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The Postcard
A postcard that was published by Colourpicture of Boston 15, USA. The card was posted in 1919 using a One Cent stamp, although the precise date of posting and location are not legible.
The card was sent to:
The Saads,
27, Basswood Street,
Lawrence,
Massachusetts.
The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"Hi Kids,
Home soon.
Sue & Geo."
On the back of the card the publishers have printed the following:
'Leaning Tower of Pisa and
Stairway Leading to Bridal
Altar.
Howe Caverns, Near Cobleskill, N.Y.
A translucent stalagmite reminding one
of the famous Italian tower.
Modern passenger elevators, electric
lights, well-kept walks, pure air, large
passageways and high ceilings make the
trip through the most spectacular natural
wonder in Northeastern United States
easy and never-to-be forgotten.'
Howe Caverns
Howe Caverns are in Schoharie County, New York. They are a popular tourist attraction, providing visitors with a sense of caving or spelunking, without needing the advanced equipment and training usually associated with such adventures.
Howe Caverns are the second most visited natural attraction in New York State, after Niagara Falls.
Geology of Howe Caverns
The formation of the cave, which lies 156 feet (48 m) below ground, began several million years ago. The cave walls are composed mainly of two types of limestone (Coeymans and Manlius) from different periods in the Earth's early history, deposited hundreds of millions of years ago when the Atlantic Ocean stretched far inland.
The cave contains an underground lake, called the Lake of Venus, as well as many stalactites and stalagmites.
Discovery and Development of Howe Caverns
Howe Caverns are named after farmer Lester Howe, who discovered the cave on the 22nd. May 1842. Noticing that his cows frequently gathered near some bushes at the bottom of a hill on hot summer days, Howe decided to investigate.
Behind the bushes, Howe found a strong, cool breeze emanating from a hole in the Earth. Howe proceeded to dig out and explore the cave with his friend and neighbor, Henry Wetsel, on whose land the cave entrance was located. The cave maintains a constant temperature of 52 °F (11 °C), irrespective of the outside weather.
Howe opened the cave to eight-hour public tours in 1843, and, as business grew, a hotel was built over the entrance. When Howe encountered financial difficulties, he sold off parts of his property until a limestone quarry purchased the remainder. The quarry's purchase included the hillside, which encompassed the cave's natural entrance.
The cave was closed to the public, until an organization was formed in 1927 to re-open it. The organization spent the next two years undertaking development work to create an alternative entrance into the cave.
After completion of the work – including elevators, brick walkways, lighting, and handrails – the cave was re-opened to visitors on Memorial Day, May 1929.
The standard tour lasts about 80 minutes, and shows the majority of the cave. Visitors begin at the elevators and continue to the end of the Lake of Venus, which marks the end of the developed property. Beyond this point lie about 2,100 feet (640 m) of unconditioned and destroyed caverns, which led to the quarry and the natural entrance. After a boat ride, visitors turn around and walk back the way they came, with two additional stops.
More Recent Developments
In 2008, the cave was purchased by private owners. In 2011, an adventure park attraction was assembled, initially featuring only a rope course and zip line. Since then, an H2OGO ball has been added, along with a rock wall, an air jumper, and a gemstone mining building.
In May 2015, Howe Caverns officials re-opened the natural entrance of the cave to public tours. The newly-opened section of the cavern had not been seen since 1900. Guy Schiavone, Howe Cavern's specialty tour director has said:
"The caverns were closed to begin with
because the property had been previously
owned by several cement companies that
took over in the late 1800's."
On the 8th. July 2015, one of the H2OGO water attractions was stolen. Howe Caverns offered a reward to anyone providing information that might lead to an arrest of the thief or thieves.
The two-hour "Signature Rock Discovery Tour" simulates natural cave exploration with the assistance of a guide, in a section of the cave that had not previously been open to the public. There is no artificial lighting in this part of the cavern, so visitors are supplied with their own portable lamps, as well as a suit appropriate for the muddy and cold journey.
The expanded tour includes the remains of Howe's original tourist boat, and signatures along the rock left by cavern adventurers more than 100 years ago.
There is also a “Music Hall” where sound echoes exceptionally well. The tour usually ends at the "Lake of Mystery", as visitors would have to crawl through a muddy passage filled with water inches away from the ceiling, to proceed any further.
The store at Howe Caverns sells "cave aged" cheese that is stored in a locked room by the elevators.
Weddings are performed deep in the cave, on top of a calcite formation that resembles a heart shape.
Cave House Museum of Mining & Geology
The Cave House Museum of Mining & Geology is located next to the caverns in the former hotel. The museum features exhibits relating to the cave's geology and formation, along with rock and mineral specimens.
It also presents the history of the cave's discovery and tourism, wildlife found in the cave, and the area's cement industry.
I apologize that this recipe isn't going to be very precise. This truly was just kind of a toss it together recipe. I'll 'measure' off what I can.
1/2 pound of bacon, cooked, drained (save the bacon fat)
2 Golden Delicious apples, medium dice
1/2 an white onion, diced
2 carrots, diced
2 stalks of celery, diced
1 cup of white mushrooms, diced
1 tablespoon dried sage
1 tablespoon dried thyme
1 tablespoon dried rosemary
1/2 cup of fresh parsley
1 can of chicken broth
1 bag of seasoned bread cubes/croutons
salt and pepper to taste
Preheat your oven to 350 degrees.
Cook off the bacon. Drain off some of the bacon grease. Add your diced carrots, celery, and onion. Add a couple pinches of salt and pepper. Once the veggies soften add the mushrooms and apples. Just let the apples take on a little color and the mushrooms cook down.
In a large mixing bowl add the chicken broth. Now here is the problem... I don't know how much of the bread cubes I added. I'd guesstimate it was about 4 cups of bread cubes, but I honestly am not sure... SO, my suggestion would be to add 3 cups and stir them into the chicken broth to let it absorb in. If it is still liquidy, add some more bread cubes. Don't worry if it looks dry, add a little water or more chicken broth if you have more available. SORRY! I know that is vague.
One the veggie mix is ready, add it to the soaked bread cubes, and toss in the bacon. Toss to combine thoroughly.
Bake it in a well buttered/cooking sprayed casserole dish, 45 minutes covered 15 minutes uncovered. The top should be browned.
This makes about 6 to 8 servings.
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Diving into the water with eyelid shut. He does it with precise timing and impact angle otherwise he risk breaking his neck. Seen here just at the point of impact with tail and wings acting as air brake fully deployed.
see flying colors below
www.flickr.com/photos/lonesomecrow/sets/72157628556202093...
Black-backed Kingfisher bathing
This is one of the smallest and fastest king around capable of speed up to 6-8 meters per second. It's a huge challenge trying to catch it in action. This guy loves to bathe. He is thrilled with delight every time after he dip into the pool. It plunges into the pool with such high speed that it literally vaporise the water in front of it. The perfectly designed water-proofing plumage prevent it from drowning, it helps to keep the bird stays afloat every time after every dive and never fails. Another interesting thing i noticed was that despite the high intensity dive actions, the pool remained perfectly clear and the sediments was not disturbed at all. From observations he bathe even on rainy weather I'm unsure if this behaviour is confined to this species or otherwise
This yellow bellied version bathe from 1800 - 1815. The pale bellied bath from 1845 - 1900 both emit sharp calls before flying off signalling the end of the bath. Another question is why these birds do not dip themselves in the reservoir but instead choose to bathe in the tiny pools along the forest streams at the edge of the reservoir. One reason it might be the preferred shallow fast flowing cool water.
One complete sequence from ingress to egress from the water surface takes about 2 seconds. In human terms, it's a very compressed timeframe. For the kingfisher, it's a leisurely pace.
All sequence are remotely taken thus totally eliminating any possible stress to the bird
@mcritchie, sg
Public Domain Book: The history of magic : including a clear and precise exposition of its procedure, its rites and its mysteries
by Lévi, Eliphas, 1810-1875
Published 1922
"Brit uses precise words - and stunning images - to explain far beyond one's expectations the immaterial and complex processes, sensations, ideas, recollections, and feelings of the mosaic creative process. Mosaic: Finding Your Own Voice is the first, unique book to capture and explain the subliminal essence of 21st century mosaic art." - Françoise Moulet
Featured on p. 86 of MOSAIC: FINDING YOUR OWN VOICE.
Photo: artist.
Image shown with permission.
Exercise PRECISE RESPONSE, is an annual chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) exercise hosted by Defence Research and Development Canada at Canadian Forces Base Suffield where the Canadian Armed Forces along with NATO allies and partner Nations can practice essential CBRN defence skills in a multinational training environment.
A wrist. The faint throb of blood, precise, miraculous . . . And they talk of dying! The blood delicately descending and ascending: making an arm. Being an arm. The warm flesh, the dim slender flesh filled with life, slenderer than a miracle, frailer . . . These are the shoulders through which fell the world. The dangerous shoulders of Eve, in god's entire garden newly strolling.
- E.E. Cummings
things are changing.
This is an elbow My elbow to be precise. This was taken by me on my cell phone the morning after six-and-a-half hours of surgery, drugged out of my mind. As bad in quality as it is, I think you get the gist.
I put this up to force myself to accept the fact that I'm having surgery within the next month (to remove all the bling). I want it, mind you; I need it. But I'm being a bit of a wuss, loathe to let them cut into my arm. Loathe also to be without the camera for whatever length of time...
UPDATE: Surgery is scheduled for Friday, 14 March at noon on an outpatient basis unless there are unforeseen complications (in which case i'll be admitted). In Paris (thank you, Wouter, for pushing me to go where I was more comfortable). Estimated time of departure, 9:00 p.m.
Best of all, I may get somebody I know as the anesthesiologist, somebody I've gotten in many discussions about cycling with. He's one of the few frenchman I've met that actually likes/respects Lance Armstrong. If I can talk about Vino et al whilst he's doing a block on my arm, I will be a happy bunny. I am easily distracted when it's something I am passionate about!
Exercise PRECISE RESPONSE, is an annual chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) exercise hosted by Defence Research and Development Canada at Canadian Forces Base Suffield where the Canadian Armed Forces along with NATO allies and partner Nations can practice essential CBRN defence skills in a multinational training environment.
Download link (on deviantart.com) : madeinkobaia.deviantart.com/gallery/#/d56k5zo
A wallpaper originally created for the Ubuntu 12.04 contest in March 2012 (see my gallery)
The package includes 8 wallpapers :
• 2 Versions : with / without the Ubuntu brandmark.
• 4 Resolutions :
2560x1600____16:10 (hdtv | widescreen)
1920x1080____16:9 (hdtv | widescreen)
1600x1200____4:3
1280x1024____5:4
| License
• The presentation picture (that including the concept, the composition etc.) is under a copyright license.
• Wallpapers are under a Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND :
BY = madeinkobaia + link to my homepage : madeinkobaia.deviantart.com
| Graphical Furniture
I used as model for the vector work a Pangolin picture done by Denes Emoke, you can find it here : [link]
Luxury Breguet timpieces, is a pioneer in bringing new horology innovation and making its mechanical movement more precise.
Zodiac Sign Virgo born between August 23 to September 22
.
Their Health issue are Intestines, Abdomen, Female Reproductive System
.
And the Characteristics of Virgo is Modest, Analytical, Perfectionist, Observant, Precise... know more read the blog...Visit : holygautam.com/zodiac-sign-virgo/
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
Yellowstone National Park
Italy district
builds its frames with slow, precise movements that do little to encourage visitors to engage in idle chatter.
In the second room, which is as small as the first but still completely tidy, his son Jacques assembles a bicycle or repairs one belonging to a loyal customer. His wife ties or tightens the spokes on a wheel. Around them, there are never more than two or three people who are not ‘part of the service’. The conversations are those of connoisseurs. They know about gears. They have tried out the equipment. No, always in the utmost calm, they simply exchange a few bits of gossip about the latest races, those they have just competed in or watched on television.
Henri Depierre joined a bicycle manufacturer in Le Tréport at the age of fifteen. Even then, he was interested in racing frames and made a few at home, thanks to the advice of a specialist craftsman who had worked for a reputable frame manufacturer.
From 1940 to 1946, he competed in races as an amateur and moved to Paris, supplying custom-made frames to several frame manufacturers.
Then came the crisis of the 1950s for the bicycle industry, caused by the success of mopeds and the development of the automobile. After spending a few months at Arliguie, where he set up a workshop, Henri Depierre changed careers and began manufacturing... floor lamps.
In 1967, when his son finished his military service, he decided to set up his own business as an independent craftsman and builder. The seriousness of his design and construction methods and the new boom in cycling ensured the success of his company.
The frame design
Henri Depierre believes that the best way to make beautiful frames is to love your craft and to perfect your skills. It's a recipe that works as well as any other. But you still need to study the optimal dimensions and find a style. That's what he did, ‘like Chapman did for Lotus’, as one of his friends likes to say.
What is the ‘Gemini’ style?
It is based on two simple ideas:
- the angle of the seat tube depends primarily on the length of the femur, and does not simply vary according to the height of the frame;
- the design of the steering system has a decisive influence on the bike's handling on long descents.
(continued on p. 35)
OUR CLIENT'S CHEVROLET CORVETTE C6 GRAND SPORT WITH 19/20" COR PRECISE CONCAVE WHEELS. WWW.WHEELSPERFORMANCE.COM
Monchichilove to be precise!
Monchhichilove has been helping me find Snorks within my budget and has sent me these two! Were these ones yours or did you find extra Monchichilove?
Sadly the close up photo of this pair went wrong but you can be sure that this pair will feature in plenty of photos yet to come.
I was impressed enough with just the pretty box!
Someone is missing... I had been cuddling and adorable worm Flibbie and forgot to let him wiggle into the shot. He needs his own photo...
Thank you so much xx This was an absolute joy to receive :O)
With precise attention to detail and using dimensions and specifications from the original rifle, the craftsmen at Turnbull Mfg. Co have re-created one of the most famous Winchester rifles ever produced. The production of this “TR Model 1876” will be limited to no more than 25 rifles. Each rifle will be individually numbered TR01-TR25 and will come in a custom display case. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of each rifle will benefit the Doug Turnbull Restoration Conservation Laboratory at the National Firearms Museum. Specifications: 45-75 caliber, button magazine, fancy pistol grip butt stock, 28" 1/2 round, 1/2 octagon barrel, steel grip cap, cheek piece stock, H-pattern checkering, checkered steel buttplate, Freund rear sight, sporting front sight, gold inlaid stock oval, color case hardened receiver.
The Colt SAA is featured on a black powder style frame, grips are one piece ivory carved with 'TR' monogram on right grip & carved buffalo on left grip. The engraving is a Nimschke style pattern based on the original gun. Engraving done by John Adams & Son. Gold plated hammer, cylinder & ejector rod housing, with the balance of gun in silver plate. 44-40, 7-1/2" barrel.
This is a photo of the Jens Olsen World Clock at Copenhagen City Hall. It is the world's most precise mechanical clock and second only to Atomic Clocks for accuracy. It also has the slowest turning gear in the world.
Day 8
I write. A LOT.
These pages are photo notes, a list of potential instructors for next quarter, random observations, and bizarre quotes from Angela Kelly.
(HINT: For a glimpse into my mind and my life, view the fullsized version.)
This is a modified version of Brickmania’s MH-60 with lots of added details:
• Extended tail boom for more precise proportions
• Detailed tail rotor and tail wheel
• Accurate countermeasures and avionics, including antennas under the fuselage
Credits to @bobaoperator and @jolly91_bricks on Instagram for the inspiration.
Exercise PRECISE RESPONSE, is an annual chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) exercise hosted by Defence Research and Development Canada at Canadian Forces Base Suffield where the Canadian Armed Forces along with NATO allies and partner Nations can practice essential CBRN defence skills in a multinational training environment.
Cette photo a une histoire
D'abord, il faudrait préciser que je ne shoote que rarement des gens, et quasiment jamais des inconnus. Mais là, ce jeudi 10 mars 2011 au Musée d'Orsay*, quand elle a passé la porte vers la sortie, j'ai aussitôt été fascinée par son visage de porcelaine, son allure intemporelle. Je lui ai demandé la permission, elle a hoché la tête en souriant, j'ai cliqué une fois pour ne pas abuser.
J'aurais préféré qu'elle ne sourit pas, pour accentuer son air de poupée de collection. Mais comment deviner que, le lendemain, le monde qu'elle connaissait allait disparaitre dans la fureur de la Terre et des eaux.
Je pense à toi, jeune amie souriante, pour moi tu resteras le symbole de ton peuple courageux.
----------------------------------------------------
this picture has its own history.
You must know that I usually dont shoot people, and never unknown people But, on march ten 2011 in the Orsay museum*, as she went out the door to leave, I was immediately fascinated by her porcelain face, her timeless style. As I asked for her agreement, she simply nodded with a smile. I took only this one shoot, to avoid any unpleasant insistence.
I had better without her smile, to insist on her porcelain doll look. But I couldn’t guess that the day after her beloved country would be so close to the point of no return under the fury of Earth and waters.
I think of you, smiling young friend, for you will remain for me the symbol of your sturdy, courageous people.
*Paris (France)
This is a component for a nanofactory.
A device to lock out arbitrary shaped micro-components from a practically perfect vacuum (green)** to a gas or liquid filled environment (red) without letting a single molecule of the medium back in. The device needs to be atomically precise with atomically flat piston surfaces. As of 2015 this device is not yet producible.
** Practically perfect vacuum is a requirement for mechanosynthesis of diamond. Although it is not yet possible to attain such a vacuum in today’s ultra high vacuum (UHV) vessels (which are in the meter scale and have imperfect steel walls which adsorb gas molecules) estimative calculations show that practically perfect vacuum certainly will be possible in microscopic atomically precise vessels made from gemstone like materials.
CC-BY Lukas M. Süss aka mechadense
SONIC WILDNESS is an installation about precise hearing, but also about introspective recording of an artificial sound landscape, which makes it possible to experience the “radical wildness” in the acoustic realm. The project demonstrates the possibilities of the new usomo sound system for creating a connection between sound and space. The headphone-based system precisely tracks the position and movement of the audience. With this information, the usomo software is able to place sounds in exact positions in real space. In this installation, complex sound landscapes are produced that can be individually explored, allowing visitors to delve into the “sonic wildness.”
Credit: vog.photo
Close-up shot of foot being measured with help of digital orthopedic device giving precise data of footstep for creating perfect-fitting shoes
Calendula officinalis, the pot marigold, common marigold, ruddles, Mary's gold or Scotch marigold, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe, though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and it may possibly be of garden origin.[clarification needed] It is also widely naturalised farther north in Europe (as far as southern England) and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world.
The Latin specific epithet officinalis refers to the plant's medicinal and herbal uses.
Description
Calendula officinalis is a short-lived aromatic herbaceous perennial, growing to 80 cm (31 in) tall, with sparsely branched lax or erect stems. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, 5–17 cm (2–7 in) long, hairy on both sides, and with margins entire or occasionally waved or weakly toothed. The inflorescences are yellow, comprising a thick capitulum or flowerhead 4–7 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) diameter surrounded by two rows of hairy bracts; in the wild plant they have a single ring of ray florets surrounding the central disc florets. The disc florets are tubular and hermaphrodite, and generally of a more intense orange-yellow colour than the female, tridentate, peripheral ray florets. The flowers may appear all year long where conditions are suitable. The fruit is a thorny curved achene and weight in average 10.1 mg (n=50).
Calendulas are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including cabbage moth, gothic moth, large yellow underwing, and setaceous Hebrew character.
Cultivation
Calendula officinalis is widely cultivated and can be grown easily in sunny locations in most kinds of soils. Although perennial, it is commonly treated as an annual, particularly in colder regions where its winter survival is poor, and in hot summer locations where it also does not survive.
Calendulas are considered by many gardening experts as among the easiest and most versatile flowers to grow in a garden, especially because they tolerate most soils. In temperate climates, seeds are sown in spring for blooms that last throughout the summer and well into the fall. In areas of limited winter freezing, seeds are sown in autumn for winter color. Plants will wither in subtropical summer. Seeds will germinate freely in sunny or half-sunny locations, but plants do best if planted in sunny locations with rich, well-drained soil. Pot marigolds typically bloom quickly from seed (in under two months) in bright yellows, golds, and oranges.
Leaves are spirally arranged, 5–18 cm (2–7 in) long, simple, and slightly hairy. The flower heads range from pastel yellow to deep orange, and are 3–7 cm (1+1⁄4–2+3⁄4 in) across, with both ray florets and disc florets. Most cultivars have a spicy aroma. It is recommended to deadhead (remove dying flower heads) the plants regularly to maintain even blossom production.
Cultivars
Numerous cultivars have been selected for variation in the flowers, from pale yellow to orange-red, and with 'double' or 'semi-double' flowerheads with ray florets replacing some or all of the disc florets. Examples include 'Alpha' (deep orange), 'Jane Harmony', 'Sun Glow' (bright yellow), 'Lemon' (pale yellow), 'Orange Prince' (orange), 'Indian Prince' (dark orange-red), 'Pink Surprise' (double, with inner florets darker than outer florets), 'Green-heart Gold' (double, bright yellow), 'Apricot Pygmy' (double light peach) and 'Chrysantha' (yellow, double). 'Variegata' is a cultivar with yellow variegated leaves.
The cultivar group 'Fiesta Gitana' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Uses
Pot marigold florets are edible. They are often used to add color to salads or added to dishes as a garnish and in lieu of saffron. The leaves are edible but are often not palatable. They have a history of use as a potherb and in salads. The plant is also used to make tea.
Flowers were used in ancient Greek, Roman, Middle Eastern, and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb, as well as a dye for fabrics, foods, and cosmetics. Many of these uses persist today. They are also used to make oil that protects the skin.
Marigold leaves can also be made into a poultice that is believed to help scratches and shallow cuts to heal faster, and to help prevent infection. It has also been used in eye drops.
Constituents
The petals and pollen of Calendula officinalis contain triterpenoid esters and the carotenoids flavoxanthin and auroxanthin (antioxidants and the source of the yellow-orange coloration). The leaves and stems contain other carotenoids, mostly lutein (80%), zeaxanthin (5%), and beta-carotene.[citation needed] Plant extracts are also widely used in cosmetics, presumably due to presence of compounds such as saponins, resins, and essential oils.
The flowers of Calendula officinalis contain flavonol glycosides, triterpene oligoglycosides, oleanane-type triterpene glycosides, saponins, and a sesquiterpene glucoside.[ Calendula flowers are a rich source of lutein, containing 29.8 mg/100g.
Potential pharmacology
Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that Calendula extracts may have anti-viral, anti-genotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. In an in vitro assay, the methanol extract of C. officinalis exhibited antibacterial activity and both the methanol and the ethanol extracts showed antifungal activities.
With precise attention to detail and using dimensions and specifications from the original rifle, the craftsmen at Turnbull Mfg. Co have re-created one of the most famous Winchester rifles ever produced. The production of this “TR Model 1876” will be limited to no more than 25 rifles. Each rifle will be individually numbered TR01-TR25 and will come in a custom display case. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of each rifle will benefit the Doug Turnbull Restoration Conservation Laboratory at the National Firearms Museum. Specifications: 45-75 caliber, button magazine, fancy pistol grip butt stock, 28" 1/2 round, 1/2 octagon barrel, steel grip cap, cheek piece stock, H-pattern checkering, checkered steel buttplate, Freund rear sight, sporting front sight, gold inlaid stock oval, color case hardened receiver.
Warangal Fort, in the present-day Indian state of Telangana, appears to have existed since at least the 13th century CE. Although precise dating of its construction and subsequent enhancements are uncertain, historians and archaeologists generally accept that an earlier brick-walled structure was replaced with stone by Ganapatideva, who died in 1262, and that his successors – Rudramadevi and Prataparudra II – added to its height and added gateways, square bastions and additional circular earthern walls prior to the latter's death in 1323. This places the construction towards the end of the Kakatiya period. There were later modifications between the 15th and 17th centuries, comprising principally the addition of barbicans to the four gates in the stone wall and the creation of gates in the outer earthern wall.
Remnants of the structure can be seen today near to the town of Warangal, which was the Kakatiya capital. The Archaeological Survey of India has listed the remains as a Monument of National Importance.
_____________________________
The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiyas. They were at first the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal. A ruler of this dynasty, Prola II, who ruled from A.D.1110 to 1158, extended his sway to the south and declared his independence. His successor Rudra (A.D.1158--1195) pushed the kingdom to the north up to the Godavari delta. He built a fort at Warangal to serve as a second capital and faced the invasions of the Yadavas of Devagiri. The next ruler Mahadeva extended the kingdom to the coastal area. In A.D.1199, Ganapati succeeded him. He was the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Velanati Cholas in A.D.1210. He forced the Telugu Cholas of Vikramasimhapura to accept his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion and encouraged trade.
As Ganapati Deva had no sons, his daughter Rudramba succeeded him in A.D.1262 and carried on the administration. Some generals, who did not like to be ruled by her, rebelled. She could, however, suppress the internal rebellions and external invasions with the help of loyal subordinates. The Cholas and the Yadavas suffered such set backs at her hands that they did not think of troubling her for the rest of her rule.
Prataparudra succeeded his grandmother Rudramba in A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323. He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms. He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. In his time the territory constituting Andhra Pradesh had the first experience of a Muslim invasion. In A.D.1303, the Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji sent an army to plunder the kingdom. But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. In A.D. 1310, when another army under Malik Kafur invaded Warangal, Prataparudra yielded and agreed to pay a large tribute. In A.D.1318, when Ala-ud-din Khilji died, Prataparudra withheld the tribute. It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. In A.D.1321, Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country then called Tilling. He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and returned to Delhi. Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way. Thus ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to anarchy and confusion yielding place to an alien ruler.
The Kakatiya period was rightly called the brightest period of the Telugu history. The entire Telugu speaking area was under the kings who spoke Telugu and encouraged Telugu. They established order throughout the strife torn land and the forts built by them played a dominant role in the defence of the realm. Anumakonda and Gandikota among the `giridurgas', Kandur and Narayanavanam among the `vanadurgas', Divi and Kolanu among the `jaladurgas', and Warangal and Dharanikota among the `sthaladurgas' were reckoned as the most famous strongholds in the Kakatiya period. The administration of the kingdom was organized with accent on the military.
Though Saivism continued to be the religion of the masses, intellectuals favoured revival of Vedic rituals. They sought to reconcile the Vaishnavites and the Saivites through the worship of Harihara. Arts and literature found patrons in the Kakatiyas and their feudatories.
WIKIPEDIA & WIKIMAPIA
All bronze masks and bronzeware from the Bronze Hall at Sanxingdui are from the three Sanxingdui pits and are dated from the Shang Dynasty in the 12th century B.C.
Last week’s photo shoots were of Tianfu Square (at night) and a day trip to Huanglongxi Ancient Town southeast of Chengdu. This week, I changed it up a little and went to a museum that I’d been wanting to visit for quite some time (but, honestly, was just too lazy to go to until now).
Sanxingdui (literally, “three star mound(s)”) is an archaeological site/museum. To give you perspective, I’ll make a few comparisons. The easiest (and less impressive) comparison is to the Jinsha Archaeological Site within the Chengdu city limits.
Jinsha is a very nice site in its own right, and has a lot of source material that dates from around 2,500-3,000 years ago. The Jinsha site was more recently discovered (2001) than the Sanxingdui site (early 20th century; excavations began in earnest in 1986). At Jinsha, things just feel like “leftovers.” I mean to say…there doesn’t feel like anything that the world at large necessarily needed to know about – though some of the art there, the skeletal remains, etc. are incredibly interesting if you have an interest in human history. However, I digress. The main point I should make regarding Jinsha and Sanxingdui is that it’s believed that the sites are from a related culture, though the timing is off by about 500 years (if I remember right from the signage at Jinsha).
The other comparison I will make is to China’s most famous archaeological site: the Terracotta Warriors in Xi’an. Those are more important from a nationalistic point of view, I suppose, in that they were made (or ordered to be made, to be more precise) by China’s first emperor circa 200 BC. Aside from that, the terracotta army is quite impressive.
I feel Sanxingdui is much more important to human history, though, and I say this for a few reasons. First, it predates China (as a “nation-state”) by about 1,000 years. Almost everything that has been unearthed here is from roughly the 12th or 13th century BC (per carbon dating). Finding this site was (rightfully so) a huge shock in the archaeological record. It wasn’t known that people were in this area, if I’m not mistaken, and that they were as advanced as they were.
As you can see from the collection, this is a people who were highly advanced, had a monetary system (based on the knowledge of cowry shells, etc.), religious practices, and a high technical skill with bronze and other alloys. The masks from Sanxingdui are the most famous part of this collection and are still in such good shape 3,000 years later that they could honestly be placed in any museum in the world. They’re truly quite impressive.
Another reason I say so little is known of the people who lived here is that, while this museum is of exceptional quality – architecturally, in presentation, in every aspect – there is so little background information provided about the people’s origins. We can see how they lived, what was important to them, and other things, but the one thing that is missing is…where they came from. I continually found myself saying, “Wow,” over and again throughout the afternoon here.
Getting here is relatively easy now. A bus goes from Xinnanmen long distance bus station in downtown Chengdu (leaving at 9:30 a.m.) and takes you directly to the Sanxingdui parking lot, about 50 km (at most) towards the northeast on the Mianyang freeway. The closest town is Guanghan, and the cost of the ticket, for a round trip ride, is 50 RMB. (The bus returns at 2:40 p.m., which gives about 4 hours to see the entire museum and grounds.)
Upon getting to the visitor center, you have to pass through security scanners (in each of the three other buildings, too, for that matter). After paying the very reasonable 80 RMB admission, you pass through security yet again and are finally in the museum/site proper. I don’t recall much information available at the visitor center, but I may have just missed it. In retrospect, it would be very nice to have some informational videos – even if they were just to say much isn’t known about the history of the people. It could have given suppositions of life in video format, or even focused on the discovery of the site. (Again, maybe they’re already there, and I missed them…but, I don’t think so.)
Upon leaving the visitor center, the first of the three buildings you arrive at is the Comprehensive Gallery. This gallery is wonderful in that it has actually been built into one of the three mounds. (I’m not 100% sure that this is one of the three original mounds; perhaps it’s a replica of the mound. Either way, it was a good use of the land.) The comprehensive gallery consists of five areas that, for the most part, focus on earthenware and stone ware artefacts that were unearthed in the pits. The relics are well-presented, well-labeled, and well-maintained. Besides earthenware and stoneware, there are also plenty of artefacts made of jade, some of bronze, some of gold foil, and so on. The comprehensive gallery ends with a display of bronze money trees that were (are?) important in Chinese culture.
After finishing in the Comprehensive Gallery, my second stop was to go to the Cultural Relics & Restoration Gallery. This is the smallest of the three, and most comprehensive (in terms of presenting artwork from all of Chinese history) of the three galleries. There are plenty of pieces here from the Song, Tang, Ming, and Qing Dynasties. I went through here in a bit of a hurry, so am not certain whether or not the relics in this hall are local to the Chengdu plain or not. I think they are.
Hurrying along, I found my way outside and passed the Echo Altar (sacrificial stage) and quickly wandered around the Bronze Hall before going in. I was enjoying the landscape at the site as it’s spring and magnolias are in bloom all around the grounds, along with rapeseed (a little), and a lot of landscaped flowers along the way.
The Bronze Hall is the highlight of the Sanxingdui site. It almost exclusively contains nothing but masks. You would think it gets a little redundant after a while, as most of the masks are similar (exaggerated pupils, though two or three have protruding pupils), mostly of bronze, and all with the sparse signage that they were excavated from either pit #1, #2, or #3 in the 13th-12th century BC. However, like the Comprehensive Gallery, the Bronze Hall is an architecturally pleasing building that presents the masks in six different sections, also ending with a large (3.5 times the original size) replica of a bronze money tree.
Feeling completely satisfied with Sanxingdui, and fresh out of galleries to visit, I left the Bronze Hall and walked the grounds towards the main exit. There is a restaurant and shopping area on the way out (though I didn’t stop to eat or buy anything). I did take a very quick glance into the gift shop, but wasn’t really excited by anything I saw offhand.
After a little more photographing, I made it back to the bus with about 45 minutes to spare. All in all, it was a perfect day out of town at a museum, and I was also thrilled that there weren’t too many people out here. I couldn’t have asked for much more from this experience.
I finished the day off at Tai Koo Li, eating Thai food at Lian (in a very early preparation for an upcoming holiday in May). Before the May holiday, though, the goal of getting out to shoot every weekend continues. Monday (today), March 14th was spent in Pingle, another ancient town, which was completely underwhelming…especially after last week’s shoot at Huanglongxi and yesterday’s shoot at Sanxingdui. Fortunately, there is plenty more to photograph between now and May.
San Xoan na Coruña... calquera que o vivira unha vez ha querer repetir. Anualmente.
Son centos as fogueiras que arden nesa noite máxica, e son literalmente decenas de miles de persoas as que se xuntan na praia para queima-lo pasado á espera dun futuro mellor como manda a tradición.
Que se cumplan os vosos desexos.
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St. John in A Coruña... anyone who has ever lived this will want to repeat. Every year.
There are hundres of fires burning in that magic night, and there are, literally, tens of thousands of people gathering on the beach to burn the past, hoping for a better future as tradition says.
May your wishes come true.
The data we collect during formative assessment helps us to be more precise with our teaching because we can deliver the needed instruction to the students who will most benefit.
Small group instruction is far better than whole class.
Exercise PRECISE RESPONSE, is an annual chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) exercise hosted by Defence Research and Development Canada at Canadian Forces Base Suffield where the Canadian Armed Forces along with NATO allies and partner Nations can practice essential CBRN defence skills in a multinational training environment.
With precise attention to detail and using dimensions and specifications from the original rifle, the craftsmen at Turnbull Mfg. Co have re-created one of the most famous Winchester rifles ever produced. The production of this “TR Model 1876” will be limited to no more than 25 rifles. Each rifle will be individually numbered TR01-TR25 and will come in a custom display case. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of each rifle will benefit the Doug Turnbull Restoration Conservation Laboratory at the National Firearms Museum. Specifications: 45-75 caliber, button magazine, fancy pistol grip butt stock, 28" 1/2 round, 1/2 octagon barrel, steel grip cap, cheek piece stock, H-pattern checkering, checkered steel buttplate, Freund rear sight, sporting front sight, gold inlaid stock oval, color case hardened receiver.