Regensburg

See this record in the Queensland State Archives catalogue:

www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM1036534

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Indigenous Australians inhabited the area of Burleigh Heads for thousands of years prior to European settlement. The Indigenous tribe were known as the Kombumerri clan, who had named the area 'Jellurgal'.

In 1840, James Warner was commissioned to survey the coastline near Moreton Bay. Warner named the headland Burly Head because of its massive appearance but the spelling was corrupted to Burleigh Head over time.

The town of Burleigh was surveyed by on 18 November 1871 by surveyor G.L. Pratten. On 27 May 1872 the Queensland Government announced the sale of town lots in Burleigh would take place on 2 July 1872 at the Lands Office in Beenleigh. On offer were 65 suburban lots ranging from 1 to 3.5 acres (0.40 to 1.42 ha) and 19 country lots ranging from 5 to 27 acres (2.0 to 10.9 ha) on or near Tallebudgera Creek. On 2 April 1873 at the Lands Office in Beenleigh a further 40 suburban lots mostly about 1 acre (0.40 ha) were offered for sale.

By 1873, the township had been surveyed, a number of the allotments sold and a track created connecting Burleigh Heads to Nerang. References to its magnificent beach were starting to appear and reports in newspapers suggested that Burleigh Heads' natural beauty had the potential to eclipse all other seaside locations in the region. However, despite the eventual sale of all the allotments in the township, by 1885, there was only one accommodation house run by Fredrick Fowler and very few, if any, privately owned houses. Further subdivisions and land sales took place in Burleigh during 1914, 1915, 1930, 1929 and 1947. Development including restaurants and guest houses to support the increasing interest in bathing that took place in the last years of the 19th century and the first of the 20th century. It has been the centre of beach activities and a camping site for many years. The extent of the town's development can be seen in this 1929 map.

On 11 November 1879, the Queensland Government created 74 division of local government which saw Burleigh Heads included in the Nerang Division. On 9 December 1948, as part of a major reorganisation of local government in South East Queensland the Queensland Government replaced ten former local government areas between the City of Brisbane and the New South Wales border with four new local government areas. Burleigh became part of the newly created Town of South Coast along with other coastal towns Southport and Coolangatta.

In January 1884, 278 subdivided allotments of the Burleigh Head North estate were auctioned by John Cameron, auctioneer. A map advertising the auction shows the estate to be fronting the Esplanade and close to Nerang Creek.

The South Coast railway line from Ernest Junction through to Tweed Heads opened in 1903. It passed through Burleigh Heads on a route roughly similar to the present Pacific Highway with Burleigh being served by the Booningba railway station (renamed on 16 April 1915 to West Burleigh railway station) which is located on the western bank of Tallebudgera Creek roughly on the boundary of the present-day suburbs of Burleigh Heads and Tallebudgera.

West Burleigh takes its name from the West Burleigh railway station on the former South Coast railway line. The railway station name was assigned by the Queensland Railways Department on 16 April 1915. The railway station had previously been named Booningba, an Aboriginal name meaning place of the echidna.

Burleigh State School opened in Tabilban Street on 19 March 1917 with 11 students. The school building soon became inadequate for the growing number of students. The headmaster Frederick Perrett proposed that the school be "temporarily" moved to the recently-built Church of England Hall. This move was approved and school began in the church hall on 25 January 1927. On 16 July 1927, the school was renamed Burleigh Heads State School. After eight years in "temporary" accommodation, on 30 August 1935, the school moved permanently to its current site.

On Sunday 22 August 1926, Bishop Henry Le Fanu dedicated a wooden Anglican church hall in Burleigh Heads. The Burleigh Heads State School occupied the hall from 1927 to 1935. On 10 February 1962, Archbishop Reginald Halse dedicated a new brick church as the War Memorial Church of St John the Evangelist. It was consecrated in 1971.

Methodism commenced in Burleigh Heads when Reverend J. Bean held services on the beach in 1923, which were discontinued owing to the noise of the surf, in favour of using a number of private homes and other venues such as Fradgley's open-air theatre.[40] Land on the corner of West Burleigh Road and Burleigh Street was purchased in September 1925 on behalf of the Methodist Church in Queensland; it was formerly the site of the Smith's boarding house Burleigh Lodge which was relocated to Marine Parade (now The Esplanade) where it became the Burleigh Hotel. On Sunday 23 December 1928, a Methodist church was officially opened by Reverend James H. Heaton (President of the Methodist Conference). It was 40 by 26 feet (12.2 by 7.9 m) and situated "on a hill with a beautiful outlook over the ocean". The church was built by Mr Sommerville. The pulpit and communion rail were erected by friends in memory of Reverend Henry Youngman; it was designed by architect Lange Powell and constructed by James Campbell & Sons. A stump-capping ceremony for a church hall was held on 20 December 1952.

The first Presbyterian services in Burleigh Heads were held in the house Braemar, the home of Mrs Margaret Black in Park Avenue in 1926. Land in West Street was purchased in October 1928 for the Presbyterian Church of Queensland with the financial assistance of William Robert Black and the leadership of Alexander Mayes. On Saturday 26 October 1928, a Presbyterian Church was officially opened by Reverend G. L. Shirreffs (Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Queensland). It was on an elevated site overlooking the town.

The commercial centre of James and Conner Streets was established by the 1930s and began to boom during the postwar period.

The De Luxe Theatre was built by William Fradgley and opened on Wednesday 15 October 1930.[48] It showed silent movies initially with its first "talkie" on Wednesday 9 September 1931, featuring the movies Paradise Island, Hot Curves and a "Mickey the Mouse" cartoon.[49][50] It was also used for Catholic church services prior to the construction of the Infant Saviour Roman Catholic Church. World War II was a boom time for the cinema as there were camps for both Australian and American army personnel in the area. In February 1945 the Thams Brothers (Lorenz and Charles Thams who owned and operated other cinemas on the Gold Coast) leased the De Luxe, purchasing it in 1950. Cyclonic winds damaged the cinema on Friday 19 and Saturday 20 February 1954, and it needed to be rebuilt. The Thams sold the cinema on 29 June 1966. The building gradually became derelict. It was converted in the 1970s into the Old Burleigh Theatre Arcade, with shops, restaurants and offices. In August 2019, the complex and an adjacent building were sold for about $18.5 million, which the short-term intention of continuing its current operations but with a long-term view of redeveloping the site.

On 8 January 1933, the foundation stone of the Infant Saviour Catholic Church was laid by Archbishop James Duhig on land which had been purchased in 1926 on the south-western corner of Connor Street and Park Avenue. On Sunday 27 January 1935, the church was officially opened by Duhig. It was designed in Spanish Mission style by Brisbane architect John Patrick Donoghue and was built using brick and fibro cement with a "handsome facade" of rough-cast rendered cement decorated with cordoba tiles. The building was 91 by 54 feet (28 by 16 m) and could seat 600 people, using the verandahs for additional seating to accommodate for the seasonal influx of tourists (Burleigh already being a popular holiday destination). It was built by Mr B. Robinson and cost about £3,000. It included a wooden dance floor as it was planned to build another larger church building on the site later and use the first church as a hall. On 15 August 1999, Archibishop John Bathersby conducted the final mass in the church. The building was sold and relocated to the Heritage Estate Winery (now the Hampton Estate Winery) at 62 Bartle Road, Tamborine Mountain, where it was restored for use as a restaurant and reception centre.

The Infant Saviour Primary School opened on 6 February 1935 on the verandahs of the Infant Saviour Catholic Church. The school closed in 1942 because of fears of a Japanese invasion during World War II. It was reopened on 27 January 1953 by the Missionary Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception and closed in 1973 when it was replaced by Marymount Catholic Primary School.

The northern section of Burleigh Beach appears to have been subdivided by the mid-1950s, but was the site of extensive sand mining in the following decades. The broad beachfront park is a legacy of that activity.

Koala Park residential area was developed in the 1960s.

Burleigh State High School opened on 1 January 1963. It was renamed South Coast District State High School before being renamed again to Miami State High School.

In 1967, the Methodist and Presbyterian churches at Burleigh Heads began discussions on co-operation between the two churches, culminating on the official creation of the Methodist-Presbyterian Co-operation Church on 2 July 1972. In 1973 the Presbyterian church building in West Street was sold to the Christian Science Church. On 6 April 1975 other congregations in Surfers Paradise, Palm Beach, Coolangatta, Isle of Capri, Mermaid Beach, Mudgeeraba, Tallebudgera and Currumbin joined the Burleigh Heads's co-operation to establish the Gold Coast Co-operative Parish. On Saturday 6 December 1975 the Methodist and Presbyterian churches were physically united as the Burleigh Heads Co-operative Church in a new two-storey church building on Burleigh Street on the site of the former Methodist hall, adjacent to the former Methodist Church (which then became the new church's hall). On the creation of the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, the Burleigh Street church became Burleigh Heads Uniting Church. The "new" 1975 church soon became too small as the permanent and holiday population of Burleigh Heads grew, and on 16 September 1990 the new Church on the Hill was opened. The former Methodist church/hall was then relocated to Coominya where it is used as a private residence.

Due to rising student numbers at the Burleigh Heads State School, a separate Burleigh Heads Infants School opened on 23 January 1978. Falling student numbers resulted in the infants closing on 3 July 1989 to be re-integrated back into the main school.

The Burleigh Library opened in 1993 and had a major refurbishment in 2010.

In the 2011 census, Burleigh Heads had a population of 9,188, 52.2% female and 47.8% male. The median/average age of the Burleigh Heads population is 40 years of age, 3 years above the Australian average. 69.3% of people living in Burleigh Heads were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand 6.8%, England 4.6%, Brazil 0.9%, Scotland 0.8%, South Africa 0.6%. 85.2% of people speak English as their first language 0.8% Portuguese, 0.5% Italian, 0.4% German, 0.4% Japanese, 0.3% French.

In the 2016 census, Burleigh Heads had a population of 10,077 people.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burleigh_Heads,_Queensland

A small village built around this ancient phrygian/byzantine settlement and tombs....Ayazini, Turkey

Montcalm County

Murrayville.

Farming settlement began in the region by the SA border at Panitya and Carina in 1908 but the first town lots were sold in Murrayville in 1910 two years before the railway reached the town from Ouyen. The town came into being in 1911 and it was named after the Victorian premier of the day John Murray. By the end of 1911 the town had several stores, a blacksmith and an Institute which opened in that year. Once the railway arrived in 1912 the large Murrayville Hotel opened and by 1916 the town had two banks. A new Post office was built in 1916 along with several community buildings- the private Austral Hall (now demolished) and the Institute Hall which was erected in 1911. It was replaced with a new public hall in 1957. Murrayville Courthouse was designed and built in 1914 by the same architect Samuel Bindely who designed the Courthouse in Ouyen. It closed as a courthouse in 1983 and became the local CFS station. Bindley’s courthouses have been described as wooden Federation Arts and Crafts style. The Masonic Lodge in Murrayville was formed in 1919 and members joined the Lodge in Pinnaroo across the border. The Lodge building in Murrayville was erected in 1923 and only closed in 2001. The Shire of Walpeup was formed in 1912 with the offices in Murrayville but these were moved to new shire offices in Ouyen in 1918. The first school in Murrayville opened in 1912 in the Mechanics Institute building. A year or so afterwards that a wooden school was built on the highway but this building was moved in 1926 to the consolidated school site in Poole Street. The Consolidated School (formed after the closure of small rural schools) was created in 1944 as the first area or consolidated school in Victoria. The closed wooden small rural schools – all 14 of them- were all moved to this site. That school complex has now been converted to an accommodation centre as there is another modern state school in Murrayville. Murrayville High School was established in 1969, with new buildings completed in 1973. Since then the high and primary schools have merged on one campus.

The earliest church in Murrayville was St Peter’s Lutheran Church erected in 1923 in limestone with brick quoins. But the Lutherans began worshipping in house as early as 1910 or they journeyed to the Lutheran Church in Pinnaroo. The wooden framed Catholic Church was built in 1937. Prior to that Catholic services were held in the Institute, Shire Hall and Hotel from 1921. Anglican services were held in Murrayville from 1911 in the hall until a timber and iron church was erected in 1913, with a local minister appointed to the town in 1916. But the stone Anglican Church in Murrayville was not built until 1926 with decorative buttresses and a steep roof. In recent years the Anglican Church combined with the Uniting Church for services in a new timber framed building but now only the Uniting Church survives in Murrayville. Both the Presbyterians and Methodists had early wooden churches in Murrayville but both are now gone.

The town has a good range of old shops and a quaint little railway station. On the main highway is the old baker’s shops now a café and bakery. A second Post Office was built in Murrayville in inter war Arts and Crafts style in 1926. The first Post Mistress of the 1926 building was a Fairy - Miss Mary Fairy. The café at no 19 McKenzie Street was one of the first shops in Murrayville built around 1912 to sell fruit and vegetables and then from 1920 meat was sold from this shop. It is now the Cobb and Co Café almost next door to the Murrayville Hotel. It has an usually high gable style parapet to the street. Perhaps the most interesting heritage shop in Murrayville is the former bakery and soft drink business at no 8 Reed Street. This shop was built in 1931 and retains the original glass, tiles and timber surrounds to the front. The advertising on the windows is related to Holten’s soft drink business which was based in this shop from 1949 to 1994. Other shops in this precinct still have shop advertising from the early 1940s. The Commercial Bank building from 1917 also constitutes part of this streetscape.

Elvet Bridge is a medieval masonry arch bridge across the River Wear in the city of Durham, in County Durham, England. It links the peninsula in central Durham and the Elvet area of the city, and is a Grade I listed building.

Building

Building of the bridge began in AD 1160 in the time of Bishop Hugh de Puiset (1153–95) De Puiset, also known as "Bishop Pudsey" was a powerful Prince Bishop who instigated a significant amount of building work in northern England. A key reason for building the bridge was the urban development taking place in what was the then Elvet borough. The bridge took many years to complete: in 1225 and 1228 indulgences were still being granted to people who contributed to "the building of the new bridge at Elvet". Of the current arches only one is late 12th century; the remainder are 13th century.

Elvet bridge was not Durham's first bridge over the Wear. The Foedarium of Durham Cathedral Priory, compiled early in the 15th century, records:

Bishop Hugo built the bridge of Elvit, called the New Bridge to distinguish it from the other bridge, already built, which is called the Old Bridge.

The bridge has 10 visible arches, but there is some dispute over how many arches exist in total. The early 16th-century antiquary John Leland believed there were 14 arches,[5] but this has never been proven. The river flows through four full arches – the remaining are dry or partly so. The early 19th-century antiquary Robert Surtees wrote that there were 10 arches,[5] and this number has been verified. Others may be hidden beneath the street on the Elvet side or beneath Souter Peth.

Subsequent history

The bridge was repaired extensively in the time of Bishop Foxe between 1495 and 1501, and again in 1601. A flood in 1771 badly damaged the bridge and the three central arches were renewed. The bridge was 15 feet (4.6 m) wide until 1804–05, when it was widened by 18 feet (5.5 m) on its upstream (northern) side.

In the Middle Ages Elvet Bridge was guarded by a gate and towers, and there was a number of buildings on the bridge. They included a chapel at either end: St James' at the western end and St Andrew's on a pier at the eastern end. St Andrew's may have been the larger of the two, as an inventory compiled in 1549 in the Edwardine Reformation measured the lead on their roofs as 36 square yards (30 m2) at St James' but 88 square yards (74 m2) at St Andrew's. St James' chapel was replaced with a House of Correction (prison) in 1632. In the 18th century the House of Correction and many buildings at the north end of the bridge were demolished.

The chapel on the eastern, Elvet, side of the bridge has partially survived and is particularly visible from the riverbanks to the south. A number of buildings incorporate part of the bridge, and 18 Elvet Bridge is also Grade I listed as a result.

The bridge is reputed to be the narrowest row-through bridge in Europe.

Durham is a cathedral city and civil parish in the county of Durham, England. It is the county town and contains the headquarters of Durham County Council, the unitary authority which governs the district of County Durham. It had a population of 48,069 at the 2011 Census.

The city was built on a meander of the River Wear, which surrounds the centre on three sides and creates a narrow neck on the fourth. The surrounding land is hilly, except along the Wear's floodplain to the north and southeast.

Durham was founded in 995 by Anglo-Saxon monks seeking a place safe from Viking raids to house the relics of St Cuthbert. The church the monks built lasted only a century, as it was replaced by the present Durham Cathedral after the Norman Conquest; together with Durham Castle it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From the 1070s until 1836 the city was part of the County Palatine of Durham, a semi-independent jurisdiction ruled by the prince bishops of Durham which acted as a geopolitical buffer between the kingdoms of England and Scotland. In 1346, the Battle of Neville's Cross was fought half a mile west of the city, resulting in an English victory. In 1650, the cathedral was used to house Scottish prisoners after their defeat at the Battle of Dunbar. During the Industrial Revolution, the Durham coalfield was heavily exploited, with dozens of collieries operating around the city and in nearby villages. Although these coal pits have now closed, the annual Durham Miners' Gala continues and is a major event for the city and region. Historically, Durham was also known for the manufacture of hosiery, carpets, and mustard.

The city is the home of Durham University, which was founded in 1832 and therefore has a claim to be the third-oldest university in England. The university is a significant employer in the region, alongside the local council and national government at the land registry and passport office. The University Hospital of North Durham and HM Prison Durham are also located close to the city centre. The city also has significant tourism and hospitality sectors.

Toponymy

The name "Durham" comes from the Brythonic element dun, signifying a hill fort and related to -ton, and the Old Norse holme, which translates to island. The Lord Bishop of Durham takes a Latin variation of the city's name in his official signature, which is signed "N. Dunelm". Some attribute the city's name to the legend of the Dun Cow and the milkmaid who in legend guided the monks of Lindisfarne carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present city in 995 AD. Dun Cow Lane is said to be one of the first streets in Durham, being directly to the east of Durham Cathedral and taking its name from a depiction of the city's founding etched in masonry on the south side of the cathedral. The city has been known by a number of names throughout history. The original Nordic Dun Holm was changed to Duresme by the Normans and was known in Latin as Dunelm. The modern form Durham came into use later in the city's history. The north-eastern historian Robert Surtees chronicled the name changes in his History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham but states that it is an "impossibility" to tell when the city's modern name came into being.

Durham is likely to be Gaer Weir in Armes Prydein, derived from Brittonic cajr meaning "an enclosed, defensible site" (cf. Carlisle; Welsh caer) and the river-name Wear.

History

Early history

Archeological evidence suggests a history of settlement in the area since roughly 2000 BC. The present city can clearly be traced back to AD 995, when a group of monks from Lindisfarne chose the strategic high peninsula as a place to settle with the body of Saint Cuthbert, that had previously lain in Chester-le-Street, founding a church there.

City origins, the Dun Cow story

Local legend states that the city was founded in A.D. 995 by divine intervention. The 12th-century chronicler Symeon of Durham recounts that after wandering in the north, Saint Cuthbert's bier miraculously came to a halt at the hill of Warden Law and, despite the effort of the congregation, would not move. Aldhun, Bishop of Chester-le-Street and leader of the order, decreed a holy fast of three days, accompanied by prayers to the saint. During the fast, Saint Cuthbert appeared to a certain monk named Eadmer, with instructions that the coffin should be taken to Dun Holm. After Eadmer's revelation, Aldhun found that he was able to move the bier, but did not know where Dun Holm was.

The legend of the Dun Cow, which is first documented in The Rites of Durham, an anonymous account about Durham Cathedral, published in 1593, builds on Symeon's account. According to this legend, by chance later that day, the monks came across a milkmaid at Mount Joy (southeast of present-day Durham). She stated that she was seeking her lost dun cow, which she had last seen at Dun Holm. The monks, realising that this was a sign from the saint, followed her. They settled at a wooded "hill-island" – a high wooded rock surrounded on three sides by the River Wear. There they erected a shelter for the relics, on the spot where Durham Cathedral would later stand. Symeon states that a modest wooden building erected there shortly thereafter was the first building in the city. Bishop Aldhun subsequently had a stone church built, which was dedicated in September 998. This no longer remains, having been supplanted by the Norman structure.

The legend is interpreted by a Victorian relief stone carving on the north face of the cathedral and, more recently, by the bronze sculpture 'Durham Cow' (1997, Andrew Burton), which reclines by the River Wear in view of the cathedral.

Medieval era

During the medieval period the city gained spiritual prominence as the final resting place of Saint Cuthbert and Saint Bede the Venerable. The shrine of Saint Cuthbert, situated behind the High Altar of Durham Cathedral, was the most important religious site in England until the martyrdom of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury in 1170.

Saint Cuthbert became famous for two reasons. Firstly, the miraculous healing powers he had displayed in life continued after his death, with many stories of those visiting the saint's shrine being cured of all manner of diseases. This led to him being known as the "wonder worker of England". Secondly, after the first translation of his relics in 698 AD, his body was found to be incorruptible. Apart from a brief translation back to Holy Island during the Norman Invasion the saint's relics have remained enshrined to the present day. Saint Bede's bones are also entombed in the cathedral, and these also drew medieval pilgrims to the city.

Durham's geographical position has always given it an important place in the defence of England against the Scots. The city played an important part in the defence of the north, and Durham Castle is the only Norman castle keep never to have suffered a breach. In 1314, the Bishopric of Durham paid the Scots a 'large sum of money' not to burn Durham. The Battle of Neville's Cross took place around half a mile west of the city on 17 October 1346 between the English and Scots and was a disastrous loss for the Scots.

The city suffered from plague outbreaks in 1544, 1589 and 1598.

Bishops of Durham

Owing to the divine providence evidenced in the city's legendary founding, the Bishop of Durham has always enjoyed the formal title "Bishop by Divine Providence" as opposed to other bishops, who are "Bishop by Divine Permission". However, as the north-east of England lay so far from Westminster, the bishops of Durham enjoyed extraordinary powers such as the ability to hold their own parliament, raise their own armies, appoint their own sheriffs and Justices, administer their own laws, levy taxes and customs duties, create fairs and markets, issue charters, salvage shipwrecks, collect revenue from mines, administer the forests and mint their own coins. So far-reaching were the bishop's powers that the steward of Bishop Antony Bek commented in 1299 AD: "There are two kings in England, namely the Lord King of England, wearing a crown in sign of his regality and the Lord Bishop of Durham wearing a mitre in place of a crown, in sign of his regality in the diocese of Durham". All this activity was administered from the castle and buildings surrounding the Palace Green. Many of the original buildings associated with these functions of the county palatine survive on the peninsula that constitutes the ancient city.

From 1071 to 1836 the bishops of Durham ruled the county palatine of Durham. Although the term "prince bishop" has been used as a helpful tool in the understanding the functions of the bishops of Durham in this era, it is not a title they would have recognised. The last bishop to rule the palatinate, Bishop William Van Mildert, is credited with the foundation of Durham University in 1832. Henry VIII curtailed some of the bishop's powers and, in 1538, ordered the destruction of the shrine of Saint Cuthbert.

A UNESCO site describes the role of the bishops in the "buffer state between England and Scotland":

From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.

Legal system

The bishops had their own court system, including most notably the Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge. The county also had its own attorney general, whose authority to bring an indictment for criminal matters was tested by central government in the case of R v Mary Ann Cotton (1873). Certain courts and judicial posts for the county were abolished by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873. Section 2 of the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 and section 41 of the Courts Act 1971 abolished others.

Civil War and Cromwell (1640 to 1660)

The city remained loyal to King Charles I in the English Civil War – from 1642 to the execution of the king in 1649. Charles I came to Durham three times during his reign of 1625–1649. Firstly, he came in 1633 to the cathedral for a majestic service in which he was entertained by the Chapter and Bishop at great expense. He returned during preparations for the First Bishops' War (1639). His final visit to the city came towards the end of the civil war; he escaped from the city as Oliver Cromwell's forces got closer. Local legend stated that he escaped down the Bailey and through Old Elvet. Another local legend has it that Cromwell stayed in a room in the present Royal County Hotel on Old Elvet during the civil war. The room is reputed to be haunted by his ghost. Durham suffered greatly during the civil war (1642–1651) and Commonwealth (1649–1660). This was not due to direct assault by Cromwell or his allies, but to the abolition of the Church of England and the closure of religious institutions pertaining to it. The city has always relied upon the Dean and Chapter and cathedral as an economic force.

The castle suffered considerable damage and dilapidation during the Commonwealth due to the abolition of the office of bishop (whose residence it was). Cromwell confiscated the castle and sold it to the Lord Mayor of London shortly after taking it from the bishop. A similar fate befell the cathedral, it being closed in 1650 and used to incarcerate 3,000 Scottish prisoners, who were marched south after the Battle of Dunbar. Graffiti left by them can still be seen today etched into the interior stone.

At the Restoration in 1660, John Cosin (a former canon) was appointed bishop (in office: 1660–1672) and set about a major restoration project. This included the commissioning of the famous elaborate woodwork in the cathedral choir, the font cover and the Black Staircase in the castle. Bishop Cosin's successor Bishop Lord Nathaniel Crewe (in office: 1674–1721) carried out other renovations both to the city and to the cathedral.

18th century

In the 18th century a plan to turn Durham into a seaport through the digging of a canal north to join the River Team, a tributary of the River Tyne near Gateshead, was proposed by John Smeaton. Nothing came of the plan, but the statue of Neptune in the Market Place was a constant reminder of Durham's maritime possibilities.

The thought of ships docking at the Sands or Millburngate remained fresh in the minds of Durham merchants. In 1758, a new proposal hoped to make the Wear navigable from Durham to Sunderland by altering the river's course, but the increasing size of ships made this impractical. Moreover, Sunderland had grown as the north east's main port and centre for shipping.

In 1787 Durham infirmary was founded.

The 18th century also saw the rise of the trade-union movement in the city.

19th century

The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 gave governing power of the town to an elected body. All other aspects of the Bishop's temporal powers were abolished by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 and returned to the Crown.

The Representation of the People Act 2000 and is regarded as the second most senior bishop and fourth most senior clergyman in the Church of England. The Court of Claims of 1953 granted the traditional right of the bishop to accompany the sovereign at the coronation, reflecting his seniority.

The first census, conducted in 1801, states that Durham City had a population of 7,100. The Industrial Revolution mostly passed the city by. However, the city was well known for carpet making and weaving. Although most of the mediaeval weavers who thrived in the city had left by the 19th century, the city was the home of Hugh MacKay Carpets’ factory, which produced the famous brands of axminster and tufted carpets until the factory went into administration in April 2005. Other important industries were the manufacture of mustard and coal extraction.

The Industrial Revolution also placed the city at the heart of the coalfields, the county's main industry until the 1970s. Practically every village around the city had a coal mine and, although these have since disappeared as part of the regional decline in heavy industry, the traditions, heritage and community spirit are still evident.

The 19th century also saw the founding of Durham University thanks to the benevolence of Bishop William Van Mildert and the Chapter in 1832. Durham Castle became the first college (University College, Durham) and the bishop moved to Auckland Castle as his only residence in the county. Bishop Hatfield's Hall (later Hatfield College, Durham) was added in 1846 specifically for the sons of poorer families, the Principal inaugurating a system new to English university life of advance fees to cover accommodation and communal dining.

The first Durham Miners' Gala was attended by 5,000 miners in 1871 in Wharton Park, and remains the largest socialist trade union event in the world.

20th century

Early in the 20th century coal became depleted, with a particularly important seam worked out in 1927, and in the following Great Depression Durham was among those towns that suffered exceptionally severe hardship. However, the university expanded greatly. St John's College and St Cuthbert's Society were founded on the Bailey, completing the series of colleges in that area of the city. From the early 1950s to early 1970s the university expanded to the south of the city centre. Trevelyan, Van Mildert, Collingwood, and Grey colleges were established, and new buildings for St Aidan's and St Mary's colleges for women, formerly housed on the Bailey, were created. The final 20th century collegiate addition came from the merger of the independent nineteenth-century colleges of the Venerable Bede and St Hild, which joined the university in 1979 as the College of St Hild and St Bede. The 1960s and 70s also saw building on New Elvet. Dunelm House for the use of the students' union was built first, followed by Elvet Riverside, containing lecture theatres and staff offices. To the southeast of the city centre sports facilities were built at Maiden Castle, adjacent to the Iron Age fort of the same name, and the Mountjoy site was developed, starting in 1924, eventually containing the university library, administrative buildings, and facilities for the Faculty of Science.

Durham was not bombed during World War II, though one raid on the night of 30 May 1942 did give rise to the local legend of 'St Cuthbert's Mist'. This states that the Luftwaffe attempted to target Durham, but was thwarted when Cuthbert created a mist that covered both the castle and cathedral, sparing them from bombing. The exact events of the night are disputed by contemporary eyewitnesses. The event continues to be referenced within the city, including inspiring the artwork 'Fogscape #03238' at Durham Lumiere 2015.

'Durham Castle and Cathedral' was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. Among the reasons given for the decision were 'Durham Cathedral [being] the largest and most perfect monument of "Norman" style architecture in England', and the cathedral's vaulting being an early and experimental model of the gothic style. Other important UNESCO sites near Durham include Auckland Castle, North of England Lead Mining Museum and Beamish Museum.

Historical

The historic city centre of Durham has changed little over 200 years. It is made up of the peninsula containing the cathedral, palace green, former administrative buildings for the palatine and Durham Castle. This was a strategic defensive decision by the city's founders and gives the cathedral a striking position. So much so that Symeon of Durham stated:

To see Durham is to see the English Sion and by doing so one may save oneself a trip to Jerusalem.

Sir Walter Scott was so inspired by the view of the cathedral from South Street that he wrote "Harold the Dauntless", a poem about Saxons and Vikings set in County Durham and published on 30 January 1817. The following lines from the poem are carved into a stone tablet on Prebends Bridge:

Grey towers of Durham

Yet well I love thy mixed and massive piles

Half church of God, half castle 'gainst the Scot

And long to roam those venerable aisles

With records stored of deeds long since forgot.

The old commercial section of the city encompasses the peninsula on three sides, following the River Wear. The peninsula was historically surrounded by the castle wall extending from the castle keep and broken by two gatehouses to the north and west of the enclosure. After extensive remodelling and "much beautification" by the Victorians the walls were removed with the exception of the gatehouse which is still standing on the Bailey.

The medieval city was made up of the cathedral, castle and administrative buildings on the peninsula. The outlying areas were known as the townships and owned by the bishop, the most famous of these being Gilesgate (which still contains the mediaeval St Giles Church), Claypath and Elvet.

The outlying commercial section of the city, especially around the North Road area, saw much change in the 1960s during a redevelopment spearheaded by Durham City Council; however, much of the original mediaeval street plan remains intact in the area close to the cathedral and market place. Most of the mediaeval buildings in the commercial area of the city have disappeared apart from the House of Correction and the Chapel of Saint Andrew, both under Elvet Bridge. Georgian buildings can still be found on the Bailey and Old Elvet most of which make up the colleges of Durham University.

The Grade I Listed remains of Old Sarum a former Iron Age fort, 2 miles north of Salisbury in Wiltshire.

The great monoliths of Stonehenge and Avebury were erected nearby and indications of prehistoric settlement have been discovered from as early as 3000 BC. An Iron Age hillfort was erected around 400 BC, controlling the intersection of two native trade paths and the Hampshire Avon. The site continued to be occupied during the Roman period, when the paths became roads. The Saxons took the British fort in the 6th century and later used it as a stronghold against marauding Vikings. The Normans constructed a motte and bailey castle, a stone curtain wall, and a great cathedral. A royal palace was built within the castle for King Henry I and was subsequently used by Plantagenet monarchs. This heyday of the settlement lasted for around 300 years until disputes between the Wiltshire sheriff and the Salisbury bishop finally led to the removal of the church into the nearby plain. As New Salisbury grew up around the construction site for the new cathedral in the early 13th century, the buildings of Old Sarum were dismantled for stone and the old town dwindled. Its long-neglected castle was abandoned by Edward II in 1322 and sold by Henry VIII in 1514.

The castle grounds were sold by Henry VIII in 1514. Although the settlement was effectively uninhabited, its landowners continued to have parliamentary representation into the 19th century, making it the most notorious of the rotten boroughs that existed before the Reform Act of 1832. Most famously, Old Sarum served as a pocket borough of the Pitt family.

From the reign of Edward II in the 14th century, the 'borough' of Old Sarum elected two members to the House of Commons despite the fact that, from at least the 17th century, it had no resident voters at all. One of the members in the 18th century was William Pitt the Elder. In 1831, Old Sarum had eleven voters, all of whom were landowners who lived elsewhere. This made Old Sarum the most notorious of the rotten boroughs. The 1832 Reform Act completely disfranchised Old Sarum. Old Sarum was an extra-parochial area and became a civil parish in 1858. The civil parish was abolished in 1894.

The site of the castle and cathedral is considered a highly important British monument: it was among the 26 English locations scheduled by the 1882 Ancient Monuments Protection Act, the first such British legislation. This protection has subsequently continued, expanding to include some suburban areas west and southeast of the outer bailey.

W. H. St J. Hope, W. Hawley, and D.H. Montgomerie excavated the site between 1909 and 1915 for the Society of Antiquaries of London. In 1917, during World War I, a site just northeast of Old Sarum along the Portway was developed as the 'Ford Farm' aerodrome. This became Old Sarum Airfield, which remains in operation with a single grass runway. A second excavation occurred in the 1950s under John W G Musty and Philip Rahtz.

In 2014, an on-site geophysical survey of the inner and outer bailey by the University of Southampton revealed its royal palace, as well as the street plan of the medieval city. The survey made use of soil resistivity to electric current, electrical resistivity tomography, magnetometry, and ground-penetrating radar. The team planned to return in 2015 to complete a similar survey of the Romano-British site located south of the hillfort.

Altit is an ancient village with great historical, cultural and architectural significance.There is no written history of the village.Most of the modern day researchers quote historical accounts from the books written by Qudratullah Baig, Mir Nazim Khan, Professor Ahmed Hassan Dani and some earlier western explorers.

History

In the historical accounts the local people relate their origin with the soldiers of Alexander the Great (July 356 BC to June 10, 323 BC). It is said that in 326 B.C when the forces of Alexander the Great was on way back and passed through Hunza, five of the soldiers becoming ill, lagged behind in Hunza. These soldiers made this valley their home.

Three (3) generals in Alexander's army have married Persian women. The generals betrayed Alexander by giving the Persians his plans. When Alexander heard of the betrayal he sought to take revenge, but the generals, wives and a band of many soldiers fled. The valley of Hunza is thought to have been their valley of refuge because of its remote and secure location. It is likely that the Hunza valley was already sparsely inhabited when the Macedon generals arrived.

First Settlement in Altit

According to a renowned local scholar, Ghulam Murtaza, when the human settlement was started in Altit at that time the Ultar glacier was extended down to Hunza River. It means that Harchi area is moraine of Ultar glacier. Most of the local people describe that the first inhabitant who settled in Altit was from Hun race of Mongolia therefore the name of the earlier settlement was Hun-u-kushal which is still in use for the old settlement area in Altit. Some people thus relate the name of Hunza from the Huns while majority are in view that Hunza is derived from huntz; the Burushaski word for arrow.

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A couple of ladies I met in front of one of the mirrored pyramids that make up Rob Mullhollands 'Settlement' installation a couple of miles up the road from me in Heysham. We agreed that the art was good, the setting wonderful and the number of people engaging with it delightful.

Abandoned viking settlement film set ireland

Pancake and I haven't been to this park recently and we were sad to see much of the ground has caved in, eroded or moved. It's not that old (this park). Earth will do that....especially with human intervention. They'd spent a lot of money on this park. The date's incorrect on this camera - we were there this morning, 10 September 2019. Yet they claim when stuff fails like this it's an "act of god". Is it an act of god if humans caused it (the park undermining)?

MSD (Metro Sewer District) is currently re-routing the water in order to feed the creek in order to irrigate the golf courses in order to draw interest to the 2020 PGA tournament at the Valhalla golf course. Golf takes precedence over anything else here in Jefferson County, Kentucky.

Beckley Creek Park /The Parklands: www.theparklands.org/Parks/Beckley-Creek-Park

Ecosia - it's your friend - don't be afraid to use it: www.ecosia.org/

8-9-14 While the MS Veendam was traveling through Prince Christian Sound in southern Greenland. The ship passed this small settlement of around 132 people. Info on the settlement at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aappilattoq,_Kujalleq

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Government House Hobart.

The first “Government House” erected in the penal settlement of Van Diemans Land was a simple wooden hut in 1805 in Barrack Square near Sullivan’s Cove. The one roomed hut was soon expanded to three rooms. The second Government House, a residence of 14 rooms and two storeys high, was built in Macquarie Street where Franklin Square now exists. It was built in 1817 of brick and wood but was in a perilous structural state by 1825. Between 1829 and 1831 a solid sandstone extension was added. From 1831 to 1841 it also housed the Van Diemans Land parliament. It was demolished in 1858 to create Franklin Square and because the new grand Government House in the Domain had accepted its first Governor and family in 1858.

Long before the completion of Government House an earlier attempt was made to construct a grand house adjacent to the Tasmanian Royal Botanic Gardens and the Queens Domain. In 1842 convict architect of NSW James Blackburn accepted a commission and using convict labour and sandstone from the grounds work began on the third Government House. But Lieutenant Governor Sir John Franklin did not have permission for this to happen and his replacement Sir John Eardly-Wilmot had the walls already erected pulled down and the cellar filled in!

In 1853 Blackburn’s architectural plans were modified and altered by Tasmanian architect William Porden Kay and convicts began work on the grand Gothic house again in 1855. Although Governor Sir Henry Fox Young moved his wife and family into the residence in early 1857 it was 1859 before internal furnishings and finishes were all completed. A couple of years after the house was beautifully finished Sir Henry Fox Young resigned. In 1861 he returned to England where he died in 1870. Sir Henry Fox Young was the first Governor to live in the mansion. He was also the fifth Governor of South Australia from 1848 to December 1854. He married Augusta Marryat in London in 1848 before taking up his appointment in Adelaide. Sir Henry Fox Young left SA after the successful steam trip up the River Murray in August 1854 to establish the river boat industry. He arrived in Hobart on 2 January 1855 and took up his post from 6 January 1855.

The fine residence was made in sandstone quarried from the 30 acres of grounds. One quarry is now Quarry Pond near the main house and the other is the smaller Japanese Pond near the main entrance gates. The house is highly regarded for its sandstone carvings, its gargoyles, the stone mullion windows, the carved chimneys, the bas-relief above the porte cochère and clock tower. Inside the house are impressive painted ceilings in the ballroom and elsewhere, a grand staircase, elaborately decorated state rooms and some fine furniture, most of which was sent out from England in the late 1850s.

These are tobacco leaves drying while hanging from the rafters of the storehouse at Jamestown Settlement.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haithabu

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedeby

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Gayndah. Early history and Village Settlements.

This small town was surveyed in 1847 on the Burnett River which enters the ocean near Bundaberg. The town was not gazetted until 1849 and then began to slowly grow with the first Post Office opening in 1850.It is believed that the Aboriginal word guindah meant thunder at place of scrub. Although it its latter years the district was known for its cattle industry in the early days it was a sheep pastoral region. Today it is the main citrus growing region of Queensland. As the small settlement increased a newspaper was started in 1861. By the 1860s it churches, a school stores and hotels. The school opened in 1863, the first bank in 1864 and Catholic and Baptist churches opened soon afterwards. When gold was discovered further inland at Eidsvold (a Norwegian name) in 1866 the town progressed even more as the handling spot for goods travelling to and from Eidsvold. The first citrus trees were planted in 1892 and that industry had expanded by 1898 and then a railway line from Maryborough reached the town in 1907 prompting more expansion.

When the great depression of the early 1890s struck QLD it followed the lead of SA and Victoria and introduced legislation to established communistic type village settlements. These attempts at utopian communal farming and living were influenced by the works of Queenslander William Lane, the Australian attempts to set up a Utopia in Paraguay and the rise of unions on sheep stations. The QLD Cooperative Communities Land Settlement Act came into force in 1893. Thirty men (and wives or daughters) could set up a commune and leased around 100 acres per member. The government provided £20 per member for seeds, farming tools and equipment. Twelve communes were quickly formed including three near Gayndah – Byrnestown, Resolute and Bon Accord. Arguments, poor soil, and lack of resources led to some communes failing in 1894 and the rest by 1896. Byrnestown soon a timber school for the children pictured. This provisional school opened with around 40 children in 1895. By October 1894 there were 169 people in the Byrnestown settlement. When the government disbanded the communes those who wanted were able to break the lands into private leases which is what happened at Byrnestown. In 1896 sixteen members of Byrnestown commune divided 2,600 acres into 16 small farms. Those who stayed made a successes of their farming and the Byrnestown School became a state school in 1909 and provided education to students until 1970. A Catholic Church opened in Byrnestown in 1925. In 1969 it was moved to Gayndah to become the parish hall for the Catholic Church in Gayndah.

After the railway reached Gayndah dairying began in the district with a dairy factory opening in 1911. New churches were opened after 1910 including the fine Catholic Church in 1915 and a Catholic School and Convent in 1919. The town War Memorial was unveiled in 1921. The district’s citrus growers association was formed in 1920. Tourism is now a major industry and the town has a few heritage listed structures. These structures are all in Capper Street - the War Memorial opened 1921; the Courthouse 1928 – replacing an 1861 courthouse; Mellor’s Drapery and Haberdashery store built in 1922; Gayndah Shire Hall built in Art Deco style in 1935. In Meson Street is the heritage listed state school which dates from 1861. In Simon Street there is a red brick Georgian style cottage built in in 1864 for Henry Fenwick. This is an unusual building and not very suitable for the Queensland climate. It is now part of the town museum. The museum has a display of the prehistoric lungfish which have survived in the Burnett River which flows through the town on its way down to Bundaberg.

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Walk in the steps of Captain John Smith and Pocahontas where a successful English colonization of North America began

Perugia was an Umbrian settlement on top of a mountain that became a Roman colonia around 250 BC. In 547 Totila´s Ostrogoth troops looted the city after a long siege. Legends tell, that Perugia´s bishop Herculanus, who negotiated with Totila in behalf of his folks, got beheaded by the Ostrogoths, making St. Herculanus (aka "Sant' Ercolano") to the city´s patron saint.

In the 9th century, with the consent of the Carolingians, it passed under the popes. Within the 11th century gained independency. After a long conflict, in 1370 the city signed a treaty accepting a papal legate, but already 5 years later the vicar-general of the Papal States was expelled by a popular uprising. During the Italian Wars Perugia passed through many hands until Condottiero Braccio da Montone reached a concordance with the Papacy. It did not bring peace to the city, but led to the "Salt War" in 1540, that had started as a protest against paying new taxes on salt. The papal troops forced a surrender.

Within a few years, more than hundred houses, as well as churches and monasteries were destroyed and used as building material to built an enormous fortress, the "Rocca Paolina". The fort was for centuries a symbol of oppressive papal rule.

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San Michele Arcangelo is a paleo-Christian circular building, dating to the 5th to 6th century. It is located near the ancient gate "Porta Sant'Angelo" and was probably erected on the foundations of an older temple.

The interior has an ambulatory delimited by sixteen different ancient monolithic columns, that probably were taken from Roman buildings/ruins and got reused here.

Erdington a suburb of Birmingham, West Midlands.

Erdington was an Anglian settlement set up in the Early Middle Ages and by the time of the Norman Conquest was a sub-manor of Aston. Its name derives from the Anglo-Saxon, Eardred ing tun meaning 'Eardred's people's farm' or perhaps the 'village of the Eardredings'. The settlers were either followers of a man called Eardred, or perhaps a clan called with the surname, Eardreding, meaning Eardred's people.

The name Erdington also evolved via Hardintone into Yarnton, and later Yenton. In his First Impressions of Birmingham in 1837, the Birmingham Post journalist Eliezer Edwards wrote that Erdington, was then universally called 'Yarnton', implying that at the time of publication in 1877, this was no longer the case.

Arable land was cultivated here on the Birmingham sandstone ridge. The soils were not especially fertile, and they drained quickly, but they were easier to work than the fertile but unforgiving clay lands to the east. It is not known where the original Anglo-Saxon settlement lay, but by medieval times the village was already centred on Erdington High Street between Six Ways and Holly Lane and straddling the ancient road from Bristol via Lichfield to the north-east of England.

One of Birmingham's oldest man-made objects was found lying on the surface of a garden in Court Lane, Erdington. A handaxe just 13cm long, it had been fashioned out of quartzite a quarter of a million years ago by Neanderthal people and is now exhibited in the Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery.

Information Source:

billdargue.jimdo.com/placenames-gazetteer-a-to-y/places-e...

island life

Viking settlement 100 miles south of the artic circle Russia

Bain News Service,, publisher.

Mickey McKay & Frank Conifrey - Lenox Hill Settle't [i.e., Settlement]

[between ca. 1915 and ca. 1920]

1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.

Notes:

Title from data provided by the Bain News Service on the negative.

Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).

Format: Glass negatives.

Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.

Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print

General information about the Bain Collection is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ggbain

Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.21681

Call Number: LC-B2- 3849-4

New Residence.

This district began as a Village Settlement in 1895 whilst all others began in 1894. It was the last to start and one of the first to end. A public meeting was held at Port Adelaide to from a group to begin a Village Settlement on the Murray. Eventually fifteen men signed up to from the commune and they were mainly wharf labourers from Port Adelaide. The travelled by train to Morgan and then paddle steamer to New Residence. But they only had 15 members hardly enough to ensure success. The most successful Village Settlement’s all had 40 to 80 members as well as women and children. New Residence began with just 90 people. They were allocated 7,000 aces. They arrived in February 1895. By October their apricot plantings were being devastated by caterpillars and by November some members were leaving, albeit with much acrimony and arguing. Others persisted. In spring 1986 they were shearing sheep but only 150 fleeces were obtained. When they arrived they bought two cows, several horses and a number of goats. By late 1896 the goats were destroying much of that which had been planted. The Village Settlement formally ceased in July 1897 but most had left by the end of 1896. The land was sold by the government around the time that the scheme was disbanded by parliament in 1903. The irrigation pump was sold by tender in 1903 by the Surveyor General. Some German Lutherans bought or leased land from 1901. They met in Mr Zibell’s house for Lutheran church services and a day school was started in a galvanised iron shed left over from the Village Settlement days. In 1905 they built a stone church and school room as Heinrich Klau donated land for it. It still stands in New Residence. The Lutheran settlers added a teacher room to the school in 1911. A cemetery was started in 1904. The Lutheran School closed in 1917 as required by act of parliament. In 1914 the congregation built a six roomed stone manse for the Lutheran minister as at that time New Residence became the centre of a Lutheran parish covering New Residence, Loxton, Moorook and Myrla. In 1925 they built a much larger stone church which is still in use and is known as Trinity Lutheran. In 1955 they decided to build a new church hall but that was not erected until 1964. When World War Two broke out the congregation decided to record all church minutes in English for the first time and religious writings on the interior church walls were changed to English in 1944. In recent years Trinity Lutheran has struggled to maintain a small congregation of less than 50 people. Beside the church there are about 70 burials in the cemetery. The most common names on headstones are Ziersch, Klau, Voight and Kassulke.

"Vienna (/viˈɛnə/; German: Wien [viːn]) is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 1.9 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political center. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger. Additionally to being known as the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven and Mozart who called Vienna home. Vienna is also said to be the "City of Dreams", because of it being home to the world's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.

Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first (in a tie with Vancouver and San Francisco) for the world's most livable cities. Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne. In 2018, it replaced Melbourne as the number one spot and continued as the first in 2019. For ten consecutive years (2009–2019), the human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Vienna first in its annual "Quality of Living" survey of hundreds of cities around the world. Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within." The UN-Habitat classified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions. It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.

Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.

Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish Colmán, derived from colm "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.

In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145 Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.

In 1440 Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the de facto capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.

In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.

In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.

During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.

From the late-19th century to 1938 the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few kilometres of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses. Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia." - info from Wikipedia.

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Port Pirie. Population over 14,000.

Prior to white settlement the area was known by the local aboriginal people as “muddy creek.” Samuel Germein named the area Samuel’s Creek in 1839. In 1846 it was re-named Port Pirie by Governor Robe after the first vessel to land here. It took on board sheep from the Crystal Brook run leased by William Younghusband and Peter Ferguson. The ship was the John Pirie. Two years later in 1848 Emanuel Solomon and Matthew Smith laid out a private township on land they had bought from the Crystal Brook run which they called Solomontown. But nothing much happened in Solomontown for the next 23 years until the SA government gazetted and laid out a town further along the harbour from Solomontown which was called Port Pirie. This occurred in 1871 but before then the Pirie district became established as a significant port but without a town. Why? Because the port at Pirie, which is one of the best natural harbours in SA, was the export point for the wool cargoes of the major pastoral runs of the surrounding country. They were Crystal Brook run (285 square miles); Baroota run (65 square miles)- north of Pirie; Telowie run (43 square miles) north of Pirie and into the Flinders Ranges; Booyoolie( 194 square miles) at Gladstone; and Beetaloo ( about 30 square miles) near what is now Laura. For 23 years Pirie was a major port for the export of SA wool.

In 1871 the government surveyed and gazetted a government town next to Solomontown. In the government town the streets were named after the family members of the Surveyor General, George Woodroofe Goyder with the main streets being Ellen, Gertrude, and Alexander etc. This government town was established because most of the pastoral runs mentioned above were resumed by the government for surveying and sale to wheat farmers. In a few years around 1870 the Hundreds of Pirie, Napperby, Crystal Brook, Wandearah, Telowie, Narridy and Booyoolie were all declared. Port Pirie continued as the major regional port but for wheat as much as wool from 1871 onwards. It was also the main service centre for the region. Wheat grew well on the slopes towards the Flinders Ranges, south towards Crystal Brook and inland around Gladstone and Laura. Almost overnight, like many other wheat towns established under the new land sale regulations which permitted land on credit, Port Pirie emerged from the mangrove swamps.

The first wooden churches emerged, hotels were built and most importantly the government created a new larger wharf in 1874. All the allotted areas were quickly taken up for wheat or wool exporters and timber merchants to bring in the materials to build the new city. In 1874 the telegraph line to Adelaide was established, the first of three flour mills was constructed and a start was made on a railway line to Crystal Brook. Early wharf allotment holders included Dunn -flour millers, Duffield – flour millers, Hart – flour millers, Elder Smith & Co – wool handlers, and several timber and general merchant importers. The first government school, Pirie West opened in 1877 and seven hotels were licensed and operating by 1886. But the story of Pirie’s early growth was related to the railway. It reached Crystal Brook in 1874 and in 1880 it reached a new rail terminus at Peterborough which was just being established. All the new towns in the hinterland added to the growth and prosperity of Pirie. They included: Redhill (1869); Gladstone (1872); Laura (1872); Jamestown (1872); Koolunga (1875); Crystal Brook (1875); Warnertown and Napperby (1877); Orroroo (1877); Booleroo Centre (1879); and Peterborough (1880).

To maintain law and order the first Court House and Customs House (1875) was built adjacent to the wharves. Exports of wheat from Pirie started with over 200,000 bushels in 1873 rising to over 500,000 bushels in 1875 and then jumping to over 1.1 million bushels in 1876. By 1880 Pirie was exporting over 2.7 million bushels of wheat a year. Pirie surpassed the other major SA port - Port Adelaide by 1878. By 1884 Port Pirie was exporting twice the number of bushels of wheat as Port Adelaide! But Port Adelaide exported more flour than Port Pirie. So within ten years of its founding Pirie was the major wheat port of SA and it was still exporting significant amounts of wool. It had advantages of a deep port and a big hinterland being opened up with new rail lines and new farmers every year.

Socially the Anglicans, Catholics, Methodists, Congregationalists and Baptists had all established churches early. But unlike most other SA towns Pirie attracted two immigrant groups in the 19th century, not the 20th century. The Italians settled in Pirie in the early 1880s. Most stayed year or two and then returned with families. Around 75% of the Italian settlers came from one town- Molfetta in Puglia. By 1900 Italian women were settling in Pirie also and most resided in King and Prince Streets in Solomontown known as Little Italy. A few Greeks settled for short periods in Pirie from 1875 and a permanent community had emerge by 1912. Many Greeks came after World War One when there was an exchange of territories between Greece and Turkey. When a survey was done of alien Greeks during World War One the majority in SA, lived in Port Pirie, not Adelaide. The first Greek Orthodox Church in SA was established in Port Pirie in 1925. They employed the first Greek priest. The current white painted Greek Orthodox Church was completed in 1960 in Florence Street. By 1925 when the first Royal Commission into Plumbism (lead poisoning) was held there were 362 Greek men employed in the Pirie smelters.

But the factor that sealed the industrial fate of Port Pirie and lead (pun intended) to it becoming the first regional city in South Australia was the establishment of smelters for the Broken Hill silver, lead and zinc mines in 1889.The rich lodes at Broken Hill were discovered in 1883. The SA government decided to cash in on this and built a railway line to the NSW border in 1887 of 3’6” gauge. Several options were considered for the line including lines from Morgan or from Terowie or from Orroroo but the line built was from Peterborough connecting with the existing line from Port Pirie. Now all the supplies of timber and food were railed from Port Pirie to Broken Hill providing a boom for Pirie merchants and shippers. In 1889 the minor British Broken Hill Company decided to build their smelter in Port Pirie. This was followed by Broken Hill Propriety, the major mine deciding to do likewise in 1892. It took over the British Broken Hill Company smelter. In 1915, the smelting of five companies was amalgamated and BHAS, Broken Hill Associated Smelters developed the Pirie smelters into the largest in the world.

But what was the effect of the 1892 decision to concentrate smelting in Port Pirie? It increased the population and it gave the town a reliable electricity supply. By 1891 Port Pirie was the largest settlement in SA outside of Adelaide with 4,000 people, but the Copper Triangle (Moonta, Wallaroo and Kadina) was still the major population area outside of Adelaide with around 12,000 people. But ten years later in 1901 Pirie was by far the largest country town in SA with 8,000 people. The smelters also led to Pirie’s rise as an industrial and commercial centre. The city soon had shipping agents, timber merchants, importers and exporters, many law firms, a bustling School of Mines (from 1902) and the usual range of town businessmen. But the smelters brought a bigger professional class to the town of engineers, industrial chemists and smelter managers. Pirie soon had wealth and wealthy suburbs. But it also had many unionised workers. The three main industrial groups in Pirie were the railway workers, the wharfies and the smelter workers. In 1891 the unions met and formed a Trades and Labour Council in Pirie which eventually became the Amalgamated Workers’ Association of Port Pirie in 1901. Pirie was the only SA town to ever have political muscle as the union members voted as a block. Many state politicians started out in Pirie and began their political careers there.

The smelter was the main employer in the city for decades and consequently Port Pire was the largest city outside of Adelaide until the rise of Whyalla in the 1960s. Port Pirie was declared the first provincial city in SA in 1953. It had been made the cathedral city of the Catholic Diocese of Port Pirie in the 1953 when the new St Mark’s Cathedral opened and the old cathedral in Peterborough lost its status as such. Apart from employment from smelting, the town has always been a major port for the export of grain and is currently the second port in SA. The Mallyon designed Anglican Church in Port Pirie became the Anglican Cathedral for the Anglican Diocese of Willochra in 1999. Unfortunately Port Pirie no longer has a railway service or station. The original railway station Ellen Street was built in French Empire style in 1902. Then in 1937 Port Pirie got its first direct rail connection to Adelaide via Redhill and Snowtown. Prior to that the rail service to Adelaide went via Peterborough on a very circuitous route. A new railway station opened in Port Pirie in 1967 so that Ellen Street station could be closed down thus ending trains travelling up the middle of the main street. In turn this station was closed in 1982 when the line from Adelaide to Port Augusta was standardised and Port Pirie bypassed. That station is now the City Information Centre and Art Gallery and well worth a visit.

Nystar smelters took over the operations some years ago. The smelters are now 135 years old but they have been modernised and updated. The smelter is still one of the largest in the world. It has around 800 employees in Pirie, and supports almost 2,500 more local jobs through 400 local businesses from supplies needed and serving etc. Nystar contributes over $600 million to the SA economy. Interestingly Nystar continues a tradition established in the early years of the smelters. It has an annual picnic for all staff and their families. This tradition is well over 100 years old and the picnic is one of the biggest events in the town’s annual calendar. The port of Pirie is SA’ second busiest in terms of tonnage. It mainly exports wheat, barley, lead, zinc and some gold from gold mines near Broken Hill. Opposite the port and the smelter the SA government built a uranium Treatment Plant in 1955 to process uranium from Radium Hill into yellow cake for nuclear research and nuclear tests for Britain and the USA. The facility closed in 1962 when the contract with Britain and the USA ended. It was probably used for some at Woomera rocket range. The former treatment area is on tidal mid flats and is now demolished and fenced but the outline of the main building is still visible on Google Earth from above.

The site of the Wuhr Family Farm on Grand Lake New Brunswick. This is the land where my wife’s great great grandparents settled with their family.

Montcalm County

Birmingham, UK

the overcast conditions made for more serene surroundings, although the lighting wasn't ideal. Therefore I have manipulated this picture in Google's Nik Collection

Description: Irene Kaufmann Settlement, varsity basketball team, Dec. 1929

Creator/Photographer: Unknown

Medium: black-and-white photographic print

Date: December 1929

Persistent URL: digital.cjh.org/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=210108

Repository: American Jewish Historical Society

Parent Collection: National Jewish Welfare Board, Records

Call Number: I-337

Rights Information: No known copyright restrictions; may be subject to third party rights. For more copyright information, click here.

See more information about this image and others at CJH Digital Collections.

Digital images created by the Gruss Lipper Digital Laboratory at the Center for Jewish History

Grantham Soldiers' Settlement Estate - Grantham Stud Poultry Farm, mixing feed

Dated: by 31/12/1921

Digital ID: 8095_a016_a016000030

Rights: www.records.nsw.gov.au/about-us/rights-and-permissions

See the official soldier settlement website A Land Fit For Heroes? »

We'd love to hear from you if you use our photos.

Many other photos in our collection are available to view and browse on our website using Photo Investigator.

Brief History of Maryborough.

This fertile area of Queensland was the fifth area to be settled when it was still part of NSW. The first settlement in QLD was at Redcliffe (and later Moreton Bay) as a convict colony in 1824. This was followed by white settlement at Ipswich in 1842 and further inland in the mountains at Warwick in 1847. The NSW government sent explorers to the Mary River area in 1842 which was when the river was named. Then in 1847 inland from the Mary River a town was surveyed but not gazetted until 1849. It was Gayndah which now claims to be the oldest town in QLD. The establishment of Gayndah is remarkable given transport difficulties. Near the coast Maryborough was the site of a wharf for pastoralists in 1847 and later a small town was created in 1850 making Maryborough the fifth settlement in what is now QLD. The first land sales at Maryborough were in 1852 although a general store had opened before this time on leased land in 1848. The new town of Maryborough was sited on the Mary River which rises near the Glasshouse Mountains inland from the Sunshine Coast. It generally flows northwards to enter the sea a few miles downstream from the town of Maryborough. The Mary River was named after Lady Mary Lennox the wife of the Governor of NSW Charles Fitzroy. The little town struggled to establish itself but once QLD got independence from NSW in 1859 Maryborough began to grow more quickly as free white settlers spread around the new colony. The delays in growth were partly caused by local Aboriginal resistance to the white pastoralists. Between 1847 and 1853 twenty eight white settlers were killed by Aboriginal people. A white massacre of around 100 Aboriginal people in the early 1850s brought some calm to the area and broke the resistance of the Gubbi Gubbi people. The Gubbi Gubbi people were called the Gin Gins by white settlers hence the name for that town north of Maryborough. Like so many Australian towns Maryborough’s growth was fuelled by mining discoveries. Maryborough was declared an official QLD port in 1859 and the first ship load of immigrants disembarked directly at Maryborough in 1860. Most were female and instead of obtaining work as servants immediately accepted offers of marriage from the men of the district. Maryborough became a municipality in 1861. It soon had a Customs House, a Courthouse and School of Arts but it really grew with the discovery of gold inland at Gympie. Maryborough served as the pot for goods going to and from Gympie from 1867 onwards. The QLD Land Acts of 1867 also opened up the pastoral leasehold lands to farmers for the first time. The main crops grown were maize and sugar. At about the same time as the Gympie gold rush Maryborough got its first sugar mill, a timber mill and John Walker of Ballarat opened a foundry and engineering works to produce mining equipment just as he had done previously in Ballarat. The port expanded and the town grew. A new Post Office (1869), hotels and general stores opened to cater for the miners and the townspeople. By 1871 Maryborough had 3,500 residents with its own newspaper’s, churches and schools. The wider district population was 9,000 people. By 1876 the population had swelled to 5,700 people. The first railway opened in Maryborough in 1881 when a line connected the port with Gympie gold fields.

Maryborough South Sea Islander Hospital. The Kanaka indentured labour system was introduced to QLD in 1863. The Polynesian Hawaiians called themselves kanakas. This was the term used in the 19th century to cover the South Sea Islander indentured labourers. Most who came to the Maryborough region (and Bundaberg too) were from the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu). Some Islanders were also taken as indentured labourers to Chile, to Canada, to California and to Fiji. The arrival of the first indentured islanders coincided with the beginnings of

the sugar industry in the Maryborough region. Sugar is a very intense labour crop and in the USA, the Caribbean and

South America African slaves were used for such work until the mid-19th century. The Americans had their tragic Civil War to end slavery there. British colonies were not allowed to have slaves by the 1830s century including all of the Australia colonies. African slaves were gradually freed in the Caribbean and elsewhere in the mid-19th century. South America had its slaves all freed by the 1870s. Although descendants of the South Sea Islanders like to refer to themselves as the Sugar Slaves this term would be highly offensive to all descendants of African slaves of the Americas and Caribbean. Indentured labour was a common labour system in the 19th century and continued into the 20th century. In Australia the Commonwealth government ran a similar indentured labour scheme for young British men who wanted to be farm labourers. They served a three year term, with no pay until they had completed their indenture, and they needed government permission to buy work boots or any other item. In SA this scheme was known as the Barwell Boys (Barwell was the SA premier at the time) scheme but it operated in WA and other states too. This indentured labour system ended in 1925.

So when the indentured South Sea Islander trade was established in Queensland in 1863 the first labourers were covered by the 1861 Masters and Servants Acts. (All colonies – and later states- had such acts which controlled labour relations right through to the 1980 and 1990s when anti-discrimination and equal opportunity acts watered them down.) Queensland acted quickly after 1863 and introduced the Polynesian Labourers Act in 1868. Amongst the many clauses of the act was the establishment of inspectors of conditions on plantations where South Sea Islanders were indentured. They weighed food rations, inspected housing and clothing. The act was also designed to protect the Islanders’ basic rights and to stop the “kidnapping” of Islanders. All ships captains had to ensure that there was no coercion and that the Islander’s recruitment was consistent with the QLD Polynesian Labourers Act. Although white settlers and Islanders died of fevers and tropical diseases frequently in the Maryborough area it had one of four Islander Hospitals erected by the QLD government in the early 1880s to help alleviate disease and death among the Islander populations in QLD. The first inspector for the health conditions of the Islanders began work in Maryborough in 1875.Their complaints about the conditions under which Islanders lived led to the opening of the 50 bed Maryborough Pacific Islander Hospital and doctor’s residence. Islanders had a higher death rate from disease than whites and extra health care was needed. Thus the Maryborough Hospital opened in 1883 to improve health conditions but it closed just five years later. Like other Islander hospitals it was funded from the wages due to dead Islanders. These wages were diverted to state government coffers. Attached to the hospital was an Islander cemetery which was formally established in 1891 but was used for interments whilst the hospital existed. A total of 363 Islander patients died at the hospital and were presumably all buried in the cemetery. The Maryborough Pacific Islander Hospital buildings were removed in 1892 and some equipment moved to the Maryborough Hospital which established a separate Kanaka ward. The site of the Pacific Island Hospital and cemetery was left vacant until sold off as vacant land in 1911. A controversy arose a couple of years when the Maryborough Council was considering allowing building on the former site. Action were than taken to have the site declared a heritage area. The outcome for this has not yet been decided. If building approval were to happen one can only hope that a suitable memorial and monument is placed there to remind everyone of Maryborough’s role in the South Sea Islander traffic. The site is near Tinana 5 kms west of Maryborough.

The first South Sea Islander labourers arrived at the port of Maryborough in 1867 on the schooner Mary Smith. All were male and found employed straight away with the Maryborough Sugar Company. They were paid £6 per year (paid at the end for the three year contract) compared with a white labourers who would have received up to £30 a year. The Islanders also were fed and housed which the white labourers were not. The Maryborough Sugar Company also paid for the voyage to and from the South Sea Islands. When the Mary borough Pacific Islander Hospital closed in 1888 it was partially because the number for South Sea Islanders was declining in the district. Numbers continued to fall in the 1890s as sugar profits declined. Then all South Sea Islanders were covered by the “White Australia Acts” of the new Federal Government in 1901. At that time the Islander population in Queensland was at its peak with around 9,000 Islanders. Commonwealth legislation banned recruitment from 1904 and started deportation in 1906. By 1908 7,000 Islanders had been deported and about 2,000 were allowed to stay on in Australia because of marriage or health or other issues. Over the life time of the South Sea Islander trade around 60,000 Islanders had been brought into Queensland and of those about a quarter were employed in the Maryborough district.

The Port of Maryborough.

The town actually began with a wharf as once prospective settlers learned that the River Mary was navigable white pastoralist and cotton and maize farmers moved into the district upstream from around 1848. Then in 1859 as the colony of Queensland was created from New South Wales a new international port was created at Maryborough. The town had moved from West Maryborough to the present site. Consequently the first Customs House was erected in 1861. In 1860 the first vessels arrived at the port of Maryborough direct from Europe with a load of immigrants. In 1869 nearly 7,000 immigrants had landed in Maryborough and by 1878 nearly 16,000 had landed here. In fact between 1860 and 1900 around 22,000 immigrants arrived directly in Maryborough from England and Europe. Maryborough also had a coastal steamer service to Brisbane and Rockhampton. From 1867 it also handled all the goods going into and the gold coming out of the goldfields at Gympie. In the last quarter of the 19th century the port of Maryborough handled saw timber, sugar, wool, meat, gold, maize, etc. Before the end of the 19th century when river ports like Maryborough were about to be forgotten because they could not handle larger steamers its imports and exports were roughly in balance in terms of value. The most valuable exports were: gold, silver, copper, fruit, hides and skins, sugar and wool. Of these the most valuable were sugar £50,000, raw and refined, followed by silver/lead £33,000, gold/silver £9,000 and skin/hides £8,000.

Among the early immigrants were shiploads of German settlers from 1860. As the numbers grew the first Lutheran pastor arrived in 1864 followed by a second in 1867. These and later pastors came from Germany or Denmark, mainly the Schleswig district, which was occupied by Germany from 1864 after it defeated the Danes. Between 1860 and 1891 around 180,000 immigrants arrived in Queensland with an assisted government passage and some rights to lease land. Around 16,000 were non British mainly Germans, Danes, Norwegians and Swedes. Other Australian colonies only gave assisted passages to British immigrants except for Tasmania and Queensland. Most of the non-British immigrants were German but the QLD government’s agent I Germany also recruited Scandinavians, Swiss etc. Queensland became the colony with the greatest number of Danes and it had almost as many Norwegians and Swedes as NSW. Some of these non-British immigrant’s landed in Maryborough with the first ship load arriving in March 1871 on the Reichstag from Hamburg. The Scandinavians especially settled at Tiaro and Tinana near Maryborough, around Bundaberg, Pialba at Hervey Bay and in other places like Kingaroy where Sir Jo Bjelke-Petersen lived. The town of Eidsvold, near Gayndah is a Norwegian name and it was established by the Archer brothers from Larvik in Norway. As most of the Scandinavians were Lutheran (but some were Catholic), Danish, Norwegian and Swedish names are often linked to the Lutheran churches of the Maryborough district. Some Scandinavian names (mainly Danish) of Maryborough early settlers include the Jocumsen, Claussen,Madsen, Kehlet, Weinberg, Okeden, Boge, Möller, etc. Many Danish and other Scandinavian names can also be found in the Polson cemetery at Pialba Hervey Bay such as Christensen, Hansen, Mortensen, Nielsen, Petersen, Thomsen etc.

Velika planina (1400 - 1666 m), Slovenia

Velika planina is a high mountain plateau boasting one of the best-preserved traditional dairy herdsmen's settlements in Slovenia. It has an undulating landscape full of karst sinkholes and hollows. The tradition of pasturing and cheesemaking still lives on its mountain pastures where herdsmen tend their cattle from June to September, and picturesque herdsmen's cottages (the oldest have an oval floor plan) dot the mountain pastures in clusters.

Jizera Mountains (Czech: Jizerské hory) or Izera Mountains (Polish: Góry Izerskie; German: Isergebirge) are part of the Western Sudetes on the border between the Czech Republic and Poland. The range got its name from the Jizera River, which rises at the southern base of the Smrk massif.

(Wikipedia)

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We returned to our favorite mountain settlement of Jizerka during December for a short weekend stay; foggy weather with concessional sunshine moments contributed to the beautiful pre-winter atmosphere we enjoyed.

AB800 at 1/4 power to camera left.

The carrots can be taken in and out of the garden plot. Across the carrots are three corn plants and a water pump.

Instruction available at Rebrickable

Foligno was an Umbrian settlement, taken over by the Romans in 295 BC and named "Fulginiae". After the fall of the Roman Empire it was part of the Duchy of Spoleto. In 881 it got sacked and looted by Saracens, in 915 and again in 924 it was ruined by Magyar troops. The survivers decided to move close to the "Civitas Sancti Feliciani", a strongly fortified church where Bishop and martyr Feliciano was buried.

Thanks to Barbarossa it gained the status of free city in 1165. Siding first with the Guelph party, Foligno became Ghibelline later and was a rival of Perugia. Foligno changed hands often during the wars of the 13th century. From the the 14th century on the city flourished, controlling large territory. Foligno was part of the Papal States until 1860 (with only two short exceptions).

Foligno has suffered from a major earthquake in 1997, some traces can still be found.

The "Cattedrale di San Feliciano" was built on the site of an earlier basilica ("Civitas Sancti Feliciani") 1133-1201. It is the seat of the Bishop of Foligno. The cathedral has two façades, the principal façade, facing the Piazza Grande, and the secondary façade facing the Piazza della Repubblica.

This is the center of the secondary façade´s portal, that dates from 1201. It is the work of the master sculptors and architects Rodolfo and Binello.

The zodiacs are on the inner archivolt, the next one has entangled vines (and grapes). The two outer archivolts consist out of nice "cosmatesque" mosaics. In the center are moon, stars and sun under an inscription of the keystone telling the onlookers, that "stars, sun, and moon reveal a time of purity”.

Pope Innocent III had crowned Otto of Brunswick as Emperor Otto IV of the Holy Roman Empire in 1209. But this was not the begin of a "time of purity”.

Otto IV broke all promises and commanded Innocent III to annul the Concordat of Worms. Innocent III promptly excommunicated Otto IV what triggered a pan European power game, that Otto IV lost, when his armee was beaten in the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. Otto IV was followed by Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi").

A History of the Cathedral Building

Because Newcastle was the second settlement outside Sydney on the Australian mainland and the church building was officially founded, the building is notable for the length and uniqueness of its history. Christ Church had its beginning in 1804 when, among Lieutenant Menzies' instructions from Governor King was one saying, "You are to cause the prayers of the Church of England to be read with all due solemnity every Sunday." This instruction was faithfully obeyed by the Military. Legend has it that, by 1812, there was a slab hut available to house the people during the reading of the prayers and that it was on the site of the present Cathedral.

The first church was erected in 1817 "by Order of Governor Macquarie". There was no resident clergyman and the church was one of the Government buildings. In August 1818 at a service conducted by The Rev'd William Cowper of St Phillip's Church, Sydney, Governor Macquarie himself named the little convict built church Christ Church.

With considerable alteration and constant repair, the building survived to become our first Cathedral. By Letters Patent of 25th June, 1847, Dr William Tyrrell became the First Bishop of Newcastle and by those same Letters Patent in these terms, Newcastle became a city.

"and we do further by these presents ordain and constitute the Town of Newcastle within the Colony of Australia to be a Bishop's See and seat of the said Bishop and be called the City of Newcastle."

And so, our City was born.

The smallness of the little Cathedral and its many structural faults caused concern to the parishioners for many years. After protracted discussions, in 1868 a Building Committee was formed and advertisements were placed calling for interested architects to submit plans for a suitable Cathedral church. A premium of 75 pounds was offered to the winning design or the winners could supervise the erection of their own building. The winning architects, Terry & Speechly of Melbourne, opted for the premium and their involvement with the project ceased. The North American architect, John Horbury Hunt, was appointed Supervising Architect.

The period between 1868 and 1882 saw the project beset with problems. It had been planned to finance the building with the royalties from the mining of coal in the 25 acre Glebe. There was a severe economic depression and this, together with the need for an Act of Parliament to be passed and a mining lease to be negotiated, caused the project to be halted. In 1873, the original plans were rejected as unviable and in 1882 the plans requested of and submitted by Horbury Hunt were adopted. As a matter of urgency, Hunt was first requested to build the Pro Cathedral which is now the Cathedral Hall and the congregation moved into this building in 1884 while the old Church was demolished and the foundations of the new building were laid. Still the project was beset with difficulties. There had been serious miscalculations of the cost of the project, work was suspended in 1893, law suits followed and the building lay derelict until the end of the century. Horbury Hunt, after being retained by the Cathedral for 26 years, 14 of them as Architect, was dismissed.

With the arrival of Bishop Stretch as Dean in 1900, the project revived and the plans of Mr J H Buckeridge of Sydney were adopted to roof the nave and render the building suitable for divine worship. Since then the building has been expanded by chapels and vestries, raised in height and filled with treasures. Most of the expansion was the work of the Architect, F G Castleden.

The final addition of the great tower and bells in 1979 and its Consecration in 1983 completed the building which, as it stands today, is one of the great Cathedrals and most imposing buildings in Australia

Source: Christ Church Cathedral website

Shore Settlement | Brian Erler

"Sault Ste. Marie (/ˈsuː seɪnt məˈriː/ SOO-seint-ma-REE) is a city on the St. Marys River in Ontario, Canada, close to the Canada–US border. It is the seat of the Algoma District and the third largest city in Northern Ontario, after Sudbury and Thunder Bay.

The Ojibwe, the indigenous Anishinaabe inhabitants of the area, call this area Baawitigong, meaning "place of the rapids." They used this as a regional meeting place during whitefish season in the St. Mary's Rapids. (The anglicized form of this name, Bawating, is used in institutional and geographic names in the area.)

To the south, across the river, is the United States and the Michigan city of the same name. These two communities were one city until a new treaty after the War of 1812 established the border between Canada and the United States in this area at the St. Mary's River. In the 21st century, the two cities are joined by the International Bridge, which connects Interstate 75 on the Michigan side, and Huron Street (and former Ontario Secondary Highway 550B) on the Ontario side. Shipping traffic in the Great Lakes system bypasses the Saint Mary's Rapids via the American Soo Locks, the world's busiest canal in terms of tonnage that passes through it, while smaller recreational and tour boats use the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal.

French colonists referred to the rapids on the river as Les Saults de Ste. Marie and the village name was derived from that. The rapids and cascades of the St. Mary's River descend more than 6 m (20 ft) from the level of Lake Superior to the level of the lower lakes. Hundreds of years ago, this slowed shipping traffic, requiring an overland portage of boats and cargo from one lake to the other. The entire name translates to "Saint Mary's Rapids" or "Saint Mary's Falls". The word sault is pronounced [so] in French, and /suː/ in the English pronunciation of the city name. Residents of the city are called Saultites.

Sault Ste. Marie is bordered to the east by the Rankin and Garden River First Nation reserves, and to the west by Prince Township. To the north, the city is bordered by an unincorporated portion of Algoma District, which includes the local services boards of Aweres, Batchawana Bay, Goulais and District, Peace Tree and Searchmont. The city's census agglomeration, including the townships of Laird, Prince and Macdonald, Meredith and Aberdeen Additional and the First Nations reserves of Garden River and Rankin, had a total population of 79,800 in 2011.

Native American settlements, mostly of Ojibwe-speaking peoples, existed here for more than 500 years. In the late 17th century, French Jesuit missionaries established a mission at the First Nations village. This was followed by development of a fur trading post and larger settlement, as traders, trappers and Native Americans were attracted to the community. It was considered one community and part of Canada until after the War of 1812 and settlement of the border between Canada and the US at the Ste. Mary's River. At that time, the US prohibited British traders from any longer operating in its territory, and the areas separated by the river began to develop as two communities, both named Sault Ste. Marie." - info from Wikipedia.

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Ramon (Russian: Рамóнь) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Ramonsky District of Voronezh Oblast, Russia. Population: 8,500 (2021 Census); 8,354 (2010 Census); 8,039 (2002 Census); 8,729 (1989 Census).

It was first mentioned in 1615. It was granted urban-type settlement status in 1938.

In 1879 Tsar Alexander II gave the estate of Ramon to his niece Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg and her husband Duke Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg as a wedding gift; she set up industrial and agricultural enterprises, expanded the estate, and in the 1880s commissioned the building of Ramon Palace, which has survived and is now a Russian cultural landmark

Ramonsky District (Russian: Рамо́нский райо́н) is an administrative[1] and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Voronezh Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,281 square kilometers (495 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Ramon. Population: 38,471 (2021 Census); 32,027 (2010 Census); 33,230 (2002 Census); 43,711 (1989 Census). The population of Ramon accounts for 22.0% of the district's total population.

Voronezh Oblast (Russian: Воро́нежская о́бласть, romanized: Voronezhskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Voronezh. Its population was 2,308,792 as of the 2021 Census.

Geography

Voronezh Oblast borders internally with Belgorod Oblast, Kursk Oblast, Lipetsk Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Saratov Oblast, Volgograd Oblast and Rostov Oblast and internationally with Luhansk Oblast in Ukraine.

Voronezh Oblast is located in the central belt of the European part of Russia, in a very advantageous strategic location, transport links to the site going to the industrial regions of Russia. Within the radius (12 hours of driving 80 km/h) 960 kilometers around Voronezh more than 50% of the population Russia, and 40% in Ukraine live.

The area of the region - 52.4 thousand km2, which is about one third of the whole area of Central Black Earth Region.[citation needed] The length of the region from north to south - 277.5 km, and from west to east - 352 km. Much of the area is steppe, among the predominant soil fertile soil black earth.

Main rivers

The oblast has 738 lakes and ponds in 2408, in 1343 the river flows over 10 km long. The main river is the Don, 530 of its 1,870 km flows through the area, forming a drainage area of 422,000 square kilometers.

Don

Voronezh

Bityug

Khopyor

Further information on the river: Goluboy Dunay

Climate

The climate in the region is temperate continental, with an average January temperatures of −4.5 °C (23.9 °F), and with an average July temperatures of +25 to +30 °C (77 to 86 °F). Average annual temperature varies from +5 °C (41 °F) in the north to +6.5 °C (43.7 °F) in the south. Precipitation varies from 600 millimeters (24 in) in the northwest to 450 millimeters (18 in) in the southeast.

History

On 21 May 1998 Voronezh alongside Amur, Ivanovo, Kostroma Oblast, and the Mari El Republic signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement would be abolished on 22 February 2002.

Museum, Reserve Divnogorie, Liski district of Voronezh region

Kostyonki, which is located within the Voronezh Oblast, is known for high concentration of cultural remains of anatomically modern humans from the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic era. The first and oldest camp rights in Europe. A layer of Campanian volcanic ash from about 40,000 years ago has been found above some of the finds, showing that "unknown humans" inhabited the site before this. The earliest directly dated human remains from this site are dated to 32,600 ± 1,100 14C years and consist of tibia and fibula, with traits classifying the bones to European early modern humans.

In 2009, DNA was extracted from the remains of a male hunter-gatherer who lived 40,000 years BP and died aged 20–25. His maternal lineage was found to be U2. He was buried in an oval pit in a crouched position and covered with red ochre.

Administrative divisions

The structure of Voronezh Oblast the industrial-agrarian. As part of the industry is dominated by mechanical engineering, power systems engineering, food industry, processing industry of agricultural raw materials, they account for 4/5 of the total volume of industrial output. Industry specialization of the region is the food industry (27%), second place is occupied by engineering and metalworking (23%), third place - power (18%).

Industry of the region specializes in the production of machine tools, oil and gas equipment, rocket engines, metal bridge structures, press-forging and mining equipment, electronic equipment, passenger aircraft Airbus.

The largest companies in the region include Sozvezdie (revenues of $414.79 million in 2017), Molvest (dairy industry; $293.1 million), Voronezhsintezkauchuk (Sibur group; $186.83 million), the Russian branch of COFCO Group ($161.12 million).

Agriculture

Voronezh Oblast is a major supplier of agricultural products. For the first time in the history of farming region in 2011 produced record crops: sugar beet (factory) - 6,992 thousand. Tons (3.9 times more than in 2010) and sunflower - 1,002 thousand tons (2, 4 times more than in 2010) 2014 Voronezh Oblast ranked first in Russia in terms of gross harvest of potatoes, in farms of all categories have been collected 1.757 million tons of potatoes.

In general, the profile of agriculture - with crops of sunflowers and grain crops, dairy and beef cattle, pigs. Beet, sugar beet industry in Voronezh Oblast in terms of gross production of sugar beets and making sugar beet is one of the largest in the country. In 2014, sugar mills were produced 495.1 ths. tons of sugar.

Milk production in Voronezh Oblast in 2013 increased by 1.8% - up to 755,700 tons. In 2014 it increased by 4.2% to ↗788 000 tons, according to this indicator Voronezh Oblast takes first place in the Central Federal District. Milk yield per cow dairy herd in 2014 increased by 10.9% and amounted to 5545 kg.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Voronezh CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Voronezh Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Voronezh Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

According to a 2012 survey 62% of the population of Voronezh Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, and 3.4% are unaffiliated Christians. In addition, 21.5% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 6% is atheist, and 7.1% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Notable people

Pavel Cherenkov, co-recipient of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics

Alexandra Pavlovna Biryukova, 2nd woman appointed to the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Russia or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world by area, extending across eleven time zones. It shares land boundaries with fourteen countries.[c] It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country. The country's capital as well as its largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and cultural capital. Other major urban areas in the country include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kazan, Krasnodar and Rostov-on-Don.

The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for global ideological influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.

In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and annexation of Crimea in 2014 from neighbouring Ukraine, followed by the further annexation of four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion.

Internationally, Russia ranks among the lowest in measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. The Russian economy ranks 11th by nominal GDP, relying heavily on its abundant natural resources, and 68th by GDP per capita. Its mineral and energy sources are the world's largest, and its figures for oil production and natural gas production rank highly globally. Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. The country is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.