View allAll Photos Tagged soilsampling
Desert varnish or rock varnish is an orange-yellow to black coating found on exposed rock surfaces in arid environments. Desert varnish is usually around one micrometer thick and represents nanometre-scale layering. Rock rust and desert patina are other terms which are also used for the condition, but less often.
Desert varnish forms only on physically stable rock surfaces that are no longer subject to frequent precipitation, fracturing or wind abrasion. The varnish is primarily composed of particles of clay along with iron and manganese oxides. There is also a host of trace elements and almost always some organic matter. The color of the varnish varies from shades of brown to black.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Soil profile: The Spivey series consists of very deep, well drained, soils with moderately rapid permeability. They formed in colluvium derived from materials weathered from low-grade metasedimentary rocks.
Landscape: Burley tobacco in an area of Spivey and Whiteoak soils. Spivey soils occur along drainageways, on benches and fans, and in coves in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains (MLRA 130B). Slope ranges from 2 to 95 percent. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F. and mean annual precipitation is 51 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, isotic, mesic Typic Humudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Fragments of low-grade metasedimentary rocks such as metasandstone, metagraywacke, slate, phyllite, or arkose, range from 15 to 75 percent in the A and Bw1 horizons, from 35 to 90 percent in the Bw2, BC and C horizon. Reaction is moderately acid to extremely acid throughout. Flakes of mica range from none to common.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is in forest. Below 3,000 feet the dominant forest type is yellow poplar. As elevation increases the forest type is more mixed and consists of northern red oak, black cherry, sugar maple, American beech, black oak, black birch, yellow birch, sweet birch, yellow-poplar, eastern hemlock, and black locust. At elevations above 4,000 feet yellow birch replaces yellow-poplar as a common tree. In the drier, warmer part of MLRA 130B, upland oaks, hickory, black gum, red maple, and eastern white pine are associated. Flowering dogwood, mountain-laurel, silverbell, striped maple, serviceberry, rhododendron, red maple, blueberry, trillium, Solomons seal, and wood fern are common understory species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B) of North Carolina, Tennessee and possibly Georgia, and Virginia The series is of large extent. Spivey soils formerly have been included in the Tusquitee, Hayter, and Barbourville series.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SPIVEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Runge fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes from the Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. (Runge SE USGS topographic quadrangle; Latitude: 28 degrees, 47 minutes, 51.20 seconds North; Longitude: 97 degrees, 33 minutes, 21.10 seconds West; NAD 83.)
The Runge series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy residuum derived from sandstone of Pliocene to Pleistocene age. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on hillslopes. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 21.1 degrees C (70 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Argiustolls
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is in cropland, but a few areas are in rangeland and improved pastures. Native grasses are mainly four-flower trichloris, Arizona cottontop, tanglehead, sideoats grama, plains bristlegrass, hooded windmillgrass, and pinhole bluestem. Woody vegetation consists of mesquite, spiny hackberry, desert yaupon, catclaw, elbowbush, limepricklyash, and pricklypear.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Inner Coastal Bend in eastern part of Rio Grande Plain; MLRA 83A; LRR I. Series is of moderate extent.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
A representative soil profile of the Prosperity series. The moderately well drained Prosperity soils commonly occur on sloping side slopes. They have a perched water table at a depth between 45 and 75 centimeters, as indicated by gray iron depletions (visible in the photo). They also have a paralithic contact at a depth between 50 to 100 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Greene County, Georgia; by Dee C. Pederson and Gregory H. Clark, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: Moderately deep
Agricultural Drainage Class: Moderately well drained
Permeability: Slow
Surface Runoff: Moderate
Landscape: Piedmont uplands
Landform: Interstream divides, ridges, and side slopes
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from mixed felsic, intermediate, or mafic igneous or high-grade metamorphic rocks
Slope: Typically, 2 to 15 percent, but may range up to 25 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 60 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 47 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
Solum Thickness: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to Soft Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to Hard Bedrock: 40 to more than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 1.5 to 2.5 feet; perched
Fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume rounded and subrounded quartz and pararock fragments throughout the solum
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout, except where surface layers have been limed
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: mixed hardwood and pine forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where forested--loblolly pine, red maple, sweet gum, black gum, water oak, winged elm, and willow oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Thermic region of Piedmont in South Carolina and possibly Georgia, Alabama, and North Carolina
Extent: Small
Prosperity soils were previously included in mapping with Helena soils. Helena soils have a depth to paralithic contact of greater than 60 inches.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/greene...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PROSPERITY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Ridgecrest very stony loam in an area of Ridgecrest-Firading-Rock outcrop complex, 12 to 60 percent slopes. (Survey of Teton Area, Idaho and Wyoming; by By Carla B. Rebernak, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Ridgecrest series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in slope alluvium and colluvium from limestone. Ridgecrest soils are on foothills and mountain slopes and have slopes of 10 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 400 mm and the mean annual air temperature is about 6.1 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, frigid Typic Calcixerolls
Mollic epipedon thickness and depth to the calcic horizon: 18 to 50 cm
Particle size control section: calcium carbonate equivalent weighted average greater than 40 percent and total clay is 8 to 18 percent
Depth to lithic contact: 50 to 100 cm
Soil moisture regime: xeric
Mean annual soil temperature: 5.6 to 8.0 degrees C. (frigid soil temperature regime)
Mean summer soil temperature: 15.0 to 19.4 degrees C.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: rangeland
Dominant native vegetation: curlleaf mountain mahogany, mountain big sagebrush, arrowleaf balsamroot, and bluebunch wheatgrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming, MLRA 13
Extent: the series is moderately extensive
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wyoming/TetonI...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RIDGECREST.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A soil profile of Peaks soil. Bedrock is at a depth of about 80 centimeters. Rock fragments exceed 35 percent throughout the profile. (Soil Survey of Grayson County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: . Peaks very gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, is in the background.
The Peaks series consists of moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils on ridge tops and convex side slopes in the Blue Ridge province. Slopes range from 0 to 90 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 42 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 55 degrees F near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Thickness: Solum ranges from 14 to 38 inches
Depth to rock: 20 to 40 inches
Rock fragments: 15 to 55 percent in the A and E, 35 to 60 percent in the Bw, 35 to 75 percent in the C horizons. Granite, gneiss, and schist gravel and channers.
Reaction: Very strongly acid through moderately acid, unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Blue Ridge province in Virginia and North Carolina, and possibly Georgia and Tennessee. The series is of moderate extent. Peaks soils have been included in the Ashe series in the past.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA077...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PEAKS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Because of the sandy and loamy surface and subsurface layers, Dothan soils are highly erosive. In this image, the soil is severely altered, eroded to the depth of the underlying, dense and compact aquitard or "brick" layer. Because of the dense compact nature, this layer us much less erosive. It not only slows or restricts water move, it limits root penetration.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A profile of Westmoreland silt loam. The volume of weathered shale fragments increases as depth increases. (Soil survey of Bland County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Physiographic province: Valley and Ridge
Landform: Hills and mountains
Parent material: Fine-loamy residuum weathered from limestone and shale
Drainage class: Well drained
Slowest saturated hydraulic conductivity: Moderately high
Depth class: Deep
Slope range: 15 to 35 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Crops, woodland and pasture
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--mainly corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--chiefly mixed hardwoods, dominated by oak and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Ohio, Kentucky, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia
Extent: Large, approximately 1,000,000 acres
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA021...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WESTMORELAND.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Unicoi soil series in North Carolina.
Landscape: These soil are on low and intermediate mountain slopes and ridges..
Geomorphic Component: Mountain top, mountain flank, and side slope.
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, and backslope.
Parent Material Origin: Low-grade metasedimentary rock such as arkose, metagraywacke, metasandstone, or quartzite; rock outcrops are common in most areas.
Parent Material Kind: Residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper solum.
Slope: Typically 15 to 75 percent, but range from 8 to 95 percent.
Elevation: 366 to 1,463 meters; (1,200 to 4,800 feet).
Frost-free period: 130 to 210 days.
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 8 to 14 degrees C (46 to 57 degrees F).
Mean Annual Precipitation: 1,300 millimeters (51 inches) near the Type Location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic Lithic Dystrudepts
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland.
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--pitch pine, table mountain pine, Virginia pine, chestnut oak, scarlet oak, and hemlock. Understory species are dominantly mountain laurel, flowering dogwood, and sourwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130-B) of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Large--More than 100,000 acres.
Unicoi soils formerly were included in the Ramsey series and classified in Lithosols great soil group.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/U/UNICOI.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Taney soil series in Idaho.
The Taney series consists of moderately deep to fragipan, moderately well drained soils that formed mainly in loess or reworked loess with an influence of volcanic ash in the upper part. The vitrandic feature in this profile extends from the surface to a depth of about 45 centimeters. Taney soils are on dissected hills and hills on basalt plains, plateaus and structural benches. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the fragipan and low through the fragipan. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Vitrandic Argixerolls
Soil moisture - Usually dry for 45 to 60 consecutive days mid-July to mid-September, moist mid-September to mid-July (xeric moisture regime)
Average annual soil temperature - 5.0 to 8.3 degrees C
Average summer soil temperature - 10.6 to 12.8 degrees C with an O horizon (frigid temperature regime)
Thickness of mollic epipedon - 25 to 50 centimeters
Depth to base of argillic - 114 to 152 centimeters or more
Depth to fragipan - 69 to 102 centimeters
Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content - 18 to 20 percent
Vitrandic feature thickness - 25 to 51 centimeters
Volcanic glass content in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction - 5 to 20 percent
Acid-oxalate extractable Al plus 1/2 Fe - 0.4 to 1.0 percent
Phosphate retention - 30 to 40 percent
15-bar water retention on air dried samples - 10 to 13 percent
Moist bulk density - 1.00 to 1.45 g/cc
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for dryland small grain, hay, pasture and woodland. Potential natural vegetation is mainly Douglas fir and ponderosa pine, with an understory of common snowberry, white spirea, creambush oceanspray, mallow ninebark, Nootka rose, Woods rose, Columbia brome, sweetscented bedstraw and pinegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho; MLRA 9 and 43A. The series is of large extent; about 156,000 acres.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TANEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately slowly to slowly permeable soils on broad uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) and to a much lesser extent in the Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152A) Major Land Resource Areas. They formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments that contain significant amounts of plinthite in the subsoil. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Near the type location, the average annual precipitation is about 53 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 65 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite (Gr. plinthos, brick) is an iron-rich, humus-poor mixture of clay with quartz and other highly weathered minerals. It commonly occurs as reddish redox concentrations in a layer that has a polygonal (irregular), platy (lenticular), or reticulate (blocky) pattern. Plinthite irreversibly hardens upon exposure to repeated wetting and drying, especially if exposed to heat from the sun. Other morphologically similar iron-rich materials that do not progressively harden upon repeated wetting and drying are not considered plinthite. The horizon in which plinthite occurs commonly has 2.5 percent (by mass) or more citrate dithionite extractable iron in the fine-earth fraction and a ratio between acid oxalate extractable Fe and citrate-dithionite extractable Fe of less than 0.10.
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution of the soil series, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#dothan
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
Large reversible trans-horizon cracks extend from the soil surface deep into the subsoil of this clayey soil, which is classified as a Vertisol.
Two kinds of trans-horizon cracks are recognized: reversible and irreversible. Subsurface-initiated reversible trans-horizon cracks form as a result of appreciable reduction in water content from field capacity in horizons or layers with considerable extensibility. They close in a period of days if the horizon is brought to the moderately moist or wetter state. They extend upward to the soil surface unless there is a relatively thick overlying horizon that is very weakly compacted (loose or very friable) and does not permit the propagation of cracks. These cracks greatly influence ponded infiltration rates, hydraulic conductivity, and evaporation.
The Clarkrange series consists of very deep and deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in residuum weathered from shale and sandstone on uplands. These soils have a dense fragipan in the subsoil. Slopes are dominantly 2 to 8 percent, but range extends from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Fragiudults
Depth to hard shale, siltstone, or sandstone bedrock ranges from 40 to 90 inches. Reaction is strongly acid or very strongly acid in each horizon, except the surface is less acid where limed. Coarse fragments, mainly channers of shale, siltstone, or sandstone range from 0 to 10 percent from the surface to the bottom of the Btx horizon and from 10 to 70 percent in the BC horizon or C horizon where present.
USE AND VEGETATION: About half of the acreage is used for growing corn, small grain, tobacco, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. The remainder is in forest. Native vegetation is chiefly oak, hickories, Virginia pine, yellow-poplar, blackgum, sweetgum, red maple, dogwood, beech, persimmon, and sassafras.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee, Kentucky, and similar areas in Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. The series is of moderate extent. These soils have been previously included in the Tilsit series in Tennessee.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CLARKRANGE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Wehadkee series consists of very deep, poorly drained and very poorly drained soils on flood plains along streams that drain from the mountains and piedmont. They are formed in loamy sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, thermic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts
Solum thickness ranges from about 20 to more than 60 inches. The content of mica flakes ranges from few to many. The soil ranges from very strongly acid through neutral, but some part of the 10 to 40 inch control section is moderately acid through neutral. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 5 percent by volume in the A and B horizons, and from 0 to 20 percent by volume in the C horizons. Fragments are dominantly pebbles in size.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the area is in forest; chiefly water tolerant hardwoods such as sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, willow, oak, poplar, hickories, beech, and elm. Drained areas are used for pasture, corn, and hay.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The soil is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WEHADKEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a poorly drained Plinthaquult in Vietnam. Note the water table below a depth of 120 cm. During wet periods of the year, the water table is near the surface. The red material below a depth of about 50 centimeters is plinthite. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
These soils have plinthite (firm, iron oxide-rich concentration) that either forms a continuous phase or constitutes more than half the matrix of some subhorizon within a depth of 150 cm. These soils are mostly in intertropical areas and constitute a small area of Puerto Rico.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A monolith, or vertical slice from topsoil down to subsoil, preserves a soil’s colors and layered horizons in position. Scientists make monoliths of the important soils in their region and use them in teaching. In the field, scientists dig a pit about 6 feet deep, keeping one face a flat vertical plane.
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_002455...
The Eda series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma; by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils formed in sandy eolian deposits on dunes and side slopes in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78C) and the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 80A). Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual temperature is 14 degrees C (61 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is 635 mm (25 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Lamellic Ustipsamments
Solum thickness: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 in)
Free carbonates: below a depth of 102 cm (40 in)
Reaction: The solum ranges from moderately acid to neutral
Other features: The illuvial horizons contain less than 3 percent more clay than the overlying eluvial horizon. Where lamellae are present, combined thickness of lamellae which are 1 cm or thicker, is less than 15 cm (6 in).
USE AND VEGETATION: Less sloping areas are usually cultivated; wheat is the principal crop with lesser acreage of grain sorghum and alfalfa. Steeper slopes are mostly in native range. Native vegetation is dominated by sand bluestem, Indiangrass, and little bluestem.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR-H-Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region; Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA-78C) and Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA-80A) North-central and western Oklahoma, southern Kansas and adjacent parts of the Texas Panhandle. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EDA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Devol series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils. (Soil Survey of Woods County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Jimmy Ford, Clay Salisbury, Clay Wilson, and Glen Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils formed in loamy and sandy eolian sediments of Pleistocene age. These soils are on nearly level to moderately steep dunes and wind reworked sandsheets on terraces of the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78B, 78C). Slope ranges from 0 to 20 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 635 mm (25 in) and the mean annual temperature is about 16 degrees C (61 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Haplustalfs
Solum thickness: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 in)
Depth to carbonates: greater than 76 cm (30 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 8 to 18 percent
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage class: Well drained
Permeability: Moderately rapid
Runoff: negligible on 0 to 1 percent slopes, very low on slopes of 1 to 5 percent, and low on 5 to 20 percent slopes
USE AND VEGETATION: The undulating slopes are used mainly for growing wheat, sorghums and cotton. The hummocky slopes are used for native range. The native vegetation includes tall grasses such as sand bluestem, Indiangrass, little bluestem and shrubs such as sand sagebrush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR H-Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region; Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA-78B, 78C) of Oklahoma and Texas. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK151...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEVOL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Sampling a permafrost soil in soil in Alaska. A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
A State Soil Scientist provides leadership for developing, managing, and directing a comprehensive and integrated technical soil services programs for the state. Serves as a state liaison with National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) cooperators. Provides supervision to members of the State Soils Program staff and/or Resource Soil Scientists.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Dewey soil series. (Soil Survey of Macon County. Tennessee, by Charlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Dewey soils are on gently sloping to steep uplands of 2 to 40 percent slope. The Dewey soils are in the foreground. (Soil Survey of Roane County, Tennessee; by Harry C. Davis and Jennifer R. Yaeger, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Dewey series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. These soils formed in residuum of limestone or in 1 to 2 feet of old alluvium and the underlying residuum from limestone. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults
Thickness of the solum and depth to limestone bedrock are more than 60 inches. The soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid unless limed. Rock fragments are mostly gravel size chert and range from 0 to 15 percent in each horizon. Some horizons range up to 25 percent below 40 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and used for row crops, small grain, hay, pasture. The native vegetation is mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Appalachian Ridges (MLRA 128) and Valleys and the Highland Rim and Pennyroyal (MLRA 122) in Tennessee, northwest Georgia, and northern Alabama. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/maco...
and...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN14...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEWEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Olmedo very gravelly sandy loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. The dominant feature of this soil is the layer of indurated or strongly cemented secondary calcium carbonate known as a petrocalcic layer. The petrocalcic layer starts at about 46 cm. The petrocalcic layer reduces the water holding capacity and severely restricts roots. (Soil Survey of Duval County, Texas; by John L. Sackett III, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Soils that have a petrocalcic horizon within 40 inches of the soil surface often support dense communities of brush. This area of the Olmedo soils with brush species include ceniza, mesquite, agarita, and guajillo.
The Olmedo series consists of soils that are very shallow and shallow over a petrocalcic horizon. These well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in calcareous, loamy residuum of the Goliad Formation of Miocene-Pliocene age. These nearly level to undulating soils are on summits on interfluves or ridges. Slope ranges from 1 to 8 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 711 mm (28 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, hyperthermic, shallow Petrocalcic Calciustolls
Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section remains moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years. The soil is driest during the months June through August and December through February. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Mean annual soil temperature: 21 to 23 degrees C (70 to 73 degrees F)
Depth to petrocalcic horizon: 30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 in)
Particle size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 12 to 24 percent
Rock Fragments: 35 to 85 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: The major uses are livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Native vegetation consists of Arizona cottontop, pinhole bluestem, plains bristlegrass, sideoats grama, cenizo, guajillo, elbowbush, mescalbean, vine ephedra, and Texas Kidneywood. The ecological site is Shallow Ridge, PE 19-31 (RO83CY485TX)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83A in LRR I) and Central Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83C in LRR I) of southern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX131/Du...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OLMEDO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A profile of a Trailhead soil. These very deep soils have distinctive strong red subsurface layers. They are on stable ridges and upper mountain slopes. (Soil Survey of Redwood National and State Parks, California; by Joseph P. Seney and Alaina C. Frazier, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and James H. Popenoe, Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Retired)
The Trailhead series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived from schist and sandstone. Trailhead soils are on mountains and have slopes of 0 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 2160 millimeters (85 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, parasesquic, isomesic Typic Palehumults
Soil Moisture: The soil is usually moist in all parts in the soil moisture control section in most years, but becomes nearly dry in the upper part from about September 15 to October 15 in most years. The soils have an Udic moisture regime.
Soil Temperature: The mean annual soil temperature is 10 to 13 degrees C (50 to 55 degrees F). The difference between mean summer and mean winter temperature is 2 to 4 degrees C.
Organic Matter: There is 12 to 25 kg per square meter of organic carbon to a depth of one meter.
CEC to clay ratio is 16 to 24 meq/100g in the major part of the argillic horizon.
Reaction is strongly or very strongly acid throughout. Base saturation is 5 to 35 percent between depths of 25 to 202 centimeters.
Surface fragments: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Particle-Size Control Section (weighted average):
Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent gravel
Clay content: 40 to 60 percent clay
Note: There is 91 percent resistant minerals in the very fine sand fraction. The very fine sand and silt fractions are mostly quartz, although coarser sand and gravel fractions are predominantly schist fragments. Vermiculite, kaolinite, and chlorite are identifiable clay minerals by x-ray analysis. Although vermiculite is a major clay mineral, the CEC is kept low by the combined influence of ferric iron, gibbsite, and kaolinite.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil has been used for commercial timber and is used for recreation, wildlife and watershed. Natural vegetation consists of redwood, Douglas-fir, western hemlock, tanoak, huckleberry, and Pacific rhododendron.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: California Coastal Redwood Belt; MLRA 4B. The series is not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TRAILHEAD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Prairie potholes are depressional wetlands (primarily freshwater marshes) found most often in the Upper Midwest, especially North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. This formerly glaciated landscape is pockmarked with an immense number of potholes, which fill with snowmelt and rain in the spring. Some prairie pothole marshes are temporary, while others may be essentially permanent. Here a pattern of rough concentric circles develops. Submerged and floating aquatic plants take over the deeper water in the middle of the pothole while bulrushes and cattails grow closer to shore. Wet, sedgy marshes lie next to the upland.
For more information about pothole soils, visit;
www.epa.gov/wetlands/prairie-potholes
In the fall of 2007, an effort was initiated by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils (NTHCS) to photograph hydric soil features for the republication of the Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States. This publication is a joint project between the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service and the US-Army Corps of Engineers. It is a guide specifically designed to aid in the identification and delineation of hydric soils and wetlands.
The guide was developed by soil scientists of NRCS in cooperation with the USA-COE, the Environmental Protection Agency, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and many regional, state, and local agencies. The hydric soil indicators listed in the publication are those approved by the NTCHS for use in identifying, delineating, and verifying hydric soils in the field.
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
Soil profile: A soil profile of Marbleyard very cobbly sandy loam. Rock fragment content averages 35 percent or more in the subsoil. (Soil Survey of Rockbridge County, Virginia; by Mary Ellen Cook, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Marbleyard series consists of moderately deep, well drained or somewhat excessively drained soils formed in material weathered from low-grade metasedimentary quartzite and metasandstone. Slopes are dominantly between 35 and 80 percent but range from 3 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments, dominantly quartzite and metasandstone, range from 15 to 60 percent in the A, E, BE or BA horizons, 20 to 75 percent in the Bw horizon and 50 to 90 percent in the C horizon. Weighted average rock fragment content is 35 percent or more in the particle-size control section. Average clay content typically is between 6 to 15 percent but ranges up to 18 percent in the particle-size control section.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Marbleyard soils are in forests of mixed oaks, mainly Chestnut Oak, Scarlet Oak, Blackjack Oak, and Pitch Pine, Virginia Pine, and Table Mountain Pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Areas of Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee within MLRA 130. The series is of moderate extent. Marbleyard soils replace areas within MLRA 130 previously mapped as Dekalb. The CEC activity class is semiactive, but includes some areas of active.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/rockb...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MARBLEYARD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a Calciargid in New Mexico. The subsoil below a depth of about 40 cm consists of a clay-enriched argillic horizon (reddish brown) underlain abruptly by a calcic horizon (white) in which calcium carbonate has accumulated. The upper boundary of the calcic horizon is wavy, fluctuating between depths of about 80 and 110 cm. The profile has been smoothed on the right side; the natural soil structure is exposed on the left.
Calciargids have, below the clay-enriched argillic horizon, a calcic (calcium carbonate accumulation) horizon within a depth of 150 cm. Where the argillic horizon is calcareous, it is generally thought to have been recharged with calcium carbonate, possibly from dust, after the argillic horizon formed. Calciargids are commonly on late-Pleistocene erosional surfaces or on gentle to steep slopes.
(Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Holly series consists of very deep, very poorly and poorly drained soils formed in loamy alluvium on flood plains. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high through high in the mineral soil. Slope ranges from 0 through 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 36 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 through 44 inches. Thickness of loamy alluvium over other materials ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches. The average clay content in the particle size control section ranges from 18 through 30 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Some areas of Holly soils have been cleared and used for pasture or cultivation. Many areas are used as natural areas for wetland wildlife habitat. Native vegetation is soft maple, elder, willow, and other trees tolerant of wet sites.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Illinois, Ohio, southern New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. MLRA's 101, 114, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139, 140, 147, and 148. The series is of large extent, about 248,000 acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/new_jersey/dwg...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOLLY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a well drained, sandy Haplorthod in Michigan. This soil has an ochric epipedon consisting of a dark brown surface
layer (about 10 centimeters thick) and an underlying light gray albic horizon (between depths of 10 and about 30 centimeters).
Note the irregular lower boundary of the albic horizon. Below the albic horizon is a brown and reddish yellow spodic horizon that extends to a depth of about 90 centimetrs. Note the brown streaks extending into the reddish yellow material. The tongues of albic and spodic materials reflect the flow of water through the soil. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplorthods are the relatively freely drained Orthods that either have an albic (light-colored and leached) horizon and a spodic (accumulation of translocated organic matter in complex with aluminum and also commonly iron) subsoil horizon or, under cultivation, commonly have only a spodic horizon below an Ap horizon. The spodic horizon may rest on a lower sequum with an argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon or kandic (very low cationexchange capacity) subsoil horizon over relatively unaltered unconsolidated materials or on rock. Most Haplorthods have, or used to have, forest vegetation, mainly conifers but also hardwoods in some areas. A majority of these soils formed in sandy deposits or in materials weathered from sandstone or quartzite.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of an Oxisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (pastureland) occurring on upland interfuve and side-slopes in Brazil.
Oxisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Oxisols are weathered soils that are low in fertility. They are most common on the gentle slopes of geologically old surfaces in tropical and subtropical regions. Their profiles are distinctive because of a lack of obvious horizons. Their surface horizons are normally somewhat darker than the subsoil, but the transition of subsoil features is gradual. Some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.
In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
The Orangeburg series consists of red, very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). They formed in loamy and clayey marine sediments. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 65 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 52 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults
Most areas of Orangeburg soils are used for growing cotton, corn, hay, tobacco and peanuts. Some areas are in pasture and woodland. Forest species include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, various oaks, hickory and dogwood.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
A soil profile of a well drained Paleustoll in a semiarid area of the southern Great Plains. It has a mollic epipedon about 26 cm thick. Below this epipdon is an argillic horizon that extends to a depth of about 110 cm. Below 110 cm is a calcic horizon. The left side of the scale is in 20-cm increments. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Paleustolls are the Ustolls on old stable surfaces, as evidenced by the development of a thick, reddish argillic horizon, a clayey argillic horizon that has an abrupt upper boundary, or a petrocalcic (cemented by calcium carbonate) horizon. These soils commonly have been partly or completely calcified during the Holocene, and calcium carbonate has accumulated in the previously formed argillic horizon. The Paleustolls in the United States are mainly in the central and southern parts of the Great Plains. At the time of settlement, they had mostly grass vegetation. Their history during the Pleistocene has had little study. The petrocalcic horizon, where it occurs, may be complex, suggesting a number of alternating cycles of humidity and aridity and slow accretion of dust and sediment from the arid regions to the west.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A profile of a Grady soil, which formed in clayey marine sediments. Grady soils are poorly drained and are frequently ponded from December through April. They are very limited as building sites. (Soil Survey of Houston County, Alabama)
For more information about the "Soil Survey of Houston County, Alabama", click HERE.
The Grady series consists of poorly drained, slowly permeable soils in upland depressions but are also along drains of the Southern Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Area (MLRA 133A). They formed in thick beds of clayey marine sediments. Near the type location the mean annual temperature is about 67 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 53 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleaquults
For more information about soil classification and to view, print, or save a pdf copy of the latest version of the "Keys to Soil Taxonomy" visit Keys to Soil Taxonomy.
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in woodland, but a few areas have been cleared, drained, and are used mostly for pasture. Native vegetation includes cypress, blackgum, live oak, and water oak. The undergrowth is water tolerant sedges and grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of large extent with about 26,000 acres in Miller County, Georgia.
For more information about the Grady soil series using "Soil Data Explorer" click HERE.
A soil profile of a Gypsitorrert in Sudan. The white streaks in the subsoil are accumulations of gypsum. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Gypsitorrerts have a gypsic (gypsum accumulation) subsoil horizon that has its upper boundary within a depth of 100 cm. They occur in arid areas of the world where the parent materials have a high content of gypsum. A high shrink-swell potential and the gypsum content limit many construction activities (urban development) unless measures that counteract the shrinking and swelling and the dissolution of gypsum are applied. These soils occur in the southwestern United States.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of Cayo fine sandy loam in an area of Cayo fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. These soils formed in a much wetter climate as evidenced by the relict redox features. The left side of the profile exhibits natural soil structure; the right side of the profile has been smoothed. (Soil Survey of Kenedy and Kleberg Counties, Texas; by Nathan I. Haile, and Dennis N. Brezina, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Cayo series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, moderately rapid permeable soils that formed in sandy and loamy sediments of Holocene and Pleistocene age. These nearly level soils are in interdunes on the Sandsheet Prairie of the South Texas Coastal Plain. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 660 mm (26 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, hyperthermic Typic Calciustepts
Soil Moisture: An ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section (SMCS) is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 days cumulative in normal years. The SMCS is also either moist in some or all parts for 180 cumulative days or more, or moist for 90 or more consecutive days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 15 to 38 cm (6 to 15 in)
Depth to cambic horizon: 15 to 36 cm (6 to 14 in)
Depth to calcic horizon: 36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 in)
Depth to redox concentrations: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 in)
Depth to redox depletions: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 11 to 18 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Native vegetation is mesquite, lotebush, whitebrush, spiny hackberry, Brazil, tasajillo, Hooded windmillgrass, Bermudagrass, Texas bristlegrass, Purple threeawn, and Western ragweed. The ecological site is Sandy loam, PE 31 to 44 (R083EY702TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Sandsheet Prairie (MLRA 83E in LRR I) of southern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/kenedykl...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CAYO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Reilly sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded. Reilly soils are characterized by a surface layer of sandy loam and stratified subsurface layers of sand, gravels, and cobbles. (Soil Survey of San Germán Area, Puerto Rico; by Jorge L. Lugo-Camacho, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Reilly series consists of very deep, excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils on slightly higher natural levees along stream and river channels of floodplains of the Humid Coastal Plains MLRA. They formed in stratified alluvial deposits of mixed origin. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 77 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 57 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic Mollic Udifluvents
Depth of alluvial deposition is 60 inches or more. Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline throughout.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Excessively drained; rapid permeability.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Reilly soils are in pastureland and abandoned sugar cane plantations and are used for grazing. The vegetation consists of native and introduced grasses and shrubs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: River flood plains in the humid coastal plains of Puerto Rico. The series is small extent
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/puerto_rico/PR...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/REILLY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Dothan soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite: Depth to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 60 to 152 centimeters (24 to 60 inches).
Silt content is less than 20 percent.
Clay content is between 18 to 35 percent in the upper 51 centimeters (20 inches) of the Bt horizon.
Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL005/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a red, clayey Kandiustox in Thailand. It has an ochric epipedon about 10 cm thick underlain by a kandic horizon that extends beyond the base of the photo. Although this soil has a high content of clay throughout, it has granular structure and so is porous. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Kandiustox have a clayey surface layer and a kandic (very low cation-exchange capacity) subsoil horizon that has its upper boundary within a depth of 150 cm. There is a noticeable increase in clay content from the surface to the subsoil. They have, in all subhorizons of the kandic horizon within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface, an apparent ECEC of 1.50 or more cmol(+) per kg clay or a pH value (1N KCl) of less than 5.0. They also have base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 35% in some horizon within a depth of 125 cm. The subsoil has a moderate grade of blocky structure in most pedons. The epipedons are either dark- or light-colored. The subsoil shows evidence of translocated clay only in a few areas. In some pedons, it tends to have a weak or moderate grade of blocky structure. In most of the soils; however, there is a strong secondary structure that is fine granular. Supplemental irrigation is needed for continuous cropping.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the moderately deep Pyle series with soft bedrock starting at about 60 centimeters,
The Pyle series consists of moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in colluvium over residuum derived from granodiorite, quartz monzonite, quartz diorite and other related rocks. These soils are on mountain slopes and ridges. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 750 mm, and the mean annual air temperature is about 4.0 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed Lamellic Cryopsamments
Note: Clay films as bridges between sand particles are in the lower part of the horizon in some pedons. More clayey bands or lamellae less than 0.3 inch thick are below depths of 50 cm. Neither clay films nor lamellae are sufficient to meet the requirements of an argillic horizon.
Mean annual soil temperature - 2.5 to 6.7 degrees C
Mean summer soil temperature at a depth of 50 cm - 12.8 to 15.0 degrees C (without an O horizon)
Soil Moisture - dry in all horizons between depths of 30 and 90 cm, or to bedrock if shallower, for 60 consecutive days in more than 7 out of 10 years.
Depth to a paralithic contact - ranges from 50 to 100 cm
Particle Size Control Section - loamy sand or coarser throughout
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for forestry, recreation, grazing, wildlife habitat and watershed. On northerly slopes, Douglas-fir, huckleberry, and ninebark are dominant. The south-facing slopes support ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, elk sedge, and pinegrass. Shrub species are snowbrush, ninebark, willow, bitter cherry, and chokecherry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western part of the Idaho batholith; moderate extent. MLRA 43B.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PYLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Profile of Kintner loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, very brief duration. The soil has a high content of gravelly material over indurated limestone bedrock at a depth of about 3.5 feet. Measurements are in feet. (Soil Survey of Harrison County, Indiana by Steven W. Neyhouse, Sr., Byron G. Nagel, Gary R. Struben, and Steven Blanford, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Kintner series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils formed in alluvium over limestone bedrock. The alluvial sediments are loamy and in the lower part contain a high amount of gravel. These soils are on flood plains and alluvial fans. They have slopes of 1 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1092 mm (43 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 12.8 degrees C (55 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Eutrudepts
Depth of medium-textured alluvial material: 25 to 76 centimeters (10 to 30 inches)
Depth to base of cambic horizon: 30 to 150 centimeters (12 to 59 inches)
Depth to lithic contact: 100 to 152 centimeters (40 to 60 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for pasture, hay, and woodland. Some areas of this soil are cropped to corn, soybeans, and small grains. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Indiana. The Kintner series is of small extent in MLRA 122.
This soil was included with the Haymond soils in the 1975 Harrison County Soil Survey and has been correlated as Beanblossom, hard bedrock substratum, in other parts of the MLRA. The acreage of this soil is expected to increase as more counties in MLRA 122 are updated.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN061/...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KINTNER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative of profile of the Songjeong soil (fine-loamy, Typic Hapludult) from the Oklahoma training area along the Civilian Control Zone in South Korea. The image is illustration 3.2 from the Planning Level Survey, 8th US Army Korea (1998). The primary purpose of planning level surveys are to ensure Army activities and natural resources conservation measures on mission land are integrated and consistent with federal stewardship requirements and host nation agreements.
Songjeong soils are on low undulating hills. Elevation ranges from about 5 to 50 meters. The native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwood forest. The soils formed in material weathered from granite. The land is primarily forested or cultivated.
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Hapludults is fixed on freely drained soils that are moderately deep or deeper to hard rock. Typic Hapludults are of very large extent in the Eastern and Southeastern United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to steep. Where slopes are suitable, many of these soils are used as cropland. Many of the soils, particularly those that are steep, are used as forest. Some are used as pasture or homesites.
For more information about Korea soil series, visit:
Soil profile: A soil profile of Vanella cobbly fine sandy loam. The lower part of the argillic horizon starting at approximately 80 centimeters is red, cobbly clay loam. These soils formed in old colluvium derived from sandstone, shale, siltstone, limestone, dolomitic limestone, quartzite, metasandstone, and phyllite. (Soil Survey of Rockbridge County, Virginia; by Mary Ellen Cook, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Hills and mountains
Landform: Debris flows, hillslopes and mountain slopes
MLRA(s): 130A, 147
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, backslopes and footslopes
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, crest, nose slope, side slope, base slope and mountainflank
Parent Material: Old colluvium derived from sandstone, shale, limestone, quartzite, metasandstone and phyllite.
Slope: 3 to 35 percent.
Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet
Frost-free period: 130 to 205 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 53 to 56 degrees F
Mean Annual Precipitation: 38 to 42 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, mesic Typic Paleudults
Thickness of the Ochric epipedon: 0 to 60 cm (0 to 24 inches) (A, E and BE horizons)
Depth of the Argillic horizon: 60 to 165 cm (24 to 65 inches) (Bt horizons). The weighted average of clay is 18 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section.
Solum thickness: Greater than 150 cm (60 inches)
Depth to bedrock: Greater than 150 cm (60 inches)
Depth Class: Very Deep
Rock fragment content: 0 to 35 percent in the upper horizons and particle-size control section. Rock fragments can range from 0 to 60 percent below the control section. They consist of a mixture of subrounded and subangular fragments of sandstone, shale, quartzite, metasandstone and phyllite.
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid except where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Most areas are in forest. Some areas are used for pasture and cultivated crops.
Dominant Vegetation: Chestnut oak, scarlet oak, post oak, Virginia pine, eastern white pine, and pitch pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: The Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys (MLRA 147) and the metasedimentary areas along the western flank of the Northern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130A).
Extent: Moderate
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/rockb...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/V/VANELLA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Profile of Monwebb clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. The presence of slickensides (starting at at depth of about 25 cm) indicates the high shrink-swell potential of this soil. Other soil features influencing soil properties are the presence of secondary calcium carbonates, gypsum crystals, and salt crystals. (Soil Survey of Duval County, Texas; by John L. Sackett III, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Innudation is common on areas of Monwebb clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. Flooding typically occurs during the spring, late summer, and fall months. In the foreground, is an area of Mata very gravelly sandy clay loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of McMullen County, Texas; by Clark K. Harshbarger, Jon Wiedenfeld, and Gary Harris, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Setting
Major land resource area: MLRA 83B—Western Rio Grande Plain
Elevation: 175 to 485 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 26 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 70 to 72 degrees F
Frost-free period: 265 to 301 days
Composition
Major components:
Monwebb occasionally flooded and similar soils: 80 percent
Minor components: 20 percent
Soil Description
Monwebb soils, occasionally flooded
Landscape: Inland, dissected coastal plains
Landforms: Valley flats
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Concave
Parent material: Clayey alluvium
Typical Profile
A and An—moderately alkaline clay
Bnss—moderately alkaline clay
Bnssz—moderately alkaline clay
Bknz—moderately alkaline clay
Properties and Qualities
Slope: 0 to 1 percent
Depth to first restrictive layer: No restrictive layer
Slowest soil permeability to 60 inches, above first cemented restrictive layer: 0.001 to
0.06 in/hr (very slow)
Salinity, representative within 40 inches: Non-saline
Salinity, maximum within 40 inches: Saline
Sodicity, representative within 40 inches: Sodic
Sodicity, maximum within 40 inches: Sodic
Representative total available water capacity to 60 inches: About 9.1 inches (high)
Natural drainage class: Moderately well drained
Runoff: Very low
Flooding frequency: occasional
Interpretive Groups
Land capability nonirrigated: 4s
Land capability irrigated: None specified
Ecological site name: Clay Flat 18-25" PZ
Ecological site number: R083BY415TX
Typical vegetation: Pink pappusgrass, buffalograss, curly-mesquite, whiplash pappusgrass, other perennial forbs, other perennial grasses, plains bristlegrass, sideoats grama, Texas wintergrass, vine mesquite, tobosagrass, alkali sacaton, white tridens, multiflower false Rhodes grass, other annual forbs, other shrubs, other trees
Use and Management
Major land uses: The major land uses for this soil are wildlife habitat and livestock grazing.
Wildlife habitat: This soil is well suited to wildlife habitat. Deer, dove, javelina, and quail are common in areas of this soil.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX131/Du...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MONWEBB.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Kenn soil series. (Soil Survey of Sevier County, Arkansas; by Alex L. Winfrey, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Kenn series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy alluvium. These level to gently sloping soils are on flood plains of the Ouachita Mountains and the Arkansas Valley and Ridges. Slopes are 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual temperature is 63 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 1168 cm (46 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness is 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 in). Depth to the gravelly 2BC ranges from 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in). Depth to bedrock is greater than 152 cm (60 in).
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for tame pasture and woodland. The vegetation is primarily post oak, southern red oak, sweetgum, and shortleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Flood plains of the Ouachita Mountains and the Arkansas Valley and Ridges of Arkansas and Oklahoma. The series is of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR133...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KENN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Pullback sandy loam. Pullback soils are shallow to unweathered, hard bedrock and have thick, dark surface layers. They occur on high mountains in the western and southern parts of the county. (Soil Survey of Graham County, North Carolina; by Brian Wood and Southern Blue Ridge Soil Survey Office, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A high mountain grassy bald on Huckleberry Knob in an area of Breakneck-Pullback complex, windswept, 15 to 30 percent slopes, very rocky. Areas such as this are highly desirable for wildlife and were once used as summer pasture.
The Pullback series consists of shallow, well drained soils on strongly sloping to very steep summits and side slopes in the high elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. They formed in residuum affected by soil creep in the upper part, and weathered from low-grade metasedimentary rocks, primarily metasandstone. Slope ranges from 8 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, isotic, frigid Lithic Humudepts
Note: Although Pullback soils may exhibit some of the characteristics of andic soil properties, they lack the volcanic glass found in soils of similar taxa in the Western United States.
Solum thickness and depth to lithic contact is less than 20 inches. The content of rock fragments is less than 35 percent by volume throughout. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.
Most of the acreage is in public ownership and is used for watershed protection, recreation, and wildlife habitat. In areas higher than about 5400 feet, red spruce and fraser fir are the dominant trees. At the lower elevations, northern red oak, black oak, American beech, yellow birch, black cherry, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and yellow buckeye are common trees. Common understory plants are serviceberry, striped maple, American chestnut sprouts, silverbell, pin cherry, rhododendron, flame azalea, and blueberry. Common forbs are hay-scented fern, woodfern, New York fern, Solomons seal, yellow mandarin, and trillium. A small acreage is covered by heath balds. These balds are vegetated with rhododendron, mountain laurel, blueberry, flame azalea, hawthorn, and mountain ash. Vegetation ranges for spruce/fur to northern hard woods, heath and grass balds.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PULLBACK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The petrogypsic horizon is a surface or subsurface soil horizon cemented by gypsum so strongly that dry fragments will not slake in water.
Rob Fitzpatrick is a soil scientist whose career has focused on the interface of soil science (pedology), regolith science, mineralogy, biogeochemistry, forensic science, mineral exploration and climate change as applied to landscape processes andadvanced techniques to characterize, map, monitor and manage soil-regolith systems and criminal and environmental forensic techniques for soils and regolith. He has over 40 years experience in leading major multi-disciplinary research projects; conducted over 500 specialised soil-regolith investigations and surveys, covering a wide range of regions and climates worldwide.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
Depth Class: very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: moderately deep to deep, common
Index Surface Runoff: medium to high
Permeability: moderately slow to slow
Landscape: Coastal Plain
Landform: Upland
Geomorphic Component: flat
Parent Material: Marine sediments
Slope: commonly 1 to 6 percent, but range from 0 to 50 percent
Elevation (type location): 20 to 150 feet
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 72 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 36 to 54 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: Gravel size rock fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the solum and 0 to 60 percent in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: very strongly acid through moderately acid, except where limed
Other Features: Some pedons have a lithologic discontinuity generally below 40 inches
Other Features: Exchangeable aluminum is less than 6 meq/100 grams of soil in the solum
Other Features: Some part of the Bt or BC horizon of most pedons commonly has firm or very firm consistence in place
Other Features: Mica flakes range from none to common, and are present only in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: crops, some forestry
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated-- peanuts, soybeans, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Where wooded-- loblolly pine, Virginia pine, oaks, hickory, sweet gum, and red maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Atlantic Coastal Plain in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and possibly in Alabama and Georgia
Extent: large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA036...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EMPORIA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
(Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Knute series consist of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in calcareous loamy glacial till. These soils are typically on convex positions on ground and end moraines. The permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 40 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is about 22 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Oxyaquic Argiudolls
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon typically ranges from 14 to 24 inches. The mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 16 inches in thickness. The depth to the calcic horizon ranges from 16 to 30 inches. A thick solum phase is recognized where the depth to carbonates is 28 to 60 inches and the depth to the base of the argillic is more than 24 inches. Rock fragments of mixed lithology make up 2 to 10 percent by volume of the profile. The soil moisture control section is not dry in any part for as long as 45 consecutive days during the 120 days following the summer solstice. It is also not dry in any part for as long as 90 cumulative days per year in 6 out of 10 years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped to small grain, corn, soybeans, and hay.Some areas are in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest and West Central Minnesota. Inextensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN11...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KNUTE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Ras Al Khaimah series is a very deep soil formed in loamy alluvial deposits. (NE019).
Taxonomic classification: Typic Haplocambids, coarse-silty, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: Cambic horizon 10 to 200 cm.
The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.3 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 1 dS/m in all horizons, but ranges to 3.0. EC (1:1) may be higher in some areas that have been irrigated. Most pedons have a deflation gravel lag on the surface covering 2 to 10% of the area. Gravel content is mostly 0 to 5% throughout the profile, but some pedons have layers with up to 65% gravel below depths of 100 cm.
The A horizon ranges from about 10 to 20 cm thick. It has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or loam.
The B horizon commonly extends to more than 200 cm in most pedons, but may be underlain by a C horizon at depths of between 100 and 200 cm. Hue is 10YR, value is 4 to 6, and chroma is 3 to 6. Texture is very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam.
Where encountered, the C horizon has hue of 10YR, value 5 or 6, and chroma 3 or 4. It is gravelly to extremely gravelly loamy sand or sandy loam.