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A 2nd Regiment Advanced Camp Platoon poses for a photo as they take a break during SOP (Standard Operation Procedure) training at Fort Knox, KY on June 15, 2019. | Photo by Hannah Hedden, CST Public Affairs Office
Keira Knightley after before plastic surgery
For Kiera Knightley, talent was never enough to stay on top but the self-confidence to perform live in front of anyone will do. And a better way to have confidence to do so is to look good inside and out. Needless to say, her physical appearance is a...
Keira Knightley after plastic surgery After Plastic Surgery Pictures Of Keira Knightley She Is Really Charmful Soon After Plastic Beauty Surgical Procedure
Procedures trainer used to help train Frontier Airlines flight crew members.
This touch-screen trainer is an economical means of practicing procedures while reserving expensive and sophisticated full-motion simulators for more intensive training.
Frontier Airlines training facility, Denver, Colorado
For Charlotte Gainsbourg, the talent and the guts never suffice to stay on top but rather the self-confidence to perform live in front of anyone can. And a better way to have confidence to do so is to have good looks and awesome body. Obviously, physical appearance is a must in show business; as...
Charlotte Gainsbourg after plastic surgery Awful Plastic Surgery Pics Of Charlotte Gainsbourg She Was Substantially Better Prior To Medical Procedures
Late ysterday, I had an eye cataracts operation.
I can think of much better ways, infinitely better ways, of spending a Tuesday afternoon. At least the best part was a 10 minute film show in the eye much reminiscent of the psychedelic scene in 2001, a A Space Odyssey.
BITHBOX #030
PINK FLOYD "ONE OF THESE DAYS"
jsc2018e097286 - In the Integration Facility at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, Expedition 58 crew member Anne McClain of NASA runs through procedures in the Soyuz MS-11 spacecraft during a vehicle fit check Nov. 20. McClain, Oleg Kononenko of Roscosmos and David Saint-Jacques of the Canadian Space Agency will launch Dec. 3 on the Soyuz MS-11 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome for a six-and-a-half month mission on the International Space Station...NASA/Victor Zelentsov
Où trouver le vide le plus total sur terre, pour se préparer aux sorties en scaphandre ? Dans une chambre à vide bien sûr ! Après les préparatifs et les précautions nécessaires, la porte est refermée sur moi (version coffre-fort géant) et l'air est pompé hors de l'enceinte blindée (elle doit résister a la différence de pression). Il ne reste alors d'air et d'oxygène que dans mon scaphandre, comme dans l'espace ! Cet entraînement permet de se familiariser avec le matériel "de classe I" (le vrai matériel spatial), et de tester tous les systèmes en conditions réelles. Merci Aki et Megan de m'avoir aidé à enfiler le scaphandre... est-ce qu'il n'aurait pas rapetissé un peu depuis Proxima ?! ;)
After trying on the spacesuits, a next step is vacuum chamber testing to ensure there are no leaks. This kind of test is not without danger, as the air is pumped out of the chamber behind us and if the spacesuit were to fail... well reading about rapid depressurisation is not fun. It happened to a NASA engineer Jim Leblanc in 1965 and one of the last things he remembers is the saliva in his mouth boiling on his tongue 😲. Thankfully this is extremely rare and Jim survived without permanent damage. A salute to all the ground teams that prepare, train and make sure all spacewalks happen smoothly, thanks to the meticulous planning, engineering and training. Ready for the real thing!
SpaceX Crew-2 & Expedition 65 ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet during EMU SSATA chamber run. Photo Date: September 22, 2020. Location: Bldg. 7, SSATA Chamber. Photographer: Robert Markowitz
jsc2020e041597
Title: Act of July 4, 1966, Public Law 89-487, 80 STAT 250, which amended section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 324, of the Act of June 11, 1916, to clarify and protect the right of the public to information., 07/04/1966 (Page 1 of 3)
Creator(s): National Archives and Records Administration. Office of the Federal Register. (04/01/1985 - ) (Most Recent) Department of State. (09/1789 - ) (Predecessor)
From: Series : Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, compiled 1789 - 2008
HMS Entry Number(s): A-1 5A (1789-1823 segment) A-1 5B (1824-1956 segment) (...)
Record Group 11: General Records of the United States Government, 1778 - 2006
Production Date: 07/04/1966
Persistant URL(s): research.archives.gov/description/299930
Access Restriction(s): Unrestricted
Use Restriction(s): Unrestricted
Contact(s): Archives I Reference Section, Textual Archives Services Division (NWCT1R), National Archives Building, 7th and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20408, Phone: 202-357-5385, Fax: 202-357-5936, Email: Archives1reference@nara.gov
iss055e005656 (March 26, 2018) --- Expedition 55 Flight Engineers (from left) Norishige Kanai, Ricky Arnold and Drew Feustel gather inside the Unity module and take part in a spacewalk procedure conference with specialists on the ground at the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas.
A 3D animation video showing application of cosmetic dentistry for cleaning and whitening of teeth. There are many choices available for "Cosmetic Dentistry Procedures", It completely depends upon the patients dental condition. Your dentist will be able to choose which one will work the best in transforming your smile. Types of cosmetic dentistry procedures: Teeth Whitening, Veneers, Implants, Crowns, Shaping, Bonding and Orthodontic Treatment. To know more, click on bit.ly/2gFuDrM
Throat hurts like hell from procedure on Friday. And don't get me going about taking a pill for pain that l am incapable of swallowing.
Soooooooooooo. I got up and did what l always do every morning.
And yes, my throat hurt while doing. But it hurts when I'm not doing.
And l started thinking of poor Sandra. Or shall l call her the victim of vicious Honey badger attacks. And l thought. I could make poor Sandra's life miserable and stay home. Or l could give that girl some peace.
And l told Sandra and of course she objected until we had a showdown of Marcia, Marcia, Marcia eyes at 20 paces. And l had her running to the bathroom hiding......
And l figure. If I'm going to rip someone's head off and cram it up their ass. It shouldn't be the one l love. There are more deserving of that fate.
Anyways. It's beautiful out. Sunny, already in 60s. Getting into 70s. And l can lay outside naked getting a tan or l can be clothed yelling at people. Sandra handed me my car keys.
So if I'm bitching tomorrow. You know l had a bad day. And if I'm happy. Lots of people were schooled in the art of duck and cover fiddley dee.
If you are a parent, it is only natural that your child’s well-being is your top priority. It should go without saying that their well-being includes their oral health. Children’s oral health impact on general health cannot be understated. The good news is that it starts with you and if you are intentional about it, you can set your child on the right path of excellent oral hygiene.
Reference:
www.northpointedental.com/childrens-oral-health-dental-pr...
Photographed in one of the exam rooms at the Mayo Clinic
Rochester Minnesota
It's nice to see your doctor has a sense of humor
iss075e0039586 (Aug. 17, 2026) --- From left, Expedition 75 flight engineer Sophie Adenot of ESA (European Space Agency) and commander Jessica Meir of NASA study Canadarm2 robotic arm procedures to support spacewalk operations to replace a space‑to‑ground antenna outside the International Space Station. Credit: NASA/Anil Menon
I have had this idea for a make-up experiment using various rubber silicon "pieces" from other projects that were not in use (all handmade by my uncle) for a while now. The nose that I have on my nose here (ha! That sounds surreal, doesn't it? How about what my uncle said? --- "I've got a cheek in my top drawer" --- which created a bloom of laughter from me also) is a Quasimodo nose. The nose that is growing out of my right cheek is a nose my uncle made from his own nose from a previous experiment a few years back. There are two large alien eyes that are situated on the top of my head as well, but are a bit obscurred, except that you can see the "white" of one of the eyes if you look to your right. The piece in the middle of my forehead is a rubber silicon eye that was "uncolored" with any substance and was basically a free-form piece for possible projects. Before all of these pieces were put on, he applied some homemade "skin" (made out of various elements including glue, karo syrup, tissue paper and a few others, which was a Dick Smith ingredient) which was a piece that was glued onto my face using Elmer's glue (again, an old Dick Smith trick!) which was applied onto my forehead and went around and over my right eye and down over my right cheek. After this, more pieces were added to my left cheek and my forehead area. Next, he applied the left eye which was also made out of a scrap of rubber silicon and which added to the make-up improvisation! After that was applied, the mouth piece was added (which is actually a "vampire puncture" mold, which I decided would work as a weird mouth). The mouth piece wasn't "applied" in any way, except for the fact that I licked my lips a bit and used my saliva for "natural glue", which works really well when it is only going to be on there for a few moments.
As mentioned, this was basically an experimental make-up improvisational collage-work. It took a little over an hour or so to complete I would say. Now I see what John Hurt went through with his 12-hour make-up procedures from The Elephant Man! No where near as time-consuming and gut-wrenching as this. In fact, he was contemplating quitting acting after that role!
So, ladies and gentlemen! Step right up and be the first to see THE WEIRDO OF BURDEN at your local FREAK CIRCUS!
Later on, after the show, I'll disguise myself as Derrick!
Without the pain killing effect of 'anaesthesia' very few medical procedures would be taking place today.
In past history physical methods like compression of blood vessels or the nerves by means of clamps applied over the limbs were used to numb the area; however, that was just short of torture.
In Ancient Cultures:
The Chinese used cannabis.
The Greek used herbs like hemp.
The Romans used the extract of the mandragora plant to alleviate pain.
And the ancient Egyptians used poppy seeds (from which opium is derived) during their simple operating procedures.
fun fact: 'refrigeration anaesthesia' meant using cold water or snow to numb the region which gave rise to hypnosis to render the patient unconscious as a means of anaesthetizing someone are all in a way similarly artificially induced today.
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Certificate of Registration displayed next to the model of the passenger ferry 'Lake Wallis' at the Great Lakes Museum in Tuncurry.
Other images of the Lake Wallis can be found in the Album Lake Wallis
The ferry Lake Wallis operated out of Forster for a long period and was well-known to both holidaymakers and schoolchildren as she plied the waters of Wallis Lake.
UPDATED OCTOBER 2018
Lake Wallis built by Harry Avery
Recent information supplied by Peter Emmerson, son of Albert CARL Emmerson, indicates that his father had the Lake Wallis built specifically for use on Wallis Lake by John Wright & Co. Ltd's chief shipwright, Harry Avery. Commenced circa 1940 and launched circa 1941/2 she was built prior to the time when Wright's shipyard was contracted to building a large number of vessels for the US Army and the Australian Army. While the timbers used in construction are unknown, the planking was of White Beech (Gmelina leichhardtii) sourced from the Comboyne Plateau.
From the images provided by Peter Emmerson it is clear that the hull was completed with timber frame to allow later finishing as a ferry; she was taken by cradle further upstream to an area adjacent to the Tuncurry coal-loader.
Albert CARL Emmerson fits out the Lake Wallis
It appears likely that Carl Emmerson bought the hull only and fitted her with steering gear and a 2 cyl. J2 Kelvin Diesel with petrol assist start. Petrol and spark plugs was used ignite the chamber and thus assist the flywheel to turn; this was an essential component of the starting procedure in cold weather. Carl fitted out the launch with anything that was available. In 1943, equipment and components were unavailable with invasion by Japanese forces appearing almost inevitable. Carl's innovative approach included using the steering wheel of an old Dodge truck. The new launch, named the Lake Wallis replaced his previous launch the ex-cream boat Dorrie May.
Carl Emmerson obtained a Special Lease to build a wharf on Wallis Lake and operated the Lake Wallis as the official mail boat, passenger ferry, delivery launch and later for excursionists. Carl operated his launch service at 9 am Monday, Wednesday and Friday (3h return trip). From Forster the launch travelled to Green Point (Lach Fraser’s dairy); then South to Charlotte Bay Creek then NW to Whoota; then to Coomba Park (Beddington’s) then to Sointu's wharf (John Sointu and Ida Niemi) on the SW side of Wallis Island and finally back to Forster. On the other days he operated his bus service to Elizabeth Beach, Booti Booti, Charlottte Bay and back to Forster. Carl also delivered boxes of butter from the Cape Hawke Co-operative Butter factory in Tuncurry to stores in Forster, three days a week.
Carl Emmerson starts tourist trips around Wallis lake
After the War, when people were again able to travel, Carl commenced a tourist operation taking visitors around the extensive Wallis Lake. His wife, Mollie, acted as deckhand and morning tea maker - pleasing everyone with her home-made shortbread biscuits.
In 1967 Carl sold his entire operation (including the Lake Wallis, the Special Lease, the established tourist route and wharf facilities to Stan Croad.
Stan Croad
The Master of the Lake Wallis from 1967 was Stan Croad, both a ferryman and film operator at the Regent Theatre in Forster. Stanley Osbourne Croad was born in Kempsey in 1912 and moved to Forster around 1937 when the Regent Theatre opened and he commenced work as film operator.
Prior to purchase of the Lake Wallis he operated a launch - name unknown. In 1944, newspaper reports show that Stan had secured a contract to transport schoolchildren from areas around Wallis Lake to Forster. In 1946 he sought a Special Lease from the Lands Board Office to operate his launch service, “carrying school children to and from school per motor launch, and conducting scenic tours of Wallis Lakes” - as indicated by this notice in the Northern Champion.
“It is notified in the Government Gazette of 19th and 26th September and 3rd and 10th October, 1947, that application has been made by Stanley Osbourne Croad, for Special Lease No. 47/37, Land District of Taree, for Jetty, containing about 2 perches below high water mark of Wallis Lake at Forster, between portions 297 and 343 and south of and adjoining the area applied for as Special Lease 46/62 (The Northern Champion (Taree, NSW: 1913 - 1954 Sat 11 Oct 1947).
Croad operated from Emmerson's Lease 38/21 post 1967 but the precise details of his earlier operation is unknown: According to Carl's son, Peter, the relationship between Carl Emmerson and Stan Croad was not a happy one. It was Stan Croad who replaced the Kelvin J2 diesel with the more powerful Lister diesel motor.
In 1975 the Wallis Lake was registered to carry 39 persons and provide life-saving devices for 18 persons. She was described only as 29 ft 3 inches long and only licenced to travel on CAPE HAWKE HARBOUR – Smooth Water only. Graeme Andrews recorded her dimensions as 9 ft 10 inches breadth and 5.3 tonnes.
AFLOAT MAGAZINE ARTICLE
The best description of Stan’s operation was published in the magazine AFLOAT. It was written by Graeme and Winsome Andrews in 1976. Excerpts are included below:
“Stan Croad of Forster is a throw-back. In 1976 he is probably the last of the travelling storemen who once could be seen on most of Australia’s waterways. These water-borne carriers could be found on any river. They brought stores and religion. They collected produce outbound and replaced it with passengers inbound.
Stan still does something like that. Along with his tourist passengers he carries beer, bread, mail and vegetables and at various wharves around the lake he is met by the locals. Meanwhile his passengers watch the process with interest, probably unaware of just what they are watching.
Stan’s small well-deck ferry Lake Wallis is one of the last of the small working craft of the Forster area, her lineage goes back to the time when Forster was a thriving coastal shipping port. The days of the small ferry are numbered as Forster’s population is increasing and new waterfront businesses are growing, along with bigger, faster and more obvious cruise boats. Stan reckons he will not be able to compete but he and his little boat might last long enough, particularly as her shallow draft allows her to reach places out of bounds to bigger craft.
In 1976 only one other boat competed with Stan for the tourist trade. The ex-river milk boat Sun with her liquor license and great size carried a different load to Stan and their paths rarely crossed. [In 2016 Sun is based in Brooklyn on the Hawkesbury River and services Dangar Island and the settlements such as Little Wobby.]
Stan collects his goods and passengers from almost the heart of Forster. The trip is advertised as starting at 0900hrs but Lake Wallis and her amiable Master are no longer young and not in any hurry. The ferry seems to have been built about 1944. She carries up to 38 passengers with a crew of one. A Lister diesel can give her about eight knots but six or seven will do her unless the wind and the lake look like whipping up. When we travelled with Stan he was contemplating buying a newer and bigger boat but was bothered that this would mean he would have to increase his prices.
At about 0920 the Lister rumbles into life and Lake Wallis moves away from her berth with perhaps 20 adults with a dozen or so kids. Passengers and crew are seated low in the hull. She is like an old private launch with the engine covered by a large flat-topped box, slap in the middle of the boat.
Nearing the Forster - Tuncurry Bridge the launch swings sharply to port and skirts a steep sand island where kids are sliding down the sand dune to end up with a great splash. The launch crosses the next channel past low-lying Cockatoo Island towards the ‘Cut’ which is the entrance to the Wallamba River. A considerable tidal outflow can be felt there and the Lister picks up a few revs to cope. Stan has done this many times but he still keeps his ship’s head lined up on the various official and local knowledge navigation markers and piles.
Along the top of Wallis Island the ferry plods. In the area between Regatta Island and Wallis Island the local people once held picnic regattas. Paddle steamers, early motor launches and sail craft of all types – private and commercial- competed in picnic races while the families ashore tucked into the goodies and egged on the contestants.
At Coomba, a hamlet on the western shores of Wallis Lake, a small jetty pokes out from the shore. Here a cluster of people await their purchases. A run-down public toilet attracts some sighs of relief from some of the intrepid passengers. Coomba was to be a glamour development but something went wrong and the 20 or so homes house retirees in considerable peace. Stores and money change hands and Lake Wallis backs carefully out into the channel and heads onwards.
On the south-western end of Wallis Island is a grand and remarkable two-storey house. It is obviously old and apparently houses a Finnish family who have crops, cattle and the obligatory sauna. Their ‘wharf’ consists of the remains of the steam paddle lighter, or ‘drogher’ Queen. About 40 m long by 10 or 12 m wide, this craft is a wooden boat enthusiast’s dream. Much of the exposed timber remains showing grown timbers and adzed wood working. Stores and monies change hands and off we go again.
Out in the middle of the lake the Lister’s muted growl suddenly fades into silence. Skipper Croad puts down his microphone, takes off his Captain’s hat and replaces it with a chef’s hat. A white apron mysteriously appears, while from a large white locker, good china cups and saucers appear. Within a few minutes Stan is passing around, via the ladies, cups of very hot tea or coffee, biscuits for those that want them and scones for those who prefer. The children get cold soft drinks and or cordial.
As the boat drifts Stan tells us more about the lake, his boat and of the locals. Fifteen minutes after ‘Tea-Oh!’ the diesel awakes, tea remnants disappear into the locker, the tablecloth leaves the top of the engine box and we press on somewhat refreshed and impressed.
The homeward, northward run takes us into shallows. Clumps of weeds slide past close to the hull and Stan keeps his eyes on his marks. He tells us about ‘The Step’. Between the mainland at Wallis Point and Wallis Island is a sand bank known as ‘The Step’. Here the incoming tide rolls over the edge of the Stockyards Channel and forms a sand ‘lip’. Here it is that deeper-draft vessels baulk but the little launch slides up and over, the Lister going flat out. All aboard feel the bow then the rest of the boat lift and then drop as we bump into deeper water. Lake Wallis has nearly completed her run.
She swings to starboard off the rarely-used airfield on Wallis Island and heads down Breckenridge Channel. Past Godwin Island Stan swings to starboard and eases in towards his pile berth. Lake Wallis’s stem settles into the low-tide shore-line mud as Stan secures his berthing lines before waving us ashore over a plank that is strong enough but makes one wonder anyway. Stan makes his personal farewell to every person leaving and then, as we straggle away, turns to and cleans up his place of work.
Stan Croad and his comfortable little launch provided one of the best-value tourist dollars the Grey Wanderers have ever had. More than 30 years later we sometimes talk of him, wondering what became of him. Perhaps one of Afloat’s amazing knowledgeable readers can complete the tale?
A more recent publication by the Coomba Progress Association describes Stan as follows:
“For many years people in Coomba had relied for mail delivery on the services of men like Stan Croad, who had operated excellent ferry services, and delivered so cheerfully and willingly not only their basic needs, but would even shop and bring back a grocery order without charging for this extra service.
Stan Croad sold his operation in 1978 to William and Noni Coombe who only ran the Lake Wallis for a couple of times when they replaced her with the younger and larger vessel - Amaroo. Matt Coombe, William Coombe's son noted "This paved the way for bigger and better vessels, all given the prestigious name of ‘Amaroo’" Manning-Great Lakes Focus BLOG 1st June 2010
Stan died in 1994.
We would also like to thank the Great Lakes Museum in Capel Street, Tuncurry for permission to photograph the certificate.
Image Source: Nicholson Family Collection
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Graeme and Winsome Andrews for their contribution and AFLOAT magazine for allowing us to extract a large part of the material in Tea and Scones on Lake Wallis in 1976
We would also like to thank the Great Lakes Museum in Capel Street, Tuncurry for permission to photograph the certificate displayed alongside the model.
Image Source: Nicholson Family Collection
All Images in this photostream are Copyright - Great Lakes Manning River Shipping and/or their individual owners as may be stated above and may not be downloaded, reproduced, or used in any way without prior written approval.
GREAT LAKES MANNING RIVER SHIPPING, NSW - Flick Group --> Alphabetical Boat Index --> Boat builders Index --> Tags List
jsc2019e052882 - In the Integration Building at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, Expedition 61 crewmember Jessica Meir of NASA runs through procedures Sept. 11 aboard the Soyuz MS-15 spacecraft during an initial Soyuz vehicle fit check. Meir, spaceflight participant Hazzaa Ali Almansoori of the United Arab Emirates and Expedition 61 crewmember Oleg Skripochka of Roscosmos will launch Sept. 25 on the Soyuz MS-15 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome for a mission on the International Space Station. Image: NASA/Victor Zelentsov.
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Chapter Business Procedure
High School Bronze medalist team from Diman RVTHS (Mass.). Front row L to R: Marissa Morrison, Meggan DeSousa and Brittany Oliveira. Back row L to R: Eiljah Moniz, William Hawkins and Collin Bugara.
それは川上さんの誕生日です! と酋長の家旅館での人々は彼と一緒に祝っている!♡
すき焼き, ビール, 乾杯, そしておばちゃんの奇妙地元の音楽演奏. 標準手順よ!
It's Mr. Kawakami's birthday! And the peoples in the ryokans are making sure he doesn't go through it alone!♡
Sukiyakis, beers, kanpais, and some strange local music instrumental performance from Oba-chan. Standard procedure!
★Sony DSC-RX1, Zeiss Sonnar T* 35mm f/2
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Thank you all! ありがとうございました! 谢谢大家! Grazie a tutti! Terima kasih semua!
Title: Act of July 4, 1966, Public Law 89-487, 80 STAT 250, which amended section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 324, of the Act of June 11, 1916, to clarify and protect the right of the public to information., 07/04/1966 (Page 1 of 3)
Creator(s): National Archives and Records Administration. Office of the Federal Register. (04/01/1985 - ) (Most Recent) Department of State. (09/1789 - ) (Predecessor)
From: Series : Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, compiled 1789 - 2008
HMS Entry Number(s): A-1 5A (1789-1823 segment) A-1 5B (1824-1956 segment) (...)
Record Group 11: General Records of the United States Government, 1778 - 2006
Production Date: 07/04/1966
Persistant URL(s): research.archives.gov/description/299930
Access Restriction(s): Unrestricted
Use Restriction(s): Unrestricted
Contact(s): Archives I Reference Section, Textual Archives Services Division (NWCT1R), National Archives Building, 7th and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20408, Phone: 202-357-5385, Fax: 202-357-5936, Email: Archives1reference@nara.gov
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE, By Philip Gourevitch and Errol Morris
Raymond Bonner is a New York Times correspondent
After the abuse of the prisoners at Abu Ghraib was exposed in April 2004 by The New Yorker and “60 Minutes,” the Bush administration sought to portray the reprehensible misconduct as the work of a few bad apples. Seeming to underscore that verdict was the fact that soldiers took pictures of themselves, smiling, holding thumbs up, with the naked, dead, abused and humiliated prisoners.
Unfortunately, the truth, which emerges with painful clarity from “Standard Operating Procedure,” is that what happened at Abu Ghraib was not only tolerated but condoned and encouraged. Harsh treatment wasn’t punished; it was rewarded. When First Lt. Carolyn Wood of the Army was in charge of the interrogation center at Bagram Air Force base in Afghanistan in 2003, she established a policy that allowed prisoners to be held in solitary confinement for a month, to be stripped, shackled in painful positions, kept without sleep, bombarded with sound and light. Three prisoners were beaten to death on her watch. She was awarded a Bronze Star, one of the armed forces’ highest combat medals, promoted to captain and sent to Iraq.
At Abu Ghraib, a Marine Corps lawyer and an Army lawyer witnessed prisoners being suspended from their cell doors. Occasionally they expressed mild concern, but over all they said nothing, which was taken as “implied consent.” When a prisoner interrogated by the C.I.A. died from the beatings, a “parade of senior officers” viewed the corpse. Army medics cleaned up the body, and the official reason given for the death was a heart attack.
Sometimes just for fun, Cpl. Charles Graner and other guards hauled prisoners out of their cells, stripped them, punched them, put sandbags over their heads and forced them to masturbate. Soldiers gleefully snapped photographs.
Pfc. Lynndie England, whose name along with that of Cpl. Graner became almost synonymous with Abu Ghraib, said “it was standard operating procedure.” Specialists Sabrina Harman and Megan Ambuhl later thought that perhaps the soldiers had gone too far. They reported what had gone on to a sergeant. “Nothing really happened,” said Harman, whose letters to her partner were given to the authors, and whose personal story adds to the power of this book. Graner himself showed photographs he had taken to senior officers, including a lieutenant colonel. Nothing happened.
“Standard Operating Procedure” and a documentary film of the same name are the collaborative effort of Philip Gourevitch, the author of a highly acclaimed book about the Rwandan genocide, and Errol Morris, the filmmaker whose credits include “The Fog of War,” the Academy Award-winning documentary about the former defense secretary Robert S. McNamara, and “The Thin Blue Line,” which succeeded in getting a man off death row.
For the documentary, Morris taped interviews with a score of soldiers and civilians, several of whom witnessed the abuse or participated in it. Some of the interviews are, of course, self-serving, but many of the individuals appear to be deeply troubled by what went on at Abu Ghraib. The interviews ran to about two and a half million words, and Gourevitch has woven excerpts, along with transcripts from military investigations and trials, into a tightly knit and damning narrative.
. . . The Justice Department sent only four men to set up a corrections system in Iraq, in May 2003, and two left quickly in frustration, leaving Lane McCotter, who had made a career running military and civilian prisons, and Gary Deland, who had worked with McCotter in Utah. “We were going to make it into a model prison,” McCotter said. Deland established a police academy, where he fired any recruit found to be taking bribes. But the men had neither the time nor the resources to carry out their mission. A four-month assessment period was shortened to 30 days. They concluded that Iraq needed 75,000 prison beds. Fewer than 3,000 were provided, and civilian and military prisoners were held together, in violation of Army doctrine and the Geneva Conventions. Many were innocent, picked up in sweeps, guilty of nothing other than being in the wrong place at the wrong time, Deland said.
Later in 2003, the American military took over running the prisons. The job was given to combat units of the military police. “We had no training, we were vastly outnumbered and we were given lots of responsibilities that we didn’t have any knowledge about how to carry out,” said Specialist Ambuhl, who was one of only seven M.P.’s assigned to cell blocks housing more than 1,000 prisoners. “They couldn’t say that we broke the rules because there were no rules,” she said.
Maj. Gen. Geoffrey Miller had commanded the prison at Guantánamo before coming to Iraq. Breaking with Army doctrine, but following the procedure he had established at Guantánamo, he put the military police, who normally run military prisons, at the service of the interrogators, military, C.I.A. and civilian contractors. The guards must “be actively engaged in setting the conditions for successful exploitation of the internees,” Miller wrote. “You’re treating the prisoners too well,” he told the guards. “You have to treat the prisoners like dogs.”
But the military’s dogs were treated better and, as is now well known, were used to frighten the prisoners — exploit their phobias, in the Pentagon’s euphemistic jargon. Two dog handlers “had an ongoing contest to see which of them could make the most prisoners piss in fear.”
Steven Stefanowicz, a civilian interrogator known as Big Steve, ordered the dogs to be used on a prisoner nicknamed A. Q., because he was thought to be an Al Qaeda operative. One picture shows the man, his arms tied behind him, cowering against the wall, the snarling dog’s teeth inches away. “He would tell us to put A. Q. in this position or that position, then put the dogs on him,” Staff Sgt. Ivan Frederick said. “Then he would tell them to pull the dogs off, then he would go in the cell, shut the door and I guess interrogate him.”
After several months of torturing A. Q. with “dogs and bondage and hooding and noise and sleeplessness and heat and cold,” the authorities realized that he had no connection to Al Qaeda or any criminal activity, and he was released.
One of the lingering questions has been the degree of complicity within the Pentagon and White House in what happened at Abu Ghraib. No “smoking gun” linking the abuses to Donald Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney or George W. Bush has ever been found, and it is unlikely that one will be. But it isn’t needed, the authors say. “Abu Ghraib was the smoking gun.”
What occurred at Abu Ghraib is deeply disturbing, and Americans, individually and collectively, need to ask, How could this have happened? How could our sons and daughters, good kids from Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, Maryland, engage in this conduct? How could so many have looked the other way? What happened at Abu Ghraib was not the work of a few bad apples — of Lynndie England or Charles Graner or Ivan Frederick or Megan Ambuhl or Sabrina Harman, all of whom were eventually court-martialed on various charges. (Only one senior officer was court-martialed, and he was found not guilty.)
“The stain is ours,” Gourevitch and Morris write. It is hard to come away from their book with any other conclusion.
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Barksdale Airmen position a tow bar onto a B-52 Stratofortress for a parking maneuver during Global Thunder 2019 at Barksdale Air Force Base, La., Nov. 3, 2018. Global Thunder is an annual U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) exercise designed to provide training opportunities to test and validate command, control and operational procedures. The training is based on a notional scenario developed to drive execution of USSTRATCOM and component forces' ability to support the geographic combatant commands, deter adversaries and, if necessary, employ forces as directed by the President of the United States. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Philip Bryant)