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A few short years ago, it would be impossible to predict the precise way in which data has evolved, and just how much data we generate today. To say it has increased in the last few years would be an understatement. There has been exponential growth of new data, now commonly referred to as Big Data. Itâs not that big data didnât exist before; itâs just that itâs much, much bigger now, and itâs being generated at much faster rates, thanks to modern technology.

 

For example, YouTube alone boasts over 1 billion users, 300 hours of video uploaded every minute, and hundreds of millions of hours of video content watched and billions of views generated every single day. And thatâs just one website.

 

According to IBM, we generate 2.5 quintillion bytes of data every day. We are practically drowning in new data, at every second, and unless something is being done with it, all this data is rendered essentially useless. Since this is a trend that is not going away any time soon, how are we able to deal with it all?

 

Analyzing the data we generate, particularly online data, is an integral part of how businesses run today. It is important for businesses to understand and analyze information in order to use it to grow their company, and become more efficient with business decisions.

 

Moreover, because much of the data available today is user generated, with everything from emails and clicks, to tweets and Facebook posts, to uploaded photos and videos, it is all being used to gather information on clients and customers, to figure out their interests and habits, market and advertise to them, for the ultimate goal of generating sales from them.

 

This is why data visualization software, such as ZoomCharts charts and graphs, has been invaluable in making it easy to analyze, understand, and present data. ZoomCharts tools are completely interactive, support massive data sets, work on all modern devices including touch screens, and perform at incredibly fast speeds, to ensure that you are in total control of your data, and not the other way around.

 

Check out ZoomCharts products:

 

Network Chart

Big network exploration

Explore linked data sets. Highlight relevant data with dynamic filters and visual styles. Incremental data loading. Exploration with focus nodes.

 

Time Chart

Time navigation and exploration tool

Browse activity logs, select time ranges. Multiple data series and value axes. Switch between time units.

 

Pie Chart

Amazingly intuitive hierarchical data exploration

Get quick overview of your data and drill down when necessary. All in a single easy to use chart.

 

Facet Chart

Scrollable bar chart with drill-down

Compare values side by side and provide easy access to the long tail.

 

ZoomCharts

www.zoomcharts.com

The worldâs most interactive data visualization software

 

#zoomcharts #interactive #data #visualization #charts #graphs #bigdata #dataviz #growth #exponential #IBM #usergenerated #quintillion #bytes #business #advertising #marketing #sales #Facebook #YouTube #tweets #posts

Warangal Fort, in the present-day Indian state of Telangana, appears to have existed since at least the 13th century CE. Although precise dating of its construction and subsequent enhancements are uncertain, historians and archaeologists generally accept that an earlier brick-walled structure was replaced with stone by Ganapatideva, who died in 1262, and that his successors – Rudramadevi and Prataparudra II – added to its height and added gateways, square bastions and additional circular earthern walls prior to the latter's death in 1323. This places the construction towards the end of the Kakatiya period. There were later modifications between the 15th and 17th centuries, comprising principally the addition of barbicans to the four gates in the stone wall and the creation of gates in the outer earthern wall.

 

Remnants of the structure can be seen today near to the town of Warangal, which was the Kakatiya capital. The Archaeological Survey of India has listed the remains as a Monument of National Importance.

_____________________________

 

The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiyas. They were at first the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal. A ruler of this dynasty, Prola II, who ruled from A.D.1110 to 1158, extended his sway to the south and declared his independence. His successor Rudra (A.D.1158--1195) pushed the kingdom to the north up to the Godavari delta. He built a fort at Warangal to serve as a second capital and faced the invasions of the Yadavas of Devagiri. The next ruler Mahadeva extended the kingdom to the coastal area. In A.D.1199, Ganapati succeeded him. He was the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Velanati Cholas in A.D.1210. He forced the Telugu Cholas of Vikramasimhapura to accept his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion and encouraged trade.

 

As Ganapati Deva had no sons, his daughter Rudramba succeeded him in A.D.1262 and carried on the administration. Some generals, who did not like to be ruled by her, rebelled. She could, however, suppress the internal rebellions and external invasions with the help of loyal subordinates. The Cholas and the Yadavas suffered such set backs at her hands that they did not think of troubling her for the rest of her rule.

 

Prataparudra succeeded his grandmother Rudramba in A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323. He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms. He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. In his time the territory constituting Andhra Pradesh had the first experience of a Muslim invasion. In A.D.1303, the Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji sent an army to plunder the kingdom. But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. In A.D. 1310, when another army under Malik Kafur invaded Warangal, Prataparudra yielded and agreed to pay a large tribute. In A.D.1318, when Ala-ud-din Khilji died, Prataparudra withheld the tribute. It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. In A.D.1321, Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country then called Tilling. He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and returned to Delhi. Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way. Thus ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to anarchy and confusion yielding place to an alien ruler.

 

The Kakatiya period was rightly called the brightest period of the Telugu history. The entire Telugu speaking area was under the kings who spoke Telugu and encouraged Telugu. They established order throughout the strife torn land and the forts built by them played a dominant role in the defence of the realm. Anumakonda and Gandikota among the `giridurgas', Kandur and Narayanavanam among the `vanadurgas', Divi and Kolanu among the `jaladurgas', and Warangal and Dharanikota among the `sthaladurgas' were reckoned as the most famous strongholds in the Kakatiya period. The administration of the kingdom was organized with accent on the military.

 

Though Saivism continued to be the religion of the masses, intellectuals favoured revival of Vedic rituals. They sought to reconcile the Vaishnavites and the Saivites through the worship of Harihara. Arts and literature found patrons in the Kakatiyas and their feudatories.

 

WIKIPEDIA & WIKIMAPIA

 

More Moleskine/pen goodness. The pocket monthly planner, Cahier and Pilot Precise V5.

To be precise, the Kaue is a changing room with shower facilities at a colliery. In the 'White Kaue' the miners would change from their normal clothes, and in the 'Black Kaue' from their work clothes, and place them in baskets which they would hoist on pulleys up toward the ceiling. Each basket belongs to a miner. After hoisting the basket with a chain, they could lock it.

 

A really stunning place!

Leica DC Vario-Elmarit 9.1-91mm f2.8-5.9 Asph

 

Deep grooves and precise chisel marks cut into the rugged surface of these large stone blocks. The sunlight highlights the contrast between the rough, natural texture of the rock and the deliberate, geometric patterns carved into its sides. This textured wall stands near West Bretton, Wakefield, showcasing the intersection of raw geological form and human craftsmanship.

At 19:05:04 BST* on Wednesday, 09 October 2013

the waxing moon's phase was 25.79% full.

(Or, to be more precise, 25.7943590912712% full.)

 

*18:05:04 Universal Time

This woodworm is from the family of Anobiidae. The larvae of these small beetles attack wood - hence the common name.

The scientific name is Ptilinus Pectinicornis.

(thanks to my friend Chuan Kwee for the precise id)

- 750pix saved at 200K limit

Its certainly been a while since I uploaded. To be precise, it has been 10 days.

Those 10 days may seem to have passed rather fast, but it has been a test of pain and patience for me. It has seemed like eternity. And the next few weeks are going to be exactly like that.

I just underwent an ACL reconstruction surgery the same 10 days ago, and the first few days have not been the most pleasant. Thankfully, I am no longer at that phase and things have seemingly got better. From now, it is a test of patience....

 

And I am hoping to get ready by summer.

 

Hopefully in time to go out and fully explore the wilds of California once again. I will probably miss the wildflower season this time around, but that, perhaps is a small price to pay for a better leg!

 

Thankfully, this now gives me plenty of time to go through my images once again to find out some memories that I had locked away. Like this one from a summer climb to the infamous Half Dome.

 

Those storm clouds brewing in the distance resulted in hail+sleet exactly where I was standing, 6 hours later. However, when I was there, the clear weather and the early morning sky provided wonderful vistas from the edge.

 

And since flickr doesn't do justice to panoramas, do view it large.

 

And what does it feel to be on the edge? Scroll down below

 

Yosemite National Park

CA USA

Warangal Fort, in the present-day Indian state of Telangana, appears to have existed since at least the 13th century CE. Although precise dating of its construction and subsequent enhancements are uncertain, historians and archaeologists generally accept that an earlier brick-walled structure was replaced with stone by Ganapatideva, who died in 1262, and that his successors – Rudramadevi and Prataparudra II – added to its height and added gateways, square bastions and additional circular earthern walls prior to the latter's death in 1323. This places the construction towards the end of the Kakatiya period. There were later modifications between the 15th and 17th centuries, comprising principally the addition of barbicans to the four gates in the stone wall and the creation of gates in the outer earthern wall.

 

Remnants of the structure can be seen today near to the town of Warangal, which was the Kakatiya capital. The Archaeological Survey of India has listed the remains as a Monument of National Importance.

_____________________________

 

The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiyas. They were at first the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal. A ruler of this dynasty, Prola II, who ruled from A.D.1110 to 1158, extended his sway to the south and declared his independence. His successor Rudra (A.D.1158--1195) pushed the kingdom to the north up to the Godavari delta. He built a fort at Warangal to serve as a second capital and faced the invasions of the Yadavas of Devagiri. The next ruler Mahadeva extended the kingdom to the coastal area. In A.D.1199, Ganapati succeeded him. He was the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Velanati Cholas in A.D.1210. He forced the Telugu Cholas of Vikramasimhapura to accept his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion and encouraged trade.

 

As Ganapati Deva had no sons, his daughter Rudramba succeeded him in A.D.1262 and carried on the administration. Some generals, who did not like to be ruled by her, rebelled. She could, however, suppress the internal rebellions and external invasions with the help of loyal subordinates. The Cholas and the Yadavas suffered such set backs at her hands that they did not think of troubling her for the rest of her rule.

 

Prataparudra succeeded his grandmother Rudramba in A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323. He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms. He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. In his time the territory constituting Andhra Pradesh had the first experience of a Muslim invasion. In A.D.1303, the Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji sent an army to plunder the kingdom. But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. In A.D. 1310, when another army under Malik Kafur invaded Warangal, Prataparudra yielded and agreed to pay a large tribute. In A.D.1318, when Ala-ud-din Khilji died, Prataparudra withheld the tribute. It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. In A.D.1321, Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country then called Tilling. He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and returned to Delhi. Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way. Thus ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to anarchy and confusion yielding place to an alien ruler.

 

The Kakatiya period was rightly called the brightest period of the Telugu history. The entire Telugu speaking area was under the kings who spoke Telugu and encouraged Telugu. They established order throughout the strife torn land and the forts built by them played a dominant role in the defence of the realm. Anumakonda and Gandikota among the `giridurgas', Kandur and Narayanavanam among the `vanadurgas', Divi and Kolanu among the `jaladurgas', and Warangal and Dharanikota among the `sthaladurgas' were reckoned as the most famous strongholds in the Kakatiya period. The administration of the kingdom was organized with accent on the military.

 

Though Saivism continued to be the religion of the masses, intellectuals favoured revival of Vedic rituals. They sought to reconcile the Vaishnavites and the Saivites through the worship of Harihara. Arts and literature found patrons in the Kakatiyas and their feudatories.

 

WIKIPEDIA & WIKIMAPIA

 

Warangal Fort, in the present-day Indian state of Telangana, appears to have existed since at least the 13th century CE. Although precise dating of its construction and subsequent enhancements are uncertain, historians and archaeologists generally accept that an earlier brick-walled structure was replaced with stone by Ganapatideva, who died in 1262, and that his successors – Rudramadevi and Prataparudra II – added to its height and added gateways, square bastions and additional circular earthern walls prior to the latter's death in 1323. This places the construction towards the end of the Kakatiya period. There were later modifications between the 15th and 17th centuries, comprising principally the addition of barbicans to the four gates in the stone wall and the creation of gates in the outer earthern wall.

 

Remnants of the structure can be seen today near to the town of Warangal, which was the Kakatiya capital. The Archaeological Survey of India has listed the remains as a Monument of National Importance.

_____________________________

 

The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiyas. They were at first the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal. A ruler of this dynasty, Prola II, who ruled from A.D.1110 to 1158, extended his sway to the south and declared his independence. His successor Rudra (A.D.1158--1195) pushed the kingdom to the north up to the Godavari delta. He built a fort at Warangal to serve as a second capital and faced the invasions of the Yadavas of Devagiri. The next ruler Mahadeva extended the kingdom to the coastal area. In A.D.1199, Ganapati succeeded him. He was the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Velanati Cholas in A.D.1210. He forced the Telugu Cholas of Vikramasimhapura to accept his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion and encouraged trade.

 

As Ganapati Deva had no sons, his daughter Rudramba succeeded him in A.D.1262 and carried on the administration. Some generals, who did not like to be ruled by her, rebelled. She could, however, suppress the internal rebellions and external invasions with the help of loyal subordinates. The Cholas and the Yadavas suffered such set backs at her hands that they did not think of troubling her for the rest of her rule.

 

Prataparudra succeeded his grandmother Rudramba in A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323. He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms. He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. In his time the territory constituting Andhra Pradesh had the first experience of a Muslim invasion. In A.D.1303, the Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji sent an army to plunder the kingdom. But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. In A.D. 1310, when another army under Malik Kafur invaded Warangal, Prataparudra yielded and agreed to pay a large tribute. In A.D.1318, when Ala-ud-din Khilji died, Prataparudra withheld the tribute. It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. In A.D.1321, Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country then called Tilling. He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and returned to Delhi. Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way. Thus ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to anarchy and confusion yielding place to an alien ruler.

 

The Kakatiya period was rightly called the brightest period of the Telugu history. The entire Telugu speaking area was under the kings who spoke Telugu and encouraged Telugu. They established order throughout the strife torn land and the forts built by them played a dominant role in the defence of the realm. Anumakonda and Gandikota among the `giridurgas', Kandur and Narayanavanam among the `vanadurgas', Divi and Kolanu among the `jaladurgas', and Warangal and Dharanikota among the `sthaladurgas' were reckoned as the most famous strongholds in the Kakatiya period. The administration of the kingdom was organized with accent on the military.

 

Though Saivism continued to be the religion of the masses, intellectuals favoured revival of Vedic rituals. They sought to reconcile the Vaishnavites and the Saivites through the worship of Harihara. Arts and literature found patrons in the Kakatiyas and their feudatories.

 

WIKIPEDIA & WIKIMAPIA

 

Warangal Fort, in the present-day Indian state of Telangana, appears to have existed since at least the 13th century CE. Although precise dating of its construction and subsequent enhancements are uncertain, historians and archaeologists generally accept that an earlier brick-walled structure was replaced with stone by Ganapatideva, who died in 1262, and that his successors – Rudramadevi and Prataparudra II – added to its height and added gateways, square bastions and additional circular earthern walls prior to the latter's death in 1323. This places the construction towards the end of the Kakatiya period. There were later modifications between the 15th and 17th centuries, comprising principally the addition of barbicans to the four gates in the stone wall and the creation of gates in the outer earthern wall.

 

Remnants of the structure can be seen today near to the town of Warangal, which was the Kakatiya capital. The Archaeological Survey of India has listed the remains as a Monument of National Importance.

_____________________________

 

The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiyas. They were at first the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal. A ruler of this dynasty, Prola II, who ruled from A.D.1110 to 1158, extended his sway to the south and declared his independence. His successor Rudra (A.D.1158--1195) pushed the kingdom to the north up to the Godavari delta. He built a fort at Warangal to serve as a second capital and faced the invasions of the Yadavas of Devagiri. The next ruler Mahadeva extended the kingdom to the coastal area. In A.D.1199, Ganapati succeeded him. He was the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Velanati Cholas in A.D.1210. He forced the Telugu Cholas of Vikramasimhapura to accept his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion and encouraged trade.

 

As Ganapati Deva had no sons, his daughter Rudramba succeeded him in A.D.1262 and carried on the administration. Some generals, who did not like to be ruled by her, rebelled. She could, however, suppress the internal rebellions and external invasions with the help of loyal subordinates. The Cholas and the Yadavas suffered such set backs at her hands that they did not think of troubling her for the rest of her rule.

 

Prataparudra succeeded his grandmother Rudramba in A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323. He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms. He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. In his time the territory constituting Andhra Pradesh had the first experience of a Muslim invasion. In A.D.1303, the Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji sent an army to plunder the kingdom. But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. In A.D. 1310, when another army under Malik Kafur invaded Warangal, Prataparudra yielded and agreed to pay a large tribute. In A.D.1318, when Ala-ud-din Khilji died, Prataparudra withheld the tribute. It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. In A.D.1321, Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country then called Tilling. He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and returned to Delhi. Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way. Thus ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to anarchy and confusion yielding place to an alien ruler.

 

The Kakatiya period was rightly called the brightest period of the Telugu history. The entire Telugu speaking area was under the kings who spoke Telugu and encouraged Telugu. They established order throughout the strife torn land and the forts built by them played a dominant role in the defence of the realm. Anumakonda and Gandikota among the `giridurgas', Kandur and Narayanavanam among the `vanadurgas', Divi and Kolanu among the `jaladurgas', and Warangal and Dharanikota among the `sthaladurgas' were reckoned as the most famous strongholds in the Kakatiya period. The administration of the kingdom was organized with accent on the military.

 

Though Saivism continued to be the religion of the masses, intellectuals favoured revival of Vedic rituals. They sought to reconcile the Vaishnavites and the Saivites through the worship of Harihara. Arts and literature found patrons in the Kakatiyas and their feudatories.

 

WIKIPEDIA & WIKIMAPIA

 

Best professional-quality and precise torque wrenches at affordable prices

 

Precise, Dual-Direction Operation - Tested for +/-2% in-factory calibration and accurate up to +/-4% clockwise and +/-6% counterclockwise. Meets ASME standards and comes with a calibration certificate.

 

Easier & Quicker Torque Adjustment - The unique internal design makes our torque wrench light and easier to use. The patented locking collar prevents accidental torque changes as you work.

 

Get the Right Torque Specs Every Time - The heavy-duty cam and pawl mechanism makes this great for precision work. A clearly engraved dual-range scale on the shaft and a click system prevents over-tightening.

 

Made For Toughness & Safety - The shaft is made from nickel chrome-plated alloy steel and fitted with a high-grade steel spring. The comfortable ergonomic handle allows for excellent grip and control.

 

For Professionals & DIYers - Suitable for machine installation, as well as car, truck, or bike maintenance. This certified torque wrench comes with a durable blow-molded case for storage and transport.

To be more precise, Fugu (puffer fish) milt, (白子 shirako 'white children'), which are the male sperm sacks of the pufferfish. Eating these is a rare delicacy in Japan and you get to play fugu roulette just like with the fugu sashimi (just more expensive). To eat these you have to know a fisherman, as they don't sell it to the public.

 

As it turns out, recent research has found that the poison in the fugu is the result of bacteria, and not anything that the fish produces itself. Domestically raised fugu don't have the poison at all since they don't have the bacteria. Will the demand decline since the thrill has gone?

 

Even after the deep fry there apparently was still some poison left as I didn't feel too well for a while after eating this. It wasn't a pleasant sensation either, so I'm done with wild fugu parts.

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When was the world's first railway laid? No one is quite confident on a precise date but simple rails have been used to guide vehicles for centuries, definitely as far back as the middle ages and possibly even in ancient Greece.

 

What is certain is that in the early 1600s a Nottinghamshire businessman called Huntingdon Beaumont came to Northumberland and laid rails from collieries near Blyth to a shipping point on the coast.

 

His waggonway used horses hauling wooden waggons on wooden wheels on wooden rails, however this was not a financial success. It did though provide the spark of progression from primitive wooden rails over short distances, to a railway network which would change Britain and the world forever.

 

Tyneside Roads

 

From the mid 1600 onwards waggonways and the Tyneside coal industry became linked so closely that they were known throughout the rest of Britain as 'Tyneside Roads'. A network of lines linked collieries on both sides of the Tyne to the river.

 

It is no coincidence that the North East was the area where waggonways took greatest hold, because canal building was impossible due to deep valleys and steep hills. What set the rail systems of Tyneside apart from all others was its use of the flanged wheel - a key element of the modern railway as we know it.

 

A revelation

 

When the Tanfield Railway - or waggonway as it was known at the time - was built in 1725, it was a revelation. Its massive engineering was unlike anything else in its era, or even since the Roman Empire. It was a triumph of engineering over nature, a clear signal that a new industrial age was upon the world, and that railways would play a massive part.

 

First laid down more than a quarter of a century before the first railway officially sanctioned by government, over 75 years before the first steam locomotive and a whole 100 years earlier than the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the Tanfield Railway is the world's oldest railway. We will be the first railway to celebrate our tricentenary in 2025.

Peñíscola (en castillan) ou Peníscola (en valencien), officiellement Peníscola/Peñíscola1, est une commune au nord de la Communauté valencienne en Espagne. Elle appartient à la Province de Castellón et plus précisément au district de Vinaroz, dans la comarque du Baix Maestrat (nom valencien, Bajo Maeztrazgo en castillan). La langue dominante officielle est le valencien.

 

À la fin du Grand Schisme d'Occident, l'antipape Benoît XIII (Pedro de Luna, dit le cardinal d'Aragon) exclu d'Avignon d'où il régnait sur une partie de la chrétienté et qui n'était plus toléré que par l'Aragon s'y installa et y mourut après 19 années de résistance à Rome.

 

Peñíscola (Peníscola en valenciano, y oficialmente Peníscola/Peñíscola) es un municipio de la Comunidad Valenciana, España, situado en la costa norte de la provincia de Castellón, en la comarca del Bajo Maestrazgo. Cuenta con una población de 8.094 habitantes (INE 2011). Posee título de Ciudad desde 1707.

 

Desde enero de 2013, Peñíscola forma parte de la red Los pueblos más bonitos de España

 

Peníscola (Valencian: [peˈniskola]) or Peñíscola (Spanish: [peˈɲiskola]), anglicised as Peniscola, is a municipality in the province of Castellón, Valencian Community, Spain. The town is located on the Costa del Azahar, north of the Serra d'Irta along the Mediterranean coast. It is a popular tourist destination.

 

Peníscola (Valencian: [peˈniskola]) or Peñíscola (Spanish: [peˈɲiskola]), anglicised as Peniscola, is a municipality in the province of Castellón, Valencian Community, Spain. The town is located on the Costa del Azahar, north of the Serra d'Irta along the Mediterranean coast. It is a popular tourist destination.

 

Peñíscola (Peníscola en valenciano, y oficialmente Peníscola/Peñíscola)3 es un municipio de la Comunidad Valenciana, España, situado en la costa norte de la provincia de Castellón, en la comarca del Bajo Maestrazgo. Cuenta con una población de 8.094 habitantes (INE 2011). Posee título de Ciudad desde 1707.

 

Desde enero de 2013, Peñíscola forma parte de la red Los pueblos más bonitos de España

 

Peñíscola (en castillan) ou Peníscola (en valencien), officiellement Peníscola/Peñíscola1, est une commune au nord de la Communauté valencienne en Espagne. Elle appartient à la Province de Castellón et plus précisément au district de Vinaroz, dans la comarque du Baix Maestrat (nom valencien, Bajo Maeztrazgo en castillan). La langue dominante officielle est le valencien.

 

À la fin du Grand Schisme d'Occident, l'antipape Benoît XIII (Pedro de Luna, dit le cardinal d'Aragon) exclu d'Avignon d'où il régnait sur une partie de la chrétienté et qui n'était plus toléré que par l'Aragon s'y installa et y mourut après 19 années de résistance à Rome.

When was the world's first railway laid? No one is quite confident on a precise date but simple rails have been used to guide vehicles for centuries, definitely as far back as the middle ages and possibly even in ancient Greece.

 

What is certain is that in the early 1600s a Nottinghamshire businessman called Huntingdon Beaumont came to Northumberland and laid rails from collieries near Blyth to a shipping point on the coast.

 

His waggonway used horses hauling wooden waggons on wooden wheels on wooden rails, however this was not a financial success. It did though provide the spark of progression from primitive wooden rails over short distances, to a railway network which would change Britain and the world forever.

 

Tyneside Roads

 

From the mid 1600 onwards waggonways and the Tyneside coal industry became linked so closely that they were known throughout the rest of Britain as 'Tyneside Roads'. A network of lines linked collieries on both sides of the Tyne to the river.

 

It is no coincidence that the North East was the area where waggonways took greatest hold, because canal building was impossible due to deep valleys and steep hills. What set the rail systems of Tyneside apart from all others was its use of the flanged wheel - a key element of the modern railway as we know it.

 

A revelation

 

When the Tanfield Railway - or waggonway as it was known at the time - was built in 1725, it was a revelation. Its massive engineering was unlike anything else in its era, or even since the Roman Empire. It was a triumph of engineering over nature, a clear signal that a new industrial age was upon the world, and that railways would play a massive part.

 

First laid down more than a quarter of a century before the first railway officially sanctioned by government, over 75 years before the first steam locomotive and a whole 100 years earlier than the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the Tanfield Railway is the world's oldest railway. We will be the first railway to celebrate our tricentenary in 2025.

well 99 years to be precise!

Woolworths...

 

When the giant came to town

 

They where all put out of business when the giant came to town

who offered jobs a plenty for someone they could trust

with a reference and a smile

Soon there’ll be no local shops

It didn’t take a while

First, we lost the newsagents, the hardware fancy dress

And as they lowered prices, small business fell into a mess

They called it competition and challenge as they might

But, with their buying power, only they could win the fight

Ample free car parking to help you fill your boot

Whilst other local business faltered…

But they didn’t give a hoot!

The giant super market wants to swallow you whole

And if you let them do it, they will conquer and control

You haven’t any transport. Then use our clean free bus

We can get you there and back with the minimum of fuss

To the twenty first century cathedral

All gleaming shinny bright

With it’s neatly stacked shelves like solders on parade

Ready for battle to commence

But did they ever visit? And try their merchandise

Or like the others moan and pass by once or twice

So much for local custom so much for being loyal

Thanks for nothing locals protest when the giant’s plans unveiled

Hypocrite locals swim their crocodile tears

Never visited local shops that stood there for years

A memory, nostalgic maybe you’ll read about

When it’s long closed down

Thanks for nothing mate…it’s gone

Should have used it when it was there anybody got any junk?

There’s a charity shop opening in the precinct,

 

DWANE READS

 

www.dwanereadspoetry,weebly.com

Images within this segment were taken while attending the Joint Aquatic Sciences Meeting

 

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Please download and use these open source images for your own purposes. If you do, please reference Macroscopic Solutions.

 

Photography information: All of the images in this database were captured with the Macropod.

 

The Macropod is a rigid, portable photomacrography system, which allows the user to make razor sharp, fully focused photographs of small sized specimens at 18 to 26-megapixel resolution. It overcomes the extreme Depth of Field (DOF) limitations inherent in optics designed to image smaller specimens. Normally, lenses designed for macro will only render a very small fraction of the depth of targeted specimen in sharp focus at any one exposure. The Macropod allows the user to select and make multiple exposures in precise increments along the Z-axis (depth) such that each exposure’s area of sharp focus overlaps with the previous and next exposure. These source images are then transferred to a computer and merged by an image-stacking program. Zerene Stacker is used to find and stitch together only the focused pixels from each exposure into one image. The Macropod integrates industry-leading components in a novel and elegant way to achieve these results.

 

Contact information:

Dan Saftner

daniel@macroscopicsolutions.com

724 825 9426

 

Mark Smith

mark@macroscopicsolutions.com

410 258 6144

 

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In the Computer-Aided Design Lab, students use Pro/ENGINEER, SolidWorks, and other computer aided design software to create precise drawings of their project components.

Photo by John Sherman.

Warangal Fort, in the present-day Indian state of Telangana, appears to have existed since at least the 13th century CE. Although precise dating of its construction and subsequent enhancements are uncertain, historians and archaeologists generally accept that an earlier brick-walled structure was replaced with stone by Ganapatideva, who died in 1262, and that his successors – Rudramadevi and Prataparudra II – added to its height and added gateways, square bastions and additional circular earthern walls prior to the latter's death in 1323. This places the construction towards the end of the Kakatiya period. There were later modifications between the 15th and 17th centuries, comprising principally the addition of barbicans to the four gates in the stone wall and the creation of gates in the outer earthern wall.

 

Remnants of the structure can be seen today near to the town of Warangal, which was the Kakatiya capital. The Archaeological Survey of India has listed the remains as a Monument of National Importance.

_____________________________

 

The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiyas. They were at first the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal. A ruler of this dynasty, Prola II, who ruled from A.D.1110 to 1158, extended his sway to the south and declared his independence. His successor Rudra (A.D.1158--1195) pushed the kingdom to the north up to the Godavari delta. He built a fort at Warangal to serve as a second capital and faced the invasions of the Yadavas of Devagiri. The next ruler Mahadeva extended the kingdom to the coastal area. In A.D.1199, Ganapati succeeded him. He was the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Velanati Cholas in A.D.1210. He forced the Telugu Cholas of Vikramasimhapura to accept his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion and encouraged trade.

 

As Ganapati Deva had no sons, his daughter Rudramba succeeded him in A.D.1262 and carried on the administration. Some generals, who did not like to be ruled by her, rebelled. She could, however, suppress the internal rebellions and external invasions with the help of loyal subordinates. The Cholas and the Yadavas suffered such set backs at her hands that they did not think of troubling her for the rest of her rule.

 

Prataparudra succeeded his grandmother Rudramba in A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323. He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms. He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. In his time the territory constituting Andhra Pradesh had the first experience of a Muslim invasion. In A.D.1303, the Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji sent an army to plunder the kingdom. But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. In A.D. 1310, when another army under Malik Kafur invaded Warangal, Prataparudra yielded and agreed to pay a large tribute. In A.D.1318, when Ala-ud-din Khilji died, Prataparudra withheld the tribute. It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. In A.D.1321, Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country then called Tilling. He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and returned to Delhi. Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way. Thus ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to anarchy and confusion yielding place to an alien ruler.

 

The Kakatiya period was rightly called the brightest period of the Telugu history. The entire Telugu speaking area was under the kings who spoke Telugu and encouraged Telugu. They established order throughout the strife torn land and the forts built by them played a dominant role in the defence of the realm. Anumakonda and Gandikota among the `giridurgas', Kandur and Narayanavanam among the `vanadurgas', Divi and Kolanu among the `jaladurgas', and Warangal and Dharanikota among the `sthaladurgas' were reckoned as the most famous strongholds in the Kakatiya period. The administration of the kingdom was organized with accent on the military.

 

Though Saivism continued to be the religion of the masses, intellectuals favoured revival of Vedic rituals. They sought to reconcile the Vaishnavites and the Saivites through the worship of Harihara. Arts and literature found patrons in the Kakatiyas and their feudatories.

 

WIKIPEDIA & WIKIMAPIA

 

via

 

Many factors prevent you from delivering strong and precise strikes. One of the main factors is the fear of hurting yourself, it maybe an unconscious fear until you become or are made aware of it. Most individuals are afraid of hurting their own hand upon striking (this explains why in many contact sports, such as boxing, people wear gloves or wrap-up their hands before fighting).

 

This fear of hurting your hand leads to excessive clenching of the fist, the muscles of the forearm become tense and the strength is dispersed, thus the strike is no longer as powerful. It is important that your fist becomes heavy but not tense while the rest of the body remains in a relaxed state.

 

If your forearm muscles are tense, the strike delivery distance noticeably changes – the distance becomes shorter. You will have to reach to compensate and attain your target, therefore losing strike impact power.

 

In many contact sports we see the techniques of putting the weight of the whole body into the strike, placing the feet in a specific way and leaning the body into the strike. These techniques increase the general body tension, and as we know, body tension limits your mobility and makes you telegraph your intentions. Moreover, a lot of pressure is applied to such weaker areas as wrist and fingers and that may easily lead to injuries. You can see how with these common techniques, there would be no precision. How precisely can you hit with a sledge hammer? Or imagine that you take a pencil and try to make a drawing using the movements of your whole body, the same idea is applied to striking, fine muscles have to do fine work.

 

In Systema, we only tense up the needed muscles.

 

Another common mistake of delivering strikes is losing the form of the hand by breaking the straight line between the elbow joint and the knuckles. There should be absolutely no angle at the wrist joint, the angle would make you lose strength.

 

The following drills from the Summit of Masters are recommended for all martial art practitioners, for improvement of both physical skill and health.

 

NOTE:

 

Any exercise that does not include a health benefit will actually destroy in the long run. It may not be apparent immediately, but with repeated practice will become visible with age.

 

Drill 1 – Fist Walking – Partner on the Floor

 

Partner on the floor lying on his back, his hands along the sides. You are in a pushup position, on your fists, legs wide apart, start from above his ankles and walk your way up his body all the way up to his shoulders, and then down his arms. Place your fists in the areas that provide you with good contact area. As much as possible make the surface area of contact as big and even as you can (so that your whole fist is in contact with your partner’s body). Pick the most comfortable spots for you to stay balanced and for your partner not to get hurt.

 

If you are comfortable you will not be fearful of hurting your partner, you will relax your shoulders, stay sensitive and will not damage your partner. In Systema, relaxed shoulders are a high priority because they greatly increase the sensitivity of the arms and hands.

 

As you are walking up on your fists, the surface area where you have to balance yourself is so small, preventing you from tensing your arms and body. If you tense up, you will slip off your partner.

 

Fist walking also teaches you to chose the proper distance and adjust your position in a dynamic way – an ideal preparation for proper striking. You will also be forced to pick just the right spots on your partner’s body and these will be the spots for most effective strikes. You will learn to develop precision of hand placement and depth of impact.

 

Your partner also greatly benefits from this drill by getting a pressure massage and learning where tension exists in his body. Instinctively you will place your fists on the areas of his greatest tension.

 

Remember to continuously breathe throughout this whole drill.

 

You should try this drill at least twice with your partner lying down on his back. The third time, have your partner lay on his stomach and repeat fist walking up his back starting with the feet.

 

Drill 2 – Fist Walking – Partner against the Wall

 

Your partner is standing comfortably with his back against the wall and arms along the sides. You squat in front of him with your feet wide apart, start from above his ankles and walk up his legs and front of the body to the shoulders, while straightening your legs and adjusting your stance as needed with each step of your hands. Finish by walking down his arms.

 

You should try this drill at least twice with your partner’s back against the wall. The third time, have your partner stand facing the wall and repeat the drill up his back starting with the feet.

 

You will see how in the standing position, the muscle tension of your partner will be different. He will respond to your pressure in a different way and he will not be as stable. This presents a great opportunity for you to learn the different placement angles and the amount of pressure.

 

Remember to continuously breathe throughout this whole drill.

 

Drill 3 – Wall Fist Walking

 

This drill you do by yourself. You squat facing the wall, and walk up with your fists from the ground all the way up.

 

You should try this drill at least twice.

 

Remember to continuously breathe throughout this whole drill.

 

In this scenario, you learn contact with hard surface. Your whole body has to adjust to minimize discomfort. The more tension there is, the more pain you will experience. It will force you to relax your shoulders and later when you deliver strikes, there will be no rebound effect of the strike back into your body.

 

Happy Fist Walking…

 

This article was first published on September 19, 2006.

 

marylandsystema.com/systema-fist-walking-drills-help-impr...

Also featuring an attempted translation of the Zen koan

Cleveland has something really neat: a lake. Lake Erie to be precise, "the fourth-largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area" (Wikipedia). It's gorgeous, and its shoreline hosts a beautiful park, Edgewater park. The park includes a pier, used by wandering souls, tourists, and people who like to fish.

 

This pier has been battered by the world around it, by weather, has been repaired, remodeled many times, and in turn features great textures.

 

I took my trusty camera, and captured sixteen of these great textures. I gently edited them, color-corrected them, and here we are. The set includes the original textures, negative versions, transparent versions, Bitmap TIFF versions, and vector versions.

 

These can be used for backgrounds, distressing, to give depth. Use the negative versions as aging artifacts on photos, by changing their blending mode to screen, and lowering the opacity to 25-50%. Have fun!

 

---

- Sixteen (16) raster textures, sized at 3264x2448 pixels

- Includes high contrast versions for softer effects

- Includes negative versions (screen textures)

- Includes Bitmap TIFF versions (ideal for vector work, without bogging down your machine)

- Includes transparent versions

- Includes vector versions (bonus vintage color palettes, sampled from 1960s-1970s packaging)

- Archive size: 3.42 GB

 

---

You should add your name to the Shop's mailing list at https://mailchi.mp/de8bed089b59/theshop. On the menu: new release sneak peeks, deals information, and other general updates from the factory floor. No spam, guaranteed.

olympus OM1

50mm f1.4

agfa precise CT100

Point Precise uses photogrammetry and your iPhone’s device sensors to convert your scans into precise 3D point clouds.

YAG side-pumped laser possesses the most sophisticated technology, the earliest one in laser application.

2. It’s the cheapest laser marking machine.

3. Can quickly mark letter, figure, graphics or auto-coding, serial No., batch No., barcode, 2 -D code, etc. on metal or nonmetal surface (plastic, silicon or porcelain,etc.) which are precise, permanent, non-polluting and environment-friendly.

4. High-speed YAG laser marking machine is mainly equipped with lamp-pumped laser tube, continuous YAG Laser electricity source, A/O Q switch, driver, high-speed X-Y axes galvanometer scanning mirror, water cooling unit., movable workable, computer control system and marking software.

The large fires of the RxCADRE project were lit in precise predetermined patterns using GIS aboard ATVs (all-terrain vehicles). Eglin Air Force base conducts a lot of prescribed burns, and was able to do this work quite precisely.

 

We acknowledge funding from the Joint Fire Science Program under Project JFSP 11-2-1-1.

 

Photo by Ellen Eberhardt

2010-2013

GNU/Linux Kubuntu 9.10 Karmic Koala, KDE 4.3.2

GNU/Linux Kubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal, KDE SC 4.6

GNU/Linux Kubuntu 12.04 Precise Pangolin, KDE SC 4.8

on Apple MacBookPro 5.1 1440x900 display

Point Precise uses photogrammetry and your iPhone’s device sensors to convert your scans into precise 3D point clouds.

Just a penguin in my hand...Tux to be precise.

Professional Volume Eyelash Extension Tweezers

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Khối lượng chuyên nghiệp Lông mi mở rộng nhíp

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Pinzette per estensione di ciglia volume professionale

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Профессиональный объемный пинцет для наращивания ресниц

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Precise mirrored by inprecise. Buttons up the middle

Adapters, mounting plate, fine focuser, and Canon T-ring. All homemade except for T-ring. Charlie D. made the items on the right, Ed J. made the plate and T-thread to 2 inch draw tube adapter. The fine focuser also accepts Meade/Celestron accessories. The large thin wheel adjusts focus 0.062"/revolution, calibrated and repeatable.

 

The real trick is to obtain sharp focus, see Precise focuser, and OFF-AXIS-GUIDER www.flickr.com/photos/edhiker/14416457 and www.flickr.com/photos/edhiker/14436085

 

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T_Ring_IMG_7956SQ40

Warangal Fort, in the present-day Indian state of Telangana, appears to have existed since at least the 13th century CE. Although precise dating of its construction and subsequent enhancements are uncertain, historians and archaeologists generally accept that an earlier brick-walled structure was replaced with stone by Ganapatideva, who died in 1262, and that his successors – Rudramadevi and Prataparudra II – added to its height and added gateways, square bastions and additional circular earthern walls prior to the latter's death in 1323. This places the construction towards the end of the Kakatiya period. There were later modifications between the 15th and 17th centuries, comprising principally the addition of barbicans to the four gates in the stone wall and the creation of gates in the outer earthern wall.

 

Remnants of the structure can be seen today near to the town of Warangal, which was the Kakatiya capital. The Archaeological Survey of India has listed the remains as a Monument of National Importance.

_____________________________

 

The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiyas. They were at first the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal. A ruler of this dynasty, Prola II, who ruled from A.D.1110 to 1158, extended his sway to the south and declared his independence. His successor Rudra (A.D.1158--1195) pushed the kingdom to the north up to the Godavari delta. He built a fort at Warangal to serve as a second capital and faced the invasions of the Yadavas of Devagiri. The next ruler Mahadeva extended the kingdom to the coastal area. In A.D.1199, Ganapati succeeded him. He was the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Velanati Cholas in A.D.1210. He forced the Telugu Cholas of Vikramasimhapura to accept his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion and encouraged trade.

 

As Ganapati Deva had no sons, his daughter Rudramba succeeded him in A.D.1262 and carried on the administration. Some generals, who did not like to be ruled by her, rebelled. She could, however, suppress the internal rebellions and external invasions with the help of loyal subordinates. The Cholas and the Yadavas suffered such set backs at her hands that they did not think of troubling her for the rest of her rule.

 

Prataparudra succeeded his grandmother Rudramba in A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323. He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms. He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. In his time the territory constituting Andhra Pradesh had the first experience of a Muslim invasion. In A.D.1303, the Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji sent an army to plunder the kingdom. But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. In A.D. 1310, when another army under Malik Kafur invaded Warangal, Prataparudra yielded and agreed to pay a large tribute. In A.D.1318, when Ala-ud-din Khilji died, Prataparudra withheld the tribute. It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. In A.D.1321, Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country then called Tilling. He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and returned to Delhi. Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way. Thus ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to anarchy and confusion yielding place to an alien ruler.

 

The Kakatiya period was rightly called the brightest period of the Telugu history. The entire Telugu speaking area was under the kings who spoke Telugu and encouraged Telugu. They established order throughout the strife torn land and the forts built by them played a dominant role in the defence of the realm. Anumakonda and Gandikota among the `giridurgas', Kandur and Narayanavanam among the `vanadurgas', Divi and Kolanu among the `jaladurgas', and Warangal and Dharanikota among the `sthaladurgas' were reckoned as the most famous strongholds in the Kakatiya period. The administration of the kingdom was organized with accent on the military.

 

Though Saivism continued to be the religion of the masses, intellectuals favoured revival of Vedic rituals. They sought to reconcile the Vaishnavites and the Saivites through the worship of Harihara. Arts and literature found patrons in the Kakatiyas and their feudatories.

 

WIKIPEDIA & WIKIMAPIA

 

Large, precise EQ-pots for super smooth frequency tweaks, each coupled with a 10mm fader for razor sharp cuts - The EQ section itself makes this a dream machine! For even more precise mixing I threw out the original channel faders and replaced them with rotary potentiometeres just like the ones used on the EQ. Next project: Replace the old CF-R crossfader with a more scratch-friendly one :)

Warangal Fort, in the present-day Indian state of Telangana, appears to have existed since at least the 13th century CE. Although precise dating of its construction and subsequent enhancements are uncertain, historians and archaeologists generally accept that an earlier brick-walled structure was replaced with stone by Ganapatideva, who died in 1262, and that his successors – Rudramadevi and Prataparudra II – added to its height and added gateways, square bastions and additional circular earthern walls prior to the latter's death in 1323. This places the construction towards the end of the Kakatiya period. There were later modifications between the 15th and 17th centuries, comprising principally the addition of barbicans to the four gates in the stone wall and the creation of gates in the outer earthern wall.

 

Remnants of the structure can be seen today near to the town of Warangal, which was the Kakatiya capital. The Archaeological Survey of India has listed the remains as a Monument of National Importance.

_____________________________

 

The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiyas. They were at first the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal. A ruler of this dynasty, Prola II, who ruled from A.D.1110 to 1158, extended his sway to the south and declared his independence. His successor Rudra (A.D.1158--1195) pushed the kingdom to the north up to the Godavari delta. He built a fort at Warangal to serve as a second capital and faced the invasions of the Yadavas of Devagiri. The next ruler Mahadeva extended the kingdom to the coastal area. In A.D.1199, Ganapati succeeded him. He was the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Velanati Cholas in A.D.1210. He forced the Telugu Cholas of Vikramasimhapura to accept his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion and encouraged trade.

 

As Ganapati Deva had no sons, his daughter Rudramba succeeded him in A.D.1262 and carried on the administration. Some generals, who did not like to be ruled by her, rebelled. She could, however, suppress the internal rebellions and external invasions with the help of loyal subordinates. The Cholas and the Yadavas suffered such set backs at her hands that they did not think of troubling her for the rest of her rule.

 

Prataparudra succeeded his grandmother Rudramba in A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323. He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms. He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. In his time the territory constituting Andhra Pradesh had the first experience of a Muslim invasion. In A.D.1303, the Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji sent an army to plunder the kingdom. But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. In A.D. 1310, when another army under Malik Kafur invaded Warangal, Prataparudra yielded and agreed to pay a large tribute. In A.D.1318, when Ala-ud-din Khilji died, Prataparudra withheld the tribute. It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. In A.D.1321, Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country then called Tilling. He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and returned to Delhi. Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way. Thus ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to anarchy and confusion yielding place to an alien ruler.

 

The Kakatiya period was rightly called the brightest period of the Telugu history. The entire Telugu speaking area was under the kings who spoke Telugu and encouraged Telugu. They established order throughout the strife torn land and the forts built by them played a dominant role in the defence of the realm. Anumakonda and Gandikota among the `giridurgas', Kandur and Narayanavanam among the `vanadurgas', Divi and Kolanu among the `jaladurgas', and Warangal and Dharanikota among the `sthaladurgas' were reckoned as the most famous strongholds in the Kakatiya period. The administration of the kingdom was organized with accent on the military.

 

Though Saivism continued to be the religion of the masses, intellectuals favoured revival of Vedic rituals. They sought to reconcile the Vaishnavites and the Saivites through the worship of Harihara. Arts and literature found patrons in the Kakatiyas and their feudatories.

 

WIKIPEDIA & WIKIMAPIA

 

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