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Nasal bots are the maggots or larvae of the sheep nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis. Nasal bots are often found in sheep and goats but do not cause significant problems and owners are usually unaware of their presence.
However bot flies occasionally target humans, dogs and cats. In these species bots may be found in the throat or eye — where they can cause severe irritation — or in the nasal passages where they can cause breathing difficulty. Bots do not develop to maturity in species other than sheep and goats.
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Nasal bots are the maggots or larvae of the sheep nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis, which is present throughout the world wherever there are sheep and goats. It was introduced into Australia in sheep in the early 1900s and was first recorded in Western Australia in 1919. They may now be less common in areas where the macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics, such as ivermectin, have been frequently used.
Nasal bots usually cause little harm to host animals and owners are rarely aware of the infestations unless expelled bots are seen. Individual sheep may show signs of nasal irritation or (rarely) breathing difficulties and flocks may show signs of disturbance due to bot fly attacks.
Life cycle of the nasal bot fly
Fly activity is seasonal and generally peaks in spring and late summer when temperatures exceed 20 degrees Celsius, but the pattern of fly activity varies between regions.
The female fly has a life span of approximately two days in summer and four weeks in cold weather. In cold climates, such as Russia or Siberia, there are only one or two generations each year, but in hotter places such as much of Australia, there may be five or six generations of flies.
The sheep nasal bot fly deposits larvae, not eggs, on its host, unlike the related bot fly of horses (Gasterophilus species) which attaches eggs to horse hair. Once larvae have been deposited at the sheep’s nostrils, they move and grow within the nasal cavity and the frontal sinuses. They develop through three larval stages and when mature (about 3cm long) the larvae are sneezed out. This is the only stage likely to be observed, typically when sheep are in a shed or yards.
The rate of development of larvae within the sheep’s head is highly variable and can take as long as ten months or as little as six weeks. Expelled bots form pupae in the soil and flies emerge from these after a few weeks. The duration of each stage of the life cycle is highly variable, mainly dependent on temperature.
Effects of nasal bots
Most infestations pass unnoticed, but sheep may show disturbed behaviour when bot flies are present. This includes snorting, stamping the front feet, running in short bursts and burying their noses into the fleeces of other sheep. Sheep may congregate in shaded places where the flies are less active. Infested sheep may have a discharge from the nostrils, difficulties in breathing and may sneeze or cough.
The economic impact of nasal bots is debatable. In Australia they are generally not considered to be of economic importance. In some countries nasal bots are believed to cause reduced body and fleece growth, mostly due to the disturbance of flocks. They have also been suspected of suppressing normal immunity, possibly predisposing animals to secondary bacterial infections including chronic sinusitis. Nasal bots do not affect the ability of rams to find, by smell, ewes in oestrus.
Bot flies occasionally target humans, dogs and cats. In these species bots may be found in the throat or eye, where they can cause severe irritation. Sometimes (rarely) they are found in the nasal passages where they can cause breathing difficulty. Bots do not develop to maturity in species other than sheep and goats.
Diagnosis
There is no commercially available test which will identify infested sheep. The flies themselves are a little smaller than the common blowfly but are rarely seen. The peculiar behaviour of sheep when the bot flies are active may indicate that some sheep in the flock are likely to become infested. A nasal discharge, with or without coughing and sneezing, would arouse suspicion but is not diagnostic for nasal bot infestation.
Sometimes a diagnosis is made incidentally when, while shearing or drenching a sheep, a bot is expelled from the sheep’s nostrils onto the handler. Similarly, expelled bots are sometimes found in water or feed troughs. Bots may be more common in horned breeds and sometimes when sheep are dehorned bots may emerge from the horn core.
The signs in sheep could resemble some other diseases that affect sheep behaviour. Possible alternative diagnoses should always be considered and excluded before making a diagnosis of nasal bot infestation. If in doubt, seek veterinary advice.
Goats rarely show any signs of infestation.
Treatment with an effective product can be used as an indirect method of diagnosis. If the signs disappear following treatment, it is reasonable to make a retrospective diagnosis of nasal bot infestation.
Treatment
Treatment with an anthelminthic solely for nasal bots is rarely warranted unless it is believed the health of animals is being affected by these parasites. Three macrocyclic lactone (ML) drenches (ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin) and closantel are registered for treatment against nasal bot in sheep, whereas only abamectin is registered for use in goats.
However, treatment, other than where significant ill effects from nasal bots were suspected, would be contrary to current recommended worm control practices and could contribute to the already high level of worm resistance to the ML chemicals.
TopicsLivestock & animalsLivestock managementLivestock parasitesLivestock speciesGoatsSheepPests, weeds & diseasesDiseasesLivestock health & diseases
Flea market find at this month's Irvine Marketplace. The Super Dictionary is designed to develop our kids vocabulary by relating them to comic book superheros. Here are a few samples to give you a grin or two. Enjoy!
See what's wrong in this image? I had heard the new D800 suffered from lock-up problems, but now my D7000 seems to have similar problems. Anyone else have this also?
Update: Even though I have not been able to reproduce the problem, I suspect it is related to the SD cards. Removing and reinserting the battery did not help. Removing the memory cards did! I have since reset the shooting settings and the problem has not presented itself again.
Update2: I was able to switch the LCD light on and off when the D7000 was locked-up. Also, information in the viewfinder was still visible. When half-pressing the shutter button, the AF-point lighted red as usual, but the image did not focus. Strange!
My fangirl problem :
Whn you never get to spend time with your boyfriend because he`s on tour .
Lol , silly Andy Biersack , come back !
Photographs from the COP26 Weymouth Rally and Demonstration organised by the COP26 Coalition Dorset Hub in support of the Global Day of Action for Climate Justice. The day began with a rally at the Pavillion followed by a march along the harbourside, down St Mary Street and ending on the esplanade. Groups involved included: Stand Up to Racism Dorset, CommUnity Bike Rides Weymouth, Weymouth Christian Climate Action, Dorset Trades Union Council, Unison, Unite, Portland 4 The Planet, Dorset Climate Action Newtwork, Dorset Community Assemblies, Tearfund XR-Wimborne, XR-Dorchester, XR, Transition Towns Weymouth, XR-Weymouth and Portland, Portland TTWP, and Zero Carbon Dorset.
My handlebar bag presses the barcon shifter housing out of the way in a really awkward and ugly shape. This bike doesn't have downtube bosses. There are two options: Run the housing all the way under the bar tape...or....wait and see...
This is not the intended use of a mini mill, but I'm not going to be using it for much of the normal stuff. I've always wanted a plotter printer, and in high school, I devoted most of my senior year free time to designing and building a pen plotter. I didn't get to finish it before college started, but I did have a cast resin head with wheels in it, and a lever system built in that could grip a pen in a tube with a set screw. There were electronics built into the head - an LED and phototransistor that could detect when paper was slid underneath, and the wires ran through the clear resin to a DB-9 connector sunk perfectly into the top of the head.
I cut the end off a 25-pin parallel port printer cable, and spent a few weeks figuring out what each pin was, testing each with a multimeter as I sent bytes to the port from Qbasic. When I finished, I had 8 wires with which I could drive 2 stepper motors from an old laser printer, and a solenoid that would pull the lever up at the back of the pen, and lower the pen on the front. Also, Qbasic was reporting "PAPER IN!" and "PAPER OUT!" whenever I pushed a piece of paper under it.
The problem was that I wanted great accuracy, and couldn't achieve it with my crappy woodworking shop tools. I started using Lego Technic sets, which actually had gears that meshed EXACTLY with the steppers, and I started designing a crossed cabling method to move the head back and forth across the twin bars, and the bars forward and backward over the paper. I was so close to getting it functional, and then I had to road trip to college. Oh well.
by Alfredo Fernandes
Alfi Art Production, Divar
41st Tiatr Competition A group of Kala Academy supported by TAG
13.10.2015
Ciena Furtado and Jovienne Fernandes
more here
joegoauk-tiatr.blogspot.in/2015/10/41st-tiatr-competition...
Another archive I found. I drew this in 1992!!
Back then I remember the medium I used was something that was called 'magic pen'. The ink smeared and faded over the years. The black ink I believe was from a waterproof Pilot black pen, which was my favourite drawing tool.
Blogged on : designerinpajamas.wordpress.com/2009/04/08/old-work/
We often magnify our problems by denial ...recently one of my friend had lots of problem with another friend of mine because he was not able to accept the irrational behavior of other friend ... and yesterday he told that he found his life had changed because he accepted the fact that other friend is usually irrational ... sometimes accepting things helps ...
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Somethimes it happens like this..
But take a look at the other times. Mostly this Panorama feature is brilliant. Look at the works down there, look at them the full size and how detailed they are.
This photo, featuring in blogpost about the Fuji X100, here: tenisd.blogspot.com