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Secure the lines....
WILSON DUSAVIK (IMO 9390147, MMSI 314621000) is a General Cargo Ship built in 2009 (15 years old) and currently sailing under the flag of Barbados. Her length overall (LOA) is 87.83 meters and her width is 12.91 meters.
Makeup has played a dispensable role in most women's life. In their opinion, they should make up well to look much more beautiful.
Glamour's Suze Yalof Schwartz went behind the scenes at Fashion Week to find out how they do it. Now she's giving you lessons!
1 Easter egg colors are your friend.
We're loving this cheery remix of the smoky eye. Just swap your charcoal shadow for the grown-up pastels makeup artist Dick Page used on models at Michael Kors. He lined their eyes with black pencil, then added gold shimmer in the inner corners. Next, he applied light blue or purple shadow along the lower curve of the eyes and from the lash line to just above the crease, then smudged, smudged, smudged. He finished with black mascara.
2 Pretty eye shadows to try.
Shiseido Makeup Luminizing Satin Eye Color in Bone, Fondant and Provence.
3 Fab skin and lip savers.
A one-minute way to glow?
Darphin Aromatic Renewing Balm. For a cheaper moisturizer alternative that's easy to track down, check your medicine cabinet - a bit of petroleum jelly works too.
4 Orange is the new red (lipstick).
We saw this again and again backstage and learned the trick to pulling it off: Just pick one spot to play up. Makeup pro Lucia Pica chose the cheeks at the Erin Fetherston show. She rubbed creamy orange blush onto the models' cheekbones with her fingers - a nice, bright contrast to their smoky brown eyeshadow.
5 A lipstick to love.
At Rebecca Taylor, makeup artist Rie Omoto used MAC Lipstick in Lady Danger on the models' lips. Apply it with a lip brush for more control.
6 A cure for tarantula lashes.
In between primping models at BCBG, vice president of MAC makeup artistry Gordon Espinet taught me his secret for keeping lashes defined and clump-free: Apply mascara with a fan brush, left. Just rub it over your mascara wand, then brush it onto your lashes—the stiff bristles are great for separating. How genius is that?
7 Try a textured mani.
Think of your nails as a showpiece accessory (they're jewelry, but cheaper), and apply a polish with sparkle - like chunky glitter or gold flecks - built in. "It's all about texture," manicurist Elle told me at the Reem Acra show. Another way to wear the trend: Try a dark, opaque shade, with a sheer, shimmery layer on top.
8 Do an unboring decorated bun.
Classic chignons are a runway staple, but the best ones this year got dressed up with fabric. At the Tibi show, hairstylists Kevin Ryan and Frank Rizzieri confessed that they used leftover fabric to frame the models' updos. And at Jason Wu, hair pro Odile Gilbert used sheer black cloth to add drama to the models' hair. "It's fresh and spontaneous," she said. To DIY, twist your hair into a bun, wrap fabric around it and make big loops with the material, pinning them into place as you go.
9 Vampy lips done right.
The super-intense lipstick combo MAC artist Romero Jennings used for the Jason Wu show made me want to take a temporary hiatus from my usual nudes - it's that gorgeous. First he applied a deep berry matte lipstick with a lip brush to create a base. Then he added a creamy eggplant shade on top, pressing it in with his fingers for a modern, stained effect. You can perfect the line with a cotton swab or a lip brush (no liner needed). As for your eyes, keep them simple like Jennings did. Apply bronzy shadow and brown liner, then curl your lashes. So fresh!
10 Add texture to your ponytail.
Why Ted Gibson loves the roughed up look: "You get a really interesting ponytail rather than the same old version you always wear." At Lela Rose, Gibson spritzed sections of the models' wet hair with hairspray, then rolled the pieces with his fingers while blow-drying for messiness. Laurent Philippon used a crimper to go punk at Monique Lhuillier. Crimp a big front section and pull your hair back, keeping the sides of the pony slick. Secure with an elastic, then crimp down along the tail.
Get more details from my blog.
Secured with the shoe binders in place. The knee strap is added for extra security..Available on Etsy or contact my1970junk@msn.com
Thanks go to my Flickr friend goose3five for pointing out that this is a bow shackle and that they can frequently be found on sailboats - thanks! Please check out his cool photostream!
If you look in the background of this shot you can see the structure that I photographed in Pavillion.
Part of my architecture (Set)
Imagine living caged. Imagine a huge wall being built around your home. Imagine this wall destroying trees and causing homes to be demolished. Possibly yours. What would you do?
The Israeli Wall has been comdemned by the UN, and yet it is still being built. The Anti-Apartheid Wall Campaign’s most recent map of the Wall’s path, finalized November 2003, reveals that if completed in its entirety, nearly 50% of the West Bank population will be affected by the Wall through loss of land, imprisonment into ghettos, or isolation into Israeli de facto annexed areas .
Israel maintains that the Wall is a temporary structure to physically separate the West Bank from Israel and thus to prevent suicide attacks on Israeli citizens. However the wall’s location, (in some places reaching up to 6km inside Palestinian territory), and projected length, (currently 750km, despite a border with Israel of less than 200km), suggest it is more realistically an additional effort to confiscate Palestinian land, facilitate further colony expansion and unilaterally redraw geopolitical borders all the while encouraging an exodus of Palestinians by denying them the ability to earn a living from their land, reach their schools or work places, access adequate water resources, or reach essential health care. (http://www.palestinemonitor.org/factsheet/wall_fact_sheet.htm/)
A DYING GHETTO
(Exerpt from Chris Hedges' Wall of Horrors)
Qalqiliya is a ghetto. It is completely surrounded by the wall. There is one Israeli military checkpoint to let people into the West Bank or back home again. Only those with special Israeli-issued permits can go in and out of Qalqiliya. It is not the Lodz ghetto or the Warsaw ghetto, but it is a ghetto that would be recognizable to the Jews who were herded into walled enclaves by Pope IV in 1555 and stranded there for generations. Qalqiliya, like all ghettos, is dying. And it is being joined by dozens of other ringed ghettos as the serpentine barrier snaking its way through up and down two sides of the West Bank gobbles up Palestinian land and lays down nooses around Palestinian cities, towns, villages and fields.
Construction began on the barrier in 2002 with the purported intent of safeguarding Israel from suicide bombers and other types of attacks. Although it nominally runs along the 1949 Jordanian-Israeli armistice/Green Line that demarcates the boundary between Israel and the Palestinian-held West Bank, around 80 percent of the barrier actually cuts into Palestinian territories --at some points by as much as 20 kilometers.
If and when the barrier is completed, several years from now, it will see the West Bank cut up into three large enclaves and numerous small ringed ghettos. The three large enclaves will include in the south the Bethlehem/Hebron area and in the north the Jenin/Nablus and Ramallah areas.
B'tselem, a leading Israeli human rights organization that documents conditions in the occupied territories, recently estimated that the barrier will eventually stretch 703 miles around the West Bank, about 450 of which are already completed or under construction. (The Berlin Wall, for comparison, ran 96 miles.) B'tselem also estimates that 500,000 West Bank residents will be directly affected by the barrier (by virtue of residing in areas completely encircled by the wall; by virtue of residing west of the barrier and thus in de facto Israeli territory; or by virtue of residing in East Jerusalem, where Palestinians effectively cannot cross into West Jerusalem).
I stand on Qalqiliya's main street. There is little traffic. Shop after shop is shuttered and closed. The heavy metal doors are secured to the ground with thick padlocks. There are signs in Hebrew and Arabic, fading reminders of a time when commerce was possible. There were, before the wall was built, 42,000 people living here. Mayor Maa'rouf Zahran says at least 6,000 have left. Many more, with the unemployment rate close to 70%, will follow. Over the tip of the wall, in the distance, I can see the tops of the skyscrapers in Tel Aviv. It feels as if it is a plague town, quarantined. Israeli officials, after a few suicide bombers slipped into Israel from Qalqiliya, began to refer to the town as a "hotel for terrorists."
There are hundreds of acres of farmland on the other side of the wall, some of the best farmland in the West Bank, which is harder and harder to reach given the gates, checkpoints and closures. There are some 32 farming villages on the outskirts of Qalqiliya, cut off from their land, sinking into poverty and despair. Olive groves, with trees that are hundreds of years old, have been uprooted and bulldozed into the ground. The barrier is wiping out the middle class in the West Bank, the last bulwark in the West Bank against Islamic fundamentalism. It is plunging the West Bank into the squalor that defines life in the Gaza Strip, where Palestinians struggle to live on less than $ 2 a day. It is the Africanization of Palestinian land...
If the barrier is being built for security, why is so much of the West Bank being confiscated by Israel? Why is the barrier plunging in deep loops into the West Bank to draw far-flung settlements into Israel? Why are thousands of acres of the most fertile farmland and much of the West Bank's aquifers being seized by Israel?
The barrier does not run along the old 1967 border or the 1949 armistice line between Israel and the Arab states, which, in the eyes of the United Nations, delineates Israel and the West Bank. It will contain at least 50% of the West Bank, including the whole of the western mountain aquifer, which supplies the West Bank Palestinians with over half their water. The barrier is the most catastrophic blow to the Palestinians since the 1967 occupation of the West Bank and Gaza.
The barrier itself mocks any claim that it is temporary. It costs $ 1 million per mile and will run over $ 2 billion by the time it is completed. It will cut the entire 224-mile length of the West Bank off from Israel, but because of its diversions into the West Bank to incorporate Palestinian land it will be about 400 miles in length. A second barrier is being built on the Jordan River side of the West Bank. To look at a map of the barrier is to miss the point. The barrier interconnects with every other piece of Israeli-stolen real estate in Palestinian territory. And when all the pieces are in place the Israelis will no doubt offer up the little ringed puddles of poverty and despair and misery to the world as a Palestinian state.
The urban bicycle secured and fastened to the chain link fence at the centre of Kuala Lumpur. The seasoned bike used by workman at the construction site, left unattended for the day.
An outing with Zyker and Faizaljoy a few weeks back.
Leica M3 Wetzlar DS, Leica Ernst Wetzlat 5cmm F1.5 Summarit, Fujifilm Provia 100F, Bulk loaded, 100 feet reel, Wide Open
Arx'an Dar'a'da stood looking over the wasteland, two figures at his sides. All were waiting for the rest of their group to arrive.
A few hours ago, whilst the group was securing the old Martian city hall as their shelter, Arx'an had pulled each member of the group over, desperately, to tell them of meeting he was to hold a meeting later on that night.
One by one, the group left the city hall and went out onto the wasteland, where Arx'an had told them to meet.
Only three figures moved across the wasteland to the meeting, however - a young woman, Mor'eda'na, her well-built friend Bo'mar and a curious man of the name I'yaan. The three all made it up to their meeting point just as darkness began to spread over the empty Martian landscape, and they were all met by the silhouettes of three other Martians: Arx'an, stood boldly in front, and to the sides of him, the two twins, Cay'an and Dry'an.
"Thank you for coming."
Arx'an began to speak before the trio were even in front of him, eager to tell them of his plan.
"I need,"
He paused, then looked behind him and gestured at the twins.
"We need, to discuss something with you."
The trio settled and stood around Arx'an and the twins. Bo'mar stepped forwards.
"What is this? And where's Da'ca'ad?"
Arx'an flinched.
"Da'ca'ad is the reason we are all here."
There was silence.
"No doubt you've noticed how many people we've lost under his command."
The silence remained.
"And no doubt you're beginning to question why you're all following him?"
Bo'mar spoke up.
"Arx'an, Da'ca'ad brought us all together. He saved us. Don't you think we owe him for that? Don't you at least think we should give him a chance?"
He paused.
"And who decided you should lead, Arx'an? I don't remember having a vote, or at the very least a discussion."
Arx'an flinched again.
"Da'ca'ad's time has come and gone."
Bo'mar shook his head, annoyed, then pointed to the twins flanking Arx'an.
"And you two? What has Arx'an ever done for you?"
Cay'an, looking at her brother to stop him from stepping forwards and answering Bo'mar's question, spoke up.
"Arx'an has pulled us out of the dark - He has shown us just how weak Da'ca'ad has become."
Bo'mar interrupted her.
"But Cay'an, he saved you! Both of you! If he hadn't have sent us out to scout the wreckages in the central plaza, we would never have found you - You would have died."
Bo'mar paused, looked around at the group, and continued.
"And who was it who realised the Plague was transmitted through our telepathic lobe? Hey? Who taught us to keep our minds calm?"
Silence, until Dry'an finally spoke up, free from his sister's approval.
"Arx'an wants to find the brother J'onzz. He wants closure for all this."
Mor'eda'na laughed.
"How?"
"The details are not important!"
"Of course the details are important! J'onn J'onzz went missing! He vanished,"
"We will come up with-"
"This is insane!"
"You'll get us killed!"
"Yes, he will. We need Da'ca'ad!"
"Da'ca'ad is a fool!"
"ENOUGH!"
Arx'an's voice echoed over the wasteland, and the group fell silent. They all knew how violent he could get when he was angry.
"That is enough! Tomorrow, I will talk to Da'ca'ad, and I will tell him we have decided, as a group, that he is no longer fit to lead us."
They looked down.
"Any problems?"
Bo'mar grunted, but refused to speak.
"Good. Cay'an, Dry'an, come. It is getting late."
Turning away from the disgruntled yet fearful group, Arx'an made his way back to the city, Dry'an and Cay'an following suit.
Then, out of the darkness that now settled over the cool wasteland, Bo'mar laughed.
"What have we got ourselves into?"
008_GHP_SoireeCandids_2019.JPG -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)
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Redressing my Designer Tinker Bell doll. First her tulle underskirt is put on. Then her skirt is put on, and secured by Velcro in the back. Finally her top is put on, and the secured in the back by Velcro, with her wings attached. She is now fully deboxed and fully clothed.
Undressing my Designer Tinker Bell doll. She outfit is taken off, to which her wings are attached, then her short tulle underskirt. I leave her shoes and hair ornament on. On her lower back is her edition number and size, #2710 of 4000, matching what was printed on the Certificate of Authenticity.
She has the original style Designer Princess body, with a swivel waist joint and rubber legs. She also has ball jointed neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hip joints. She measures 11 1/2'' standing on her toes, the same as the Disney Designer Princess dolls, even though she is listed at 11'' H. She is quite a bit taller than other Disney Tinker Bell dolls, as the Classic Tinker Bell is 10'' tall, and the Parks Tinker Bell is 10 1/2'' tall. She has the same head and face mold as the current (2014) Classic Tinker Bell, but is painted quite differently. She has shiny pearly skin on her face (as well as the rest of her body), so she has a very different look. I would say she is more elegant and classy than the other Tinker Bell dolls, as well as more beautiful, so she would fit right in with the other Disney Designer dolls. Her face is quite a bit shinier than the rest of her body, and causes a bit of problem photographing her using flash.
Her outfit is inspired by her iconic short green dress. But it's style also borrows from a tutu, and in fact her overall appearance is as a ballerina with wings. The details of her dress are listed in the product description below. Her fairy wings are a single piece of transparent plastic that is tinted pale green, and is iridescent. It looks like a butterfly with its wings slightly folded. It is sewn to the back of her dress, right behind a Velcro closure. She has unique green leaf and vine styled shoes, with faux pearls instead of pom-poms on top. I like the fact that there is no glitter on her outfit, instead she has golden embroidery in her bodice, and green jewels in her skirt and bodice.
Her hair is golden blonde, and styled in a tight bun, with a braid around its base. She has her iconic bangs in front, with a couple extra long side bangs, all of which are heavily gelled to keep their shape. She is wearing a green leaf hair ornament. She has short rooted eyelashes with a bit of curl to them. She has thin dark pink lips in a charming open mouthed smile. She has a tiny button nose and long pointy ears. I think she has a bit of the appearance of the original Tinker Bell character from Peter Pan, and the current Disney Fairies Tink. She is a very beautiful doll.
Photographed with built in camera flash.
Purchase Information
Tinker Bell Disney Fairies Designer Collection Doll
US Disney Store
Purchased In Store 2014-02-18
#2710 of 4000
First look at my Tinker Bell Limited Edition Designer Doll. My Zarina is 0137 of 4000. There were no designer bags, as there were in the previous Designer doll collections.
I visited my local Disney Store on Februay 18, 2014, for the release of the Disney Fairies Designer Collection dolls. I also noticed that they had several items in the Frozen section that had been missing for several weeks, especially the mugs and Classic Anna dolls, but no Elsas.
They had eight of each Designer Fairy doll, Tinker Bell and Zarina. There were about that many people waiting in line before the store opened, waiting to buy them. I didn't do an actual count, but no one left the line when it was announced how many dolls there were, so there were probably seven or eight of them in the line. They had no designer bags, so they just put them in regular Disney Store bags.
I inspected my dolls, and they looked in perfect condition. I was surprised by their shiny pearly skin (similar in texture to LE Ursula and Harrods Elsa), but they looked very beautiful. The artwork on the boxes were also very beautiful, but the backgrounds behind the dolls were plain looking. The CM had to help me take off the slip cover of the Zarina doll, as it was very tight. She said all the Zarinas seemed to be that way.
Product Information
Tinker Bell Disney Fairies Designer Collection Doll
US Disney Store
Released In Store 2014-02-18
Released Online 2014-02-19
SOLD OUT by 12:50 AM
$59.95
Item No. 6070040900975P
Bell de jour
Tinker Bell has never looked more glamorous. Elegantly styled by Disney Store artists to capture the spirited character of the little pixie, this beautifully detailed limited edition doll is part of our Disney Fairies Designer Collection.
Magic in the details...
Please Note: Each Guest will be limited to ordering a maximum of one of this item per order.
Enter into an enchanted world of magic and adventure with our Disney Fairies Designer Collection. Carefully crafted by Disney Store artists to uniquely capture the essence of each character, this collection reimagines Disney Fairies with a touch of ethereal sophistication. Inspired by nature and lush organic textures, this doll is sure to be a treasured keepsake of collectors and Disney fans everywhere!
• Global Limited Editon of 4000
• Includes Certificate of Authenticity
• Tinker Bell features glamorously updo hair with leaf clip
• Rooted eyelashes
• Airy, shimmering iridescent wings
• Sheer organza bodice with metallic embroidery, gemstone accents and leaf-shaped hem
• Layered leaf skirt embellished with sparkling gemstones
• Dolls sold in a special keepsake display case with intricate details on the base, including a golden plate with the name of Tinker Bell in ornate font
• Part of the Disney Fairies Designer Collection
* Intended for adult collectors -- Not a child's toy.
The bare necessities
• Plastic / polyester
• 11'' H
• Imported
The Barry Railway Company was established to transport coal from the south Wales coalfield to Barry Docks for onward transport by sea. The Rhymney branch was established from Tynycaeau Junction near St Fagans to connect to the Rhymney Railway at Penrhos near Caerphilly.
Apart from the impressive Walnut Tree viaduct, the route involved building the Walnut Tree tunnel (sometimes called Garth tunnel) near Taffs Well. The 450m long tunnel was closed in 1963 and breached in the early 2000s as part of building a new access to the Taffs Well Quarry.
I've included this image for historic rather than artistic value since sometime during 2017-18, the imposing and secure infilling in the form of gabion baskets has replaced the former metal gates, for added security and ease of maintenance by Cemex, which runs the quarry, as depicted here: flic.kr/p/JTtxP3
You can see the straps and cuffs holding my models legs are very secure. Once the straps have been pushed over the lock tabs and the locks are put in place she cannot get out of them. Her buckled and strapped shoes are locked on her feet with a rear chain that holds the high heels. Made to measure leg braces and custom made leather and metal bondage gear available as well as refurbished braces for any part of the body. Contact me at my1970junk@msn.com
Curler caps , bonnets etc in the 60s and 70s were intended to both look nice as well as secure and protect a hairdo or a rollerset. Some of the descriptions even mention thinks like fashionable or pretty and they were. A pretty woman wearing nicely set curlers and a curler cap can be absolutely beautiful!
A look at how secure the passwords of the different types of people are.
Article link : www.cxo.eu.com/news/password-protected/
Theme: Adult Items
Featuring: Accessories, Apparel, Decor, Poses
Event Opening Date: December 13, 2022
Event Closing Date: January 3, 2022
Teleport To XXX Original Event
This is an in-store or HUD based event
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Copyright - All Rights Reserved - Black Diamond Images
Life had been tough for the owners of the Free Spirit Cruise Boat since just before Xmas 2021 when their long-time regular wharf at Waterline Boatshed unexpectedly became unavailable.
After a year of liaising with other boatsheds, Mid Coast Council and the NSW Government in the hope of securing another wharf from where they could pick up and set down passengers, it looked like time was running out for the very popular small business to secure a permanent wharf in Wallis Lake. To make matters doubly difficult the owners were advised by Mid Coast Council that they could not legally pick up and set down passengers at any of Wallis Lake's public wharves with the council apparently being unable to assist the Free Spirit Cruises business to stay in business.
The Free Spirit had been operating on Forster's Wallis Lake for more than 28 years and had been one of the region's top tourism operators.
Despite not having a permanent base wharf to operate the business from, Free Spirit Cruises somehow managed to continue to operate thanks to support from several local boatsheds who allowing them to casually pick up from their wharves. With the situation becoming increasingly untenable, in late 2022 the owners of the Number 1 Boatshed approached the owners of the Free Spirit with an offer of purchase the vessel. The offer was accepted and the boat now resides and operates out of Number 1 Boatshed on Little Street Forster.
Forster's other very successful whale watching cruise boat - the 'Amaroo', which had operated in Forster since the 1970's, also had its own problems in operating viably during much of 2022and 2023.
The Amaroo had been unable to operate regularly due to the channel route that the vessel needed to pass through to get to sea being so silted up that the vessel could no longer reliably negotiate the sand bars.
Representations to Mid Coast Council and the State Government over several years failed to convince the then LNP state government to allocate funds to enable dredging of the channel.
The end result, late in 2023, was that the Amaroo was sold out of Wallis Lake. An attempt by the owners to run a smaller rubber ducky type whale watching vessel soon failed and it too was sold.
Only time will tell if the Amaroo can again ply the waters of Wallis Lake but that depends entirely on a commitment by authorities to keep navigation channels in the lake open.
This image of the Free Spirit moored at Boatshed Number One was taken on December 20th 2022 on the evening of an on water ownership transition party attended by former and continuing staff. The new owners were also in attendance having formally acquired the business just a few days earlier. All the old staff will continue to be employed by the new owners which means no jobs were lost due to the sale.
IMG_4643
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Don't use or reproduce this image on Websites/Blog or any other media without my explicit permission.
© All Rights Reserved - Jim Goodyear 2018.
On July 7, 1919, a group of U.S. military members dedicated Zero Milestone – the point from which all road distances in the country would be measured – just south of the White House lawn in Washington, D.C. The next morning, they helped to define the future of the nation.
Instead of an exploratory rocket or deep-sea submarine, these explorers set out in 42 trucks, five passenger cars and an assortment of motorcycles, ambulances, tank trucks, mobile field kitchens, mobile repair shops and Signal Corps searchlight trucks. During the first three days of driving, they managed just over five miles per hour. This was most troubling because their goal was to explore the condition of American roads by driving across the U.S.
Participating in this exploratory party was U.S. Army Captain Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although he played a critical role in many portions of 20th-century U.S. history, his passion for roads may have carried the most significant impact on the domestic front. This trek, literally and figuratively, caught the nation and the young soldier at a crossroads.
Returning from World War I, Ike was entertaining the idea of leaving the military and accepting a civilian job. His decision to remain proved pivotal for the nation. By the end of the first half of the century, the roadscape – transformed with an interstate highway system while he was president – helped remake the nation and the lives of its occupants.
For Ike, though, roadways represented not only domestic development but also national security. By the early 1900s it become clear to many administrators that petroleum was a strategic resource to the nation’s present and future.
At the start of World War I, the world had an oil glut since there were few practical uses for it beyond kerosene for lighting. When the war was over, the developed world had little doubt that a nation’s future standing in the world was predicated on access to oil. “The Great War” introduced a 19th-century world to modern ideas and technologies, many of which required inexpensive crude.
Oil drilling in Beaumont, Texas in 1901. The U.S. supplied crude to its allies in World War I and relied on domestic production after its entry. AP Photo
Prime movers and national security
During and after World War I, there was a dramatic change in energy production, shifting heavily away from wood and hydropower and toward fossil fuels – coal and, ultimately, petroleum. And in comparison to coal, when utilized in vehicles and ships, petroleum brought flexibility as it could be transported with ease and used in different types of vehicles. That in itself represented a new type of weapon and a basic strategic advantage. Within a few decades of this energy transition, petroleum’s acquisition took on the spirit of an international arms race.
Even more significant, the international corporations that harvested oil throughout the world acquired a level of significance unknown to other industries, earning the encompassing name “Big Oil.” By the 1920s, Big Oil’s product – useless just decades prior – had become the lifeblood of national security to the U.S. and Great Britain. And from the start of this transition, the massive reserves held in the U.S. marked a strategic advantage with the potential to last generations.
As impressive as the U.S.’ domestic oil production was from 1900-1920, however, the real revolution occurred on the international scene, as British, Dutch and French European powers used corporations such as Shell, British Petroleum and others to begin developing oil wherever it occurred.
During this era of colonialism, each nation applied its age-old method of economic development by securing petroleum in less developed portions of the world, including Mexico, the Black Sea area and, ultimately, the Middle East. Redrawing global geography based on resource supply (such as gold, rubber and even human labor or slavery) of course, was not new; doing so specifically for sources of energy was a striking change.
Crude proves itself on the battlefield
“World War I was a war,” writes historian Daniel Yergin, “that was fought between men and machines. And these machines were powered by oil.”
When the war broke out, military strategy was organized around horses and other animals. With one horse on the field for every three men, such primitive modes dominated the fighting in this “transitional conflict.”
Throughout the war, the energy transition took place from horsepower to gas-powered trucks and tanks and, of course, to oil-burning ships and airplanes. Innovations put these new technologies into immediate action on the horrific battlefield of World War I.
It was the British, for instance, who set out to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare by devising an armored vehicle that was powered by the internal combustion engine. Under its code name “tank,” the vehicle was first used in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme. In addition, the British Expeditionary Force that went to France in 1914 was supported by a fleet of 827 motor cars and 15 motorcycles; by war’s end, the British army included 56,000 trucks, 23,000 motorcars and 34,000 motorcycles. These gas-powered vehicles offered superior flexibility on the battlefield.
Government airplane manufactured by Dayton-Wright Airplane Company in 1918. U.S. National Archives
In the air and sea, the strategic change was more obvious. By 1915, Britain had built 250 planes. In this era of the Red Baron and others, primitive airplanes often required that the pilot pack his own sidearm and use it for firing at his opponent. More often, though, the flying devices could be used for delivering explosives in episodes of tactical bombing. German pilots applied this new strategy to severe bombing of England with zeppelins and later with aircraft. Over the course of the war, the use of aircraft expanded remarkably: Britain, 55,000 planes; France, 68,0000 planes; Italy, 20,000; U.S., 15,000; and Germany, 48,000.
With these new uses, wartime petroleum supplies became a critical strategic military issue. Royal Dutch/Shell provided the war effort with much of its supply of crude. In addition, Britain expanded even more deeply in the Middle East. In particular, Britain had quickly come to depend on the Abadan refinery site in Persia, and when Turkey came into the war in 1915 as a partner with Germany, British soldiers defended it from Turkish invasion.
When the Allies expanded to include the U.S. in 1917, petroleum was a weapon on everyone’s mind. The Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference was created to pool, coordinate and control all oil supplies and tanker travel. The U.S. entry into the war made this organization necessary because it had been supplying such a large portion of the Allied effort thus far. Indeed, as the producer of nearly 70 percent of the world’s oil supply, the U.S.’ greatest weapon in the fighting of World War I may have been crude. President Woodrow Wilson appointed the nation’s first energy czar, whose responsibility was to work in close quarters with leaders of the American companies.
Infrastructure as a path to national power
When the young Eisenhower set out on his trek after the war, he deemed the party’s progress over the first two days “not too good” and as slow “as even the slowest troop train.” The roads they traveled across the U.S., Ike described as “average to nonexistent.” He continued:
“In some places, the heavy trucks broke through the surface of the road and we had to tow them out one by one, with the caterpillar tractor. Some days when we had counted on sixty or seventy or a hundred miles, we could do three or four.”
Eisenhower’s party completed its frontier trek and arrived in San Francisco, California on Sept. 6, 1919. Of course, the clearest implication that grew from Eisenhower’s trek was the need for roads. Unstated, however, was the symbolic suggestion that matters of transportation and of petroleum now demanded the involvement of the U.S. military, as it did in many industrialized nations.
The emphasis on roads and, later, particularly on Ike’s interstate system was transformative for the U.S.; however, Eisenhower was overlooking the fundamental shift in which he participated. The imperative was clear: Whether through road-building initiatives or through international diplomacy, the use of petroleum by his nation and others was now a reliance that carried with it implications for national stability and security.
Eisenhower served in the Tank Corps until 1922. Eisenhower Presidential Library, ARC 876971
Seen through this lens of history, petroleum’s road to essentialness in human life begins neither in its ability to propel the Model T nor to give form to the burping plastic Tupperware bowl. The imperative to maintain petroleum supplies begins with its necessity for each nation’s defense. Although petroleum use eventually made consumers’ lives simpler in numerous ways, its use by the military fell into a different category entirely. If the supply was insufficient, the nation’s most basic protections would be compromised.
After World War I in 1919, Eisenhower and his team thought they were determining only the need for roadways – “The old convoy,” he explained, “had started me thinking about good, two lane highways.”
At the same time, though, they were declaring a political commitment by the U.S. And thanks to its immense domestic reserves, the U.S. was late coming to this realization. Yet after the “war to end all wars,” it was a commitment already being acted upon by other nations, notably Germany and Britain, each of whom lacked essential supplies of crude.
theconversation.com/how-world-war-i-ushered-in-the-centur...
July 19, 2018
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Doerr-Hosier Center
Kirstjen Nielsen, Peter Alexander
Property of the Aspen Institute / Photo Credit: Dan Bayer
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Fiz este layout inspirado num da Sara mas não sei se vai ser realmente a prévia final o que vocês acham ?
This is the Donside Village Hydro Turbine located within the nature reserve , I've taken some info from their website on the story behind the project to install and utilise the turbine to produce HydroElectricity.
The micro hydro scheme is located at a bend of the River Don, at the edge of the former papermill which is now being re-developed for a variety of other purposes, including residential housing, with the riverside being developed by the community for recreational use and wildlife value.
The land for the hydro was secured from the landowner and developer, Sanctuary Group, by the community for the generation of renewable energy.
By short-cutting this bend in the river, the hydro makes use of the gradually sloping river bed that falls over a depth of about 2.5m and covers a distance of 200m. The hydro scheme will be fed by a new lade and make full extent of the natural fall by cutting across the bend.
A feasibility study indicated that the site has the potential to generate about 400kW of power but under the current government energy subsidy regime (Feed-in-Tariff ) a scale of 100kW is the most economically feasible.
Donside Village has an enviable location on the banks of the River Don approximately 4km from the city centre of Aberdeen. It is on the site of the former Donside Papermill in the wider Tillydrone community. The papermill occupied the site until its closure in 2001 and demolition in 2006.
The site has been, and continues to be re-developed into a sustainable mixed community one of the UK’s largest Registered Social Landlords; Sanctuary Housing.
Inside the original boundary of the former papermill, new modern energy efficient flats and houses have been built, with a mix of social housing, part buy and owner occupied properties. The properties overlook the river which will be designed and landscaped by the community as an amenity for people and wildlife from the local community and beyond.
This community is known as Donside. It is represented by the Donside Community Association, made up of the residents and friends of Donside Village.
Hydroelectricity involves the conversion of energy stored in water held at a height as it travels to a lower level. The flow of water drives a mechanical shaft which then drives an electric generator.
The vertical fall of the water, known as the head, is essential for hydropower generation. Fast-flowing water on its own does not contain sufficient energy for useful power production.
Aberdeen Community Energy have purchased and installed a Landustrie Hydropower Screw Turbine for the Donside Hydro.
U.S. Air Force Airman 1st Class Elijah Bishop, left, an intelligence analyst assigned to the 347th Operations Support Squadron, and Capt. John Golding, the director of staff with the 41st Rescue Squadron, secure a room during a Tactical Combat Casualty Care course, Feb. 14, 2018, at Moody Air Force Base, Ga. The training is designed to teach Airmen how to apply critical life-saving skills while engaged in a combat environment. (U.S. Air Force photo by Airman 1st Class Erick Requadt) www.dvidshub.net
Padlocks are portable locks with a shackle that may be passed through an opening (such as a chain link, or hasp staple) to prevent use, theft, vandalism or harm.
.............Wikipedia
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Senior Airman Sergio Verdin provides security during a training exercise with members of the 303rd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron and the French air force’s 311th Fighter Squadron June 12, 2014, in Djibouti. Verdin is a tactical air control party member with the 82nd ERQS. (U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Lakisha A. Croley/Released)