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A representative soil profile of the Spivey soil series in North Carolina.
The Spivey series consists of very deep, well drained, soils with moderately rapid permeability. They formed in colluvium derived from materials weathered from low-grade metasedimentary rocks.
Spivey soils occur along drainageways, on benches and fans, and in coves in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains (MLRA 130B). Slope ranges from 2 to 95 percent. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F. and mean annual precipitation is 51 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, isotic, mesic Typic Humudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Fragments of low-grade metasedimentary rocks such as metasandstone, metagraywacke, slate, phyllite, or arkose, range from 15 to 75 percent in the A and Bw1 horizons, from 35 to 90 percent in the Bw2, BC and C horizon. Reaction is moderately acid to extremely acid throughout. Flakes of mica range from none to common.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is in forest. Below 3,000 feet the dominant forest type is yellow poplar. As elevation increases the forest type is more mixed and consists of northern red oak, black cherry, sugar maple, American beech, black oak, black birch, yellow birch, sweet birch, yellow-poplar, eastern hemlock, and black locust. At elevations above 4,000 feet yellow birch replaces yellow-poplar as a common tree. In the drier, warmer part of MLRA 130B, upland oaks, hickory, black gum, red maple, and eastern white pine are associated. Flowering dogwood, mountain-laurel, silverbell, striped maple, serviceberry, rhododendron, red maple, blueberry, trillium, Solomons seal, and wood fern are common understory species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B) of North Carolina, Tennessee and possibly Georgia, and Virginia The series is of large extent. Spivey soils formerly have been included in the Tusquitee, Hayter, and Barbourville series.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SPIVEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photo credit: Lishka Arata/Point Blue
date take: Friday, October 29, 2021
story: Isaiah gave Erika a tour of one of our sites were we helped to establish a pollinator hedgerow because Erika had never seen one before and this is one of the conservation practices she will be including in her study to document how much Carbon is stored in the soil at various ages with various conservation practices. It was a beautiful morning and a fun, collaborative time!
staff featured: Erika Foster, Soil Ecologist and Isaiah Thalmayer, Senior STRAW Project manager
location: Blake's Landing, a Strauss Family property and STRAW restoration site that borders Tomales Bay
(Subsoil material from an upland position in the cerrado region of Brazil)
Is this an image of rock composed of highly weathered ironstone characterized by small pockets or vesicles that have over time infilled with soil material (geogenic process--natural process whereby geological features are modified) or...
Is this soil that contains areas of concentrated iron from water movement that has hardened over time (pedogenic process--the process of soil formation as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and time)?
I guess if you are a geologist it may be rock; whereas, if you are a soil scientist, it may be soil. Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. The Earth's body of soil is the pedosphere, which has four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a means of water storage, supply and purification; it is a modifier of Earth's atmosphere; it is a habitat for organisms; all of which, in turn, modify the soil.
Laterite is both a soil and a rock type rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock, usually when there are conditions of high temperatures and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods.
The material is within the concept of Litho-plinthite as described by Guy Smith in the Guy Smith interviews (Question 45, page 467):
nrcs.app.box.com/s/smhdtkxfp32cyfanw4fbusnlsvdvgjbl
Dr. Smith describes litho-plinthite as a more or less continuous seam of iron-cemented material containing numerous tubes which are filled with clay material similar to those that underlie the litho-plinthic horizon. The water in the roots can penetrate through the tubes of the litho-plinthite.
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
In Soil Taxonomy, a lamella is an illuvial soil horizon less than 7.5 cm thick that contains an accumulation of oriented silicate clay on or bridging sand and silt grains. Lamellae play an important role in the flux of water and nutrients, especially in coarse-textured soils and, therefore, on plant growth.
The significance of lamellae to soil classification is not in the single lamella but in the multiple number of lamellae, each with an overlying eluvial horizon in a single pedon. A single lamella may occur in a pedon, but more commonly there are several lamellae separated by eluvial horizons.
The movement upward of each lamella is not uniform throughout its extent. Consequently, lamellae are wavy rather than smooth, like the bedding planes from which they originated.
This is a pedon of the Alpin soil series--
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ALPIN.html
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#alpin
The Alpin series consists of very deep, excessively drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on uplands and river terraces of the Coastal Plain. They formed in thick beds of sandy eolian or marine deposits. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Thermic, coated Lamellic Quartzipsamments
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of the Warnock series. (Soil Survey of Union County, Arkansas; by Leodis Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Warnock series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy marine sediments. These soils are on uplands of the Western Coastal Plain. Slopes range from 1 to 8 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 65 degrees F. and mean annual precipitation is about 50 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness exceeds 60 inches. Soil reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid throughout, except for surfaces layers that have been limed. Fine rounded quartz pebbles range from one to about 10 percent by volume in all horizons. Base saturation at 50 inches below the top of the Bt horizon ranges from 10 to 30 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Warnock soils are used for woodland; mainly, loblolly and shortleaf pine. Cleared areas are used mostly for bermudagrass and bahiagrass pasture. Some cleared areas are used for soybeans and cotton.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Coastal Plain of Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas, and possibly the Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama and Mississippi. The series is of large extent. These soils were formerly included in the Norfolk series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR139...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WARNOCK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Stuttgart series; the State Soil of Arkansas.
Stuttgart soil series was adopted as the official state soil by the Eighty-first General Assembly of Arkansas in 1997. Named or the city of Stuttgart in southeast Arkansas, these soils occur in the Grand Prairie and are of similar age, on large upland terraces within the Lower Mississippi Valley.
The Stuttgart series consists of very deep, moderately well to somewhat poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in silty and clayey alluvium. These level to gently sloping soils are on Prairie terraces in the Lower Mississippi Valley, MLRA 131. Slopes are typically less than 3 percent, but range to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Albaquultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness is more than 60 to more than 80 inches. There is an abrupt texture change between the ochric epipedon and the underlying argillic horizon. Sodium saturation ranges from 5 to 15 percent in the upper 16 inches of the argillic. It generally increases with depth and may range over 20 percent in the lower part in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and used for the production of rice, soybeans, small grains and corn. The native vegetation was mainly tall
grasses, with large areas of hardwood forests of oaks, gums and ash with scattered areas of shortleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Prairie terraces in Arkansas and possibly Louisiana. The series is of large extent with over 150,000 acres mapped.
For additional information about this state soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/ar-state-soi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/STUTTGART.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the moderately deep Pyle series with soft bedrock starting at about 60 centimeters,
Landscape: Pyle soils are on mountain slopes and ridges. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. They are mainly used for forestry, recreation, grazing, wildlife habitat and watershed. On northerly slopes, Douglas-fir, huckleberry, and ninebark are dominant. The south-facing slopes support ponderosa pine,
The Pyle series consists of moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in colluvium over residuum derived from granodiorite, quartz monzonite, quartz diorite and other related rocks. These soils are on mountain slopes and ridges. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 750 mm, and the mean annual air temperature is about 4.0 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed Lamellic Cryopsamments
Note: Clay films as bridges between sand particles are in the lower part of the horizon in some pedons. More clayey bands or lamellae less than 0.3 inch thick are below depths of 50 cm. Neither clay films nor lamellae are sufficient to meet the requirements of an argillic horizon.
Mean annual soil temperature - 2.5 to 6.7 degrees C
Mean summer soil temperature at a depth of 50 cm - 12.8 to 15.0 degrees C (without an O horizon)
Soil Moisture - dry in all horizons between depths of 30 and 90 cm, or to bedrock if shallower, for 60 consecutive days in more than 7 out of 10 years.
Depth to a paralithic contact - ranges from 50 to 100 cm
Particle Size Control Section - loamy sand or coarser throughout
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for forestry, recreation, grazing, wildlife habitat and watershed. On northerly slopes, Douglas-fir, huckleberry, and ninebark are dominant. The south-facing slopes support ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, elk sedge, and pinegrass. Shrub species are snowbrush, ninebark, willow, bitter cherry, and chokecherry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western part of the Idaho batholith; moderate extent. MLRA 43B.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PYLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Lithic Calcigypsid and landscape in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
(Classification by UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy)UAE
These are the Calcigypsids that have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface.
Calcigypsids are the Gypsids that have a calcic horizon. Commonly, the calcic horizon is above the gypsic horizon because of differences in the solubility of gypsum and calcium carbonate. Most Calcigypsids are used for grazing.
Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use. One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. The presence of one or more of these horizons, with or without other diagnostic horizons, defines the great groups of the Gypsids. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States. Gypsids are on many segments of the landscape. Some of them have calcic or related horizons that overlie the gypsic horizon.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Landscape--plateaus, mountains
Landform--north-facing side slopes of canyons, escarpments of hills, backslopes of basalt plateaus, structural benches, lower slopes of mountains
Slope--0 to 90 percent
Parent material--loess mixed with volcanic ash over colluvium and residuum derived from basalt
Mean annual precipitation--about 660 mm
Mean annual air temperature--about 6 degrees C
Depth class--deep, very deep
Drainage class--well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--frigid
Soil moisture subclass--typic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, isotic, frigid Vitrandic Argixerolls
Thickness of mollic epipedon--25 to 50 cm
Estimated base saturation--less than 75 percent, by sum of cations, in one horizon or more between depths of 25 and 75 cm
Depth to bedrock--more than 100 cm
Soil moisture control section--dry 45 to 60 consecutive days
Mean annual soil temperature--5 to 8 degrees C
Mean summer soil temperature in areas that do not have an O horizon--15 to 17 degrees C
Thickness of layers influenced by volcanic ash--25 to 75 cm
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--timber production
Potential natural vegetation--dominantly Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, mallow ninebark, creambush oceanspray, and common snowberry
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-central Idaho, northeastern and central Oregon, eastern Washington; MLRAs 9 and 10; moderate extent
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KLICKSON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Porthill series in Idaho.
The Porthill series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on terraces. They formed in calcareous silty and clayey glaciolacustrine sediments with very minor amounts of volcanic ash in the surface layer. Permeability is slow. Slope ranges from 0 to 20 percent. The average annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F. and average annual precipitation is about 30 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, frigid Typic Hapludalfs
Average annual soil temperature - 43 to 45 degrees F.
Average summer soil temperature - 52 to 55 degrees F. with an O horizon
Moisture control section - dry 15 to 30 days (August to mid September), moist mid September through July); udic moisture regime
Thin light gray volcanic ash layer - present in some pedons in undisturbed areas between the organic and mineral soil surface
Depth to secondary calcium carbonates - 16 to 42 inches
Depth to seasonal perched water table - 12 to 18 inches (December to April)
USE AND VEGETATION: More than half of the area is used for small grains, alfalfa hay, and alfalfa and clover seed production. The remainder is used for woodland, pasture, and a small acreage of Christmas trees. The natural vegetation is mainly western redcedar, grand fir, Douglas-fir, western larch, and western white pine, with an understory of myrtle pachystima, American trailplant, sweetscented bedstraw, starry false Solomons seal, queencup beadlily, baldhip rose, and longtube twinflower.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho, and possibly northwestern Montana, and northeastern Washington. The series is moderately extensive.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PORTHILL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Tonka series.
Landscape: Tonka soils are in plane or slightly concave, closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. The soils formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits.
The Tonka series consists of very deep, poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits. These soils are in closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains and have slopes of 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 42 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 20 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Argiaquic Argialbolls
Depth to carbonates commonly is 28 to 40 inches but ranges from 20 to more than 60 inches. The depth to the Bt horizon ranges from 12 to 28 inches. The soil commonly is free of rock fragments, but in some pedons the lower part of the solum and the substratum contain pebbles. Some pedons have surface stones.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for small grains, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses, sedges and rushes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Widely distributed on the glaciated plains of North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. The series is extensive.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TONKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Sugarcane is commonly grown on Oxisols in Brazil. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
This soil is on level to gently undulating alluvial fans and plains. This soil is excessively drained. Median measured saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface layer is high.
This soil is mostly used for rangeland grazing for camels. In areas where water is available, small farms have been developed. Where water resources have been depleted, cultivated lands are idle and returning to natural vegetation. Commonly described vegetation species include Acacia Tortilis, Haloxylon salicornicum, and Rhazya stricta. Vegetative cover is about 1 to 10%.
This soil is in mountain wadis and on gravelly alluvial fans and plains adjacent to the mountains and extending westward to the main dune fields. The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the high gravel content and sandy textures throughout the profile. The desert pavement of surface gravel provides some protection against wind erosion, but if disturbed, wind erosion can become a problem. Although the soil has limited water and nutrient holding capacity, where quality water is available it can be farmed successfully, although coarse gravels and cobbles present a significant limitation in some areas, especially as proximity to the mountains decreases. Soil strength is high due to the gravelly nature of the soil and it can provide a good surface for building sites and roads.
Soil profile: Cataska soils are shallow, excessively drained loamy soils with many rock fragments and moderately rapid or rapid permeability.
Landscape: Low-grade metasedimentary rock underlies soils such as Sylco and Cataska soils. This bedrock is unstable when lateral support is removed during construction.
Depth to Bedrock: 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches) to weathered bedrock (paralithic); 51 to 122 cm or more (20 to 48 inches or more) to unweathered bedrock (lithic).
Depth Class: Shallow
Landscape: Low and intermediate mountains and occasionally intermountain hills.
Landform: Mountain slope, hillslopes, and ridges.
Geomorphic Component: Mountain top, mountain flank, and side slope.
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, and backslope.
Parent Material Origin: Low-grade metasedimentary rocks such as tilted siltstone, slate, phyllite, or metasandstone; fragments are channers, flagstones, or stones ranging up to 24 inches across.
Parent Material Kind: Residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper solum.
Slope: Typically 15 to 70 percent, but range from 5 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrudepts
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland, rarely pasture and hayland
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--scarlet oak, chestnut oak, red maple, Virginia and pitch pine. Understory species are dominantly mountain laurel, sourwood, and buffalo nut. Where cleared--used for wildlife plantings.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains (MLRA 130B) of Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia.
Extent: Large--more than 100,000 acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CATASKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Whitwell series. Whitwell soils are moderately well drained. They have gray mottles at a depth of
60 centimeters. They are dominantly gray below a depth of one meter. (Soil Survey of Sequatchie County, Tennessee; by Jerry L. Prater, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Whitwell series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy alluvium on low stream terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches and depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 15 percent in each horizon. The fragments are rounded and are mostly less than 3 inches across. The soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid except where the soil has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the soil is cropped to corn, hay, soybeans, small grains, and some cotton and tobacco. Native vegetation was forest of oaks, hickory, beech, maple, elm, and sycamore.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys(MLRA 128) and Highland Rim in Tennessee (MLRA 122), northwestern Georgia, northern Alabama, and possibly Arkansas and Kentucky. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/sequ...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WHITWELL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Lugert soil series. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma; by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lugert series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in alluvium of Recent age. These soils are on nearly level flood plains in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78C). Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 25 inches. Mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Fluventic Haplustolls
Solum thickness is 20 to more than 40 inches. Depth to secondary carbonates ranges from 15 to 36 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly cultivated to small grains, alfalfa, grain sorghum, cotton, and tame pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses with some scattered hardwood bottomland trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains of Oklahoma and possibly Kansas and Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LUGERT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a Epiaquert in the Philippines. This soil is used for rice production. It is seasonally saturated in about the upper 120 cm of the profile. Below this depth the soil has brighter colors and lacks redoximorphic depletions. This indicates that water perches above this depth. The three slightly curved horizontal features at depths of about 80, 100, and 120 cm are large slickensides exposed for the soil description. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Epiaquerts have one or more soil layers that perch water. These layers are commonly close to the surface. Epiaquerts occur on a variety of landforms, including flood plains, glacial lake plains, and depressions. In the United States, they occur in several western States, on the northern Great Plains, and in the South. They also occur in Puerto Rico.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Vallers series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed in calcareous fine-loamy till on till plains, moraines and lake plains. These soils have moderately slow permeability. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Calciaquolls
The mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 25 inches in thickness. In some pedons the lower part of the mollic epipedon qualifies as part of the calcic horizon. The calcic horizon has a calcium carbonate equivalent of about 20 to 35 percent. The 10 to 40 inch particle-size control section typically has between 22 and 32 percent clay but ranges from 18 to 35 percent and 15 to 35 percent sand coarser than very fine sand. It typically contains 2 to 8 percent rock fragments of mixed lithology, but in some pedons the upper part lacks rock fragments. Typically, the soil is calcareous throughout, but a few pedons under native vegetation lack free carbonates in the upper 7 inches of the soil. The soil is typically slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline throughout, but is neutral in the surface layer where it lacks free carbonates. Firm subsoil, saline, stony, and depressional phases are recognized.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grains and legumes are the principal crops. Native vegetation is tall grass prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Minnesota, northeastern South Dakota, and eastern North Dakota. The series is of large extent.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: mollic epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of 9 inches (Ap horizon); calcic horizon - the zone from 9 to 44 inches (Bkg and Bkyg horizons); aquic moisture regime per 5Y hue, chroma of 2 and redoximorphic concentrations below the mollic epipedon.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/V/VALLERS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The Conic series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils. (Soil Survey of Voyageurs National Park,
Minnesota; by Peter Weikle, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Conic soils formed in a mantle of friable loamy material and underlying firm till over bedrock. They have moderate saturated hydraulic conductivity in the friable material and slow saturated hydraulic conductivity in the firm till. Slopes range from 2 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 28 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 38 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, isotic, frigid Typic Dystrudepts
Depth to firm till is 12 to 30 inches. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Content of coarse fragments by volume in the upper friable layer is 5 to 20 percent for gravel and 2 to 20 percent for stones and boulders. Some cobbles are included. Coarse fragments in the firm till ranges from 15 to 35 percent of mostly gravel but includes some cobbles and stones. Fragments primarily are of igneous origin, but some are of metamorphic origin. Textures of the A, E and Bw horizons are loam, silt loam, gravelly fine sandy loam, gravelly sandy loam and gravelly coarse sandy loam. Some pedons have stony modifiers. The solum ranges from extremely acid to medium acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mostly in mixed deciduous and coniferous forest. Major species are quaking aspen, paper birch, white spruce, balsam fir, and jack, red, and white pines. Major resource uses are related to timber, recreation, water and wildlife habitat.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Laurentian Shield of northeastern Minnesota and parts of New York. Moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/voya...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CONIC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Shelocta soil series in Tennessee. (Soil Survey of Scott County Area, Tennessee; by Harry C. Davis and Jennifer R. Yaeger, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
The Shelocta series consists of deep and very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in mixed colluvium from shale, siltstone, and sandstone or colluvium and residuum. They are on steep concave mountain sides, foot slopes, and benches. Slopes range from 2 to 90 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 48 inches, and the average annual temperature is about 54 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to to 60 inches or more. Depth to bedrock is more than 40 inches. Content of rock fragments ranges from 2 to 35 percent in the A horizon, from 5 to 50 percent in the individual B horizons, and from 15 to 70 percent in the 2B or C horizons. Reaction of the unlimed soils is strongly acid to extremely acid. Some pedons have A horizons that are medium acid or slightly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: About 25 percent of Shelocta soils are cleared and used for general crops and pasture. Wooded areas have mixed hardwoods-- oaks, gum, maple, yellow-poplar, cucumber, and some pine and hemlock.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The plateau and mountain areas of Kentucky, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The series is of large extent.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Navilleton soil series. (Soil Survey of Floyd County, Indiana; by Steven W. Neyhouse, Byron G. Nagel, and Dena L. Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Navilleton series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loess and the underlying paleosol in clayey residuum. They are on hills and sinkholes underlain with limestone. Slopes range from 2 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 109 cm (43 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Paleudalfs
Thickness of the loess: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon and to bedrock (lithic contact): 152 to more than 254 cm (60 to more than 100 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are typically used to grow crops. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, winter wheat, and grasses and legumes for hay and pasture. A few areas are in forest. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South central Indiana. This series is of small extent in MLRA 122.
This soil was included with Crider soils in the 1974 Clark and Floyd Counties, Indiana soil survey, and is identified in the updating of Floyd County. Some data shows the family particle-size class to be contrasting (fine-silty over clayey), but as of 03/2006 this soil is considered dominantly to be in the fine-silty class.
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A representative soil profile of a Vitrandic Dystrudept in Idaho.
Vitrandic Dystrudepts have some andic soil properties in a layer in the upper part that is 18 cm or more thick. Some of the soils contain a significant amount of volcanic ash. Some have an umbric epipedon. Andic and Vitrandic Dystrudepts are moderately extensive in the Northwestern United States.
The native vegetation consists mostly of coniferous forest. Most of these soils support their native vegetation and are used as forest. A few of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
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A representative soil profile of a Luvisol from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
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LUVISOLS: Soil with a subsurface horizon of high activity clay accumulation and high base saturation (from the Latin, luere, meaning to wash).Luvisols show marked textural differences within the profile. The surface horizon is depleted in clay while the subsurface ‘argic’ horizon has accumulated clay. A wide range of parent materials and environmental conditions lead to a great diversity of soils in this Reference Soil Group.Other names used for this soil type include Pseudo-podzolic soil (Russia), sols lessivés (France),Parabraunerde (Germany) and Alfisols (Soil Taxonomy). They cover 6 percent of Europe.
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
Soil profile: Profile of Ships clay. Slickensides are at a depth of about 50 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Robertson County, Texas; By Harold W. Hyde, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Cotton in an area of Ships clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, rarely flooded. Cotton is a major crop in Robertson County. Ships soils are mainly used as cropland. Crops include cotton, corn, grain sorghum, small grain, and some improved pastures of bermudagrass, johnsongrass, or small grain. Native vegetation includes big bluestem, little bluestem, Indiangrass, switchgrass, Virginia wildrye, and beaked panicum. Adjacent to stream channels ash, elm, and pecan are the dominant trees.
Setting
Landform: Flood plain
Landscape position: Side slopes adjacent to natural drainageways within the flood plain of the Brazos River
Slope: Very gently sloping; convex surfaces
Shape of areas: Narrow and elongated
Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres
Typical Profile
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, mixed, active, thermic Chromic Hapluderts
Surface layer:
0 to 15 inches—moderately alkaline clay that is dark reddish gray in the upper part and reddish brown in the lower part
Subsoil:
15 to 24 inches—red, moderately alkaline clay
24 to 50 inches—reddish brown, moderately alkaline clay
50 to 65 inches—light brown, moderately alkaline clay that has thin strata of silt loam
65 to 80 inches—light brown, moderately alkaline clay that has thin strata of pink loam
Soil Properties
Depth: Very deep
Drainage class: Moderately well drained
Water table: None within a depth of 6 feet
Flooding: 1 to 5 times in 100 years; for a period of 2 to 7 days
Runoff: Very high
Permeability: Very slow
Available water capacity: High
Root zone: Very deep
Natural soil fertility: High
Shrink-swell potential: Very high
Hazard of water erosion: Moderate
Composition
Ships soil and similar inclusions: 85 to 95 percent
Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent
Use and Management
Major land use: Rangeland
Other land uses: Cropland and pasture
Pasture
Major limitations:
• The very slow permeability restricts water movement and the root development of improved grasses.
• The clay surface layer requires a well prepared seedbed for the establishment of improved grasses.
Minor limitations:
• Water erosion is a moderate hazard during seedbed preparation for improved grasses.
Cropland
Major limitations:
• The very slow permeability restricts water movement and the root development of crops.
Minor limitations:
• Water erosion is a moderate hazard when the soil is cultivated.
• The clay surface layer is more difficult to till when the soil is too wet or too dry.
Rangeland
Major limitations:
• The very slow permeability restricts water movement and the root development of native plants.
Urban development
Major limitations:
• Because of the hazard of flooding, this soil is unsuitable for most dwellings and poorly suited to other urban uses.
• The flooding, low soil strength, and shrink-swell potential are limitations affecting the construction of local roads and streets.
• The risk of corrosion is high for uncoated steel.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: 2e
Ecological site: Clayey Bottomland
Pasture management group: Clayey Bottomland
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A soil profile of a Xerorthent in an area of Turkey with a Mediterranean climate. This clayey soil exhibits little development other than a darkened ochric epipedon about 8 cm thick and some structure in the subsoil. There is little or no development of color or leaching and redistribution of soil constituents within the profile. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Xerorthents are the Orthents of Mediterranean-type climates (xeric moisture regime) where they are moist in winter and dry in summer. Temperatures range from cool to hot. The soils are generally neutral to moderately alkaline, but some are acid. Slopes are mostly moderate to steep but are gentle in a few areas. Xerorthents commonly are coarse in texture or occur in areas of very recently exposed regolith (such as loess or till), in areas of weakly cemented rocks (such as shale), or in areas of very thin regolith over hard rocks. The vegetation is commonly trees or shrubs, or the soils are used as pasture
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A soil profile of Grady clay loam, ponded. Note the redoximorphic features throughout the profile. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia)
The Grady series consists of poorly drained, slowly permeable soils in upland depressions but are also along drains of the Southern Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Area (MLRA 133A). They formed in thick beds of clayey marine sediments. Near the type location the mean annual temperature is about 67 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 53 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleaquults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in woodland, but a few areas have been cleared, drained, and are used mostly for pasture. Native vegetation includes cypress, blackgum, live oak, and water oak. The undergrowth is water tolerant sedges and grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of large extent with about 26,000 acres in Miller County, Georgia.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Daeheung soil in Korea.
Landscape: The Daeheung soils occur on mountain foot slopes. They are derived from colluvial materials of the granite, granite gneiss and schist rocks. Dominant slopes are 7 to 15 percent and slopes range from 2 to 30 percent.
The Daeheung series are members of the fine-loamy, mixed, mesic family of Typic Hapludults [Cutanic Alisols (Alumic Hyperdystric Chromic) classified by WRB].
These soils have ochric epipedons and argillic horizons. Solum thickness ranges from 50 to 100 cm and depth to hard rock is more than 3 meters. Base saturation is less than 35 percent. 10 to 35 percent slightly weathered gravels and cobbles occur in the solum. A horizons are brown, dark yellowish brown, or yellowish brown gravelly loam or silt loam. Bt horizons are brown or yellowish red gravelly to cobbly loam or clay loam. C horizons are brown, yellowish red, or yellowish brown gravelly to cobbly loam or clay loam.
The Daeheung soils are well drained and moderate or moderately slow permeable. Runoff is medium depending on the slope gradient.
Most of these soils are used for upland crops such as barley, soybean, tobacco, mulberry and vegetables. A few areas are wooded growing pine trees.
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A representative soil profile of Medanito fine sand, in an area of Falfurrias-Atiras-Medanito complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes. A buried A horizon or surface layer is at a depth of 80 to 100 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Kenedy and Kleberg Counties, Texas; by Nathan I. Haile, and Dennis N. Brezina, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Medanito series consists of very deep, well drained, rapid permeable over moderately rapid permeable soils. These soils formed in recent sandy eolian deposits over loamy Quaternary alluvium on the Sandsheet Prairie of the South Texas Coastal Plain. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 23 degrees C (73 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 660 mm (26 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustipsamments
Soil Moisture: An ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90, but less than 150 cumulative days in normal years. The SMCS is also either moist in some or all parts for 180 cumulative days or more, or moist for 90 or more consecutive days in normal years. November through April are the driest months, with a second low in July, while September is the wettest.
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 1 to 7 percent
Depth to redox concentrations: 18 to 51 cm (7 to 20 in)
Depth to buried soil: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in)
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Native vegetation consists of liveoak, switchgrass, seacoast bluestem, seashore paspalum, partridge peas and mesquite. The ecological site is Sandy, PE 31-44 (R083EY706TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Sand Sheet Prairie (MLRA 83E in LRR I) of southern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
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A soil profile of a Glossudalf in Idaho. The subsoil from depths of about 60 to 150 cm is a glossic horizon with a brown and gray color pattern. The gray areas consist of eluvial material from which a significant amount of clay has been leached. The brown areas are illuvial clay-enriched materials (argillic part of the horizon). This color pattern is easily seen on the lower left side of the photo, where the soil profile has been smoothed. A glossic horizon is thought to be a degrading argillic horizon. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Glossudalfs have an argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon that shows evidence of destruction in the form of a glossic horizon. The glossic horizon extends through the argillic horizon in some of these soils. Glossudalfs are more extensive in Europe than in the United States.
The glossic horizon is a degrading argillic, kandic, or natric horizon. In this horizon, eluviation of clay and iron oxides is occurring. This results in the formation of albic materials to the extent that they make up 15 to 85 percent of the volume of the horizon. The albic materials appear as light-colored tongues extending into the horizon between ped surfaces. As the degradation process proceeds, the tongues occupy progressively more of the horizon, until only remnants of the former argillic, kandic, or natric horizon remain.
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Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
A representative soil profile of the Moosabec series. (Photo provided by Jim Turenne, USDA-NRCS; New England Soil Profiles)
The Moosabec series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed mostly in slightly decomposed organic soil material from Sphagnum moss on raised bogs on glaciated terrain. Estimated saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Permeability is rapid. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1190 mm (47 inches). Mean annual temperature is about 7 degrees C (44 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Dysic, frigid Typic Sphagnofibrists
The thickness of organic materials is 160 centimeters (63 inches) or more and ranges to over 6 meters (20 feet). The depth to bedrock is more than 160 centimeters (63 inches). The content of woody fragments is 0 to 20 percent in the surface tier and 0 to 10 percent in the subsurface and bottom tiers. Fibric material is dominant in most or all of the control section, and extends to as much as 3 meters (10 feet) deep in some places. Layers of hemic material are in the control section in some pedons, but occupy less than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of aggregate thickness in the subsurface and bottom tiers. The hemic material is commonly in the bottom tier.
USE AND VEGETATION: Sphagnum peat from Moosabec soils is of considerable commercial value. These soils commonly have a sparse cover of slow growing black spruce and tamarack. Common heath family shrubs are Labrador tea, leatherleaf, rhodora, sheep laurel, bog laurel, and bog rosemary. Cloudberry and crowberry shrubs are found in some locations. Pitcher plant and sundew are common insectivorous plants. The moss cover is composed mostly of Sphagnum.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The eastern, central and southern portions of Maine. This series is of moderate extent. At least 10,000 acres are estimated to occur in Maine. The series will likely be recognized to replace Waskish where historically mapped in region R.
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The Quetico series consists of very shallow, well drained soils.(Soil Survey of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota; by Peter Weikle, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils formed in loamy noncalcareous glacial drift on uplands with relief controlled by the underlying bedrock. These soils have bedrock beginning at depths ranging from 4 to 10 inches. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderate in the loamy mantle. Slopes range from 2 to 90 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 28 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 37 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, isotic, acid, frigid Lithic Udorthents
Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock range from 4 to 10 inches. Texture of the material above the rock contact is loam, silt loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam or gravelly and cobbly analogues. Content of gravel by volume ranges from 3 to 35 percent. Stones and boulders within or on the soil range from 0 to 3 percent. The gravel is dominantly granite or gabbro, but sandstone is included in a few places. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils mostly are in mixed deciduous and coniferous forest. Dominant trees are jack pine, red pine, white pine, quaking aspen, paper birch, balsam fir and mountain ash. Major resource uses are recreation, timber, watershed, and wildlife habitat.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA's 88, 90, 93 and 142. The Laurentian Shield region of northeastern Minnesota and in New York. Moderately extensive.
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A representative soil profile of the Rexburg series.
The Rexburg series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils that formed in loess and silty alluvium derived from loess. They are on loess covered fan terraces, foothills, and basalt plains. Slopes are 0 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 44 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Haploxerolls
Mean annual soil temperature - 40 to 47 degrees F
Particle-size control section - 8 to 18 percent clay
Thickness of the mollic epipedon - 12 to 20 inches
Depth to the calcic horizon - 18 to 35 inches
USE AND VEGETATION: This Rexburg soil is used mainly for nonirrigated and irrigated cropland. The potential natural vegetation is mainly mountain big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Idaho. The series is extensive.
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TOMLIN SERIES
Depth class: Very deep
Agricultural drainage class: Well drained
Saturated hydraulic conductivity class: Moderately high
Landform: Piedmont uplands
Landform position: Broad ridges and side slopes
Parent material: Residuum weathered from diorite, gabbro, diabase, and/or gneiss
Slope: 2 to 25 percent
TAONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Rhodic Kanhapludults
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to top of argillic or kandic horizon: 2 to 20 inches
Depth to base of argillic or kandic horizon: More than 25 inches
Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 72 inches
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons and 0 to 15 percent in the B and C horizons; mostly gravel and cobbles
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout, unless limed.
Mica content: 0 to 20 percent, by volume mica flakes in the A, B, and 0 to 50 percent by volume in the BC and C horizon
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--small grains, corn, soybeans, hay, tobacco, and orchards. Where forested--Eastern white pine, Virginia pine, red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, blackgum, red maple, yellow poplar, and dogwood
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Virginia and North Carolina
Extent: Moderate
Tomlin soils were previously mapped as Lloyd soils. The April 1997 relocation of the mesic/thermic line in North Carolina and Virginia necessitated the establishment of the Tomlin series as a mesic counterpart. Tomlin soils are commonly associated with Clifford soils (fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults). Clifford soils formed in residuum weathered from felsic crystalline rock and have B horizons with hue of 5YR or redder with moist value of 4 or more. Tomlin soils formed in mixed felsic to mafic crystalline rock (primarily amphibolite) and have B horizons with hue of 2.5YR or redder with moist value of less than 4.
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Toisnot soils are in shallow depressions, around the heads of drainageways, and on the outer fringe of stream terraces next to the better drained uplands, in the upper Coastal Plain. They occupy the transition areas between soils with contrasting drainage. On some landscapes, these soils extend down shallow drainageways for short distances. Slopes are generally less than 2 percent. The soil formed in moderately coarse textured fluvial or marine sediments.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiaquults
Depth to the upper boundary of the fragipan commonly ranges from 20 to 40 inches but in some areas it ranges from 10 to 45 inches. In wet seasons, the fragipan is dry to moist, whereas, the adjacent horizons are saturated. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile, unless the surface has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in mixed forests of hardwoods and pine. Native trees include oak, maple, sweetgum, yellow-poplar, and loblolly pine, with understory plants as sweet bay, myrtle, gallberry, and smilax. Small acreages have been cleared and used for pasture, corn, and soybeans.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Upper Coastal Plain areas of North Carolina and possibly South Carolina and Virginia. The series is inextensive.
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A soil profile of a poorly drained Natraqualf in Thailand. The sandy surface layer is underlain by a pinkish gray subsoil beginning at a depth of about 15 cm. The subsoil has a weak grade of prismatic structure and a high content of sodium. This soil is used for rice production. Note the water table at a depth of about 145 cm. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Natraqualfs have a clay-enriched subsoil with high levels of sodium saturation (natric horizon). Typically, ground water perches above the natric horizon at some period and saturates the soil at another period. Natraqualfs are allowed, but not required, to have a glossic (degraded argillic) horizon. In the United States, most of these soils have a mesic, thermic, or hyperthermic temperature regime but a few are frigid. If undisturbed,
Natraqualfs commonly have a thin A horizon overlying a thin albic (light-colored and leached) horizon that, in turn, overlies the natric subsoil horizon. If the soils are plowed, the two upper horizons and part of the natric horizon or only part of the two upper horizons may be mixed. In the United States, the vegetation on Natraqualfs before cultivation was most commonly grass or mixed grass and drought-tolerant trees. In humid regions where annual precipitation is 100 cm or more, the presence of sodium generally is attributed to very slow permeability in the natric horizon. The permeability is so slow that there is thought to be less leaching of sodium than there is release of sodium by the weathering of feldspars. Many Natraqualfs in the United States formed in loess or alluvium of Wisconsinan age. Some Natraqualfs are in basins or on lowlands and are subject to flooding, and the sodium in them may be supplied by salty ground water or sea water. Characteristically, areas of Natraqualfs are small
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the McCall soil series. (Valley County, Idaho)
The McCall series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in moderately coarse and coarse textured cobbly and stony glacial till. McCall soils are on glacial moraines and have slopes of 5 to 50 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 25 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 39 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Typic Humicryepts
Rock fragments range from 35 to 80 percent throughout the profile, and range from small angular or rounded pebbles to cobblestones and large stones. The soil is slightly or moderately acid. Base saturation is 40 to 50 percent in the epipedon. Mean annual soil temperature is 41 degrees to 43 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for pasture or range. Vegetation is Idaho fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, mountain brome, snowberry, pine reedgrass, and lodgepole pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Moraine area in the northern part of Long Valley, Valley County, Idaho. The series is inextensive.
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Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
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May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
The Leaf series consists of very deep, poorly drained, very slowly permeable soils on flood plains, low terraces along streams and on broad flats in the Southern Coastal Plain and Atlantic Coast Flatwoods Major Land Resource Areas. They formed in clayey alluvial and fluvial sediments.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Albaquults
Thickness of the solum exceeds 60 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout except where the surface has been limed. Content of quartz pebbles range from none to common throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Leaf soils are in forests of mixed bottomland hardwoods and pines. Some areas are used for growing corn and small grains. The principal vegetation of the forested areas consists of water oak, sweetgum, blackgum, slash pine, loblolly pine, and white oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina. The series is of large extent.
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A soil profile of a moderately well drained Haplustept in Taiwan. This soil formed in stratified layers of loamy alluvium. An ochric epipedon extends to a depth of about 30 cm. Below this is a cambic horizon that extends to about 80 cm. The gray and red colors below a depth of about 80 cm are redoximorphic features that formed due to saturation with water and reduction of iron. There is a water table at the base of the profile. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplustepts are the more or less freely drained Ustepts that are calcareous at some depth or have high base saturation. They commonly have an ochric (typically thin and/or light-colored) epipedon over a cambic (minimal soil development) subsoil horizon. Some have an accumulation of calcium carbonate in the subsoil. The native vegetation commonly was grass, but some of the soils supported trees. Haplustepts in the United States are mostly on the Great Plains.
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Correlation Note:
These soils are marginal in taxonomic placement. They typically have fragic soil properties starting at 64 cm. This layer (64 to 91 cm) is described as 60 percent 2Btx material. Soils with 60 percent or more fragic soil properties qualify as a fragipan if 15 cm or more thick. The typical pedon meets this requirement within a depth of 100cm, indicating a "Fragiudult" great group placement.
They are moderately well drained and thought to have aquic properties (episaturation), however, the depth requirements to 2 chroma depletions are not met with the required occurrence (within the upper 25 cm of the argillic horizon) to be in an aquic subgroup for Fragiudults. This requirement is met in the upper 44 cm of the argillic (at 64 cm). The depth to aquic features are too deep for Typic or Aeric Fragiaquults (within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface) and to shallow for the central concept of well drained Typic Fragiudults.
The pedon best fits the concept of a "Oxyaquic" subgroup. However, the "Oxyaquic" subgroup is not currently established in the Fragiudults greatgroup. Oxyaquic soils in Udults are in normal years--saturated with water in one or more layers within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface for either or both 20 or more consecutive days; or 30 or more cumulative days. Depth and months of the highest perched seasonal high water table in Muscatatuck soils is about 50 cm in the months of January, February, March, April, and December. Fragiaquic Paleudults have aquic conditions within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface.
If the taxonomic placement is correct--and range for the depth to the 2Btx layer and depth to aquic conditions are accurate; the quantity of fragic soil properties should be limited to a range of 30 to "less" than 60 percent to meet the current classification.
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The Muscatatuck series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loess, pedisediment, drift and the underlying residuum from limestone. These soils are on dissected till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1067 mm (42 inches) and mean annual temperature is about 13 degrees C (55 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Fragiaquic Paleudults
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of nearly level and gently sloping. Muscatatuck soils are used for growing corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. The steeper slopes generally are in pasture or forest. Native vegetation is deciduous mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 114A in Indiana. The series is of small extent.
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: more than 203 cm (80 inches)
Depth to a layer with fragic soil properties: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches)
Thickness of the loess: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to a lithic contact: more than 203 cm (80 inches)
Depth and months of the highest perched seasonal high water table: 1.7 feet (January,
February, March, April, December)
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/jennin...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MUSCATATUCK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Santa series in Idaho. The Santa series consists of moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to a fragipan.
Landscape: Santa soils are on undulating to rolling loess hills and plains and have slopes of 2 to 35 percent. These soils are used for timber production, hay and pasture with small areas of wheat, barley, and grass seed.
Santa soils formed in deep loess with a small amount of volcanic ash in the upper part. The mean annual precipitation is about 685mm and the mean annual temperature is about 6.1 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Vitrandic Fragixeralfs
Average annual soil temperature: 6.7 to 8 degrees C.
Soil moisture: Usually moist, dry for 45 to 65 consecutive days in mid and late summer.
Depth to fragipan: 50 to 100 cm
Volcanic ash influence: 18 to 50 cm
Estimated properties of the volcanic ash influenced layers:
Volcanic glass content 5 to 20 percent
Acid oxalate-extractable Al + Fe 0.4 to 1.0 percent
Moist bulk density 1.0 to 1.4 g/cc
An O horizon is present in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, hay and pasture with small areas of wheat, barley, and grass seed. The potential natural vegetation is an overstory of grand fir, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western larch, lodgepole pine and western white pine. Understory vegetation includes myrtle pachstima, bromegrass, bedstraw, lily-of-the-valley and meadowrue.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and northeastern Washington. MLRAs 9 and 43A. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SANTA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Pywell series in idaho.
The Pywell series consists of very deep, very poorly drained organic soils in depressional areas of bottomlands, drainageways and flood plains. They formed in material derived dominantly from herbaceous plants, but including some woody materials. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 625 mm, and the average annual air temperature is about 7.2 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic, frigid Typic Haplosaprists
Average annual soil temperature -- 6.1 to 7.8 degrees C.
Depth to high water table -- 28 to 90 cm (January to December) drained, 0 to 28 cm (December to July) undrained.
Organic layers -- more than 75 cm thick mostly sapric, but some pedons have variable amounts of fibric or hemic material
Volcanic ash -- thin, discontinuous layers present in some pedons (0.5 to 8 cm thick)
Woody material -- 0 to 35 percent, present in the lower part of some pedons
Reaction -- neutral to very strongly acid throughout
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Pywell soils have been cleared, diked, and drained for farming. They are used primarily for production of spring wheat, oats, barley, grass seed, hay, and pasture. Some areas are used for wetland wildlife habitat. Natural vegetation is willow, black cottonwood, thinleaf alder, pyramid spirea, narrowleaf cattail, reed canary grass, sedge, and rush with scattered western redcedar and Englemann spruce along edges of meadows.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho, northeastern Washington, and possibly northwestern Montana. The series is moderately extensive. MLRAs 9 and 44A.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PYWELL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The Rosman series consists of very deep, well drained to moderately well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on flood plains in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.
Landscape: Soybeans growing in an area of Rosman loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. The Valley River flood plain system is a highly productive section of the survey area. (Soil Survey of Cherokee County,
North Carolina; by Brian Wood and Southern Blue Ridge Soil Survey Office, Natural Resources
Conservation Service)
These soils formed in loamy alluvium derived from igneous, high-grade metamorphic or low-grade metasedimentary geology. Average annual precipitation is about 65 inches and mean annual temperature is about 53 degrees F., near the type location. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluventic Humudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 35 to 60 inches or more. The soil ranges from strongly acid to neutral in the A and upper Bw or C horizons and from strongly acid to slightly acid in the lower horizons. Content of flakes of mica ranges from few to many. The loamy horizons extend to depths of at least 40 inches. Strata of contrasting textures may occur in the C horizon below a depth of 40 inches. Gravel content is less than 15 percent by volume in the upper 40 inches and may range up to 50 percent in horizons below 40 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is cleared and in cultivation. The chief crops are corn, truck crops, hay, ornamentals, and pasture grasses. In forested areas common trees are yellow-poplar, eastern white pine, American sycamore, river birch, red maple, northern red oak, willow oak, and black walnut. Understory plants include rhododendron, ironwood, flowering dogwood, alder, greenbrier, and switchcane.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B of North Carolina, Tennessee, and possibly Virginia, . This series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/ROSMAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A coarse-loamy, superactive, isothermic, Andic Humudepts. (Original image provided by Edson Marroquín).
Humudepts are the Inceptisols that have an udic moisture regime and an umbric or mollic epipedon.
Andic Humudepts are the Humudepts that have, in one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 g/cm3 or less, measured at 33 kPa water retention, and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0.
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A representative soil profile of a Humic Dystrocryept in Idaho.
These soils are like Typic Dystrocryepts, but they have a thick surface layer and an umbric or mollic epipedon. Many of the soils are in areas of higher precipitation than the soils of the Typic subgroup. Humic Dystrocryepts are of moderate extent in the United States. They are mostly in the mountains of the Western States. The vegetation is mostly coniferous forest. The soils are used mainly for timber production and wildlife habitat.
Dystrocryepts are the Cryepts that do not have free carbonates and have a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 60 percent in all horizons at a depth between 25 and 75 cm from the mineral soil surface.
Cryepts are the cold Inceptisols of high mountains or high latitudes. They cannot have permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface. TCryepts are moderately extensive in the United States. They occur in the high mountains of the West and in southern Alaska as well as in other mountainous areas of the world.
The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons.
Skeletal soils have in the particle-size control section, 10 percent or more fine-earth and a total content of rock fragments, plus any artifacts 2 mm or larger in diameter which are both cohesive and persistent, of 35 percent or more (by volume).
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...