbonates or have them only at greater depths. They all have a high base saturation in the upper metre of the soil. Commonly used names for many Phaeozems are Brunizems (Argentina and France), Dark grey forest soils and Leached and Podzolized chernozems (former Soviet Union), Tschernoseme (Germany) and Chernossolos (Brazil). In the Soil Map of the World (FAO–UNESCO, 1971–1981) they belong to the Phaeozems and partly to the Greyzems. Dusky-red prairie soils was their name in older systems of the United States of America, where most of them now belong to Udolls and Albolls.
Luvic (from Latin eluere, to wash): have an argic horizon starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface and having a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 24 cmolc kg-1 clay throughout or to a depth of 50 cm of its upper limit, whichever is thinner; and having an effective base saturation [exchangeable (Ca + Mg + K + Na) / exchangeable (Ca + Mg + K + Na + Al); exchangeable bases by 1 M NH4OAc (pH 7), exchangeable Al by 1 M KCl (unbuffered)] of ≥ 50% in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the mineral soil surface or in the lower half of the mineral soil above continuous rock, technic hard material or a cemented or indurated layer starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface, whichever is
shallower.
An argic horizon (from Latin argilla, white clay) is a subsurface horizon with distinctly higher clay content than the overlying horizon. The textural differentiation may be caused by:
• an illuvial accumulation of clay,
• predominant pedogenetic formation of clay in the subsoil,
• destruction of clay in the surface horizon,
• selective surface erosion of clay,
• upward movement of coarser particles due to swelling and shrinking,
• biological activity, or
• a combination of two or more of these different processes.
Pachic (from Greek pachys, thick): are soils with a mollic or umbric horizon ≥ 50 cm thick. (WRB)
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual; or a soil matrix color controlled by the presence of iron. The composition and responsible formation processes for a soil color or color pattern must be known or inferred before it can be described as an RMF.
Note the gleyed colors along the root channel. Reduction occurs first along root channels, where organic carbon is concentrated.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
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or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
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For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
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For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
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In the Coastal Plain region of the southeastern US, a few spotty areas have soils that formed in iron-rich, loamy to clayey, marine sediments containing thin continuous iron cemented layers. These layers may qualify as petroferric contacts, but taxonomically, petroferric subgroups have not been recognized in the US. The Darley soil series is an example:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DARLEY.html
These soils are common in the uplands of Africa, the central part of Indonesia, and many other areas.
According to USDA-Soil Taxonomy, a petroferric (Gr. petra, rock, and L. ferrum, iron; implying ironstone) contact is a boundary between soil and a continuous layer of indurated material in which iron is an important cement and organic matter is either absent or present only in traces. The indurated layer must be continuous within the limits of each pedon, but it may be fractured if the average lateral distance between fractures is 10 cm or more. The fact that this layer contains little or no organic matter distinguishes it from a placic horizon and an indurated spodic horizon (ortstein), both of which contain organic matter.
If formed by pedogenic processes in association with plinthite, these layers are commonly referred to as petroplinthite, whereas ironstone is more commonly associated with geologic processes.
According to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations 2006), a petroplinthic horizon (from the Greek words petros, meaning rock and plinthos, meaning brick) is a continuous, fractured or broken layer of indurated material in which Fe (and in some cases Mn) acts as cement and in which organic matter is either absent or only present in traces.
Using GPR to Characterize Plinthite and Ironstone Layers in Ultisols. Available from: www.researchgate.net/publication/282805887_Using_GPR_to_C... [accessed Dec 09 2020].
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Ardington soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are deep well drained fine and coarse loamy glauconitic soils. Glauconite, a major component of greensand, is a common source of potassium (K +) in plant fertilizers and is also used to adjust soil pH. It is used for soil conditioning in both organic and non-organic farming as an unprocessed material.
Some valley bottom soils affected by groundwater. Locally perennially wet. They are classified as Haplic Luvisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=57108
For more information about these soils in th U.S., visit:
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Plinthic soils on the Upper Coastal Plain (UCP) of South Carolina are directly underlain by hard but unconsolidated older Coastal Plain sediment, as are non-plinthic soils on adjacent dissected landforms. The older deposit, called brick material, is integral to plinthite formation via perched soil water hence intensified redox conditions. Currently, few causes are known for horizon matrix cementation of these soils. Six pedons from three hillslope positions were investigated for soil uniformity, selectively dissolved Fe and Si distributions, and micromorphology.
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The Watauga series consists of very deep, well drained soils on gently sloping to very steep ridges and side slopes of the Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B). Slope ranges from 2 to 50 percent. They formed in residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper part, and is weathered from high-grade metamorphic rocks that are high in mica content such as mica gneiss and mica schist. Mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 52 inches near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, micaceous, mesic Typic Hapludults
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
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A Salidic Haplogypsids, petrogypsic from the interior of the UAE.
Salidic Haplogypsids are the Haplogypsids that have an ECe of more than 8 to less than 30 dS m −1 in a layer 10 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface (UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy). The "salidic" subgroup in Haplogypsids is not currently recognized in Soil Taxonomy.
Soil scientists explore and seek to understand the earth’s land and water resources. Practitioners of soil science identify, interpret, and manage soils for agriculture, forestry, rangeland, ecosystems, urban uses, and mining and reclamation in an environmentally responsible way.
This pedon has a petrogypsic horizon at a depth of 100 to 200 cm and is identified as a "phase" in classification. In the UAE soil classification system, phases of soil taxa have been developed for those mineral soils that have soil properties or characteristics that occur at a deeper depth than currently identified for an established taxonomic subgroup or soil properties that effect interpretations not currently recognized at the subgroup level. The phases which have been identified in the UAE include: anhydritic, aquic, calcic, gypsic, lithic, petrocalcic, petrogypsic, salic, salidic, shelly, and sodic.
Haplogypsids are the Gypsids that have a gypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface and no petrogypsic, natric, argillic, or calcic horizon that has an upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. Some Haplogypsids have a cambic horizon overlying the gypsic horizon. These soils are commonly very pale in color. They are not extensive in the United States. The largest concentrations in the United States are in New Mexico and Texas. The soils are more common in other parts of the world.
The gypsic horizon is a horizon in which gypsum has accumulated or been transformed to a significant extent (secondary gypsum (CaSO 4) has accumulated through more than 150 mm of soil, so that this horizon contains at least 5% more gypsum than the underlying horizon). It typically occurs as a subsurface horizon, but it may occur at the surface in some soils.
Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use. One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. The presence of one or more of these horizons, with or without other diagnostic horizons, defines the great groups of the Gypsids. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States. Gypsids are on many segments of the landscape. Some of them have calcic or related horizons that overlie the gypsic horizon.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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The Ethridge series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium and glaciofluvial deposits from mixed rock sources, and/or in till and lacustrine deposits. These soils are on alluvial fans, fan remnants, stream terraces, drainageways, hills, sedimentary plains, lake plains, and till plains. Slopes are 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 305 cm. Mean annual air temperature is about 6.7 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Torrertic Argiustolls
Soil temperature - 5.6 to 8.3 degrees C.
Moisture control section - between 10 and 30 cm; dry in some part for six tenths or more of the cumulative days per year when the soil temperature at a depth of 50 cm is 5 degrees C. or higher.
Mollic epipedon thickness - 18 to 36 cm and may include all or only part of the Bt horizon.
Depth to Bk horizon - 25 to 61 cm.
A Btk horizon is allowed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Ethridge soils are used for nonirrigated crops and for range. The potential plant community is green needlegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, western wheatgrass, forbs, and shrubs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Ethridge series is extensive in the plains area of Montana and western North Dakota. MLRAs 44B, 46, 52, 58A, 58C, and 60B.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/ETHRIDGE.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Lithic Hapludoll from the Cerrado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil.
Landscape: In this region, shallow soils dominate the steeper upper sideslopes and narrow ridges.
Lithic Hapludolls have a shallow (within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface) lithic contact. The mollic epipedon commonly extends to the rock. Some of the soils have impeded drainage because of shallow, impermeable rock. Lithic Hapludolls are of moderate extent and are widely distributed in the United States. Slopes are gentle to very steep. Many of the soils supported grasses, but some supported trees and shrubs. Most are used as rangeland or wildlife habitat.
Mollisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically under a grassland cover. They are most commonly found in the mid-latitudes, namely in North America, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains, in South America in Argentina (Pampas) and Brazil, and in Asia in Mongolia and the Russian Steppes. Their parent material is typically base-rich and calcareous and include limestone, loess, or wind-blown sand. The main processes that lead to the formation of grassland Mollisols are melanisation, decomposition, humification and pedoturbation.
Mollisols have deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface layersl (A horizon), typically more than 25 cm thick. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, is the defining diagnostic feature of Mollisols. Mollic epipedons result from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots, and typically have soft, granular soil structure.
In the Brazil soil classification system, Chernossolos are soils with high clay activity that are very dark, well structured, rich in organic matter, high content of exchangeable cations. They are commonly not deep (<100cm) and are mostly found in the south and east parts of Brazil.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
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and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
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A representative soil profile of Choke silty clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. The soil becomes much lighter in color beginning at about 55 centimeters. Carbonates begin to increase at this depth as well. (Soil Survey of Live Oak County, Texas; by Paul D. Holland, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Choke series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. These soils formed in calcareous loamy residuum over tuffaceous sediments. These gently sloping soils are on erosional remnants. Slopes range from 1 to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Aridic Calciustolls
Soil Moisture: An aridic ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years. June to August and December to February are the driest months, while September to November and March to May are the wettest months.
Solum thickness: 150 to 200 cm (60 to 80 in)
Depth to densic contact: 150 to 200 cm (60 to 80 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: (non-carbonate) 20 to 35 percent
Sand content: (coarser than very fine sand) 4 to 15 percent
Electrical conductivity ranges from 0.4 to 2 dS/m in the A, Bw, and upper part of the Bk horizons and 4 to 12 dS/m in the lower part of the Bk and 2Cr horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland and wildlife habitat. Native grasses are plains bristlegrass, hooded windmillgrass, pink pappusgrass, Arizona cottontop, and twoflower and fourflower trichloris. Woody plants include guajillo, mountain laurel, paloverde, desert yaupon, mesquite, and agarita. (Gray Sandy Loam range site, PZ 18-25, R083BY421TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern, Western and Central Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I; MLRA 83A, 83C; minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX297/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHOKE.html
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For detailed description of Vaucluse soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/V/VAUCLUSE.html
The land area of the Coastal Plain is rather flat in most areas, but the topography, or land surface, has more rolling hills in the western portion. Elevations in the Coastal Plain range from sea level to 660 feet (200 meters). The soils in the Coastal Plain are relatively uniform compared to soils found in the Piedmont region.
The Coastal Plain geology consists mostly of marine sedimentary rocks overlain by fluvial (waterborne) deposits. Sand and clay are the primary sediment types. Coastal Plain soils developed from sandy to clayey unconsolidated marine and fluvial deposits. These deposits are primarily sand and clay from the ocean and rivers that have been laid down over many thousands of years. They are called unconsolidated because they have not hardened into large beds of rock.
An aquitard, or confining water perching layer, exists approximately 3 to 30 feet below most North Carolina Coastal Plain soils throughout the area (the bulging area starting at about 120 cm in the soil profile). This aquitard restricts the movement of ground water downward and lateral flow of shallow, unconfined ground water contributes approximately 70% of the stream flow in this region. As a consequence, nitrate that enters the ground water in the Coastal Plain can become part of the surface water pollution problem.
The Coastal Plain can be divided into distinct regions: the Lower Coastal Plain; the Tidewater and Barrier Island regions, which are subdivisions of the Lower Coastal Plain; the Middle Coastal Plain; and the Upper Coastal Plain. The Upper Coastal Plain grades into the Piedmont just east of Raleigh, NC.
A representative soil profile of the Newport series. (Photo provided by Pete Fletcher, Little Compton, Rl; New England Soil Profiles)
The Newport series consists of well drained loamy soils formed in lodgement till derived mainly from dark sandstone, conglomerate, argillite, and phyllite. The soils are very deep to bedrock and moderately deep to a densic contact. They are nearly level through moderately steep soils on till plains, low ridges, hills and drumlins. Slope ranges from 0 through 35 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the surface layer and subsoil and low or moderately high in the dense substratum. Mean annual temperature is 49 degrees F. (9 degrees C.) and mean annual precipitation is 48 inches (1219 mm).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Dystrudepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 through 40 inches (50 through 100 centimeters) and typically corresponds to the depth to the dense substratum. Depth to bedrock is commonly more than 6 feet feet (2 meters). Rock fragments range from 5 through 30 percent by volume in the solum and from 10 through 35 percent in the substratum. Except where the surface is stony, the fragments are mostly flat and less than 6 inches in diameter. Channers and gravel typically make up 75 percent or more of the total rock fragments. Unless limed, reaction ranges from very strongly acid through slightly acid. Low chroma colors in the B and C horizons are lithochromic.
USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, pasture, and nursery stock. Scattered areas are used for community development. Some areas are wooded. Common trees are northern red and white oak, gray birch, red maple, sugar maple, and eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts. MLRAs 144A and 149B. The series is of moderate extent, over 30,000 acres.
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Augusta soils are somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable soil on stream terraces in the Piedmont of the southeastern U.S. They formed in loamy alluvial sediments.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aeric Endoaquults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly cultivated
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, oats, soybeans, small grain, and pasture. Where wooded--white oak, red oak, post oak, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, hickory, red maple, sweetgum, and elm; understory plants include American holly, flowering dogwood, sassafras, greenbrier, giant cane and inkberry (bitter gallberry)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia and possibly South Carolina
Extent: Moderate
For a detailed description, visit:
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Figure 3-18. Peds with angular blocky structure. (Soil Survey Manual, USDA Handbook No. 18; issued March 2017).
For more information about the major principles and practices needed for making and using soil surveys and for assembling and using related soils data, visit:
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Peds are aggregates of soil particles formed as a result of pedogenic processes; this natural organization of particles forms discrete units separated by pores or voids. The term is generally used for macroscopic (visible; i.e. greater than 1 mm in size) structural units when observing soils in the field. Soil peds should be described when the soil is dry or slightly moist, as they can be difficult to distinguish when wet.
In blocky structure, the structural units are blocklike or polyhedral. They are bounded by flat or slightly rounded surfaces that are casts of the faces of surrounding peds. Typically, blocky structural units are nearly equidimensional but grade to prisms and to plates. The structure is described as angular blocky if the faces intersect at relatively sharp angles; as subangular blocky if the faces are a mixture of rounded and plane faces and the corners are mostly rounded. Blocky structures are common in subsoil but also occur in surface soils that have a high clay content. The strongest blocky structure is formed as a result of swelling and shrinking of the clay minerals which produce cracks. Sometimes the surface of dried-up sloughs and ponds shows characteristic cracking and peeling due to clays.
There are five major classes of macrostructure seen in soils: platy, prismatic, columnar, granular, and blocky. There are also structureless conditions. Some soils have simple structure, each unit being an entity without component smaller units. Others have compound structure, in which large units are composed of smaller units separated by persistent planes of weakness.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
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or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
Fallsington soil series consists of very deep, poorly drained, moderate or moderately slowly permeable soils that formed on Coastal plain uplands in loamy fluviomarine sediments with slope of 0 to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Endoaquults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Adequately drained areas are used for growing general crops and truck crops including corn, soybeans, and small grains. Some areas are in pasture. Other areas are in woodland.
Dominant Vegetation: Wooded areas are white oak, water oak, willow oak, swamp chestnut oak, willow oak, swamp or red maple, sweet gum, black gum, holly, greenbriar, and pond pine. Loblolly pine occupies some formerly cultivated areas.
Managed woodland vegetation: Loblolly pine
Understory species: Black gum, sweet pepperbush, greenbriar, American holly and highbush blueberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and eastern Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
Extent: Large, over 300,000 acres
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 1936
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A Cambisol, Vertic Endogelic (argillic dystric ruptic) from the Veracruz area of Mexico. (Photo and classification courtesy of Pablo Leautaud).
For more information about Pablo's Flickr site, visit:
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Cambisols (from the WRB-World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006) combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal. Other soil classification systems refer to many Cambisols as: Braunerden (Germany), Sols bruns(France), Brown soils/Brown Forest soils (older US systems), or Burozems(Russian Federation). FAO coined the name Cambisols, adopted by Brazil (Cambissolos); US Soil Taxonomy classifies most of these soils as Inceptisols.
Vertic soils havve a vertic horizon or vertic properties starting within 100 cm of the soil surface. Soil material with vertic properties has one or both of the following:
1. 30 percent or more clay throughout a thickness of 15 cm or more and one or both of the following:
a. slickensides or wedge-shaped aggregates; or
b. cracks that open and close periodically and are 1 cm or more wide; or
2. a COLE of 0.06 or more averaged over depth of 100 cm from the soil surface.
Endogleyic soils have between 50 and 100 cm from the mineral soil surface in some parts reducing conditions and in 25 percent or more of the soil volume a gleyic color pattern.
(Ruptic) Having a lithological discontinuity within 100 cm of the soil surface.
(Dystric) Having a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 20 and 100 cm from the soil surface or between 20 cm and continuous rock or a cemented or indurated layer, or, in Leptosols, in a layer, 5 cm or more thick, directly above continuous rock.
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
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www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
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A representative soil profile of the Aimeliik soil series. (Original image by: Jason Nemecek)
The Aimeliik series consists of; very deep, well drained, soils that is shallow to an abrupt textural change. These soils formed in saprolite derived from basalt, andesite, dacite, volcanic breccias, tuff, or bedded tuff. Aimeliik soils are on all hillslope positions of hills on volcanic islands. Slope is 2 to 75 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, halloysitic, isohyperthermic Typic Kandiperox
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are in mixed-upland forests plant communities and are used for native vegetation, watershed, and slash and burn or agroforestry cultivation of subsistence crops. A few areas are used for urban development. Agroforestry ground crops include; beans, cassava, kang kong, melon, peppers, noni, okra, pineapple, piper betle, pumpkin, taro squash, sugar cane, taro, and yams. Agroforestry tree crops include; avocados, bananas, betel nut, breadfruit, football fruit, guava, Inocarpus fagifer, keam, lemons, mango, medicinal plants, mountain apple, ngel, star fruit, titimel, and tropical almond. Most areas are in native tropical rainforest or, to a lesser extent, patches of forest in perennial grassland that is burned by humans almost annually. Native vegetation includes; (canopy) Pinanga insignis, Cyathea sp, Alphitonia carolinensis, Pouteria obovata, Fagraea ksid, Callophyllum inophyllum var. wakamatsui, Rhus taitensis, (understory) Atuna corymbosa, Garcinia matudai, Pleome multiflora, Finschia chloraxantha, Manilkara udoid, Symplocos racemosa, Campnosperma brevipetiolata, Cerbera floribunda.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 193 Volcanic Islands of Western Micronesia, Republic of Palau. These soils of these series are of large extent; about 50,000 acres in size. They are mapped on the islands of island of Babeldaob and to a lesser extent on Koror and Arakabesan.
The A horizon does not become dry for longer than 4 consecutive days and 24 cumulative days per year during the dry season (February, March, and April). Drying only occurs under bare soil conditions. The soil does not meet the definition of an oxic horizon because the clay content increases by more than 8 percent within 15 centimeters (6 inches.) The Ngardok forested series was correlated with Aimeliik, bedded tuff. The Aimeliik, bedded tuff substratum has a platy structure and seems to be more erosive when vegetation is removed. In addition, when Aimeliik occurs near Ollei and Nekken series the rock fragments are likely to be hard basalt and indurated tuff.
Particle-size distribution measurements are usually not reliable for tropical soils; therefore, apparent field textures and the corresponding mid-point values of texture classes were used rather than laboratory analysis for particle sizes. Particle size distribution is difficult to determine in tropical soils because of the tendency to form water-stable aggregates. The poor soil dispersion in laboratory analyses reflects the water-stable aggregates of clay in silt and sand-sized "particles." Therefore, the soils may have large clay content but physically they behave as coarser textures.
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A Leptic Haplogypsid, petrogypsic from the interior of the UAE.
Leptic Haplogypsids are the Haplogypsids that have a gypsic horizon with its upper boundary within 18 cm of the soil surface. These soils do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface. In the United States they occur in Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico.
The gypsic horizon is a horizon in which gypsum has accumulated or been transformed to a significant extent (secondary gypsum (CaSO 4) has accumulated through more than 150 mm of soil, so that this horizon contains at least 5% more gypsum than the underlying horizon). It typically occurs as a subsurface horizon, but it may occur at the surface in some soils.
This pedon has a petrogypsic horizon at a depth of 100 to 200 cm and is identified as a "phase" in classification. In the UAE soil classification system, phases of soil taxa have been developed for those mineral soils that have soil properties or characteristics that occur at a deeper depth than currently identified for an established taxonomic subgroup or soil properties that effect interpretations not currently recognized at the subgroup level. The phases which have been identified in the UAE include: anhydritic, aquic, calcic, gypsic, lithic, petrocalcic, petrogypsic, salic, salidic, shelly, and sodic.
The petrogypsic horizon is a horizon in which visible secondary gypsum has accumulated or has been transformed. The horizon is cemented (i.e., extremely weakly through indurated cementation classes), and the cementation is both laterally continuous and root limiting, even when the soil is moist. Th e horizon typically occurs as a subsurface horizon, but it may occur at the surface in some soils.
Haplogypsids are the Gypsids that have no petrogypsic, natric, argillic, or calcic horizon that has an upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. Some Haplogypsids have a cambic horizon overlying the gypsic horizon. These soils are commonly very pale in color. They are not extensive in the United States. The largest concentrations in the United States are in New Mexico and Texas. The soils are more common in other parts of the world.
Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use. One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. The presence of one or more of these horizons, with or without other diagnostic horizons, defines the great groups of the Gypsids. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States. Gypsids are on many segments of the landscape. Some of them have calcic or related horizons that overlie the gypsic horizon.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
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This soil is on gravelly alluvial fans and plains and in some wadis. This soil is excessively drained. Median measured saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface layer is high.
This soil is mostly used for rangeland grazing for camels. A few areas are developed for agriculture. Commonly described vegetation species include Acacia tortilis Haloxylon salicornicum and Rhazya stricta. Vegetation cover is about 1 to 8%.
This soil is on gravelly alluvial fans and plains, mostly in relatively close proximity to the mountains. The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the high gravel content and sandy textures throughout the profile. The desert pavement of surface gravel provides some protection against wind erosion, but if disturbed, wind erosion can become a problem. Although the soil has limited water and nutrient holding capacity, where quality water is available it can be farmed successfully, although the high gravel content presents significant limitations, especially as proximity to the mountains decreases. Soil strength is high due to the gravelly nature of the soil and it can provide a good surface for building sites and roads.
Farmers bring their loose grass to a central location where it is bailed and prepared for shipping and sale. I observed two areas where this occurred. The other was along the Al Ain truck road.
Most of the UAE's cultivated land is taken up by date palms, which in the early 1990s numbered about 4 million. They are cultivated in the arc of small oases that constitute the Al Liwa Oasis. Both federal and emirate governments provide incentives to farmers. For example, the government offers a 50 percent subsidy on fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides. It also provides loans for machinery and technical assistance. The emirates have forty-one agricultural extension units as well as several experimental farms and agricultural research stations. The number of farmers rose from about 4,000 in the early 1970s to 18,265 in 1988.
TTP36: Typic Torripsamments consociation, undulating rises and valleys (The Extensive Soil Survey of Abu Dhabi Emirate was completed at the fourth order level at a scale of 1:100,000 using the latest norms and standards of the United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) modified to fit Abu Dhabi Emirate conditions.)
This map unit consists of undulating rises and valleys that occur between larger dune ridges along the northern edge of the Liwa Crescent. The unit typically forms the lower slopes of the mega-barchans and has been graded to further reduce topographic gradient prior to development of an agricultural infrastructure. Small remnant plains and sabkha flats also occur but are too small to be mapped separately. Occasional polygons include steeper mid and upper slopes but the extent is relatively small. Polygons range in size from 62ha to 28,990ha. The land is extensively used for farming, date palms and forestry on some steeper slopes. Where natural vegetation is observed it is typically Zygophyllum spp and Cyperus conglomeratus. The map unit forms part of the CyperetumZygophylletum vegetation community.
The soils of this map unit are dominated by Typic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic (80% AD158) in the oases graded dunes. Other soils are Typic Haplosalids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, aquic phase (5% AD147), Typic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (5% AD117), Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (5% AD112) and Typic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (5% AD103). Topographic gradient and the sandy nature of the soils are the main constraints to irrigated agriculture in this unit.
For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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Gypsum is an evaporite, which means its crystals form during the evaporation of water.
Gypsum has many interesting properties, including its very unique crystal habits. Many Gypsum crystals are found perfectly intact without distortions or parts broken off. Such crystals are found in a clay beds as floater crystals, where they fully form without being attached to a matrix. Gypsum crystals are known for their flexibility, and slim crystals can be slightly bent.
Gypsum has the same chemical composition as the mineral Anhydrite, but contains water in its structure, which Anhydrite lacks.
Many Anhydrite specimens absorb water, transforming into the more common Gypsum. Some Gypsum specimens show evidence of this, containing growths of crumpling layers that testify to their expansion from the addition of water.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
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or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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A soil profile of a Haplustalf in Stephenville, Texas. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska; photo courtesy of Dr. David Weindorf))
Ustalfs are the Alfisols of cold to warm, subhumid to semiarid regions. They have an ustic moisture regime (moisture is limited, but available, during portions of the growing season). Moisture moves through most of these soils to deeper layers only in some years. If there are carbonates in the parent materials or in the dust that settles on the surface, the soils tend to have a zone of calcium carbonate accumulation below or in the subsoil. The dry season or seasons are pronounced enough that trees are either deciduous or xerophytic. Many of these soils have or have had savanna vegetation, and some were grasslands. Most of the soils are used as cropland or for grazing. Some are used as irrigated cropland. Sorghum, wheat, and cotton are the most common crops. Droughts are common.
Ustalfs tend to form a belt between the Aridisols of arid regions and the Udalfs, Ultisols, Oxisols, and Inceptisols of humid regions. Ustalfs are extensive in the world, occurring in North America, South America, Africa, Australia, and Asia. In the United States, they generally are moderate in extent but are extensive in the southern part of the Great Plains.
Ustalfs may be in areas of erosional surfaces or deposits of late-Wisconsinan age, but a great many, and characteristically those of warm regions, are on old surfaces. In the Ustalfs on old surfaces, the minerals have been strongly weathered, possibly in an environment more humid than the present one. The clays in many of these older soils are kaolinitic. Their base saturation at present probably reflects additions of bases from dust and rain.
Haplustalfs have a relatively thin argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon. Many of these soils are relatively thin, are reddish to yellowish brown, or have a significant decrease in clay content within a depth of 150 cm. Haplustalfs are commonly in areas of relatively recent erosional surfaces or deposits, most of them late Pleistocene in age. Some of the soils have a monsoon climate. Others have two more or less marked dry seasons during the year.
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The Toisnot series consists of poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in fluvial or marine sediments in the upper Coastal Plain. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiaquults
Note the Ex horizon starting at about 39 inches:
Ex--39 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) sandy loam; massive; very hard (difficult to cut with spade) dry or very slightly moist, when adjacent horizons are saturated; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual irregular boundary. (10 to 30 inches thick)
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Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow to moderately deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Frequent to rare for very brief to long periods
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to low
Permeability: Moderate
Landscape: Piedmont and Coastal Plain river valleys
Landform: Flood plains
Parent Material: Alluvium
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 6 to 24 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: Less than 5 percent, by volume, in the A and upper B horizons. In some pedons, gravel content ranges to 15 percent by volume in the lower B horizons.
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth of 40 inches, very strongly acid to mildly alkaline below 40 inches, except where limed
Other Features: Few to many mica flakes throughout and none to common
concretions
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Pasture, cropland, some forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, small grain. Where wooded--yellow poplar, sweetgum, water oak, eastern cottonwood, green ash, blackgum, red maple, willow oak, and American sycamore. Loblolly pines are in some areas that are not subject to frequent flooding. Common understory plants include river birch, winged elm, hackberry, greenbrier, American holly, black willow, sourwood, eastern and hophornbeam.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Extent: Large
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Typical profile of Appomattox soil. Appomattox soils are well drained, have a clayey subsoil, and have a perched water table for brief periods, mainly in the winter and early spring. The soil profile is in an area of Braddock-Appomattox complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes (Soil Survey of Iredell County, North Carolina by Robert H. Ranson, Jr., and Roger J. Leab, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
Setting
Major land resource area: Southern Blue Ridge and Southern Piedmont
Landscape: Fan on interfluves and upland and mountain valley
Landform position: Summit
Elevation: 1,100 to 1,700 feet
Map Unit Composition
Braddock and similar soils: Typically 50 percent, ranging from about 40 to 60 percent
Appomattox and similar soils: Typically 45 percent, ranging from about 40 to 50
percent
Typical Profile
Appomattox
Surface layer:
0 to 8 inches; dark brown sandy loam
Subsoil:
8 to 62 inches; red clay
62 to 80 inches; red and dark red loam that has reddish yellow mottles
Minor Components
Similar components:
• Clifford soils in similar areas
Soil Properties and Qualities
Appomattox
Available water capacity: Low (about 5.8 inches)
Slowest saturated hydraulic conductivity: Moderately high (about 0.20 in/hr)
Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches)
Depth to root-restrictive feature: More than 60 inches
Agricultural drainage class: Well drained
Depth to seasonal water saturation: About 36 to 40 inches
Water table kind: Perched
Flooding hazard: None
Ponding hazard: None
Shrink-swell potential: Moderate
Runoff class: Low
Surface fragments: None
Parent material: Colluvium over residuum weathered from igneous and metamorphic
rock
Use and Management Considerations
Cropland
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility
Management measures and considerations:
• Resource management systems that include conservation tillage, crop residue management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to prevent erosion by stabilizing the soil, controlling surface runoff, and maximizing the infiltration of water.
• Incorporating crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to maximize the infiltration of water.
• Applying lime and fertilizer according to recommendations based on soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximize crop productivity.
Pasture and hayland
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility
Management measures and considerations:
• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the production of high-quality forage and reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and increase productivity.
• Applying lime and fertilizer according to recommendations based on soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating hayland and pasture.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
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The Toisnot series (a hydric soil) consists of poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in fluvial or marine sediments in the upper Coastal Plain. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
Hydric soils are formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (Federal Register, 1994). Most hydric soils exhibit characteristic morphologies that result from repeated periods of saturation or inundation that last more than a few days.
To download the latest version of "Field Indicators of Hydric Soils" and additional technical references, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=s...
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiaquults
Depth to the upper boundary of the fragipan commonly ranges from 20 to 40 inches. In wet seasons, the fragipan is dry to moist, whereas, the adjacent horizons are saturated. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile, unless the surface has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in mixed forests of hardwoods and pine. Native trees include oak, maple, sweetgum, yellow-poplar, and loblolly pine, with understory plants as sweet bay, myrtle, gallberry, and smilax. Small acreages have been cleared and used for pasture, corn, and soybeans.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Upper Coastal Plain areas of North Carolina and possibly South Carolina and Virginia. The series is inextensive.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Garywash series in an area of Garywash gravelly fine sandy loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes. (Interim Report for the Soil Survey of Chemehuevi Wash Off-Highway Vehicle Area, California; by Leon Lato, Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, and Heath McAllister, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of a Garywash soil. Garywash soils are on fan remnants. Slopes range from 2 to 15 percent. These soils formed in alluvium from granite. Elevations are 300 to 450 meters (about 980 to 1475 feet). The climate is arid with hot, dry summers and warm, dry winters.
The Garywash series consists of very deep, well drained soils.The mean annual precipitation is about 100 millimeters (about 4 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is about 24 degrees C (about 75 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids
Soil moisture control section: usually dry throughout, rarely moist in some part during summer or winter. The soils have a typic-aridic soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 22 to 26.7 degrees C (about 72 to 80 degrees F).
Depth to calcic horizon: 10 to 25 centimeters
Organic matter: 0 to 0.5 percent
Control section -
Rock fragments: averages 15 to 35 percent, mainly gravel
Clay content: 6 to 15 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Garywash soils are used for recreational and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is mainly creosote bush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lower Colorado Desert of southeastern California, U.S.A.; MLRA 31. These soils are of small extent.
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A representative soil profile and landscape of the Walford soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are dominantly brownish or reddish subsoils and no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials at elevations below about 300 m.0.D. Most are in agricultural use.
They are non-calcareous loamy or clayey alluvium more than 30 cm thick. They formed in reddish light loamy river alluvium.
They are classified as Chromic Fluvic Cambisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Myton series. (Soil Survey of Glen Canyon Recreation Area, Arizona and Utah; by Michael W. Burney, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of Myton very gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 18 percent slopes, very bouldery. Myton soils are on plateaus and hillsides. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. Elevation is 3,150 to 6,400 feet. Rock outcrop-Torriorthents complex, 20 to 65 percent slopes, extremely bouldery is in the background.
The Myton series consists of deep and very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in colluvium derived from sandstone and shale. Slopes range from 30 to 70 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 8 inches. Mean annual air temperature is about 54 degrees
F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: the soils are dry in all parts of the moisture control section more than 75 percent of the time (cumulative) that the soil temperature at a depth of 20 inches is greater than 41 degrees F. Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Typic aridic moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 54 to 59 degrees F.
Depth to sandstone bedrock: 40 to more than 60 inches
Rock fragments: averages 35 to 60 percent
Clay content: 10 to 18 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing Vegetation is blackbrush, shadscale, saline wildrye, and galleta.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Utah. The series is of moderate
extent. MLRA 35.
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This soil has strongly expressed prismatic stricture. Note the dramatic color change and carbonates below a depth about one meter. The "kk" feature is defined as pedogenic carbonate accumulation that is characterized by laterally continuous carbonates that have engulfed rock, sand, silt, and clay particles; plugged the macroporosity of the soil horizon with 50 percent or more calcium carbonate; and obliterated the original soil structure. (Photo by Earl Blakely, USDA-NRCS)
The Amarillo series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. These soils formed in loamy eolian deposits from the Blackwater Draw Formation of Pleistocene age. Amarillo soils are on nearly level to gently sloping plains and playa slopes. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 483 mm (19 in) and the mean annual air temperature is 16 degrees C (61 degrees F)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Aridic Paleustalfs
Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 180 but less than 220 days, cumulative, in normal years. July through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through June.
Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C (59 to 64 degrees F)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 46 to 100 cm (18 to 40 in)
Depth to calcic horizon: 76 to 150 cm (30 to 60 in)
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in)
Particle-size control section: 18 to 35 percent silicate clay.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used for cropland but also used as native rangeland and wildlife habitat. Principal crops grown are cotton, grain sorghum, and wheat. Climax vegetation in rangeland is mainly short and mid grasses, with mid grasses tending to dominate, with a smaller tall grass component. This site is dominated by blue grama with lesser amounts of sideoats grama, buffalograss, little bluestem, gaura, plains zinnia, prairieclover, bundleflower, wild alfalfa, and ephedra. Woody plants include catclaw sensitivebrier, yucca, and sand sagebrush. Dominant vegetation on the loamy fine sands includes sideoats grama, bluestems, and switchgrass, and on the fine sandy loams includes sideoats grama, blue grama, buffalograss, and Arizona cottontop. This soil has been correlated to the Sandy Loam (R077CY036TX) and Sandy (R077CY035TX) ecological sites in MLRA-77C.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern High Plains, Southern Part (MLRA 77C in LRR H) of western Texas and eastern New Mexico. The series is extensive and is a Benchmark Series.
Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, classify this series as an Aridic Haplustalfs. The series has a silicate clay decrease exceeding 20 percent due to dilution by secondary calcium carbonate. A proposal to maintain "pale" status for such soils on old stable landscapes has been submitted to the National Leader for Soil Taxonomy and Standards.
A representative soil profile of the Kelmscot series (Endoskeletic Calcaric Mollic Gleysols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
The Kelmscot series consists of calcareous fine-loamy soils over limestone gravel. It is found on low-lying river terrace drift affected at shallow depth by groundwater chiefly in the Thames valley but also in small areas in Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Bedfordshire.
Kelmscot soils which cover half the land are associated with calcareous clayey soils of the Thames, Earith and Carswell series. These soils cover some 30 km² on both sides of the Thames above Lechlade. In the lower reaches of the Leach, Coln and the Churn they cover the entire valley floor, but along the Thames they are on terraces slightly above floodplain soils of the Thames association. Ickford soils are confined to slightly higher ground, whereas the wetter Gade series is found in old river meander channels and other depressions mainly in north bank tributaries. There are also some gravel workings and restored land.
These soils occur on the low-lying Thames floodplain between Oxford and Lechlade, some parts of which have been mapped in detail. The soils are developed in low terrace deposits which rise slightly above the floodplain alluvium thus separating the Thames association from the higher terrace soils of the Badsey association.
Most of the soils are permeable but are affected by shallow groundwater and flooding. Depending on outfalls and field drainage measures, waterlogging may be short-term and confined to winter, or prolonged into the growing season (Wetness Class II to IV). Given good outfalls and protection from flooding the gravel substratum allows the soils to drain easily. In the less permeable, clayey Thames and Carswell soils, good arterial and in-field drainage are necessary to effect much improvement in the soil water regime.
Most of the land is effectively drained and free from flooding and is arable with winter cereals, sugar beet and potatoes. Patches of Thames and Gade soils, where present, delay cultivations. Because the soils are calcareous, sensitive crops are at risk from manganese deficiency. Depth to gravel varies and, in particularly dry years, differential crop growth indicates that there is patterned ground locally. Wetter land with poor outfalls or risk of flooding is commonly in grassland. In most years there are ample opportunities for cultivation in autumn but there are fewer suitable days in spring.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=8320...
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
A cluster of gypsum crystals (selenite) in an Aridisol.
Crystals are macro-crystalline forms of relatively soluble salts that form in place. They may occur singly or in clusters . Gypsum, calcite, halite, and other salt crystals are common in arid and semiarid soils. Crystals composition should be denoted if known.
A Typic Torripsamment from the interior of the UAE.
Torripsamments are the cool to hot Psamments of arid climates. They have an aridic (or torric) moisture regime and a temperature regime warmer than cryic. Many of these soils are on stable surfaces, some are on dunes, some are stabilized, and some are moving. Torripsamments consist of quartz, mixed sands, volcanic glass, or even gypsum and may have any color. Generally, they are neutral or calcareous and are nearly level to steep. The vegetation consists mostly of xerophytic shrubs, grasses, and forbs.
Many of these soils support more vegetation than other soils with an aridic moisture regime, presumably because they lose less water as runoff. Some of the soils on dunes support a few ephemeral plants or have a partial cover of xerophytic and ephemeral plants. The shifting dunes may be devoid of plants in normal years. Most of the deposits are of late-Pleistocene or younger age. These soils are used mainly for grazing. They are extensive in the Western United States.
Psamments are the sandy Entisols. They are sandy in all layers within the particle-size control section. Some formed in poorly graded (well sorted) sands on shifting or stabilized sand dunes, in cover sands, or in sandy parent materials that were sorted in an earlier geologic cycle. Some formed in sands that were sorted by water and are on outwash plains, lake plains, natural levees, or beaches. A few Psamments formed in material weathered from sandstone or granitic bedrock. Psamments occur under any climate, but they cannot have permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface. They can have any vegetation and are on surfaces of virtually any age from recent historic to Pliocene or older. The Psamments on old stable surfaces commonly consist of quartz sand. Ground water typically is deeper than 50 cm and commonly is much deeper.
Psamments have a relatively low water-holding capacity. Those that are bare and become dry are subject to soil blowing and drifting and cannot easily support wheeled vehicles. Because very gravelly sands do not have the two qualities just described, they are excluded from Psamments and are grouped with Orthents. Thus, not all Entisols that have a sandy texture are Psamments.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
agrifs.ir/sites/default/files/United%20Arab%20Emirates%20...
Soil profile: Coxville soils are very deep, clayey, poorly drained soils with moderately slow permeability.
Landscape: Coxville soils are commonly in Carolina Bays. Carolina bays are elliptical depressions concentrated along the Atlantic seaboard within coastal Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, and north-central Florida. (Soil Survey of Lee County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow to shallow, common to persistent
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible
Permeability: Moderately slow
Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain
Landform: Flats, Carolina bays, and depressions
Geomorphic Component: Talfs, dips
Parent Material: Marine deposits or fluviomarine sediments
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleaquults
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 12 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, throughout, but less than 5 percent in most pedons
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except where limed
USE AND VEGETATION: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, and truck crops. Where wooded--loblolly and longleaf pine, sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, willow oak, water tupelo, elm, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and possibly Virginia and Louisiana with large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COXVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Jeil Conventional Market is the traditional form of Korean market. It has Four different buildings and each building has many different stores such as restaurants, food markets, clothes and home equipment. You can walk from the Uijeongbu Subway station.
www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g641718-d10270853-R...
Cultivation of a wide variety of fruits including tangerines and other citrus fruits, pears, persimmons, and strawberries, along with vegetables (especially cabbages) and flowers, has become increasingly important.
Uijeongbu is located north of the Korean capital Seoul; it has mountains on two sides, and commands a natural choke point across the main traditional invasion route from the North into Seoul. As such it has a continued military significance and it contains U.S. and Korean military bases, positioned for the defense of the Korean capital. The U.S. Second Infantry Division has established a headquarters post in Uijeongbu, with the main troops being deployed from Dongducheon city.
Despite being known for its military presence, the area has boomed into a satellite community of Seoul with shops, cinemas, restaurants and bars, PC bangs and DVD Bangs. In addition to U.S. personnel, it is popular with the English hagwon (a for-profit private institute, academy or cram school). There are several mountains such as Mt. Dobong (Dobongsan), Mt. Surak and Mt. Soyo. The mountains are popular recreational areas for hiking and are frequented by residents living in the Seoul Metropolitan area.
This soil is in coastal sabkha on level to gently undulating plains. This soil is moderately well drained. Median measured saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface layer is high.
This soil is mostly used for natural areas; some areas are used for building sites. Commonly described vegetation species include Cornulaca monacantha, Halopeplis perfoliata, Halopyrum
mucronatum, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Salsola imbricate, Zygophyllum qatarense, and Zygophyllum simplex. Vegetation cover is 3 to 30%.
The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the thick sandy profile containing pieces of seashells of marine origin; the water table within 150 cm; and the elevated salinity and sodium levels, particularly in the lower part of the profile. It is not suited to agriculture. This soil provides valuable habitat for shorebirds and other coastal plant and animal species.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Aptos series. Small amounts of gravel occur throughout. The paralithic contact of mudstone is visible at a depth of about 70 centimeters. The subsoil from a depth of 36 to 70 centimeters is clay loam.
Landscape: An area of Aptos and Felton soils. Photo was taken from Monte Bello Open Space near Page Mill Road looking southeast along Skyline Boulevard. Felton soils typically have dense tree cover; most of the Aptos soils have been cleared and have grasses with some brush and encroaching trees. Mt. Umunhum is visible in the background.
The Aptos series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from sandstone, mudstone or shale. Aptos soils are on uplands and have slopes of 15 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 55 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Ultic Argixerolls
Note: Photo taken when the soil was dry.
Depth to a paralithic contact of fine grained sandstone, mudstone or shale is 20 to 40 inches. The soil between depths of 7 and 21 inches is usually dry between mid-July and mid-October and usually moist between the end of December and the end of April. The mean annual soil temperature is about 56 to 59 degrees F. Organic matter content is more than 1 percent at a depth of 20 to 30 inches. Base saturation is more than 50 percent in all parts and less than 75 percent in some or all parts of the profile to a depth of 30 inches. Fragments range from 0 to 15 percent by volume.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for timber production, recreation, wildlife, watershed, and in some areas, homesites and orchards. Vegetation is redwoods, Douglas fir, madrone, tanoak, ferns and poison oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central part of the Coast Range of California. The soils are not extensive. MLRA 4.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/san...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/APTOS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Plinthite normally forms in a horizon below the surface, but it may form at the surface in a seepy area at the base of a slope. From a genetic viewpoint, plinthite forms by the segregation, transport, and concentration of iron. In many places iron may have been transported vertically or horizontally from other horizons or from higher adjacent soils. Generally, plinthite forms in a horizon that is (or has been) periodically saturated with water. Initially, the segregated iron forms more or less clayey, reddish, or brownish redox concentrations.
Plinthite is defined in Soil Taxonomy as an iron‐rich material that hardens on repeated wetting and drying, especially when exposed to the sun. Many morphologically similar materials rich in iron oxides do not harden on repeated wetting and drying and are misidentified as plinthite. Plinthite has a color range from 10R to the 7.5 YR hues. It occurs as discrete bodies > 2 mm that can be separated from the matrix. It is firm when moist and hard to very hard when dry, yet it can be broken in the hands. A moist body of plinthite withstands moderate rolling between the thumb and forefinger, and either moist or air dry it will not slake when submerged in water even with periodic gentle agitation.
Plinthite occurs in platy and nodular forms. Platy plinthite bodies are red to yellowish red or strong brown about 1 cm thick and 2 to 4 cm long. They commonly have a horizontal orientation. Nodular plinthite bodies have a similar color range but have an irregular to spherical shape. A horizon with about 10% platy plinthite will perch water. Horizons with nodular plinthite do not perch water, but the underlying reticulately mottled zone is a restrictive horizon that perches water. It is suggested that platy plinthite forms on level landscapes with a freely fluctuating water table. Nodular plinthite apparently forms on more sloping landscapes where lateral movement of water above a restrictive horizon is a contributing factor.
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Gypsiferous soils are soils that contain sufficient quantities of gypsum (calcium sulphate) to interfere with plant growth. Soils with gypsum of pedogenic origin are found in regions with ustic, xeric and aridic moisture regimes. They are well represented in dry areas where sources for the calcium sulphate exist. They do not usually occur under wet climates. In most cases the gypsum is associated with other salts of calcium and salts of sodium and magnesium.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
Soil profile: An Aquic soil profile (Typic Paleaqult) in Boluo County, Guangdong Province, China (PRC-01).
Landscape: Rice field post harvesting. We asked how long rice had been cultivated in this area. After several minutes someone returned and informed us rice had “always” been grown here... thousands of years!
Note the horizonation of the A horizon. The second layer is a mechanically compacted zone (densic layer) that acts as an aquitard. Densic materials (d) are normally little affected by soil development, the exception being mechanically compacted layers such as a plow pan if they are root limiting and not cemented. This pedon had been in continuous rice production for over a thousand years
An aqult is a suborder of the soil order Ultisol; seasonally wet, it is saturated with water a significant part of the year unless drained; surface horizon of the soil profile is dark and varies in thickness, grading to gray in the deeper portions; it occurs in depressions or on wide upland flats from which water drains very slowly.
This profile contained 3 to 5 percent plinthite below a depth of 125 centimeters.
An aquic soil is saturated with water and virtually free of gaseous oxygen for sufficient periods of time, such that there is evidence of poor aeration (gleying and mottling), common in wetlands.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
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A Lithic Haplogypsid from the interior of the UAE.
Lithic Haplogypsids are the Haplogypsids that have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface (30 cm in this pedon). These soils can have characteristics that are common in the other subgroups.
Haplogypsids are the Gypsids that have no petrogypsic, natric, argillic, or calcic horizon that has an upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. Some Haplogypsids have a cambic horizon overlying the gypsic horizon. These soils are commonly very pale in color. They are not extensive in the United States. The largest concentrations in the United States are in New Mexico and Texas. The soils are more common in other parts of the world.
Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use.
One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. The presence of one or more of these horizons, with or without other diagnostic horizons, defines the great groups of the Gypsids. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States. Gypsids are on many segments of the landscape. Some of them have calcic or related horizons that overlie the gypsic horizon.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
A representative soil profile and landscape of a poorly drained Myakka soil series from the 2014 Florida FFA Land Judging Contest. (Photos courtesy of L. Rex Ellis, Environmental Scientist V, Bureau of Water Resources, Division of Water and Land Resources, St. Johns River Water Management District). For more information about the site, visit: landjudging.org/contests/2014/field1/
The Myakka series consists of very deep, very poorly or poorly drained, moderately rapid or moderately permeable soils that occur primarily in mesic flatwoods of peninsular Florida. They formed in sandy marine deposits. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 72 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 55 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquods
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Myakka soils are used for commercial forest production or native range. Large areas with adequate water control measures are used for citrus, improved pasture, and truck crops. Native vegetation includes longleaf and slash pine with an undergrowth of saw palmetto, running oak, inkberry, wax myrtle, huckleberry, chalky bluestem, pineland threeawn, and scattered fetterbush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Peninsular Florida, primarily in MLRA155 (Southern Florida Flatwoods), and to a less extent in MLRA 154 (South-Central Florida Ridge), MLRA156A (Florida Everglades and Associated Areas), and MLRA156B (Southern Florida Lowlands). The series is of large extent (about 1,400,072 acres).
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MYAKKA.html
For acreage, geographic distribution and pedons sampled, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#myakka
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit: