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A soil profile of a Georgeville soil. Georgeville soils formed from felsic volcanic rocks within the Carolina Slate Belt. They are very erosive because of their high silt content. Depth to bedrock is more than 150 centimeters (Soil Survey of Randolph County, North Carolina; by Perry W. Wyatt, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources)
The Georgeville series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in material mostly weathered from fine-grained metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt. Slopes are 2 to 50 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
Thickness of the clayey part of the Bt horizon ranges from 24 to 48 inches. Depth to the bottom of the clayey Bt horizon exceeds 30 inches. Depth to a lithic contact is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon and very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the rest of the profile. Content of rock fragments ranges 0 to 20 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 10 percent in the Bt, BC and C horizons. Few fine flakes of mica are in the lower part of the solum of some pedons, and some pedons may have few fine manganese concretions in the surface and upper subsoil horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used for cotton, small grains, tobacco, corn, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in mixed hardwood and pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GEORGEVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
EXCAVATION DIFFICULTY—The relative force or energy required to dig soil out of place. Excavation Difficulty Class and the moisture condition (moist or dry, but not wet) are described. Estimates can be made for either the most limiting layer or for each horizon.
"Moderate" excavation difficulty by tile spade requires impact energy or foot pressure; arm pressure is insufficient.
"High" excavation difficulty by tile spade is difficult but easily done by pick using over-the-head swing.
The layer being examined required overhead impact energy--both foot pressure or arm pressure was insufficient and an over head swing with a tile spade was difficult--indicating a "high" excavation difficulty. This degree of difficulty is common for root limiting layers such as soils high in plinthite, fragipans, densic materials, or paralithic materials.
The massive root limiting layer being tested was not cemented.
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/51836600265/in/album-72157...
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/51835707726/in/album-72157...
The Kuderah series is a very deep soil formed in stratified sandy and gravelly alluvial deposits. (UAE (NE007).
Taxonomic classification: Typic Torriorthents, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: none
Typic Torriorthents are fixed on the driest Torriorthents. Typic Torriorthents are extensive soils in the intermountain States of the United States. Most of them have moderate or strong slopes and are used only for grazing. Others that have gentle slopes are irrigated. The gently sloping soils are mostly on fans or piedmont slopes where the sediments are recent and have little organic carbon.
Some part of the particle-size control section has 35% or more gravel. The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.8 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 1.0 dS/m in all horizons, but may be higher in some areas that have been irrigated. A desert pavement of fine and medium gravel in many areas covers 2 to 15% of the soil surface.
The A horizon ranges in thickness from 10 to 25 cm. Hue is 7.5YR or 10YR, value is 5 to 7, and chroma is 3 or 4. Texture is fine sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam, including gravelly texture modifiers. A thin layer of loam or silt loam overwash may be present on the surface of pedons in some wadis as a result of brief ponding and sedimentation after heavy rains.
The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, or 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, or coarse sand, including gravelly, or very gravelly texture modifiers. Fine to medium gravel ranges from 0 to 55% in individual horizons above 100 cm, and may be as much as 75% in some horizons below 100 cm.
Some pedons have a 2B horizon beginning at depths of between 100 and 150 cm. It has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, loamy coarse sand, or coarse sand including gravelly, very gravelly, or extremely gravelly texture modifiers. The 2B horizon may be extremely weakly to moderately cemented with carbonates. However, roots appear to be able to penetrate with a spacing of less than 10 cm.
Soil profile: A typical profile of a Gilpin soil. Gilpin soils have a moderate available water capacity and have soft shale bedrock at a depth of 50 to 100 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Gilpin, Bouldin, and Petros soils are on the Cumberland Mountains in Anderson County in the background. (Soil Survey of Roane County, Tennessee; by Harry C. Davis and Jennifer R. Yaeger, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Upland
Landform: Ridge, hill, and hillslope
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, head slope, nose slope, or side slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, or backslope
Parent Material Origin: Nearly horizontal, interbedded gray and brown acid siltstone, shale, and sandstone
Parent Material Kind: Residuum
Slope: 0 to 70 percent
Elevation: 91 to 1097 meters (300 to 3600 feet)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic: 53 to 94 cm (21 to 37 inches)
Solum Thickness: 45 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth Class: Moderately deep
Rock Fragment content: 5 to 40 percent, by volume, in the solum and 30 to 90 percent, by volume, in the C horizon. The rock fragment content is less than 35 percent, by volume, in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon. Rock fragments are mostly angular to subangular channers of shale, siltstone, and sandstone.
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid through strongly acid throughout, except where limed
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Hayland, pasture, cropland, and woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Grass-legume hay, corn, soybeans, wheat, or oats. Where wooded--Oaks, maple, hickory, and yellow-poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Pennsylvania, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia
Extent: Large, over 6 million acres, at the time of this revision
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GILPIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Unbong soil in Korea.
Landscape: An area of Unbong soil growing peppers and corn in a footslope position.
The Unbong series are members of the fine-loamy, mixed, mesic family of Typic Haplohumults [Cutanic Alisols (Alumic Hyperdystric) classified by WRB].
These soils have umbric epipedons and argillic horizons. The solum thickness ranges from 100 to 150 cm and depth to hard rock is more than 3 meters. Base saturation is less than 35 percent. Reaction is strongly to medium acid. Ap horizons are very dark brown or very dark grayish brown gravelly loam. Bt horizons are dark grayish brown loam or clay loam. These soils have 10 to 35 percent of gravels and cobbles throughout the profiles.
The Unbong soils are on mountain foot slopes in high mountainous areas. The slope range is 2 to 30 percent and the dominant slope is 7 to 15 percent. Most of these soils are used for uplands, and the vegetations are buck- wheat, tobacco and sweet potato. Few areas are grass land.
For more information about soils in Korea, visit:
Often you can learn a lot about soils by simply observing exposed materials as these ortstein aggregates and plinthite nodules exposed on an eroded soil surface.
Ortstein is part of a spodic horizon. When moist, it is at least weakly cemented into a massive horizon that is present in more than half of each pedon. Ortstein forms in acid sandy soils where pines are the dominant vegetation. The acidity puts organic acids, aluminum and sometimes iron into solution. A high water table prevents the downward movement of the dissolved chemicals, which then cement the soil particles together.
Plinthite is an iron-rich, humus-poor mixture of clay with quartz and other minerals. Plinthite is a redoximorphic feature in highly weathered soil. The product of pedogenesis, it commonly occurs as reddish redox concretions that usually form platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns in the soil. Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone or to irregular soil aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed to heat from the sun.
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Profile of Monwebb clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. The presence of slickensides (starting at at depth of about 25 cm) indicates the high shrink-swell potential of this soil. Other soil features influencing soil properties are the presence of secondary calcium carbonates, gypsum crystals, and salt crystals. (Soil Survey of Duval County, Texas; by John L. Sackett III, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Monwebb series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in saline, clayey alluvium derived from the tertiary aged sediments. These nearly level to very gently sloping, occasionally flooded soils are on floodplains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 22 degrees (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 584 mm (23 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Sodic Haplusterts
Soil Moisture: An aridic ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years. June to August and December to February are the driest months, while September to November and March to May are the wettest months.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 23 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Particle size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 40 to 55 percent
Rock Fragments: 0 to 5 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used primarily for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The grasses consist primarily of buffalograss, sideoats grama, curlymesquite, hairy tridens, Southwestern bristlegrass, and threeawn. Woody vegetation is mostly acacia, condalia, prickly pear, mesquite, Texas persimmon, and huisache.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I, MLRA 83B; moderate extent. These soils were previously included with the Montell series. Montell soils are not flooded.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX131/Du...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MONWEBB.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a moderately well drained, clayey Haplustult in Texas. This soil has an ochric epipedon consisting of a darkened surface layer (about 7 cm thick) and an underlying lighter-colored layer from which clay has been leached (between depths of 7 and 18 cm). Below this epipedon is a yellowish red argillic horizon that becomes reddish yellow to gray in the lower part. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplustults have a thin or moderately thick zone of maximum clay content in the argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon. Slopes range from gentle to very steep. Many of these soils are in tropical climates and are farmed by means of shifting cultivation. Haplustults are of small extent in the United States and occur mainly in Texas, California, and Puerto Rico. They are extensive in some parts of the world.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Tonka series. The Tonka series consists of very deep, poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits. These soils are in closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains and have slopes of 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 42 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 20 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Argiaquic Argialbolls
Depth to carbonates commonly is 28 to 40 inches but ranges from 20 to more than 60 inches. The depth to the Bt horizon ranges from 12 to 28 inches. The soil commonly is free of rock fragments, but in some pedons the lower part of the solum and the substratum contain pebbles. Some pedons have surface stones.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for small grains, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses, sedges and rushes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Widely distributed on the glaciated plains of North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. The series is extensive.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TONKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Pacolet series. Pacolet soils are well drained and have a clayey subsoil. They are extensive in the southern part of Iredell County, especially on strongly sloping to moderately steep side slopes. (Soil Survey of Iredell County, North Carolina; by Robert H. Ranson, Jr., and Roger J. Leab, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Pacolet series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered mostly from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes commonly are 15 to 25 percent but range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 10 to 24 inches thick and extends to a depth of 18 to 30 inches. Depth to a lithic contact is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon, and very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the rest of the profile. Content of rock fragments, dominantly gravel, ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 15 percent in the Bt horizon. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the solum, and few to many in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for small grain, hay, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent. Pacolet soils were formerly mapped as a thin solum phase of the Cecil series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PACOLET.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Paul trys to console a bird in distress
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
A representative soil profile of Leakey silty clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. The petrocalcic layer begins at a depth of 80 centimeters,.(Soil Survey of Edwards and Real Counties, Texas; by Wayne J. Gabriel, Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, and James A. Douglass II Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Leakey series consists of well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in Pleistocene alluvium. They are moderately deep over a petrocalcic horizon. The soils are on nearly level to gently sloping terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Petrocalcic Calciusterts
Depth to cemented caliche ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Gilgai microrelief is indistinct but slickensides are few to common. When dry the soil has cracks ranging from 0.5 to 2 inches wide that stay open for 90 or more cumulative days in most years. Coarse fragments consist of chert, limestone, and caliche pebbles and cobbles. Surface fragments of chert range from 1 to 10 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for rangeland and pasture. Native grasses include curly mesquite, Texas wintergrass, little bluestem, and Indiangrass. Woody plants include live oak, ashe juniper, post oak, agarito, and persimmon. Some areas are seeded to KR bluestem.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Edwards Plateau of Central Texas. The series is moderately extensive. The Leakey series was formerly included in the Topia and Anhalt series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX607/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LEAKEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: (Soil Survey of Joshua Tree National Park, California; by Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, Peter Fahnestock, Stephen Roecker, and Emily Meirik, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Marchel Munnecke and Alice Miller, Pyramid Botanical Consultants)
Landscape: Cool Shallow Fans Over Pediment. This ecological site occurs on fan aprons over a pediment with very shallow or shallow soils. Elevations range from 3,200 to 5,130 feet. Slopes range from 2 to 15 percent. This site is dominated by blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) and creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) covers a low amount of the site. This pediment is relatively buried with alluvium and is flat and undissected. This provides a surface in which creosote bush can establish and be competitive with blackbrush. The production reference value (RV) is 460 pounds per acre but may range from 335 to 750 pounds per acre, depending on annual precipitation and annual species production.
The Pinecity series consists of very shallow and shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in colluvium and/or alluvium over residuum derived from granite, granitoid, or gneissic rocks. Pinecity soils are on hills, mountains or fan aprons over pediments. Slopes range from 2 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 125 millimeters (5 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 15.5 degrees C (60 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic, shallow Typic Torripsamments
Soil moisture control section - Usually dry, moist in some parts for short periods during winter and early spring and for 10 to 20 days cumulative between July and September following summer convection storms. The soils have a typic-aridic moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 15 to 19 degrees C.
Surface rock fragments: ranges from 25 to 80 percent, dominated by medium and coarse gravel.
Control section-
Clay content: 1 to 9 percent.
Rock fragments: 5 to 34 percent, typically dominated by gravel.
Organic matter: 0 to 0.50 percent.
Effervescence: noneffervescent throughout.
Depth to paralithic contact: 5 to 36 centimeters (2 to 14 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for recreation, rangeland and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is mainly blackbrush, California juniper and California jointfir.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Mojave Desert of Southeastern California. MLRA 30. These soils are of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/Jos...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PINECITY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
A soil profile of a moderately well drained, loamy Plinthustult in Malaysia. This soil has an ochric epipedon about 25 cm thick underlain by a reddish brown argillic horizon. The lower half of the profile is firm and restricts the movement of water. Water tends to periodically perch above this layer and move laterally, resulting in the gray colors in the middle part of the profile. The dark red areas in the lower part of the profile are plinthite. The depth of this profile is about 150 cm. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Plinthustults have a large amount of plinthite (firm, iron oxide rich concentration) in the subsoil. Plinthite occurs in a continuous layer or makes up > 50% of a layer within a depth of 150 cm. Plinthite irreversibly hardens after exposure to repeated wet-dry cycles. Slopes are mostly gentle or moderate. These soils are not known to occur in the United States or in Puerto Rico. The great group is provided for use in other parts of the world.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A soil profile of Peaks soil. Bedrock is at a depth of about 80 centimeters. Rock fragments exceed 35 percent throughout the profile. (Soil Survey of Grayson County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Peaks series consists of moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils on ridge tops and convex side slopes in the Blue Ridge province. Slopes range from 0 to 90 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 42 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 55 degrees F near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Thickness: Solum ranges from 14 to 38 inches
Depth to rock: 20 to 40 inches
Rock fragments: 15 to 55 percent in the A and E, 35 to 60 percent in the Bw, 35 to 75 percent in the C horizons. Granite, gneiss, and schist gravel and channers.
Reaction: Very strongly acid through moderately acid, unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Blue Ridge province in Virginia and North Carolina, and possibly Georgia and Tennessee. The series is of moderate extent. Peaks soils have been included in the Ashe series in the past.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA077...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PEAKS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
A soil profile of a well drained, loamy Dystrustept in Thailand. This soil has an ochric epipedon about 12 to 15 cm thick underlain by a cambic subsoil horizon that extends to a depth of about 35 cm. A paralithic contact with soft, weathered bedrock is at a depth of about 35 cm. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Dystrustepts—These are the acid Ustepts with low base saturation and relatively low natural fertility. They developed mostly in Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Some of the soils with steep slopes formed in older deposits. Parent materials generally are acid, moderately or weakly consolidated sedimentary or metamorphic rocks or acid sediments. The vegetation was mostly forest. Most of these soils have warm or very warm temperatures. A common horizon sequence in Dystrustepts is an ochric (typically thin and/or light-colored) epipedon over a cambic (minimal soil development) subsoil horizon. Some of the steeper soils are shallow to rootlimiting bedrock or a dense, compact layer. In the United States, Dystrustepts are found mostly in coastal California and in Hawaii. A few are in the Rocky Mountains and on the Great Plains.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Zenas series consists of deep, well drained soils on hills and sinkholes. They formed in 56 to 102 cm (22 to 40 inches) of loess and the underlying residuum from limestone. Slopes range from 2 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1067 mm (42 inches) and mean annual temperature is about 13 degrees C (55 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Depth to a lithic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Thickness of the loess: 56 to 102 cm (22 to 40 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the soil is used for growing crops and pasture. The native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: This soil is of small extent in MLRA 114A. Series is correlated as Crider variant in the 1985 Soil Survey of Jefferson County, Indiana.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/jennin...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/Z/ZENAS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
Profile of Leoncita fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. Leoncita is a loamy soil that has no physical or chemical restrictions within 40 inches of the surface and is well suited to rangeland and pastureland. It is found on ancient terraces near the Frio and Nueces Rivers. (Soil Survey of McMullen County, Texas; by Clark K. Harshbarger, Jon Wiedenfeld, and Gary Harris, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Leoncita series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous loamy alluvium of Pleistocene age. These nearly level to moderately sloping soils are on risers and treads of remnant paleoterraces. Slopes range from about 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 635 mm (25 in) and mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Aridic Calciustolls
Soil Moisture: An aridic ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years. June to August and December to February are the driest months, while September to November and March to May are the wettest months.
Mean annual soil temperature: 21 to 23 degrees C (70 to 73 degrees F)
Particle-size control section (weighted average): 18 to 25 percent (carbonate clay-free basis)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 28 to 203 cm (11 to 80 in)
Depth to calcic horizon: 28 to 160 cm (11 to 63 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 18 to 30 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Some areas are crop production, mostly for grain sorghum. Present vegetation includes pink pappusgrass, lovegrass tridens, fall witchgrass, hooded windmillgrass, and plains bristlegrass. Woody vegetation includes mesquite, catclaw, spiny hackberry, and blackbrush, and guallijo.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western and Central Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I; MLRA 83B and 83C; The series is of moderate extent. The series was formerly included in the Hidalgo series. The Hidalgo series parent material is associated with deltas and coastal terraces. The series was separated based on the source and age of the alluvium. Leoncita soils formed from inland calcareous loamy alluvium of Pleistocene age associated with remnant paleoterraces.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/mcmullen...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LEONCITA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Regosol from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
For more information about these soils, visit:
regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...
REGOSOLS: Soils with limited development (from Greek, rhegos,meaning blanket).A Regosol is a very weakly developed mineral soil in unconsolidated materials with only a limited surface horizon having formed. Limiting factors for soil development range from low soil temperatures, prolonged dryness, characteristics of the parent material or erosion. Regosols form a taxonomic rest group containing all soil types that cannot be accommodated in any of the other WRB Reference Groups. Regosols are extensive in eroding lands, in particular, in arid and semi-arid areas and in mountainous regions.Internationally, Regosols are similar to Entisols (USA), skeletal soil (Australia), Rohböden (Germany) and Sols peu évolués régosoliques d'érosion(France). They cover 2 percent of Europe.
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
A soil profile of a Haplocryod in Alaska. This soil formed in glacial till that is only about 200 years old. The thin albic and spodic horizons are within the upper 30 centimeters. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplocryods have horizons that are mostly thin but may be strongly contrasting. The base of the spodic (accumulation of translocated organic matter in complex with aluminum and also commonly iron) horizon is generally less than 50 cm below the mineral soil surface. Some Haplocryods have permafrost at varying depths below the spodic horizon, between 100 and 200 cm. Others have, below the spodic horizon, another sequum with an argillic (clay accumulation) or kandic (very low cation-exchange capacity) subsoil horizon. In the United States, Haplocryods occur mostly in Alaska and in the higher mountains of the West and Northeast.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Rainbow series. (Photo provided by Mark Stolt University of Rhode Island's Dept. of Natural Resources; New England Soil Profiles)
The Rainbow series consists of moderately well drained loamy soils formed in silty mantled lodgement till. The soils are very deep to bedrock and moderately deep to a densic contact. They are nearly level to strongly sloping soils on till plains, hills and drumlins. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the surface layer and subsoil, and low to moderately high in the dense substratum. Mean annual temperature is about 49 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Dystrudepts
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used mostly for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture. Some areas are used for vegetables, nursery stock, and other specialty crops. Scattered areas are used for community development. Stony areas are mostly wooded. Common trees are ash, hemlock, white pine, hickory, red and white oak, red maple, and sugar maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Glaciated uplands in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; MLRAs 144A and 145. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about New England soils, visit:
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RAINBOW.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: (Soil Survey of Joshua Tree National Park, California; by Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, Peter Fahnestock, Stephen Roecker, and Emily Meirik, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Marchel Munnecke and Alice Miller, Pyramid Botanical Consultants)
The Pinecity series consists of very shallow and shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in colluvium and/or alluvium over residuum derived from granite, granitoid, or gneissic rocks. Pinecity soils are on hills, mountains or fan aprons over pediments. Slopes range from 2 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 125 millimeters (5 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 15.5 degrees C (60 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic, shallow Typic Torripsamments
Soil moisture control section - Usually dry, moist in some parts for short periods during winter and early spring and for 10 to 20 days cumulative between July and September following summer convection storms. The soils have a typic-aridic moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 15 to 19 degrees C.
Surface rock fragments: ranges from 25 to 80 percent, dominated by medium and coarse gravel.
Control section-
Clay content: 1 to 9 percent.
Rock fragments: 5 to 34 percent, typically dominated by gravel.
Organic matter: 0 to 0.50 percent.
Effervescence: noneffervescent throughout.
Depth to paralithic contact: 5 to 36 centimeters (2 to 14 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for recreation, rangeland and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is mainly blackbrush, California juniper and California jointfir.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Mojave Desert of Southeastern California. MLRA 30. These soils are of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/Jos...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PINECITY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Kolomoki soil series. (Soil Survey of Clay and Quitman Counties, Georgia; by Ken W. Monroe, Natural Resources Conservation Service
The Kolomoki series consists of deep, well drained soils on stream terraces of the Southern Coastal Plain near larger streams. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderate to rapid in the underlying material. Slopes are 0 to 5 percent. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 67 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is about 53 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults
The solum thickness is 30 to 55 inches. It is very strongly acid to medium acid throughout except for the surface layer in limed areas. Fine flakes of mica are few to common throughout. The control section has an average clay content of 35 to 50 percent and an average silt content of 15 to 35 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the soil is used for crops such as corn, soybeans, peanuts, small grain, and truck crops. The remainder is in pine or mixed pine and hardwood. Common species include loblolly pine, slash pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, red oak, American holly, and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Georgia, and possibly Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/GA658/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KOLOMOKI.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Olmedo very gravelly loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. A petrocalcic horizon starts at about 45 centimeters from the surface. (Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas; byJonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Olmedo series consists of soils that are very shallow and shallow over a petrocalcic horizon. These well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in calcareous, loamy residuum of the Goliad Formation of Miocene-Pliocene age. These nearly level to undulating soils are on summits on interfluves or ridges. Slope ranges from 1 to 8 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 711 mm (28 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, hyperthermic, shallow Petrocalcic Calciustolls
Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section remains moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years. The soil is driest during the months June through August and December through February. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Mean annual soil temperature: 21 to 23 degrees C (70 to 73 degrees F)
Depth to petrocalcic horizon: 30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 in)
Particle size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 12 to 24 percent
Rock Fragments: 35 to 85 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: The major uses are livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Native vegetation consists of Arizona cottontop, pinhole bluestem, plains bristlegrass, sideoats grama, cenizo, guajillo, elbowbush, mescalbean, vine ephedra, and Texas Kidneywood. The ecological site is Shallow Ridge, PE 19-31 (RO83CY485TX)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83A in LRR I) and Central Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83C in LRR I) of southern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/goliadTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OLMEDO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Dothan soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite: Depth to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 60 to 152 centimeters (24 to 60 inches).
Silt content is less than 20 percent.
Clay content is between 18 to 35 percent in the upper 51 centimeters (20 inches) of the Bt horizon.
Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The soil survey of the Northern Emirates, United Arab Emirates (UAE) was conducted during 2010 – 2012. The Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) in partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Water (MOEW) implemented the Soil Survey through GRM International. The project was funded by the Abu Dhabi Executive Council, and its objective was to develop a digital soil information repository to aid in broad land-use planning and agricultural expansion in the Northern Emirates.
Information from the soil survey is expected to be used by various groups, including the agricultural farming community, decision makers, land-use planners, officials, engineers, and environmental impact assessors. Conservationists and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control will also use the soil information to help understand, protect and enhance the environment.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
A Typic Paleustalfs from Texas. These soils are the reddish or red Ustalfs that are on old surfaces. Paleustalfs occur in relatively stable landscape positions, their slopes are mostly gentle, and their genesis began before the late Pleistocene. Ustalfs are the Alfisols of subhumid to semiarid regions.
In the United States (as in this soil profile), they typically have a Bk or calcic horizon in or below the argillic horizon as a result of additions of atmospheric carbonates. Commonly, secondary lime coats the surfaces of peds that have noncalcareous interiors and the soils may be noncalcareous at a depth of less than 200 cm. A few of these soils, near the boundary where they join Aridisols, have received enough calcareous dust to have a petrocalcic horizon. A few others, near the boundary where they join Udults or Udalfs, do not have a Bk horizon.
Before cultivation, the vegetation on the Paleustalfs in the United States included a mixture of grasses and woody plants. These soils are moderately extensive in the southern part of the Great Plains in the United States, and they probably are extensive in Africa and southern Asia.
Typic Paleustalfs are not the most extensive subgroup of Paleustalfs in the United States. They are mostly in Texas. Some of them are used as cropland, and many of them are used for grazing. The Typic subgroup was selected to provide a basis for defining subgroups, and it is thought to be extensive in some parts of the world.
The Pedernales series (fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Paleustalfs) is an example:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PEDERNALES.html
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A representative soil profile of the Sacul series. (Soil Survey of Union County, Arkansas; by Leodis Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Sacul series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in acid, loamy and clayey marine sediments. These soils are on uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal Plains; MLRAs 133A and 133B. Near the type location, the average annual air temperature is about 63 degrees F and the average annual precipitation is about 50 inches. Slopes are dominantly 2 to 25 percent but range from 1 to 40 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Aquic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 80 inches. Depth to the top of the argillic horizon ranges from 4 to 17 inches. Depth to the paralithic contact ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to very strongly acid in the A and E horizons and strongly acid to extremely acid in the Bt, BC and C horizons. Base saturation is commonly less than 25 percent at 50 inches below the top of the Bt horizon. The calcium-magnesium ratio is less than 1. Fragments of ironstone and quartz, 2 to 75 mm in diameter, range from 0 to 60 percent by volume in the A and E horizons and fragments of ironstone, quartz or shale range from 0 to 10 percent in the Bt, BC and C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Principal use is for woodland, with some area in pasture. The forest vegetation is shortleaf and loblolly pine, red oak, sweetgum, and dogwood. Bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the principal pasture grasses used.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Coastal Plain of Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas; MLRA 133B and the Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama and Mississippi; MLRA 133A.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR139...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SACUL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pavohroo series.
The Pavohroo series consists of deep and very deep well drained soils that formed in silty alluvium and colluvium derived from loess and a variety of sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. They are on mountains. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 26 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 39 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Pachic Haplocryolls
Mean annual soil temperature - 38 to 44 degrees F.
Thickness of mollic epipedon - 16 to 45 inches
Thickness of the solum - 30 to more than 60 inches
Depth to bedrock - 40 to more than 60 inches
Depth to carbonates - 40 to more than 60 inches
Soil moisture regime - udic
Particle size control section
Clay content - 18 to 30 percent
Rock fragments - commonly increase with depth but average less than 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Pavohroo soil is used mainly for grazing and timber production. The potential natural vegetation is mainly Douglas-fir, pine reedgrass, and mountain snowberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern, Idaho. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PAVOHROO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Phaeozem from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
For more information about these soils, visit:
regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...
PHAEOZEMS: Soil with a deep, dark surface horizon that is rich in organic matter without secondary calcium carbonate concentrations within 1m (from the Greek, phaios, meaning dusk and the Russian, zemlja, meaning earth or land). Phaeozems are found in wet steppe (prairie) regions and are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but more intensively leached in wet seasons. Consequently, they have a dark,humus-rich surface horizon and have no secondary carbonates in the upper metre of soil. Commonly used international names are Brunizems (Argentina, France), Parabraunerde-Tschernozems (Germany) and Aquolls in the order of the Mollisols (Soil Taxonomy) They cover 3 percent of Europe.
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
A representative soil profile of Dina cobbly silty clay loam, in an area of Dina-Eckrant complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes. The mollic epipedon is 20 centimeters thick. The red coatings on the rock fragments are iron oxides and clay. .(Soil Survey of Edwards and Real Counties, Texas; by Wayne J. Gabriel, Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, and James A. Douglass II Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Dina series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils that formed in clayey residuum over limestone bedrock. These soils are on nearly level to gently sloping upland plateaus and ridges. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Clayey-skeletal, smectitic, thermic Pachic Paleustolls
Solum thickness is 20 to 40 inches over limestone bedrock. Thickness of the mollic epipedon is 20 to 36 inches. Coarse fragments are angular or rounded chert and limestone pebbles, cobbles, and stones. Chert pebbles on the soil surface range from 5 to 15 percent. Chert and limestone cobbles and stones 3 to 24 inches in diameter comprise 2 to 45 percent by volume of any horizon. Reaction is medium acid through slightly alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for rangeland. Native grasses include sideoats grama, Texas grama, silver bluestem, curlymesquite, plains lovegrass, and Texas wintergrass. Woody vegetation includes live oak, mesquite, hackberry, lotebush condalia, whitebrush, agarito, and pricklypear.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Texas in the Central Edwards Plateau. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX607/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DINA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
A representative soil profile of Premont fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This soil is used for crop and forage production in the county. The rounded shape and the downward weathering pattern of the calcium carbonates nodules at a depth of 1 meter, suggests the parent material was deposited by alluvial processes. (Soil Survey of Duval County, Texas; by John L. Sackett III, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Premont series consists of very deep, moderately permeable, well drained soils that have formed in loamy sediments over calcareous loamy alluvium of Quaternary age. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on crests on paleoterraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual temperature is about 22.2 degrees C (72 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 660 mm (26 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs
Soil Moisture: An ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 23.4 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F).
Depth to secondary calcium carbonates: 74 to 152 cm (29 to 60 in).
Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content: 17 to 32 percent.
Some pedons have mollic colors but do not have enough organic carbon to meet the requirements for a mollic epipedon.
USE AND VEGETATION: The major uses are crop production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat. Grasses present include false rhodesgrass, Kleberg bluestem, plains bristlegrass, shortspike windmillgrass, and guineagrass. Woody vegetation consists of mesquite, catclaw, elbowbush, limepricklyash, pricklypear, granjeno, and tasajillo. Crops grown include grain sorghum, watermelons and cotton. Sandy Loam (R083AY407TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83A in LRR I) of southern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
The Premont soils were formerly included in the Delfina series. Future study is needed to verify the calcic horizon of these soils. The calcium carbonate masses appear to be degrading petrocalcic fragments and are being removed from the soil matrix. This is characterized by the sharp boundaries of the soft material surrounding, in some cases, nodules that vary in size. These are mostly in the lower materials below the lithologic discontinuity.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX131/Du...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PREMONT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Typic Kanhapludult in China.
The central concept of the Typic subgroup of Kanhapludults is fixed on freely drained soils that are more than 50 cm deep to a lithic contact.
Typic Kanhapludults are of large extent in the Southeastern United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to steep. Where slopes are suitable, many of the soils are used as cropland. The steeper soils are used as forest. Some of the soils are used as pasture or homesites.
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A soil profile of a Haplargid in New Mexico. The soil exhibits development only in about the upper 40 cm, where an ochric epipedon (between 0 and 10 cm) is underlain by an argillic horizon (10 to 40 cm). Below this depth, the soil retains the original stratified character of the alluvial deposits from which it formed. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplargids have only an argillic (clay accumulation) horizon. They commonly have some calcium carbonate accumulations within or below the argillic horizon. Haplargids commonly occur on late-Pleistocene surfaces or sediments.
Argids are the Aridisols that have an argillic (clay accumulation) or natric (high levels of illuvial clay and sodium) horizon. In many Aridisols, the low water flux and high concentration of salts hinder clay illuviation. The presence of an argillic horizon is therefore commonly attributed to a moister paleoclimate (although there is evidence that clay illuviation occurred during the Holocene in arid soils). In semiarid areas (where the soil moisture regime grades to ustic or xeric), clay translocation commonly is more evident. Most Argids occur in North America. A few have been recognized in the deserts of North Africa and the Near East.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Chalone series. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of a Chalone soil. This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is mixed chaparral.
The Chalone series consists of moderately deep to bedrock, well drained soils that formed in residuum weathered from acidic volcanic breccia. The Chalone soils are on backslopes of hills. Slopes range from 35 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches (432 millimeters) and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Haploxerepts
Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches (50 to 100 centimeters).
Mean annual soil temperature: 60 to 63 degrees F (16 to 17 degrees C).
Soil moisture control section: dry in all parts from about June 15 to November 15 (150 days), and moist in all parts from about January 15 to May 1 (105 days).
Particle size control section: 5 to 25 percent clay, 35 to 80 percent gravel.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is mixed chaparral.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: San Benito and Monterey Counties, California in MLRA 15 -- Central California Coast Range. These soils are of small extent. Source of name from North Chalone Peak and Chalone Creek. This series was established based on limited acreage observed within the National Park Service Pinnacles National Monument boundary.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHALONE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
This soil is on alluvial plains. This soil is well drained. Median measured saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface
layer is high.
This soil is commonly used for farming including fruits, vegetables, date palms, and animal fodder. A few previously farmed areas are now idle. The total area being built-up for housing, roads, and business is increasing. Some areas are in natural vegetation. Commonly described vegetation species include Acacia tortilis, Haloxylon salicornicum, Prosopis cineraria, and Prosopis juliflora. Vegetation cover is 5 to 15%.
The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the relatively fine texture as compared to most other soils in the survey area, as well as the presence of a cambic subsoil horizon. Where irrigation water is available, this soil is well adapted to agricultural use for most crops grown in the area.