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Soil Profile: A representative soil profile of the Watauga series. Watauga soils are very deep, but most have minimal profile development as indicated by a relatively thin argillic horizon.
Landscape: Watauga soils are on gently sloping to very steep ridges and side slopes in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Slopes range from 2 to 50 percent. Elevation ranges from 1,400 to 4,000 feet. They formed in residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper part and are weathered from high-grade metamorphic rocks that are high in mica content such as mica gneiss and mica schist. (Photo from the Upper Mountain Research Station, NCSU)
Mica Research Project
In the summer of 2003, a team of soil scientists was assembled to study and evaluate how mica has historically been described in soil profile descriptions (official soil descriptions and field descriptions) and to determine if a need exists to refine quantification and description techniques as related to soil classification and making and interpreting soil maps. In addition to soil scientists, resource specialists (geologists, engineers, research specialists, and university staff) were asked to provide input, guidance, and historical perspective.
For more information about the Mica Research Project, visit:
[www.researchgate.net/publication/363254375_Report_of_the_...]
Upper Mountain Research Station
The station is located in Ashe County at an elevation of 3,200 feet, making it the highest research station in the state. The 454-acre station is host to a variety of research programs centered around Christmas trees, livestock and agriculture. Crops including tobacco, corn, pumpkins, turfgrass and small fruits — blackberries, raspberries and blueberries — are tested for their suitability for high elevations. The station also has a variety of greenhouses.
For more information about the research farm, visit:
cals.ncsu.edu/research/research-stations/upper-mountain-r...
Watauga Soil
The Watauga series consists of very deep, well drained soils on gently sloping to very steep ridges and side slopes of the Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B). Slope ranges from 2 to 50 percent. They formed in residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper part, and is weathered from high-grade metamorphic rocks that are high in mica content such as mica gneiss and mica schist.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, micaceous, mesic Typic Hapludults
The solum ranges from 20 to 60 inches thick. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Content of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the A, Ap, AB, or E horizon, and 0 to 15 percent in the B horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid unless limed. Flakes of mica are common or many in the surface layer and upper B horizon and many in the lower B and C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: About half of the areas of this series is cleared and used for corn, small grain, tobacco, truck crops, hay, or pasture. Some areas are being used for Christmas tree production. Common trees include scarlet oak, chestnut oak, black oak, white oak, hickory, eastern white pine, Virginia pine, and pitch pine. Yellow poplar and northern red oak are common in the northern portions of MLRA 130B. The dominant understory is flowering dogwood, mountain laurel, rhododendron, and sourwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B) of North Carolina, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series is extensive.
For more information about the "Soil Survey Report of Ashe County, NC", visit:
archive.org/details/asheNC1985
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WATAUGA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A typical profile of a Mountview soil. Mountview soils have few limitations affecting crop production. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A field of snap beans on Mountview silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded. This soil is highly productive for most row crops.
Soil profile: A profile of Mountview silt loam. Two different parent materials are evident where loess overlies clayey residuum derived from cherty limestone at a depth of about 95 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Hickman County, Tennessee; By Douglas F. Clendenon, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Mountview series consists of very deep, well drained and moderately well drained, soils that formed in 2 to 3 feet of a silty mantle, presumably loess, and underlying residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. Near the type location, average annual air temperature is about 59 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 54 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to rock exceeds 60 inches. The upper solum formed in a silty mantle, presumably loess, and commonly is about 30 inches thick but ranges from about 22 to 36 inches. This overlies a lower solum developed in residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Coarse fragments, commonly fragments of chert, range from 0 to about 5 percent in the upper 30 inches and from about 5 to 35 percent below that depth. Transition horizons have characteristics similar to adjacent horizons. Reaction of each horizon is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except the surface layer is less acid where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing hay, pasture, small grains, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Some areas are in woodland consisting chiefly of oak, hickory, gum, and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim of Tennessee, northern Alabama, Pennyroyal of Kentucky, and possibly southern Missouri. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN08...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOUNTVIEW.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile of Evadale silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. The light gray material is loess that was deposited on the red clayey material. (Soil Survey of Tyler County, Texas; by Levi Steptoe, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Services)
The Evadale series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils. These nearly level soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Beaumont Formation of Late Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent but mainly less than 1 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.5 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1422 mm (56 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, active, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs
Soil Moisture: An aquic soil moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (69 to 71 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 20 to 58 cm (8 to 23 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 30 to 35 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.40 to 0.60
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for timber and native pasture. Most forested areas are a mix of pine and hardwoods, mainly loblolly pine, water oak, and sweetgum. The understory vegetation is mainly pinehill bluestem, longleaf uniola, spreading panicum, brownseed paspalum, splitbeard bluestem, greenbrier, Carolina jessamine, and southern bayberry. A few areas have been cleared and used for improved pastures of bahiagrass and bermudagrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeast Texas mainly east of the Trinity River and possibly southwestern Louisiana; LRR T; Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152B); large extent.
The Evadale series was formerly included with the Wrightsville series. A former ponded phase of the Evadale series is now included with the Camptown series. The classification was changed from a fine family to fine-silty family during the correlation of the MLRA 152B update. Data from the Texas A&M University Soil Characterization laboratory at the type location and data from other pedons show the particle-size control section to be dominantly fine-silty.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX457/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EVADALE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Wedge structure is expressed by elliptical, interlocking lenses that terminate in acute angles, commonly in vertic materials that are dominated by smectitic clay (clays that predominately have montmorillinitic mineralogy).
The face of the wedge is polished and groved by soil movement caused by the shrinking and swelling of the soil as it wets and drys.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/ENON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#enon
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A profile of a Roche soil. These soils formed in coarse-loamy glacial drift. They are moderately deep to a water- and root-restricting layer, are moderately well drained, and support forests that consist dominantly of Douglas-fir and Pacific madrone. (Soil Survey of San Juan County, Washington; by Michael Regan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Roche series consists of moderately deep, moderately well drained soils formed in glacial drift over dense glaciomarine deposits on hills and outwash plains. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 545 millimeters. The average annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, isotic, mesic Aquic Dystroxerepts
Average annual soil temperature - 10 to 11 degrees C.
Moisture control section - dry 75 to 90 days following the summer solstice
Depth to densic contact - 50 to 100 cm
Depth to redoximorphic features - 46 to 91 cm
Reaction - moderately acid to neutral
Particle size control section:
clay content - 2 to 18 percent
rock fragments - 0 to 35 percent gravel
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for livestock grazing, forage crop production, forestry and homesites. Potential natural vegetation consists of Douglas-fir, Pacific madrone, lodgepole pine, oceanspray, baldhip rose, salal, Cascade Oregongrape, rattlesnake plantain, and bracken fern.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Washington; MLRA 2. Series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/WA0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/ROCHE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Wyick fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. These soils occur on flats on the prairie and sometimes are in complex with the Vidauri soils. (Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Prairie vegetation on an area of Wyick fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. Wyick soils are in the Claypan Prairie ecological site on the Gulf Coast Prairies.
The Wyick series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in fluviomarine deposits of Early Pleistocene age. These nearly level soils are on flats on the coastal plain. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 in) and the mean annual temperature is about 21.7 degrees C (71 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs
Soil Moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in). These soils remain dry in the soil moisture control section for more than 90 cumulative days. The dry period occurs during the late winter and early spring months. These soils are moist during the late summer and fall months.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 23.4 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Depth to abrupt textural change: 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in)
Depth to argillic horizon: 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 48 to 84 cm (19 to 33 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Total clay content: 27 to 34 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.60 to 0.70
USE AND VEGETATION:
Used almost exclusively for livestock grazing. A few areas are used for pasture. Native vegetation for these prairie soils include grasses such as rattail smutgrass, bahiagrass, seacoast bluestem, silver bluestem, bristlegrasses, balsamscale, mouring lovegrass, hairy grama, threeawn, and annuals. Forbs include snoutbean, croton, partridge pea and annuals. A few widely scattered, scrubby live oak and mesquite trees have encroached in some areas.
Ecological site name: Claypan Prairie 28-44" Pz; (R150AY528TX)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General location: coastal plain of Texas from the tributaries of the San Antonio River to the Mission River
Land Resource Region: T(Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowland Forest and Crop Region)
Major Land Resource Area: 150A Gulf Coast Prairies
Extent: moderate
These soils were formerly included in the Edna, Vidauri, and Orelia series. The series was reclassified in 2006 based on lab data and soil moisture monitoring.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/goliadTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WYICK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Bluegrass series. The upper 50 to 100 centimeters of the solum formed in silty material and the lower part formed in residuum weathered from phosphatic limestone. The phosphatic limestone members include the Lexington and Cynthiana Limestone Formations of the Inner Bluegrass Physiographic Region. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
Landscape: Bluegrass soils are on nearly level to moderately steep uplands. Slopes are commonly 0 to 12 percent, but range up to 20 percent. The underlying limestone is cavernous and some areas have karst topography.
The Bluegrass series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in silty material over residuum weathered from phosphatic limestone. These soils are on uplands.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Paleudalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to 120 inches or more. Thickness of the argillic horizon ranges from 50 to 100 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 60 to 200 inches or more. Chert fragments, less than 3 inches in diameter, range from 0 to 5 percent in the 2Bt, 2BC and 2C horizons. The reaction of the Ap, A and Bt horizons range from neutral to strongly acid; the 2Bt, 2BC and 2C horizons range from slightly acid to strongly acid. The phosphate content in the solum is variable but is typically medium or high.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for crops; such as burley tobacco, corn, small grains, alfalfa, and for pasture. Bluegrass and white clover are the most common pasture plants. Native vegetation was dominated by oaks, elm, ash, black walnut, black and honey locust, hackberry, black cherry, and Kentucky coffee tree. Glades of native grasses and canes were reported by early settlers.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. The Bluegrass series was previously included with the Maury series or the Sandview series, phosphatic substratum phase.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BLUEGRASS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Jory series; the State Soil of Oregon.
Landscape: The Jory soils are on foothills adjacent to the Willamette and Umpqua Valleys. Slopes are 2 to 90 percent but are typically less than 60 percent. The soils occur at elevations of 250 to 2,500 feet. These soils are used mainly for orchards, Christmas trees, vineyards, cane berries, grass seed, timber production, wildlife habitat, and watershed health. Vegetation is dominated by Douglas-fir with scattered Oregon white oak and understory of poison-oak and rosebush.
A state soil is a soil that has special significance to a particular state. Each state in the United States has selected a state soil, twenty of which have been legislatively established. These “Official State Soils” share the same level of distinction as official state flowers and birds. Also, representative soils have been selected for the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
The Jory series, the state soil of Oregon, consists of very deep, well-drained soils that formed in colluvium derived from basic igneous rock. These soils are in the foothills surrounding the Willamette Valley. They have been mapped on more than 300,000 acres in western Oregon. They are named after Jory Hill, Marion County, Oregon.
Jory soils generally support forest vegetation, dominantly Douglas fir and Oregon white oak. They are very productive forest soils. Many areas have been cleared and are used for agricultural crops. The Jory soils and the climate of the Willamette Valley provide an ideal setting for the production of many crops, including Christmas trees, various berries, filberts (hazelnuts), sweet corn, wheat, and many varieties of grass seed. The soils are suitable for the grapes used in the expanding wine industry. Growing urbanization of the Willamette Valley is resulting in a great deal of pressure for development in areas of the Jory soils.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/J/JORY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
In the background: Badland
Badland is moderately steep to very steep barren land dissected by many intermittent drainage channels in soft geologic material. Ordinarily, it is not stony and occurs in semiarid and arid areas.
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On the sideslopes: Sheppard fine sand, hummocky
The Sheppard series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in eolian material derived from sandstone. Sheppard soils are on structural benches, alluvial fans, dunes on structural benches, and terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 54 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Typic Torripsamments (No diagnostic features)
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for livestock grazing. Potential vegetation is Mormon-tea, Indian ricegrass, galleta, and Russian thistle.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeast Utah, northern New Mexico, northern Arizona, and southwest Colorado. LRR D, MLRA 35. This series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHEPPARD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#sheppard
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Moenkopie-Rock outcrop complex
The Moenkopie series (loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Lithic Torriorthents) consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained soils that formed in alluvium from sandstone and shale. Moenkopie soils are on mesas, plateaus, hills, and structural benches. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches. Mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.
These soils are used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is blue grama, galleta, alkali sacaton, threeawn, fourwing saltbush, snakeweed, and sand dropseed, and juniper, algerita, cliffrose, and widely spaced pinyon pine. They are in Northern Arizona and southern Utah. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOENKOPIE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#moenkopie
Rock outcrop are miscellaneous areas that have little or no identifiable soil and thus supports little or no vegetation without major reclamation. They are exposures of bare bedrock. If needed, map units can be named according to the kind of rock, e.g., “Rock outcrop, limestone.”
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In the floodplain: Aquic Ustifluvents-Typic Fluvaquents association, gently sloping
Aquic Ustifluvents have a shallow water table or one that persists for long periods within a depth of 150 cm. They commonly have some redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, or they have chroma of 0 or hue bluer than 10Y at some depth between 50 and 150 cm. They are intergrades between Ustifluvents and Aquents. Aquic Ustifluvents may or may not have an Ap horizon or material in the upper 15 cm that would be a mollic epipedon, except that the layer rests on finely stratified sediment. These soils are not extensive in the United States. Most of them are used as cropland, some of which is irrigated.
Typic Fluvaquents are centered almost exclusively on very young water-laid deposits that are mostly in wet areas on flood plains. These soils have fine strata at a shallow depth, or they show too little evidence of alteration to have a cambic horizon. Redoximorphic features in the soils extend downward from a point very close to the surface, and the water table is at or close to the surface most of the year unless artificial drainage has been provided. Typic Fluvaquents are nearly level, and their parent materials are Holocene sediments. Many support forest vegetation, but some support shrub or grassy vegetation. Some areas have been cleared, drained, and protected from flooding and are used as cropland or pasture.
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For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Soil Survey Manual, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=n...
Soils of the Craigsville series are very deep and well drained to somewhat excessively drained. They formed in moderately coarse and coarse textured sediments. Permeability is moderately rapid or rapid. They are nearly level to gently sloping soils on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluventic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Average content of rock fragments ranges from 5 to 60 percent in the A horizon and 35 to 70 percent in the B and C horizons. These consist of gravel and cobbles. A lithologic discontinuity is not present in all pedons. The soil is very strongly acid or strongly acid, unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: More than one-half of these soils are in forest and the remainder is used for growing pasture and crops. Crops are mixed hay, small grain, and corn. Native vegetation is yellow-poplar, white pine, northern red oak, and white oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Virginia and West Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CRAIGSVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Cerrado was thought challenging for agriculture until researchers at Brazil’s agricultural and livestock research agency, Embrapa, discovered that it could be made fit for industrial crops by appropriate additions of phosphorus and lime. In the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tons of lime were being poured on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tons in 2003 and 2004, equalling around five tons of lime per hectare. This manipulation of the soil allowed for industrial agriculture to grow exponentially in the area. Researchers also developed tropical varieties of soybeans, until then a temperate crop, and currently, Brazil is the world's main soyabeans exporter due to the boom in animal feed production caused by the global rise in meat demand. Today the Cerrado region provides more than 70% of the beef cattle production in the country, being also a major production center of grains, mainly soya, beans, maize and rice. Large extensions of the Cerrado are also used for the production of cellulose pulp for the paper industry, with the cultivation of several species of Eucalyptus and Pinus, but as a secondary activity. Coffee produced in the Cerrado is now a major export.
Soils of the cerrado are in the order of Oxisols. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
The Sunnyside soil series was first recognized in the adjacent Prince George’s County, Maryland in 1939. In later years, while making the soil survey of the District, Sunnyside soil was mapped and described in the 1973 publication of the Soil Survey of District of Columbia. Many of the natural soils in the District are either disturbed or filled in with soil material that has been transported from nearby locations. However, there still remains some areas where the soil is natural and undisturbed, as is in the case of some areas of Sunnyside. Sunnyside soil is very productive and supports the growth of many near specimen trees at the National Arboretum.
Because of the extensive urban development in the District, Sunnyside soil is being used for urban gardens, landscaping, parks and open spaces. It has few limitations for usage; however, it is very limited for septic tank usage due to slower infiltration of the subsoil layer. Also, because of its sand content, caution should be taken in any kind of excavation, due to the potential of the soil caving in. When disturbed, controlling a moderate hazard of erosion and soil blowing is the main management concern. The practice of keeping the soil covered with a good grass and the use of a cover crop where applicable will enhance soil health.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Typic Acrudox in Brazil.
Landscape: Highway construction in an extremely deep Acrudox in Central Brazil.
Typic Acrudox are fixed on soils that do not have a petroferric contact, a lithic contact, or redox depletions with a color value, moist, of 4 or more and chroma of 2 or less within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface and also do not have aquic conditions for some time in normal years. These soils have less than 16 kg/m2 organic carbon to a depth of 100 cm and have less than 5 percent plinthite in all horizons within a depth of 125 cm. Their colors are reddish, but the soils do not have very dark reddish colors throughout the layers between depths of 25 and 125 cm.
Acrudox are the Udox with very low CEC values in the subsoil and that do not have a sombric horizon within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. Frequent but small applications of fertilizer and lime are required. Because the CEC is low, the amount of exchangeable aluminum in the subsoil is low. This deficiency can be corrected by leaching basic cations from lime and fertilizer.
Udox are well drained Oxisols with a udic soil moisture regime. They are moist because of natural rainfall in normal years and are dry in some parts for less than 90 days, a period that is short enough for rain-fed crops to be grown continuously in normal years. There are fewer than 90 days during which crops are not planted. In local terms there are 1 to 3 months that considered “dry” in normal years. Udox are an extensive suborder, occurring mostly in South America and in parts of Africa and Asia.
To download the latest version of Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Edition, 1999, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For additional information about soil classification using Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit:
[www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Keys-to-Soi...]
To download the latest version of Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit:
[www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...]
For an Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/Illustrated...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Lynchburg soil series; the State Soil of South Carolina.
Landscape: Lynchburg soils are on level to gently sloping areas on marine terraces and flats in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Flatwoods. (Soil Survey of Sumter County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils comprise more than 865,000 acres in 76 counties from Virginia to Alabama with half of the acreage occurring in South Carolina. Lynchburg soils are well suited to cultivated crops, pasture, hayland, and woodland with most areas used for woodland. Lynchburg soils occupy an important niche in wetland ecosystems. These soils are in the riparian buffers between uplands and wetlands and function as primary filters for sediment and contaminants.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquults
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LYNCHBURG.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soils of the Cullen series are very deep and well drained with moderate permeability. They formed in residuum from mixed mafic and felsic crystalline rocks. These soils are on upland ridgetops and side slopes of the Piedmont Plateau. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. The mean annual temperature is above 59 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is about 44 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Content of rock fragments is 0 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A, Ap, and BA horizons, and 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the Bt and BC, and 0 to 50 percent, by volume, in the C horizons. They commonly are from crystalline rocks. The soil is strongly acid to slightly acid except where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are under cultivation and in pasture with the remainder in forest. Crops are small grain, corn, soybeans, cotton, hay, pasture plants and some fruit crops. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont areas of Virginia and North Carolina, and possibly South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA011...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CULLEN.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the McCall soil series. (Valley County, Idaho)
Landscape: McCall soils are mostly used for pasture or range. Vegetation is Idaho fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, mountain brome, snowberry, pine reedgrass, and lodgepole pine.
The McCall series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in moderately coarse and coarse textured cobbly and stony glacial till. McCall soils are on glacial moraines and have slopes of 5 to 50 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 25 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 39 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Typic Humicryepts
Rock fragments range from 35 to 80 percent throughout the profile, and range from small angular or rounded pebbles to cobblestones and large stones. The soil is slightly or moderately acid. Base saturation is 40 to 50 percent in the epipedon. Mean annual soil temperature is 41 degrees to 43 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for pasture or range. Vegetation is Idaho fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, mountain brome, snowberry, pine reedgrass, and lodgepole pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Moraine area in the northern part of Long Valley, Valley County, Idaho. The series is inextensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Hilo series; the State Soil of Hawaii. (Photos provided by Amy Koch, USDA-NRCS)
Landscape: Aerial view of an area dominated by Hilo soils showing a diversity of land uses, including orchards and cultivated crops.
The Hilo series was established in 1949 and was first mapped in Soil Survey of the Territory of Hawaii published in 1955. The Hilo series occurs on the Island of Hawaii, to the north of the town of Hilo. The Hilo soils are derived from volcanic ash and occur on the wet, rainy side of Mauna Kea volcano.
The Hilo series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from volcanic ash. Hilo soils are on ashfields and have slopes of 0 to 35 percent. The mean annual rainfall is about 3683 millimeters (145 inches) and the mean annual temperature is 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) or higher.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Medial over hydrous, ferrihydritic, isohyperthermic Acrudoxic Hydrudands
Depth to bedrock: 112 to over 152 centimeters (44 inches to over 60 inches).
Soil moisture: The soil is typically moist but there may be occasional brief periods of dryness in the surface from 0 to 30 centimeters (0 to 12 inches) during the driest months of the year, usually June thru August.
Rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent cobbles in the first 102 centimeters (40 inches)
Soil temperature: 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) or higher
Surface fragments: 0 to 10 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for forest, wildlife habitat, building site development, recreation, orchard crops, agroforestry, and livestock grazing. Common vegetation is hilograss (Paspalum conjugatum), guinea grass (Urochloa maxima), California grass (Urochloa mutica) and strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: This series is along the Hamakua coast on the island of Hawaii. This series is moderately extensive with a total of about 30,000 acres.
For additional information about this state soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/hi-state-soi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HILO.html
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A representative soil profile of the Plank series in an area of Plank silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Hardin County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Plank series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Lissie Formation of early to mid-Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.4 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1295 mm (51 in)..
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, siliceous, active, thermic Natric Vermaqualfs
Soil Moisture: An aquic soil moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (69 to 71 degrees F).
Depth to albic materials: 6 to 28 cm (2 to 71 in)
Depth to argillic horizon: 43 to 140 cm (17 to 55 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 6 to 15 percent
Sand larger than very fine sand content: 5 to 15 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.45 to .60
Aluminum saturation percent: 60 to 90
Exchangeable sodium percentage: 7 to 11
Crawfish bioturbation: 30 to 75 percent in the B horizon
USE AND VEGETATION: Used primarily for timber production and wildlife habitat. Some areas are used for pasture. Native vegetation is loblolly pine, slash pine, black gum, red maple, yaupon, wax leaf myrtle, Saint John's Cross, sumpweed, bluestems, threeawns, sedges, rushes, and club moss. Pastures are bahiagrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods of southeast Texas and possibly Louisiana; LRR T; MLRA 152B; moderate extent
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX199/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PLANK.html
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A representative soil profile of a Typic Kanhapludult in China.
The central concept of the Typic subgroup of Kanhapludults is fixed on freely drained soils that are more than 50 cm deep to a lithic contact.
Typic Kanhapludults are of large extent in the Southeastern United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to steep. Where slopes are suitable, many of the soils are used as cropland. The steeper soils are used as forest. Some of the soils are used as pasture or homesites.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Penistaja series; the State Soil of New Mexico. (Photos provided by Aaron Miller, Soil Scientist, USDA-NRCS)
Landscape: The profile location is close to La Bajada Mesa where the El Camino Real brought many of the early Spanish settlers into Santa Fe. Penistaja soils are on mesas, plateaus, hills, cuestas and bajadas with slopes of 0 to 10 percent at elevations from 4,800 to 7,100 feet.
The Penistaja series was established in Sante Fe County, NM in 1970. The soil was named after a small farming and stock raising community in northwest New Mexico. “Penistaja” is a Navajo word that means “forced to sit”. This soil is found in the Southwest landscape of sandstone mesas, snow-capped mountains and desert grass-lands.
The Penistaja series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soil that formed in mixed alluvium, fan alluvium, slope alluvium and eolian material derived from sandstone and shale. Penistaja soils are on mesas, plateaus, hills, cuestas and bajadas. Slopes are 0 to 10 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 12 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 55 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Ustic Haplargids
Soil Moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during December to March and July to September. The soil is driest during May and June. Ustic aridic soil moisture regime.
Soil Temperature: 51 to 59 degrees F.
Organic matter: averages more than 1 percent organic matter in the upper 16 inches
Depth to base of argillic horizon: 13 to 35 inches
Reaction: Neutral to moderately alkaline
USE AND VEGETATION: Penistaja soils are used for livestock grazing. Vegetation is blue grama, western wheatgrass, Indian ricegrass, galleta, winterfat and fourwing saltbush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern New Mexico and northeastern Arizona. MLRA 35 and 36, LRR-D. This series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about this state soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/nm-state-soi....
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PENISTAJA.html
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A representative soil profile of the Cowboy series. (Soil Survey of Glen Canyon Recreation Area, Arizona and Utah; by Michael W. Burney, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Cowboy series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium and slope alluvium derived from Mancos Shale. Cowboy soils are on flood plains drainageways and fan piedmonts. Slopes range from 1 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 54 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Leptic Haplogypsids
Note: Cowboy soil as used in this survey, is a taxadjunct because the gypsic horizon is deeper than typical for the series. This does not affect use and management of the soils.
Soil moisture regime: Typic aridic
Mean annual soil temperature: 54 to 58 degrees F
Depth to paralithic contact: 60 inches or more
Depth to gypsum accumulations: 2 to 10 inches
Depth to gypsic horizon: 3 to 7 inches
Expansive features: cracks to 20 inches, .75 inch wide, 3 or 4 inches apart
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 40 to 60 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent sedimentary gravel
USE AND VEGETATION: Cowboy soils are used for grazing. Native vegetation is bottlebrush squirreltail, Gardner saltbush, and little barley.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Colorado; MLRA 35. This series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arizona/glenca...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pacolet series. The surface layer of brown sandy clay loam is about 15 centimeters thick. The subsoil of red clay is at a depth of about 15 to 70 centimeters, and the loamy saprolite extends below a depth of about 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Polk County, North Carolina; by Scott C. Keenan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of upland Piedmont soils, such as Pacolet soils are commonly used as pasture and hayland. Cleared areas are also used for small grain, corn, and tobacco.
The Pacolet series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered mostly from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes commonly are 15 to 25 percent but range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 10 to 24 inches thick and extends to a depth of 18 to 30 inches. Depth to a lithic contact is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon, and very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the rest of the profile. Content of rock fragments, dominantly gravel, ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 15 percent in the Bt horizon. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the solum, and few to many in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for small grain, hay, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent. Pacolet soils were formerly mapped as a thin solum phase of the Cecil series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PACOLET.html
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The Chama series consists of well drained soils formed in materials weathered from soft siltstone, mudstone and shale on uplands. These soils are moderately deep to soft siltstone, mudstone or shale. These soils are moderately or moderately slowly permeable. Slope ranges from 0 to 45 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 42 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 15 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Calciustolls
Depth to soft bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 10 inches thick.
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are cropped to small grains, which are mostly wheat; a significant acreage is in rangeland. The native vegetation is principally western wheatgrass, needleandthread and blue grama.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western North Dakota, eastern Montana, and possibly northwestern South Dakota. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_dakota/N...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Troup series. Troup soils are somewhat excessively drained and are on summits and side slopes in the uplands. They have a kandic horizon of reddish sandy clay loam underlying an epipedon of loamy sand. The epipedon ranges from 100 to 200 centimeters in thickness. (Soil Survey of Crenshaw County, Alabama; by James M. Mason, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Snap beans in an area of Troup loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes. The extent of vegetable crop production is increasing in Webster County. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Troup series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in unconsolidated sandy and loamy marine sediments. Troup soils are on ridges and hillslopes. Slopes predominantly range from 0 to 15 percent but range to 45 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 17 degrees C (64 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1320 millimeters (52 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Troup soils are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for pastureland and for growing peanuts, watermelons, and vegetables.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA's): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). It also occurs to a lesser extent in the Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills (MLRA 137), North Central Florida Ridge (MLRA 138), Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152A), and the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL041/...
and...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/webste...
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Elk series. Elk soils have an argillic horizon that extends to a depth of 100 cm or more.
Landscape: Elk soils are on stream terraces or second bottoms and are commonly in cultivated crops such as corn, soybeans, or tobacco. Some lower lying areas adjacent to stream channels are are subject to rare flooding in the spring. (Soil Survey of Christian County, Kentucky, by Ronald D. Froedge, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Elk series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in mixed alluvium from limestone, siltstone, shale, sandstone, and loess. Slopes commonly range from 0 to 12 percent, but the range extends to 40 percent. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is 57 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is 46.3 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet. Fragments range from 0 to 5 percent in the solumn and ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the C horizon. Reaction ranges from slightly acid through very strongly acid in the A and Bt horizons and from slightly acid through strongly acid in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Largely in cultivated crops, principally corn, tobacco, small grains, soybeans, and hay or pasture. Native forest has oaks, elms, walnut, hickory, and ash as the dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and possibly Missouri and Tennessee. Extent is moderate, about 200,000 acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kentucky/chris...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Cataula soil series.
Landscape: Cotton growing in an area of Cataula sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. This is one of the few fields of cotton in Monroe County. This field has been protected from erosion from rowcropping by the application of good conservation practices, such as conservation (Soil Survey of Monroe County, Georgia; by Dee C. Pederson and Sherry E. Carlson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Cataula series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in material weathered from metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont. They contain a layer that is dense and partially brittle. Permeability is slow. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Oxyaquic Kanhapludults
Depth to the dense, partially brittle layer ranges from 15 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 5 feet. The solum ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches thick. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to about 7 percent by volume. These consist of angular fragments of quartz often occurring as quartz stringers. The A horizon is very strongly acid to slightly acid, and all of the other horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas had been cleared and used for growing cotton, corn, small grain, and pasture, but now about 75 percent of the total acreage is in shortleaf and loblolly pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of South Carolina, Alabama and Georgia. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/monroe...
For a detailed description, visit:
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A representative profile of Beanblossom silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, very brief duration. (Soil Survey of Bartholomew County, Indiana; by Mike Wigginton and Dena Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Beanblossom series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in 0 to 24 inches of medium-textured alluvium and the underlying loamy-skeletal alluvium. These soils are on flood plains and alluvial fans. Slope ranges from 1 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Dystrudepts
Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: 20 to 34 inches
Depth to a paralithic contact: 40 to 60 inches
Particle-size control section averages 10 to 22 percent clay, and 35 to 75 percent rock fragments.
Size of the rock fragments is dominantly less than 3 inches, but fragments range to 6 inches. Rock fragments are dominantly pebbles in the solum, and dominantly channers in the substratum. The pebbles are of mixed lithology. The channers are dominantly strongly or very strongly cemented siltstone and very fine-grained sandstone.
Reaction is moderately acid to neutral in one or more horizons in the 10 to 40 inch particle-size control section.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Beanblossom soils are used for hay, pasture or woodland. A few areas are used for cropland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, dominantly sycamore, elm, hickory, beech, maple, and tulip poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Indiana. Beanblossom soils are of moderate extent in east part of
MLRA 120C.
The Beanblossom soils were included with the Burnside soils in the past, and correlated as nonacid family taxadjuncts. The CEC activity class is estimated based on soils formed in similar parent materials. The series type location was moved in 2001 to a more representative area of how the soils have been correlated throughout the MLRA. Redoximorphic depletions may or may not be identifiable at 107 centimeters (3.5 feet) or below.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN005/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BEANBLOSSOM.html
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Alaska State Soil
A representative soil profile of the Tanana soil series. The Tanana series consists of a mantle of mixed silty micaceous loess and alluvium overlying coarser textured alluvium. Under climax native vegetation, Tanana soils are poorly drained and contain permafrost within 50 inches of the surface. If the surface vegetation and organic mat is disturbed, either through wildfire or cultural activities such as farming, the soil will warm and become well drained. Tanana soils are on alluvial terraces. They support a native plant community of aspen, paper birch, white spruce, and black spruce. When cleared and developed for agriculture, Tanana soils are used for hay and pasture, small grains, and vegetables.
Depth class: shallow to deep over permafrost
Drainage class: poorly drained
Parent material: alluvium or silty micaceous loess over alluvium
Landform: terraces and flood plains.
Slope: 0 to 12 percent
Climate: continental with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, subgelic Typic Aquiturbels
Mean annual soil temperature: less than 32 degrees F.
Depth to permafrost ranges: 15 to 50 inches below the mineral soil surface two months after the summer solstice
Particle size control section: silt loam and very fine sandy loam with strata of fine sandy loam and fine sand
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Poorly drained. Runoff is slow. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the permafrost and restricted in the permafrost. Free water is perched above the permafrost. Some pedons are subject to flooding. Disturbance to the organic mat by wildfire or clearing results in warming, lowering of the permafrost table, and subsequent lowering of the water table.
USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are cleared and used for grasses, small grains, and vegetables. Native vegetation consists of black spruce, paper birch, and willows.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 229, Interior Alaska Lowlands. The series is extensive.
Where disturbance to the organic mat has resulted in lowering of the permafrost table below the series control section, and if improved drainage occurs; the soil resembles and interprets similar to the Salchaket series.
The Tanana series is the Alaska state soil. It was established in the Yukon Tanana Area of Alaska in 1914 and is named after the Tanana River, whose name in-turn was derived from the Athabaskan word for “mountain river”. Tanana soils are extensive throughout the lowland areas of Interior Alaska. Tanana soils are important agricultural soils in Alaska.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alaska/AK610/0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TANANA.html
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A soil profile and landscape of a Haplocalcid from the United Arab Emirates.
Typic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD103) are very deep sands with a calcic horizon occurring above 100cm. These soils occur in some older sand sheets and interdunal depression positions within level plains to undulating rises throughout the Emirate. Soils are well drained or excessively drained. Permeability is rapid or very rapid.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i34214_001.pdf
These soils remain as barren land or are sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cyperus conglomeratus and Haloxylon persicum.
They are typically confined to the eastern half of the Emirate with only a few occurrences recorded from west of the Liwa road. This soil has been identified as a component in numerous map units.
Plate 2: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD103).
MSU researcher James Tiedje is leading the charge to determine the future direction of soil science research.
Soil profile: Inari fine sandy loam. Inari soils have dark surfaces or mollic epipedons, and occur as ridges in the Gulf Coast Prairies. (Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Prairie vegetation on an area of Inari fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. Inari soils are in the Loamy Prairie ecological site.
The Inari series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of Early Pleistocene age. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on rises on flat coastal plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 21.1 degrees C (70 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Oxyaquic Argiustolls
Soil Moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in). These soils remain dry in the soil moisture control section for more than 90 cumulative days. The dry period occurs during the late winter and early spring months. These soils are moist during the late summer and fall months.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 23.4 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 13 to 58 cm (5 to 23 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 41 to 132 cm (16 to 52 in)
Depth to redox concentrations: 13 to 58 cm (5 to 23 in)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 23 to 58 cm (9 to 23 in)
Particle-size control section:
Clay content: 30 to 35 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.60 to 0.75
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for livestock grazing. Native vegetation includes grasses such as little bluestem, silver bluestem, indiangrass, brownseed paspalum and balsamscale. A few scattered trees include mesquite, huisache or live oak. (Ecological site name: Loamy Prairie 28-40" PZ; Ecological site number: R150AY535TX)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Gulf Coast Prairies (MLRA 150A) of South Texas from the tributaries of the San Antonio River to the Mission River; Land Resource Region T-Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowland Forest and Crop Region; the series is of small extent. This soil was formerly included in the Faddin series. The Faddin series is typically mapped on the clayey Beaumont Formation and is in an udic moisture regime.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/goliadTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/INARI.html
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The Nabb series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loess and the underlying paleosol in till. They are moderately deep to a fragipan. Nabb soils are on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1092 mm (43 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Fragiudalfs
Thickness of the loess: 152 to 229 cm (60 to 90 inches)
Depth to the top of the fragipan: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: more than 203 cm (80 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 20 to 30 percent clay and 10 to 18 percent sand (less than 15 percent fine and coarser sand)
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are being used to grow corn and soybeans. A few areas are used for small grain, mainly wheat, and for hay or pasture. Also a few areas are in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 114A in Indiana. This series is of moderate extent. Nabb soils are correlated in lieu of the Rossmoyne soils as subset surveys are updated in Indiana, because the depth to till is more than 102 cm (40 inches) which is outside the Rossmoyne series concept.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/jennin...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NABB.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Nez Perce series.
Landscape: Nez Perce soils are on loess-covered hills and basalt plateaus at elevations of 2,600 to 4,100 feet and have slopes from 0 to 25 percent. They formed in loess, although the lower part may be formed in material weathered from the underlying basalt. The climate is subhumid with an average annual precipitation of 19 to 24 inches including 4 to 7 feet of snow. Peak precipitation is in May and June and minimum precipitation in July and August.
The Nez Perce series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed mainly in loess. Nez Perce soils are on loess-covered basalt plateaus and have slopes of 0 to 25 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 21 inches. The average annual temperature is about 45 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Xeric Argialbolls
Mollic epipedon thickness - 12 to 20 inches
Organic matter content in mollic epipedon (weighted average) - 3 to 6 percent
Depth to perched seasonal water table - 12 to 30 inches
Depth to argillic horizon - 14 to 27 inches
Depth to secondary lime - 20 to 40 inches
Some pedons have few basalt gravel and cobble throughout; however, the rock fragments are usually below the albic horizon
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 50 degrees F
Average summer soil temperature - 60 to 65 degrees F
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content - 35 to 55 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are cultivated. Winter wheat, winter peas, barley, hay, and pasture are the principal crops. The natural vegetation is mainly Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, sticky geranium, silky lupine, and arrowleaf balsamroot.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and eastern Washington. The series is extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For a detailed soil description, visit:
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The alluvial plains physiographic region has three main components—alluvial fans, alluvial plains, and wadis. The alluvial plains and fans occur on both sides of the Hajar Mountains. On the western side, however, they are much more extensive (up to 20 km wide) than on the eastern side, where there is rarely more than 2–3 km from the mountain front to the coast.
A representative soil profile of the Remorris series. (Soil Survey of Arches National Park, Utah; by Catherine E. Scott, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A typical landscape of Remorris loam, 5 to 45 percent slopes.
The Remorris series are very shallow to shallow, well drained soils that formed in alluvium, colluvium and local residuum derived from Morrison formation siltstone and shale. Remorris soils are on structural benches, escarpments and hillslopes on structural benches. Slopes range from 5 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic moisture regime
Mean annual soil temperature: 47 to 55 degrees F.
Depth to paralithic contact: 4 to 20 inches to Morrison Formation and Chinle Formation shale and siltstone
Reaction: moderately to strongly alkaline
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent gravel and channers
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for rangeland, wildlife habitat and recreation. Potential native vegetation includes Utah juniper, roundleaf buffaloberry, Utah serviceberry, Indian ricegrass, two-needle pinyon, galleta, broom snakeweed, and singleleaf ash. These soils have been correlated to the Semidesert Steep Shallow Loam (Utah Juniper-Pinyon) 035XY240UT ecological site at the type location in Utah.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South central Utah. MLRA is 35. These soils are of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/utah/archesUT2...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/REMORRIS.html
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Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep and common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Medium to very high
Permeability: Slow
Shrink-Swell Potential: Moderate
Landscape: Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain
Landform: Low hill, flat, depression
Geomorphic Component: Base slope, rise
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, backslope, footslope
Parent Material: Clayey glauconite marine and/or fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 40 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, glauconitic, mesic Aquic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Historically cleared and used for corn, tomatoes, soybeans, hay and pasture. However, in New Jersey most areas have rapidly become urbanized.
Dominant Vegetation: Wooded areas are dominantly mixed oaks, hickory, sweetgum, yellow-poplar, American beech, and red maple. Some southern areas in former agricultural uses have growth of Virginia pine and red cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: The Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain of New Jersey and Maryland
Extent: Small; SERIES ESTABLISHED: Burlington County, New Jersey, 1936
REMARKS: The current revision narrows the range of the original series concept to moderately well drained and sets the seasonal high water table at 18 to 42 inches below the surface. This revision also relocates the series concept to Gloucester County, New Jersey. (Soil Survey of Gloucester County, New Jersey; by Scott C. Keenan, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
It is believed that Marlton soils have aquic conditions and episaturation. The classification of these soils as Aquic Hapludults is based on evidence of wetness other than low chroma. Low chroma mottles which are normal in other moderately well drained soils are rare in these soils. For this reason the depth to, extent and distinctness of high chroma mottles have been used so as to group these soils with soils of similar natural drainage.
For more information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/new_jersey/NJ0...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MARLTON.html
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Soil profile: A profile of Musgrave silty clay in an area of Musgrave silty clay, 1 to 20 percent slopes. Musgrave soils very shallow or shallow densic material. The densic material begins at a depth of about 50 cm. (Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas; by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Lechuguilla, purple prickly pear, leatherstem, tobosagrass, and false grama are the dominant plant species on this area of Musgrave silty clay, 1 to 20 percent slopes. The Musgrave soil is shallow to tuffaceous mudstone bedrock in the lower portion of the Chisos Formation. Musgrave soils are in the Clay Hill ecological site, Hot Desert Shrub vegetative zone of MLRA 42—Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and Mountains. False grama and leatherstem are indicators of the hyperthermic soil temperature.
The Musgrave series consists of soils that are very shallow and shallow to weathered tuff bedrock. They are well drained soils that have moderately slowly permeable surface layers over slowly permeable tuffaceous bedrock of the Duff and Pruett Formations. They formed in residuum derived from tuff. These soils are on scarps and erosional remnants. Slopes range from 1 to 30 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Clayey, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents
Soil moisture - Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July-September. Ustic aridic soil moisture regime. Geographically associated soils occur in the thermic temperature regime.
Depth to weathered tuff bedrock: 4 to 20 inches
Clay content of the particle-size control section: 35 to 55 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: less than 15 percent
Ignimbrite, tuff, limestone, and chert pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders cover 35 to 95 percent of the surface
These soils do not have subsoil horizons above the densic contact that have soil structure.
Reaction: moderatelt alkaline to strongly alkaline
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Woody species include creosotebush, ocotillo, whitethorn acacia, and range ratany. Grass species include black grama, chino grama, sideoats grama, bush muhly, plains bristlegrass, Arizona cottontop, and slim tridens.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Trans-Pecos Texas in the Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and Mountains, Desert Shrub vegetative zone. This soil occurs in LRR-D, MLRA 42. The soil is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MUSGRAVE.html
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Vaucluse soils are characterized by a B horizon more than 6 inches thick that is compact, dense, and brittle in 30 to 60 percent of the mass. This pedon has a similar layer several feet thick.
The brittleness is thought to be due to masses of oxidized iron. This horizon commonly has weak or moderate, medium or coarse subangular blocky structure but in some pedons it appears to be massive especially in the lower parts. Since establishment, the Vaucluse series has been classified as: Typic Hapludults, Fragic Paleudults, Typic Fragiudults, Typic Kanhapludults, and (2005) Fragic Kanhapludults.
Most of these soils have coarsely shaped vesicular areas of iron concentrations that are non-cemented to weakly cemented. Once exposed to the elements, these concentrations progressively hardened.
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/53415175462/in/dateposted-...
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In the U.S. soil science community, these soils are not well understood and are inconsistently described and correlated. Often, they have been ignored or identified as "map unit inclusions". Further study of the soil is needed to accurately determine the dominant diagnostic characteristics--the distinction between fragic soil properties, plinthite, and to a lesser extent ironstone (petroferric material) or the occurrence of each of these within the same profile.
In the FAO-WRB soil classification system, this soil may have a Ferric horizon. A ferric horizon (from Latin ferrum, iron) is one in which segregation of Fe (or Fe and Mn) has taken place to such an extent that large mottles or discrete concretions or nodules have formed and the matrix between mottles, concretions or nodules is largely depleted of Fe and Mn. They do not necessarily have enhanced Fe (or Fe and Mn) contents, but Fe (or Fe and Mn) are concentrated in mottles or concretions or nodules. Over time, these horizons may become a plinthic horizon.
Generally, such segregation leads to poor aggregation of the soil particles in Fe- and Mn-depleted zones and compaction of the horizon. The segregation is the result of redox processes that may be active or relict.
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For a detailed description of Vaucluse soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/V/VAUCLUSE.html
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The Bewleyville series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in a silty mantle about 2 to 3.5 feet thick and the underlying loamy or clayey material. Slopes range from 2 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to limestone bedrock are more than 6 feet. Fragments of chert, sandstone, geodes and quartzite pebbles range from 0 to 5 percent in the A and Bt horizons and from 0 to 25 percent in the 2Bt horizon. The soil is moderately acid to very strongly acid in the A and Bt horizons and strongly acid or very strongly acid in the 2Bt horizon. The surface layer is less acid where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Practically all is used for general farm crops including corn, alfalfa, small grains, tobacco, hay, and pasture. Some areas are used for growing nursery stock. The native vegetation was mixed hardwoods such as oaks, hickories, beech, and poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim and Pennyroyal in Tennessee and Kentucky, and possibly northern Alabama.
In recent years, the Bewleyville soils have been correlated in the Pickwick series in Tennessee. This series was placed on the inactive list about 1960. The type location had been moved to Kentucky some time before that. The series was reactivated in 1974 with the type location in White County, Tennessee.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BEWLEYVILLE.html
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Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high or high
Landscape: Coastal Plain upland
Parent Material: Loamy fluviomarine sediments
Slope: 0 to 15 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 13 degrees C. (56 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1143 mm (45 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Aquic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--Cleared areas are used for production of fruit, vegetables, row crops, and nursery stock.
Vegetation--Native vegetation is a mixed hardwood forest containing scattered pitch pine, shortleaf pine, loblolly pine and Virginia pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution--New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland
Extent--Moderate
For more information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/new_jersey/atl...
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Profile of Faula fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes. The thin brown bands located at 90 centimeters, are accumulations of finer material, and are known as lamellae. (Soil Survey of Lee County, Texas; by Maurice R. Jurena, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Faula series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, rapidly permeable upland soils that formed in sandy sediments of Pleistocene age. These soils are on nearly level to undulating terraces of the Colorado, Brazos, and Navasota Rivers and their tributaries. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, thermic Lamellic Paleustalfs
Solum thickness is greater than 80 inches. Mean annual soil temperature ranges from 68 to 72 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: Dominantly used for rangeland. Native vegetation is post oak, blackjack oak, hickory, and yaupan with an understory of tall grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Drainage systems of the Colorado, Brazos, and Navasota Rivers and their tributaries within the Blackland and Claypan Prairies of Texas (MLRAs 86 and 87). The series is extensive. These soils were formerly included in the Eufaula series. They are separated based on mean annual soil temperature.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX287/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FAULA.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Ruston soil series; the State Soil of Louisiana. The left side of the profile exhibits natural soil structure; the right side has been smoothed to show change in color.
Landscape: A considerable portion of the acreage formerly cultivated has been converted to pasture or southern pine woodland. These soils are on nearly level to moderately sloping uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal Plains on slope gradients of 0 to 8 percent.
Established in 1909, the Ruston series was named for the town of Ruston which is the parish seat of Lincoln Parish, Louisiana. It is located in the north-central part of the state. In 1884, the town of Ruston was named for Robert E. Russ who offered 640 acres to the Vicksburg, Shreveport, and Pacific Railroad, stipulating that the tracks run across the property and that the land be used as a town site. At the time Ruston was selected as the state soil, it had the most extensive acreage and widespread distribution in the upland areas of Louisiana.
The Ruston series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy marine or stream deposits. These soils are on uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal Plains. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness exceeds 60 inches. The Bt/E and B't horizons are definitive for the series. Calcium-magnesium ratios are variable in the Bt horizons, but typically are less than 1 in the B't horizons. The concept of the series limits the series to a bisequal profile. Soils formerly included in Ruston but having low silt content are excluded.
USE AND VEGETATION: Principal use is woodland consisting of southern pine and some hardwoods with understories of shrubs or grasses. A small acreage is used for cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, truck crops, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plains of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. The series is of large extent, with an area of more than 2 million acres.
For more information about this soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/la-state-soi....
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soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RUSTON.html
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Soil profile: A representative profile of a Smithdale soil. Smithdale soils formed in thick deposits of loamy sediments. They are very deep, are loamy, and have a reddish subsoil. They are on hillslopes and summits of narrow ridges. (Soil Survey of Clarke County, Alabama; by Soil Survey of Clarke County, Alabama; Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A stand of longleaf pine in an area of Maubila-Smithdale complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes. This area is in Talladega National Forest and is managed for timber production and as habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker, an endangered species. (Soil Survey of Bibb County, Alabama; by Lawrence E. McGhee, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Smithdale series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridge tops and hill slopes in dissected uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) and in the Western Coastal Plain (133B). They formed in thick beds of loamy marine sediments. Near the type location the average annual temperature is 63 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 57 inches. Slopes range from 1 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 100 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, except where the surface has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Smithdale soils are used for woodland, principally loblolly, longleaf, and shortleaf pines. Cleared areas are used mainly for growing pasture and a few areas are cropped to corn, cotton, soybeans, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Coastal Plain of Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL025/...
and ...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL007/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SMITHDALE.html
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Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
Profile of Etoile loam in an area of Etoile loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes. Etoile soils have clayey subsoils, and formed over densic material. (Soil Survey of San Augustine and Sabine Counties, Texas; by Kirby Griffith, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Etoile series consists of soils that are deep to shale. They are moderately well drained and very slowly permeable. These soils are on broad, very gently sloping to moderately steep interfluves. The slope is dominantly less than 5 percent but ranges from 1 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The particle-size control section is clayey with a weighted average clay content of 40 to 60 percent. Depth to calcium carbonate accumulations ranges from 25 to 50 inches. The soil cracks when dry. Cracks 1/2 inch or more wide in the top of the argillic horizon extend to a depth of more than 12 inches for 60 to 90 cumulative days in normal years. Slickensides and/or wedge shaped peds are in some subhorizon more than 6 inches thick within the argillic horizon. The combined thickness of the A and E horizons is dominantly less than 10 inches, however, the depth ranges from 3 inches on subsoil crests to 14 inches in some subsoil troughs. Some pedons do not have an E horizon, and in most areas that have been cultivated the E horizon has been incorporated into the Ap horizon. Redox features are considered relic or lithochromic.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for woodland. Native species are shortleaf and loblolly pine, red oak, and sweetgum. A few areas are used for native or improved pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Coastal Plain (MLRA 133B) in eastern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/sanaugus...
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Honeoye series; the State Soil of New York.
Landscape: Honeoye is one of the most productive soils in New York for growing corn and other crops. They are dominantly on gently undulating to rolling till plains. In some places they are on dissected side slopes of the upland plateau and in other areas they are on the top and upper side slopes of drumlins and convex ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 65 percent. These soils formed in till of late Wisconsin age derived from limestone, dolomite, and calcareous shale, and from lesser amounts of sandstone and siltstone. These soils are mainly on the low plateau in the northern part of the Appalachian plateau, in the southern part of the Ontario Lowland and Mohawk Valley of New York.
The Honeoye soil series is shown on some of the earliest soil maps made in New York. It was established as a soil series in 1910, in a soil survey of Ontario County. Honeoye is designated as a Benchmark soil in recognition of its significance to soil science and the soil resource. The Honeoye series occurs only in New York State, making it a uniquely New York soil. Honeoye was unofficially chosen as the New York State soil in the mid 1980’s by a group of local, state, and federal soil experts. The word Honeoye is believed to have come from the Seneca word “Ha-ne-a-yeh” or “where the finger lies”. The soil was named after the hamlet of Honeoye, NY, one of the places where these soils are found.
The Honeoye series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy till. They are nearly level to very steep soils on till plains, hills, ridges, and drumlins. Slope ranges from 0 to 65 percent. Mean annual temperature is 8 degrees C. (46 degrees F.), and mean annual precipitation is 995 millimeters (39 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Glossic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 51 to 81 cm (20 to 32 in). Depth to bedrock is more than 152 cm (60 in). Depth to carbonates ranges from 41 to 81 cm (16 to 32 in). Rock fragments are mainly gravel, cobbles, and channers of limestone and shale with lesser amounts of sandstone and siltstone. Rock fragment content in the solum ranges from 5 to 30 percent and includes up to 10 percent greater than 3 in in diameter. Rock fragment content in the C horizon ranges from 10 to 60 percent and includes up to 20 percent greater than 3 in in diameter. Rock fragments greater than 10 in in diameter cover 0 to 20 percent of the surface. Some pedons have a Cd or densic substratum that ranges from 51 to 97 cm (20 to 38 in).
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to raise vegetables, some fruit, wheat, corn, oats, hay, soybeans, and dry beans. Woodlots contain sugar maple, white ash, red and white oak, hickory, black cherry, hop hornbeam, and associated species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Dominantly western and central New York, but extending from extreme western New York to the Hudson Valley in New York. MLRA 101 and 140. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about this state soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/ny-state-soi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HONEOYE.html
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A Typic Paleaquult from the Guangdong Province in China. Note the horizonation of the A horizon. The second layer is a mechanically compacted zone (densic layer) that acts as an aquitard. Densic materials (d) are normally little affected by soil development, the exception being mechanically compacted layers such as a plow pan if they are root limiting and not cemented. This pedon had been in continuous rice production for over a thousand years
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Paleaquults is fixed on soils that have grayish colors in the matrix below the A or Ap horizon.
Typic Paleaquults generally are nearly level. In the U.S, they occur mostly on the coastal plain of the Southeastern United States and are of moderate extent. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Most of these soils are used as forest, but some have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A soil profile of a Boykin soil. Boykin soils are well drained and are on summits and side slopes in the uplands. They have an argillic horizon of reddish sandy loam and sandy clay loam underlying a thick epipedon of loamy sand. (Soil Survey of Bibb County, Alabama; by Lawrence E. McGhee, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Boykin series consists of deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in sandy and loamy coastal plain sediments of Pleistocene age. These soils are on gently sloping to moderately steep uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Arenic Paleudults
Solum thickness is greater than 60 inches. Clay content in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon ranges from 18 to 30 percent. Base saturation at 50 inches below the top of the Bt ranges from 5 to 20 percent. CEC ranges from about 10 to 20 me/100 gm.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for timber and pasture. Forest vegetation includes loblolly, shortleaf, slash, and longleaf pines, red oak, and sweetgum trees with an understory of grasses and legumes. Pastures are mainly bermuda grass and bahiagrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Coastal Plains of southeastern Texas and western Louisiana. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BOYKIN.html
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A soil profile and landscape of the Bonner soil series in Idaho. The Bonner series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in glacial outwash material derived dominantly from granite, gneiss and schist, with a mantle of volcanic ash and loess. Permeability is moderate in the solum and rapid to very rapid in the underlying material.
Landscape: These soils are on terraces and terrace escarpments. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 30 inches and average annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Ashy over loamy-skeletal, aniso, glassy over isotic, frigid Typic Vitrixerands
Soil moisture control section - dry 45 to 60 days July to September, moist October through June Average annual soil temperature - 43 to 47 degrees F. Average summer soil temperature - 50 to 55 degrees F. with an O horizon
Solum thickness - 24 to 36 inches Reaction - moderately acid to neutral throughout
Volcanic ash mantle - 14 to 26 inches thick Volcanic glass content in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction - 40 to 70 percent Acid-oxalate extractable Al + 1/2 Fe - 1 to 3 percent Phosphate retention - 55 to 90 percent 15-bar water content an air dried samples - 7 to 12 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, grazing, homesites, cropland, hay and pasture, recreation, and wildlife habitat. Natural vegetation is mainly grand fir, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and western larch, with an understory of pine reedgrass, myrtle pachystima, baldhip rose, common snowberry, longtube twinflower, American trailplant, piper anemone, goldthread, sedge, and common princes pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho, northeastern Washington, and northwestern Montana. The series is extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNER.html
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The Appling series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
Appling soils are very similar to Cecil soils, except Cecil soils have a subsoil with dominant hue of 5YR or redder. Where hue is 5YR in Cecil soils, evident patterns of mottling are absent in the Bt and BC horizon, whereas patterns of lithochromic mottling are common in Appling soils that have hue of 5YR.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 24 to 50 inches thick and extends to 40 inches or more. Depth to bedrock ranges from 6 to 10 feet or more. The soil is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, unless limed. Limed soils typically are moderately acid or slightly acid in the upper part. Content of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the A and E horizons and 0 to 10 percent by volume in the Bt horizon. Fragments are dominantly gravel in size. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the A and Bt horizons and few to many flakes of mica in the BC and C horizons.
Most of the acreage is in cultivation or pasture and the remainder is in forests of mixed hardwoods and pine. Common crops are corn, tobacco, soybeans, cotton, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/APPLING.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Troup soils are characterized by sandy surface and subsurface layers with a combined thickness of 40 to 80 inches. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia; Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Drought-tolerant longleaf pine in an area of Troup-Lucy complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes. These soils are suitable for longleaf pine because they have thick, sandy surface layers that quickly drain water. (Soil Survey of Sumter County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Troup series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in unconsolidated sandy and loamy marine sediments. Troup soils are on ridges and hillslopes. Slopes predominantly range from 0 to 15 percent but range to 45 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 17 degrees C (64 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1320 millimeters (52 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Troup soils are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for pastureland and for growing peanuts, watermelons, and vegetables.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA's): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). It also occurs to a lesser extent in the Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills (MLRA 137), North Central Florida Ridge (MLRA 138), Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152A), and the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/webste...
and...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TROUP.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: