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PRODUCT INFORMATION IN DETAIL
Features:
•Hold your Smartphone horizontally on your belt in this beautiful Wanda Horizontal Case.
•Horizontal design minimizes the common problem of cases accidentally drop-off your belt while you sit.
•Manufactured by hand from durable leather and detailed exquisitely.
•Contrasting the outer ebony shell is a smooth tan interior, making this case sophisticated and chic.
•Ease of use – will take only seconds to keep your device in and take it out.
•Keep your precious screen from any scratches and dust that coming to contact your device.
•Magnetic clasp closure keeps the phone protected inside the case.
•The case comes with fixed 360 degree swiveling; leather wrapped metal clip attaches easily to belts or straps.
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Specifications:
•Case Type: Horizontal Case.
•Model: Wanda Collection.
•Fixed 360 degree swivel belt clip.
•Fixed belt clip with belt loop.
•Material: Premium Leather.
•Size of the case: Xtra Large.
•Dimension: 120 x 60 x18 mm.
•Face: Enclosed.
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•Manufacturer: Amzer.
•Color: Black.
Price: $19.95
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It was bitter cold today in Toronto and people downtown were not casually hanging around enjoying their time outdoors. They were scurrying from here to there, doing their best to minimize their exposure to the frigid temperatures.
I myself was scurrying along Queen Street on my way to the protective warmth of the mall when I saw this woman exiting a business highrise building with a envelope under her arm. I was immediately drawn to the way her scarf framed her attractive face and approached her with a brief explanation of my project, half-expecting her to say “You’re kidding, right?” Instead I had the experience most of us doing the project comment on: surprise at how willingly she said “Me? Really? Sure, if it will help your project.” I told her I thought her face framed by the scarf would make for a very nice photo and I would only take a minute of her time. Meet Marlene.
I made a few exposures, showed them to her on the camera display and her feedback was very positive. Not wanting to keep her (or me) out in the frigid temperatures any longer, I told her how much I appreciated her helping me with my project and she said with a smile “I’m glad to help. You must be very motivated and committed to your project to be out doing it on a day like today.”
Sometimes an encounter is so brief that one is left with a photo and an impression of a person rather than a lot of information. My impression of Marlene is that she is very kind, confident, and trusting and seemed very comfortable in her own skin.
Thank you Marlene for participating in 100 Strangers. You are now Stranger #303 in the Round 4 of my project.
Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by other photographers at the 100 Strangers Flickr Group page
To browse Round 1 of my 100 Strangers project click here: www.flickr.com/photos/jeffcbowen/sets/72157633145986224/
To browse Round 2 of my 100 Strangers project click here:www.flickr.com/photos/jeffcbowen/sets/72157634422850489/
To browse Round 3 of my 100 Strangers project click here: www.flickr.com/photos/jeffcbowen/sets/72157635541434065/
“Long hair minimizes the need for barbers; socks can be done without; one leather jacket solves the coat problem for many years; suspenders are superfluous.”
-Einstein.
Hiding behind my hair. Which is long because it grows fast and I don't like dealing with a salon. Although I do own many many coats...
I actually cannot abide hair in my face - or other peoples faces. I do keep my hands to myself and restrain myself from brushing it out of their face. heh.
Composition: Negative Space - Minimize the composition to isolate your subject. The composition should be simple, thereby drawing your viewer to the subject.
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SpinaliS is a Unique Chair for Healthy Back
A unique movable seat on a spring ensures the mobility of the pelvis, strengthening abdominal and back muscles, keeping the spine in its correct position while preventing irreversible changes to the spine and so eliminating back pain. SpinaliS is the healthiest way to sit all-day long.
Loosens stiff neck
The moving seat âforcesâ you to straighten your back, have a correct head position and pull your shoulders back, reducing stress on the trapezoid muscles and loosening the stiff cervical spine. The constant movement of the seat eliminates any possible blockage, thus relaxing a stiff neck.
Straightens round backs
The movement of the seat straightens the back in the thoracic kyphosis area, restoring the physiological shape of the spine into its natural position (the natural curve of the spine in the shape of the letter âSâ). Eliminating a round back also lessens pressure to organs in the chest, especially the lungs and stomach, which leads to improved breathing and digestion.
Activates weak muscles of the back and abdomen
The movable seat allows for body movement in all directions, so you are not forced to sit still â SpinaliS chairs encourage the involvement of all torso muscles, which leads to the strengthening of the back and abdominal muscles.
Reinforces deep stabilizing muscles
The stabilization of deep spinal muscles is all about strengthening muscles that stabilize the spine during all movements that we make. Deep stabilization plays an important role in protecting our spine against various loads and stress. Taking care of your spine requires constant exercising of deep stabilizing muscles, which in the sitting position is possible only on a Swiss ball or on a healthy SpinaliS chair.
Removes pain in the lower back
The movable seat of SpinaliS chairs swings forward while you lean over your desk, thereby allowing the spine to bend forward resuming lumbar lordosis at all times. Lumbar lordosis is important for optimal placement of the lumbar vertebrae as they are wedge-shaped (higher in the front, lower in the back). With the correct hip position there is a substantial reduction of pressure on the vertebrae and intervertebral discs, which allows for effective pain relief. In addition, the movable seat also reduces stress in the lower beck, unlike in the case of chairs with fixed seats, which can make sitting quite painful.
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How To Remove Stretch Marks Stretch Marks If the streaks still have a violaceous color we can reverse them, while, if they already have a whitish tone, we can only minimize their appearance, but not make them disappear.How To Stretch Marks Stretch Marks If there is something unsightly that is undoubtedly the stretch marks. And it is undoubted that the appearance of our skin is something that worries us all. Fortunately, these brands can be combated to minimize their appearance.How To Stretch Remove Marks Stretch Marks. For all those who do not know what stretch marks can be said to be the result of breaking the elastic fibers of the skin. When the dermis is stretched, the fibers with less elasticity are broken and appear those marks known as stretch marks. They are especially common in women in the stage of pregnancy. At first the striae are pinkish, then reddish and finally white. Basically, they are the reflection of the separation of the skin. Stretch marks appear without warning or pain, although at times they may manifest a slight burning sensation and stretch. Types of Stretch Marks We must keep in mind that not all stretch marks are the same. In the first place, we find stretch marks, which are those that occur when the skin is stretched or stretched by sudden changes of weight.How To Remove Stretch Marks Stretch Marks. Secondly we would include those that are formed in the stage of puberty. We are facing a very delicate period in which the body undergoes important changes. Also at puberty hormonal disorders can lead to the formation of atrophy striae that, if not avoided, will be irreversible. In the third place would be the so-called pregnancy stretch marks: they are the ones that result from the pregnancy, especially in the breasts, hips, buttocks and in the belly. They usually occur in the sixth month of pregnancy when the skin begins to tighten. The so-called streaks of hydrogenated origin may arise after treatment with contortionists. Finally, stretch marks can also appear as the result of an excess of violent exercises that produce a modification of the textural diameter (in the case of athletes, dancers, etc.). To prevent them it is advisable to keep the skin hydrated. In this way, we will have the dermis more flexible and, faced with possible physical changes, you can stretch without causing the breakage of the fibers of the skin. If you found this video helpful hit Subscribe to support the channel and share the video with your friends to www.youtube.com/channel/UCcUzz3o4qb6inarEfrkbWiQ digg.com/u/jhonsm www.stumbleupon.com/stumbler/lhealth4 www.linkedin.com/in/jhon-smm-754389134/ www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013176189529 plus.google.com/u/0/106240290294084283617 www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8697725988910615599#allp...
Tips for organizing your walkin cooler. Organization is important to minimize loss and for food safety.
Here's a trick you might want to try for noise reduction. First thing is, of course, to try to minimize noise. I took these shots with the lowest ISO I could use with the current lighting conditions (400 in this case) and exposed as brightly as possible without over-exposing. As you can see in the photo below, I still over-exposed parts of the feeder to get the bird right.
The problem is that the dark green background has a lot of noise (and would still have had noise at ISO 200). Even good programs like Noise Ninja leave the background as a bit of a mess when applied. I don't bother with the noise reduction utility in Canon DPP - I don't think it does a very good job. What I found works better for this type of noisy background (and there was a LOT of noise) is to select the noisy area first (in this case, all of the green) and reduce the contrast by about 25% before applying the noise reduction application. This helps get rid of the blotchiness that noise reduction sometimes leaves behind, no matter how much you fiddle with it.
The uneven shades of green in the background are caused by the different trees that make up the background. This would prevent you from using "fill" to just replace the background easliy.
Reducing the contrast dulls down the colors of the background a bit (which you can bring back somewhat by increasing the saturation), but I prefer slightly dull backgrounds to blotchy ones. Any suggestions you might like to add would be appreciated.
BTW - this is a new baby Downy Woodpecker which you can tell by the blotchy red cap that covers the top of the head. Adult females have no red and the adult males have red on the back only (like the one pictured below).
Taken in New Jersey, USA
© Steve Byland 2008 all rights reserved
Unauthorized use or reproduction for any reason is prohibited
One of the most preferred Edea versions are Edea Concerto as well as Edea Ice Fly, additionally in the future Edea is preparing to launch a new design called Edea Piano. Edea Piano is mosting likely to have an unique undersole constructed right into the skate that will certainly aid to minimize the shock which originates from leaping and also carrying out various other challenging aspects on the ice which could be harming to your enitre body.
Jackson Ultima is Riedell's largest rival and also like we pointed out prior to they share the various other 40% of the United States Market. Jackson Ultima is a Canadian-based brand name, they supply many various designs of skates with cost arrays beginning at around $60 copulating approximately $600 yet the differentce in cost margins in between designs is so slim that they have 10 to 12 various skate versions annually varying from novice training skates to sophisticated skates. Jackson Ultima uses skates for every single solitary degree their most prominent skate for newbie skaters is Jackson Mystique this is most likely among the most effective skates for the discover how to skate programs, the following design is called Jackson Artiste. Jackson Artiste is an updated variation of Jackson aura, it has actually boosted extra padding as well as even more assistance, it additionally utilizes a lot more pricey products as well as has a much better blade. The following one up is Jackson Classique. These skates have a natural leather top as well as a pvc sole. Jackson Classique has a great deal of assistance and also could be utilized also by grownups that are beginning to find out how you can skate. These skates are so sturdy as well as have such high quality craftsmanship that exceeds the competitors.
Riedell is an extremely affordable brand name in the United States or even worldwide, Riedell Skates is quite possibly recognize name. They have actually been investing vigilantly on producing new versions of skates as well as they are investing marketing bucks in order to study to discover just what skaters like one of the most just what they require one of the most and also how you can do inning accordance with the marketplace's demands.
Ice skates figureskatingstore.com/skates/ are one of the most fundamental part of any kind of ice dancers outfit. Ice Skating Boots can be found in various hardness and also quality. The stiffer the ice skate, the powerful the assistance. Rigidity rankings differ relying on skate manufacturer as well as therefore we have actually provided a variety for tightness with each rank. More powerful skaters or bigger grown-up skaters could intend to go up to the following greater degree boot (an extra tight boot), lighter or more youthful skaters may wish to removal to the following reduced degree (or much less rigid boot) however acquire a greater degree blade. This is specifically real for girls skating at greater ability degrees, yet their physical dimension can not warrant a number skate boot developed for an elderly girl. When doubtful consult your instructor and trainer.
The hardness and also top quality could among various Figure Skating Boots as an example the newbie ice dancers have hardly any rigidity as well as much less assistance compared to those for intermediate or more advanced ice skaters.
Ice skates will certainly likewise differ in rate relying on the products being made use of in manufacturing of the skates. The cost is likewise depending on the degree of the skate, its brand name and also version. A lot of skates that you are mosting likely to discover are made by Riedell as well as Jackson Ultima, those are both leading suppliers in the United States sharing roughly 80% of the United States market while the staying 20% is shared among the much less capitalized brand names such as Graf as well as Edea. Nevertheless this does not suggest that these makers do not have the appeal. Edea Skates are popular amongst specialist ice skaters numerous Olympic champs as well as World champs as well as several of one of the most respected rivals are putting on and also Edea as well as Graf Skates.
Numerous Key variables to try to find ideal Ice Skates
1. A strong track record for high quality as well as a background of offering the ice skating sector.
2. A strong dealership network.
3. A vast array of versions and also dimensions to select from.
4. A large range of rates to satisfy your spending plan.
5. Educated sales team as well as trusted customer care groups.
6. The capacity to personalize so you could make adjustments to satisfy your certain skating demands.
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To help minimize the project’s impact on local communities and the environment, two miles of the new power line will utilize existing steel towers along a FirstEnergy transmission corridor. The remaining work will require new construction of steel and wood structures.
The preponderance of democratic regimes in Latin America is an unavoidable reality. Nevertheless, the combination of lights and shadows in that same map does not allow an easy celebration. While we congratulate ourselves for the frequent participation in elections, the persistent deficient institutional performances in varying degrees can not be minimized. These poor performances, in some cases, facilitate the violation of basic rights and guarantees of large sectors of the population, and in others, have shown a patent incapability of the states to ensure the right to life and the physical integrity of citizens.
In 2010, the members of the Latin American Network (part of the International Coalition of Sites of Conscience) set out to create a photographic exhibition to address particularly relevant moments of the political histories of our countries´ recent past.
It was a group work carried out by the institutions of each country to choose those most representative and iconic images of transitions from authoritarian regimes or dictatorships to democracy, of internal armed conflicts to democratic processes; images considered milestones, ruptures or turning points in the social and political history of the last decades.
Each photograph of the panels has its own weight, though the three panels depicting events of each of the nine countries that participated in the exhibition can be all linked into a possible sequence.
As any collective endeavor, developing this exhibition was not an easy task: due to practical factors like distance or the “extra” work added to our institutions´ agendas and programs; but also because of the effort required to reach agreements between different perspectives within each country to build a representative selection, an effort which was clearly positive.
When designing the activity we set two objectives:
First we devoted our efforts to develop a traveling exhibition, which, could be printed and displayed in a simple manner at each of the Network’s member, as well as in other institutions. The second objective was to stimulate a debate about the ways in which we represent (in museum displays and exhibits of our institutions) the transitions or milestones that marked phases of that recent history that we intend to transmit.
Realization: International Coalition of Sites of Conscience - Latinamerican Network (Sitios de Memoria's web page/)
Coordination: Memoria Abierta
Ariel Caniza y Patricia Valdez
Author institutions: Archivo Provincial de la Memoria, Casa por la Memoria y la Cultura Popular, Centro Cultural por la Memoria de Trelew, Museo de la Memoria de Rosario, Dirección de Derechos Humanos de Morón, Memoria Abierta, Memorial Da Resistencia, Núcleo da Preservacao, Agrupación de Familiares de Paine, Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos, Corporación Parque por la Paz Villa Grimaldi, Estadio Nacional, Museo de la Palabra y la Imagen, Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica, Centro Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Sociedad Civil Las Abejas, Museo de las Memorias: Dictaduras y DDHH, Dirección de Verdad, Justicia y Reparación, Asociación Paz y Esperanza, Movimiento Ciudadano Para que no se Repita, Asociación Caminos de la Memoria, Museo Memorial de la Resistencia Dominicana, Centro Cultural y Museo de la Memoria.
We greatly appreciate Jennifer Adair's help adapting the texts into English
Gallery in Spanish: Transiciones - de las democracias a las dictaduras
Gallery in Portuguese: Transiçoes - de ditaduras para democracias
- Minimize all the windows.
- Don't clean up anything!
- Take a screenshot of your desktop and upload to Flickr.
- Post the instructions with your picture.
Even before the Korean War broke out in 1950, the US Air Force had been planning for a jet-powered replacement of the B-26 Marauder and A-26 Invader. Korea only exacerbated the need for a new aircraft, and the USAF issued a requirement for a new tactical bomber in late 1950, with the stipulation that it had to be based on an existing design to minimize production delays. Three American designs were considered—the North American AJ-1 Savage and B-45 Tornado, and the completely new Martin XB-51. So pressing was the need that the USAF included, in a rare move, foreign aircraft as well—a modified Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck, and the English Electric Canberra B.2. The Canberra, to the surprise of everyone involved, won the competition easily. The USAF did have misgivings about the design, especially the fact that the bombardier sat behind the cockpit, completely enclosed in the fuselage, but its performance was what won the competition: the Canberra had been designed to replace the deHavilland Mosquito and had the speed and maneuverability to match.
The problem was, English Electric was a small startup company and could barely supply the British Royal Air Force with its Canberras, let alone the much larger USAF. To solve the problem, Martin Aircraft was awarded a contract to build the Canberra as the B-57.
Though the initial batch of B-57As were basically identical to the Canberra B.2, aside from upgraded engines and the deletion of the navigator station, the B-57B was to be fundamentally different and more in line of what the USAF intended. The B-57B had a completely redesigned forward fuselage, eliminating the clear navigator nose and wide side-by-side seating of the Canberra B.2, and replacing it with tandem seating, with the now-combined bombardier/navigator sitting behind the pilot. The Canberra B.2 had been unarmed, but the B-57B could either carry eight machine guns or four 20mm cannon in an underfuselage tray. The internal bomb bay of the Canberra was replaced with a rotary-type developed for the XB-51, which would rotate to expose the bomb load on the target run, enhancing the aerodynamics of the aircraft. USAF B-57Bs entered service in June 1954, replacing the A-26 in the night attack role.
Soon after it entered service, however, the USAF began to question its new bomber’s capabilities. The Canberra had been fast enough when it was designed in the late 1940s, but technology had moved so quickly that it was now vulnerable to surface-to-air missiles. With this in mind, the USAF resolved to replace the B-57 in tactical bomber units with F-100 Super Sabres and delete the entire night interdiction role.
Vietnam was to give the Canberra a temporary stay in retirement. Though it could be a tough aircraft to fly, it was a stable platform, and in the comparatively low threat skies of South Vietnam, its slow speed was more of a help than a detriment. It could carry a heavy bombload, and it was accurate; B-57s were especially deadly over the Ho Chi Minh Trail against enemy trucks. This accuracy made it a welcome sight to troops in contact, but as Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops increased their antiaircraft capabilities, B-57s began to take heavier losses. Over half the Canberras sent to Vietnam would be shot down. A number were developed into special operations aircraft, such as the RB-57E Patricia Lynn and B-57G Tropic Moon III. The Royal Australian Air Force also flew their own British-version Canberras over Vietnam.
Vietnam would be the B-57's swan song. The survivors were converted to electronic warfare training EB-57s, and these lasted in service until 1983. A few massively modified WB-57Fs atmospheric research aircraft remain in service with NASA.
Built as B-57E 55-4244, this aircraft never served with a frontline or ANG unit, spending its entire career as a testbed; it flew with the Armament Development and Test Center (ADTC) at Eglin AFB, Florida, between 1956 and 1969. With the B-57 force winding down, 55-4244 was retired from service and flown to the Strategic Air Command Museum at Offutt AFB, Nebraska in 1970. It was moved with the rest of the collection to Ashland in 1997, and I saw it in June 2020.
Unfortunately, this is not the best picture; I was really having trouble getting good shots at the museum that day.
The Chevrolet Corvette (C7) is the seventh generation of the Corvette sports car manufactured by American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet from 2014 until 2019. The first C7 Corvettes were delivered in the third quarter of 2013.
Development and introduction
GM executives began planning the next-generation (C7) Corvette sports car in 2007. The car was originally planned for the 2011 model year, but was delayed. Mid-engine and rear-engine layouts had been considered, but the Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive platform was chosen to keep costs lower.
The lead exterior designer of the C7 Corvette was Hwasup Lee, whose team completed the design between 2010 and 2011. The design director for the C7 was Kirk Bennion and the design was approved by the division's design director, Tom Peters, in 2011.
The 2014 Corvette debuted on Sunday, January 13, 2013, in Detroit at the North American International Auto Show. Chevrolet also showed the new crossed flags logo for the Corvette.
While overall the C7 attempts to provide an evolutionary redesign to an iconic theme, the car's designers incorporated aggressive angular elements. The C7 received criticism for some of the more styled elements of the car. "The rear contains what will surely be the C7's most controversial styling elements. It's all creases and vents back there, with aggressive trapezoidal taillights similar to those found on the current Camaro and quadruple-barreled tailpipes lined up in a neat row in the center of the rear valance", wrote Jason Kavanagh for Edmunds. Functional aerodynamic aids are tacked on or cut into every body panel of the C7, often juxtaposed against sharp creases. This is a radical departure from the prior generations of Corvettes, whose styling had no spoiler, few body panel creases, and only semi-functional gills for front brake cooling. In addition, past Corvette models minimized the size of headlamps or even hid them altogether. The C7 reverses that minimalist styling language with intricately styled headlamps with integrated LED daytime running lights (DRL).
The C7's all-new LT1 6.2L Small Block V-8 engine develops 460 horsepower (340 kW) and 465 pound-feet (630 N⋅m) of torque. This comes with the performance exhaust package, which is already included in the Z51 Performance Package or the level-up model, the Grand Sport, but is very common to see the standalone performance exhaust package being paired up with the base model. Without the performance exhaust, the powertrain produces 455 horsepower (339 kW) and 460 pound-feet (620 N⋅m) of torque. With the performance exhaust, the car can accelerate from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.7 seconds when paired with the eight-speed automatic gearbox. The C7's suspension consists of independent unequal-length double wishbones with transverse fiberglass mono-leaf springs and optional magnetorheological dampers, similar to its predecessor.
2014 model year
Production
Production and customer delivery of the 2014 Corvette Stingray Coupe began in September 2013. Corvette assembly plant tours in Bowling Green, Kentucky, began in October 2013. Production of the Stingray Convertible began at the end of 2013. The fifth generation of the small block engine used in the 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray was built in GM's Tonawanda Engine Plant.
The first production 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Convertible was sold in 2013 Barrett-Jackson Palm Beach to Hendrick Motorsports owner Rick Hendrick for US$1,000,000 in a Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer institute charity lot.
A month after the first 2014 Corvette Stingray, 485 vehicles had been delivered. Of these early orders, 38% included 7-speed manual transmission, and 75% included the Z51 Performance Package (54% also selected the magnetic ride suspension system).
Equipment
The 2014 Corvette features a carbon fiber hood and removable roof panel. Its fenders, doors, and rear quarter panels remain fiberglass composite. The C7 uses Aerogel, a material developed by NASA, to keep heat from the transmission tunnel from transferring into the cabin. The under-body panels are made of "carbon-nano" composite. The chassis is made of hydro-formed aluminum. The rear tail lights use indirect LED technology.
Despite the increased use of aluminum and other light weight materials, the overall weight of the car remains the same as that of the previous generation (C6). The C7 Corvette offers a seven-speed manual transmission made by Tremec that implements active rev matching. The Corvette also provides a driver mode selector with five settings: Weather, Eco, Tour, Sport, and Track mode. The hood and side vents and inlets assist in cooling and aerodynamic stability. The interior features a driver display that allows the driver to select from several modes with up to 69 different sources of information, ranging from an interactive performance timer to a tire tread temperature display. Two seat options are available: a touring seat for everyday use, and a competition sports seat for track driving with pass-throughs for a racing harness.
The 2014 Corvette LT1 engine, the first of the fifth generation family of small block engines, retains the push-rods acting on overhead valves design. It implements direct fuel injection, Active Fuel Management (cylinder deactivation), and continuously variable valve timing.
Models and special editions
The Corvette Stingray Coupe went on sale in the US in the third quarter of 2013, as a 2014 model-year vehicle. The 2014 Corvette was equipped with a Tremec TR-6070 7-speed manual with rev-matching for both downshifts and upshifts, or a Hydramatic 6L80 6-speed paddle-shift automatic transmission optimized for Active Fuel Management.
In Japan, sales of the Corvette Stingray Coupe and Z51 version began in April 2014.
The top-level 3LT interior package includes a Bose 10-speaker audio system, SiriusXM radio with HD receiver, color head-up display, Performance Data Recorder, memory package, navigation system, heated and ventilated seats with power lumbar and bolster adjustment, premium Napa leather seating surfaces, and leather-wrapped dash, instrument panel, console, and door panels.
Corvette Stingray Convertible
The 2014 Stingray Convertible is a version of the 2014 Corvette Stingray with a power-operated fabric roof. The roof can be opened at speeds of up to 30 mph (50 km/h). The convertible was unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. The Japanese version went on sale in May 2014.
Z51 Performance Package
The Z51 Performance Package includes dry sump lubrication, specific close-ratio gearing, transmission-cooling system, 19-inch front and 20-inch rear aluminum alloy wheels and dual-compound Michelin tires (increasing the tire diameter by one inch from the base Stingray), larger slotted rotors and brake-cooling ducts, electronic limited-slip differential and differential cooling system, unique chassis tuning, and optional Magnetic Ride Control active-handling system with Performance Traction Management. A Z51 Stingray also comes with Brembo brakes, which massively improve the braking performance from the base model. The performance exhaust package that comes included in the Z51 Performance Package gives the LT1 engine 460 horsepower and 465 pound-feet of torque. Its center of gravity height is 17+1⁄2"; lower than the Lotus Elise.
2013 SEMA concepts
Three Corvette Stingray concepts were displayed at the 2013 SEMA Show.
The Corvette Stingray Gran Turismo concept was made to promote the Gran Turismo 6 video game, and was one of the playable cars. It features a custom blue paint scheme, yellow-tinted headlamps, carbon fiber rear spoiler, ground effects kit, and front splitter; and a custom front grille, front fender, and rear quarter vents.
The Corvette Stingray Convertible Atlantic concept had a Blade Silver body color, Carbon Flash Metallic front splitter, rocker extensions and rear lower diffuser, Fusion Gray headlamp housings and hood accents, a suede wrapped interior package, chrome five-spoke wheels, molded splash guards, a windscreen mounted behind the seats. The Corvette Stingray Coupe Pacific concept had a Torch Red body color, Z51 Performance Package, a carbon fiber hood, trim kit, and removable roof panel; a black front splitter and rocker extensions, Z51 rear spoiler, a Carbon Flash graphics package, and satin black aluminum wheels with a red accent stripe.
Premiere Editions
The 2014 Corvette Stingray Premiere Edition marked the introduction of both the coupe and convertible. The coupe version, which debuted in 2013, was limited to 500 units in Laguna Blue Tintcoat. The convertible, which debuted in early 2014, was limited to 550 units in Lime Rock Green.[31] Both versions featured Brownstone suede interior, carbon-fiber interior and roof, Z51 Performance Package, Magnetic Selective Ride Control, a "stinger" hood stripe, custom luggage from Thule, and an exclusive dash plaque.
2015 model year
Production
In 2015, the 8L90 eight-speed automatic transmission was available as an option for all Corvette models. The 8L90 is built at GM's Toledo, Ohio, transmission facility.
Equipment
Major changes for the 2015 model year, in addition to the reintroduction of the Z06, were limited to the introduction of the 8L90 automatic transaxle (replacing the 6L80 transaxle), as well as the dual mode exhaust becoming standard on Z51 cars.
Performance Data Recorder
The Performance Data Recorder (PDR) is an optional system that allows Corvette drivers to record performance data while driving and review the results. A 720p high-definition camera mounted within the windshield header trim records the driver's point-of-view through the windshield, with audio recorded via a dedicated microphone in the cabin. The system uses a dedicated GPS receiver more precise than the one in the navigation system. The recorder can access vehicle information, ranging from engine speed and transmission-gear selection to braking force and steering-wheel angle. It uses a dedicated SD-card for recording and transferring video and vehicle data.
The PDR system can record video with three data overlay options, each rendered in real time. "Track Mode" shows the most data on the screen, including speed, rpm, g-force, a location-based map, and lap time. "Sport Mode" shows fewer details but includes key data including speed and g-force. "Touring Mode" shows no data; it simply records and displays video and audio of the drive. Additionally, "Performance Mode" records performance metrics, such as 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration, 1/4-mile speed and elapsed time, and 0–100–0 mph (0–161–0 km/h) runs.
The PDR vehicle data can be viewed in the included "Cosworth Toolbox" software. The application overlays recorded laps on a satellite map of the track, and allows lap-by-lap comparison of vehicle speed, time, and cornering force. The video can be viewed on the Corvette Stingray's eight-inch color touchscreen (when the car is parked), or transferred to a computer for editing and sharing on social media.
Models and special editions
Corvette called the Z06 was introduced at the North American International Auto Show. The Z06 comes with a 6.2 L (376 cu in) supercharged and intercooled LT4 V8 engine with Rotocast A356T6 aluminum cylinder heads and a 1.7-liter Eaton R1740 TVS Supercharger, which generates 650 hp (659 PS; 485 kW) at 6,400 rpm and 650 lb⋅ft (881 N⋅m) at 3,600 rpm of torque, giving the Z06 a top speed of 185 mph (298 km/h). The Z06 is available with a Tremec seven-speed manual with rev-matching technology or a Hydramatic 8L90 eight-speed automatic transmission with paddle shifters.
Changes to the body of the Z06 include a removable carbon fiber roof panel, a front splitter, a unique carbon fiber hood with a larger vent, larger front fender vents and unique air blades over the inlets on the rear fenders, a larger unique rear spoiler, and rear-fascia openings that are larger than that of the Stingray. The redesigned mesh pattern on the front fascia allows for maximum airflow to the supercharger's intercooler heat exchanger, while dedicated brake-cooling intakes and wider grille outlets on the bottom serves as air diffusers. It rides on 19×10-inch front and 20×12-inch rear spin-cast aluminum wheels on Michelin Pilot Sport P285/30ZR19 front and 335/25ZR20 rear tires.
Inside the Z06, there are a choice of two magnesium frame seats (GT seat or a Competition Sport seat with more aggressive side bolstering), a steel-reinforced grab bar on the center console for the passenger, soft-touch materials on the edge of the console, and a fully wrapped interior with Nappa leather, aluminum, carbon fiber, and microsuede, depending on the trim level.
Mechanical features of the Z06 include Brembo brakes (371×33-mm front and 365×25-mm rear two-piece steel disc brakes, aluminum six-piston front and four-piston rear fixed calipers), uniquely calibrated SLA-type front and rear suspension design, Magnetic Ride Control dampers, electronic limited-slip differential (eLSD) integrated with electronic stability control, and Performance Traction Management.
The US model of the Z06 went on sale in January 2015, with a base price of US$78,995 (~$95,820 in 2022). Chevrolet offered buyers of the Z06 an opportunity to personally assemble the engine used in their cars at the Bowling Green, Kentucky assembly plant where they are built as part of a US$5,000 (~$6,065 in 2022) package beginning in March 2015.
The Corvette Z06 Convertible includes a power-folding top that can activate at driving speeds up to 50 km/h (31 mph), as well as repositioned safety-belt mounts. It was unveiled at the 2014 New York International Auto Show, alongside the Corvette Z06 coupe.
Z07 performance package
The Z07 performance package includes Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 P285/30ZR19 front and 335/25ZR20 rear tires, 394x36mm front and 388x33mm rear carbon ceramic-matrix brake discs, and revised suspension tuning (RPO FE7) which raises spring rates front and rear 62% and 22% respectively, changes stabilizer bar bushing material, and fits the Magnetorheological shocks with modified valving for a higher “passive” curve in addition to more aggressive damping tuning.
The optional stage 2 carbon-fiber aero package (in either black or a visible carbon-fiber finish) adds a carbon fiber front splitter with small winglets, carbon fiber rocker panels, and a larger rear spoiler while stage 3 builds on that with larger front splitter winglets and a clear, adjustable wickerbill – a small, vertical section in the middle of the rear spoiler that significantly increases downforce.
Atlantic/Pacific Design Package
The 2015 Corvette Stingray Atlantic Design Package is based on Z51-equipped Corvette Stingray convertibles with 2LT or 3LT trim. The package includes a Z06-style front splitter, Shark Gray exterior vents, "stinger" graphic and tonneau inserts on the hood, chrome wheels, Stingray logos, and custom luggage bags.
The 2015 Corvette Stingray Pacific Design Package is based on the Z51-equipped Corvette Stingray coupe with 2LT or 3LT trim. The package includes satin black full-length racing stripes, satin black Z51 wheels with red stripe and Stingray center caps, carbon fiber ground effect package along with exposed carbon fiber roof panel, Carbon Flash rear spoiler, red brake calipers, Competition Sport seats, carbon fiber interior trim, and an indoor car cover.
2016 model year
Production
A mid-year production change involved the phasing out of 4 exterior colors and the addition of a new color, Admiral Blue, at the end of the 2016 production run.
Models and special editions
Three "design packages" were offered: the Twilight Blue Design Package, Spice Red Design Package, and Jet Black Suede Design Package. They were available on 3LT and 3LZ trim models. The Twilight Blue and Spice Red packages included full-color instrument panel, doors, and seats, chrome badges, and Shark Gray painted exterior vents. Convertible models included a blue, red, or black top matching the package. The packages included special aluminum wheels, 19" front and 20" rear, painted Pearl Nickel in the Twilight Blue and Spice Red packages for the Z06, and Satin Black in the Jet Black package. The design packages were offered with white, gray, and silver exterior colors, along with a color matching the package (Night Race Blue, Long Beach Red, and Black, respectively).
Z06 C7.R Edition (ZCR)
Available only with 3LZ trim, the Z06 C7.R Edition is primarily an appearance package. Interior features include a Jet Black leather trimmed and suede wrapped interior, competition sport seats, suede wrapped steering wheel and shifter, yellow contrast stitching, carbon fiber interior package, C7.R Limited-Edition interior plaque (includes racing victories) and Corvette Racing sill plates. On the exterior, changes include black Z06 Wheels with yellow stripe, yellow brake calipers, Corvette Racing wheel center caps, visible carbon fiber, Spectra Gray grille and vents, C7.R graphics, and the Z07 Performance Package with carbon ceramic brakes. The package is available in either Black or Corvette Racing Yellow exterior colors. It included its own sequential VIN starting with 700001. Only 500 units were produced.
2017 model year
Production
Production for the 2017 model year began on July 11, 2016, and ended on May 29, 2017, with the 2018 model year production officially beginning the following week.
Models and special editions
Grand Sport (Z15)
In April 2016 at the Geneva Auto Show, Tadge Juechter, the chief engineer on the C7, introduced the new Grand Sport model for the 2017 model year. The Grand Sport is a hybrid of the Z51 Stingray and the Z06; sharing much of the wide body work of the Z06 (except the hood) with the Z51 LT1 dry sump engine. The Grand Sport features:
Michelin Pilot Super Sport summer tires: 285/30ZR19 (front) and 335/25ZR20 (rear)
unique Grand Sport wheel design: 19x10 inches (front) and 20x12 inches (rear)
Brembo brake system: 14 in (356 mm) rotors and six-piston calipers in front, and 13.4 in (340 mm) rotors and four-piston calipers in the rear
magnetic ride control, specific stabilizer bars and unique springs
electronic limited-slip differential
LT1 V8 engine rated at 460 hp (343 kW), with dry-sump oiling system and active exhaust
7-speed manual transmission, with active rev match and available eight-speed paddle-shift automatic with specific performance calibration
Grand Sport models are offered as a convertible or coupe with either a 7-speed manual or 8-speed automatic transmission.
An available Z07 package adds carbon ceramic-matrix brakes and Michelin Pilot Sport 2 Cup tires. An available Heritage Package includes interior brushed aluminum hash marks, and floor mats with the Grand Sport logo.
Grand Sport Collector Edition (Z25)
2017 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Collector Edition #43
As part of the introduction of the Grand Sport, Chevrolet also introduced a Grand Sport Collector Edition, which was meant to be limited to 1,000 vehicles, with 850 allocated to the US market. 784 coupes and 151 convertibles were built; 935 total. The Collectors Edition was a cosmetic package that contained some unique features, including Tension Blue fender hash-marks, two-tone Tension Blue leather seating surfaces with an embossed Grand Sport logo on the headrest, blue leather stitching, and a numbered dash plaque.
The registry for the Grand Sport Collector Edition has collected specific production configurations and details of the vehicles in the series.
2018 model year
Production for the 2018 model year officially began on June 5, 2017. Production was suspended on July 28, when the plant shut down for new paint facility upgrades as well as the addition of a new assembly line for the 2019 ZR1 model. Plant tours were suspended for 18 months as a result of this shut down. The plant resumed production on November 6, 2017. The 2018 model year ended on January 26, 2018.
Models and special editions
The Stingray, Grand Sport and Z06 models continued into the 2018 model year.
Carbon 65 Edition (Z30)
Commemorating the 65th anniversary of the Corvette, Chevrolet offered the Carbon 65 Limited Edition for the 2018 model year. This edition was limited to 650 units globally, painted exclusively in Ceramic Matrix Gray. It was available on Grand Sport 3LT and Z06 3LZ trims in both convertible (blue top only) and coupe bodies. The Carbon 65 Edition option package included unique fender stripes and door graphics, black wheels with machined grooves on summer-only tires, blue brake calipers, a Jet Black suede-wrapped interior with blue stitching, and various unique badges. Carbon fiber applications included visible ground effects, hood section and roof (coupe) or tonneau inserts (convertible), spoiler, steering wheel rim, and gloss interior trim.
2019 model year
2019 was the final model year for the seventh generation of the Corvette. Chevrolet auctioned off the final C7 Corvette, a black Z06 coupe, at a Barrett-Jackson charity auction held in Connecticut on June 28, 2019. The actual car was assembled in November 2019.
Drivers Series
In January 2019, Chevrolet introduced a special edition of the Corvette Grand Sport called the Drivers Series. This edition features four paint schemes each selected by Corvette Racing team's drivers Tommy Milner, Oliver Gavin, Jan Magnussen, and Antonio Garcia. The livery selected by Tommy Milner includes an Elkhart Lake Blue exterior with silver stripes and red hash marks, body-color mirrors, black wheels with red stripe and red brake calipers, and a Jet Black Suede interior with red seat belts. The livery selected by Oliver Gavin includes a Shadow Gray exterior with Torch Red center stripe and Torch Red hash marks, Carbon Flash mirrors, black wheels with red stripe, red brake calipers, and an Adrenaline Red interior with red seat belts. The livery selected by Jan Magnussen includes an Arctic White exterior with Crystal Red stripes and gray hash marks, body-color mirrors, black wheels with red stripe and red brake calipers and a Jet Black interior with red seat belts. The livery selected by Antonio Garcia includes a Racing Yellow exterior with “Jake” stinger stripe, red hash marks, Carbon Flash mirrors, black wheels with red stripe and red brake calipers, and a Jet Black interior.
All four of the special liveries were available on the Grand Sport. The cars also came fitted with an interior plaque commemorating each driver and other unique trim details. The Drivers Series Corvettes went on sale in Spring 2019.
A total of 95 2019 Corvettes were equipped with the Drivers Series Package. Of those, 14 had the Antonio Garcia livery, 21 had the Tommy Milner livery, 25 had the Jan Magnussen livery, and 35 had the Oliver Gavin livery.
ZR1
The Corvette C7 ZR1 was unveiled at the 2017 Dubai Motor Show for the 2019 model year. The ZR1 is heavily based on the Z06 platform with many noticeable changes, including the all-new 6.2 L; 376.0 cu in (6,162 cc) pushrod LT5 V8 engine equipped with a 2.6 L (0.6 imp gal; 0.7 US gal) Eaton supercharger that is 52% larger than that of the Z06 along with a new fuel injection system. The new engine is rated at 755 hp (765 PS; 563 kW) at 6,300 rpm and 715 lb⋅ft (969 N⋅m) of torque at 4,400 rpm. The ZR1 also includes an improved engine cooling system with large vents in the front bumpers and on the hood, a larger intercooler, and four more radiators, bringing the total count to thirteen.
The ZR1's aero package was developed in collaboration with Pratt & Miller's Corvette racing team in wind tunnels. It includes a large rear wing bolted directly on the chassis, a front splitter, and a new front underbody spoiler in order to balance out the excess drag. Other changes include an active exhaust system and an upgraded crankshaft, all of which help propel the car to a top speed of 214.88 mph (345.82 km/h) with the low rear wing.
The ZTK Performance Package is an optional aero package for the ZR1. It adds a higher fixed rear wing which generates 60% more downforce than the Z06 with the Z07 package, but also reduces top speed due to aerodynamic drag. The ZTK package also adds carbon fiber front splitter end caps. With the combination of the high rear wing and front underbody spoiler, the ZR1 produces 950 lb (430.9 kg) of downforce at top speed. The ZTK package also fits the ZR1 with Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 tires instead of the standard Michelin Super Sport tires, and specific chassis and magnetic ride control settings for better cornering.
Despite the extensive use of carbon fiber, the ZR1 is heavier than the Z06 at 3,560 lb (1,614.8 kg) due to added fluids for the cooling system. The ZR1 is available with a 7-speed Tremec TR-6070 manual transmission with rev-matching technology or an 8-speed GM 8L90 automatic transmission with paddle shifters, which are the same as those found in the Z06. The ZR1 comes with carbon ceramic brakes, double wishbone suspension system and magnetic ride control system as standard with optional brake caliper colors and wheels. The interior includes Nappa leather upholstery, heated seats, carbon fiber rimmed steering wheel and Bose sound system as standard with a variety of performance and comfort options available. The ZR1 went on sale in Q2 2018.
A convertible version of the ZR1 was unveiled at the 2017 Los Angeles Auto Show. Performance figures remain the same as the coupe, but the convertible weighs 60 lb (27 kg) more than its coupe counterpart due to structural reinforcing components.
Festival of Speed
The racing version of the 2015 Corvette Z06, called the C7.R, was unveiled at the 2014 North American International Auto Show. Modifications over the Z06 include increased cooling and aerodynamic downforce, including similar front splitters, rocker panels, and front- and rear-brake cooling ducts; a 5.5-litre LS7.R naturally aspirated V8 engine developed specifically for the C7.R having a power output of 491 hp (498 PS; 366 kW), modified suspension system to accommodate wider racing tires and larger brakes, air intake openings on each of the rear quarter panels above the brake ducts, a fixed motorsport rear wing, and larger radiator inlets.
C7 GT3-R
The C7 GT3-R (sometimes stylized as C7 GT3/R) was a GT3 adaptation of the C7 unveiled by Callaway Engineering on October 3, 2015, at the final round of the 2015 ADAC GT Masters at the Hockenheim circuit. This also marked the first time a factory-backed Corvette was built by a company other than Pratt & Miller. It uses a 6.2L Chevrolet-based V8 engine from Dutch firm APP Racing Engines, and produces 550–600 hp (558–608 PS; 410–447 kW) and 640–680 N⋅m (472–502 lb⋅ft) depending on air restrictors, mated to a X-Trac 6-speed gearbox.
Awards
"Automobile of the Year 2014" - Automobile Magazine[66]
"Performance Car of the Year 2013" - Road & Track[67]
Finalist - Motor Trend Car of the Year
Car and Driver's 10Best list in 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2019.
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I had a weight loss drop of 11.2 pounds in 2 weeks by following a smart, but tough diet that focused on getting fat and carb consumption down to zero. To compensate and minimize muscle loss, I increased my protein intake dramatically. I was eating close to 1 gram of protein per bodyweight.
I began on April 18, 2021 and ended May 1, 2021. My start weight was 194.4 pounds. Two weeks later, I weighed myself at 183.2 pounds.
Generally, I have always approached weight loss much like how I approached muscle gain. I believed that a gain of 2 to 3 pounds of muscle in a month would be great. After all, at that rate you would have theoretically gained over 24 pounds of muscle in 1 year. That would be significant.
Likewise, stories of people dropping 100 to 200 pounds in 1 year notwithstanding, I believed that a weight loss of 1 pound a week was good. This steady loss could accumulate to over 50 pounds in a year. That would or could be life changing.
Although I still believe in the slow and steady approach, I felt that weighing 195 pounds at a height of 5 feet and 8 inches with high blood pressure and being a borderline diabetic was a terrible position to be in. And turning 60 in a few months only added to the urgency of getting my weight under control.
With that mind frame, I essentially went on a "starvation" diet that Rusty Moore likes to call "Crash Dieting with Precision." The essence of this approach is to eliminate fats and carbohydrates. It is a low fat and low carb diet. But the key to surviving this diet is to dramatically increase the protein intake. It becomes a high protein, low fat, and low carb diet.
You eat the absolute bare minimum to hold onto muscle and discard everything else. If you are eating carbs and fats, then that is what your body is burning not stored fat cells. By reducing fats and carbs to the bare minimum, you are getting out of your body's way as it depletes the stored fat to use as fuel.
I ate in the neighborhood of 180 to 200 grams of protein a day. Couple of days, that dropped to maybe 150 grams. Using the high of 200 grams, that would equate to 800 calories. The fats and carbs I ate never amounted to more than 200 calories a day. So, the most I ever ate in this period was 1,000 calories with most days well under that.
Most calorie calculators would put the calorie maintenance number for a 5 feet 8 inches man weighing195 pounds at around 2,400 calories. Using the 1,000 calorie intake number, I was theoretically 1,400 calories under. Over a 14 day period, my total under number was 19,600 calories.
19,600 calories equate to about 4.8 pounds of fat. 1 gram of fat equals 9 calories, therefore 1 kilogram of fat equals 9,000 calories. 1 kilogram equals 2.2 pounds and the math brings it all to 4,091 calories per pound.
Theoretically, I lost 5 pounds of fat. Add in water weight loss and the 11.2 pound drop is reasonable. This is what happens when you drive your daily caloric intake way under your maintenance levels. Taking in only 35% to 40% of your daily needs is extreme.
Eating this much less means no starchy, complex carbohydrates like grains, rice, or pasta. It also means no carbohydrate dense foods like potatoes, nuts and so forth. Fruits are also out. The 9 calories per gram of fat is clearly out.
For two weeks, I ate skinless, boneless chicken breast, tuna packed in water, and all kinds of fibrous vegetables like celery, spinach, cucumbers, kale, broccoli, brussels sprouts, and lettuce. A cup of broccoli has 30 calories and 0.34 grams of fat. A stick of celery has 6 calories and 0.7 grams of fat. I would have 3 or 4 sticks a day.
Chicken bone broth has 45 calories and 0.4 grams of fat. I would look for either 0 grams of fat or at least under 1 gram for all the food that I ate. I also drink 2 to 3 cups of green tea a day. I liberally used protein powder to up my protein intake.
This is an enormously difficult approach. 14 days of baked chicken breast and tuna salad is not easy. Even with the plethora of fat free dressings and dipping sauces available, 14 days is long time. Still, there were and are other options that can help. For instances, fat-free Greek yogurt and other types of yogurt blends helped. Also 99% fat free ground turkey was a good option.
But really, the most helpful was my outlook. This diet, however difficult it was or may be, is only something a person in a developed nation can undertake. For many people living in real hunger, this diet would be a cornucopia of food. In that respect, I had nothing to complain about.
Perhaps the key to this approach being successful is the after diet - diet. How I eat now will determine whether those 11 pounds lost will find its way back to me. To keep those pounds lost, I am cycling through this phase where I am eating just below my maintenance caloric level while still minimizing fat. So essentially, I am now on a high carbohydrate, modest protein, and low-fat diet.
By low, I mean fat at under 10%. FDA recommends 30%. 30% of the daily caloric intake from fat equates to about 55 to 65 grams of fat. A cup of white rice contains about 0.5 grams of fat or less. Following the FDA guidelines would equate to me eating about 120 cups of white rice. That's not happening.
While I am not a dietician nor a nutritionist, I believe eating fat makes one fat. Sure, at some point, excessive carbohydrates or proteins will be converted to fat, but I am guessing that the body prefers to use carbs as energy and protein to build muscle. And the body stores fat. I have enough fat storage.
So, for the next 2 weeks, I will spend time eating pasta, rice, nuts, cereal, sorbet, and other deliciously high carb foods that have little to no fat. After the 2 weeks, I will cycle back through this crash diet with precision. I will alternate until I reach my goal of 160 pounds. A 60-year-old man standing 5 feet 8 inches weighing 160 pounds with blood pressure in the 120/70 range with a manageable blood sugar level works for me.
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Cheetah - nice spots! The black tear stripes run from the eyes to the mouth. It is believed that they have the same function as a rifle scope, helping cheetahs focus on their prey at a long distance range by minimizing the glare of the sun.
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Some background:
The Messerschmitt Me 410 Hornisse (Hornet) is a heavy fighter and Schnellbomber ("Fast Bomber" in English) designed and produced by the German aircraft manufacturer Messerschmitt. It was flown by the Luftwaffe during the latter half of the Second World War.
The Me 410’s origins are closely associated with the preceding Me 210. Development of this aircraft had been projected back in 1937 as a multi-purpose successor to the Bf 110, which had some identified shortcomings even prior to seeing combat service. Early on, confidence in the Me 210 had been high, to the extent that 1,000 aircraft were ordered off the drawing board; however, it would be a troubled program. Flight testing revealed poor longitudinal stability and despite modifications was considered unsatisfactory. While quantity production of the type proceeded, the Me 210 had a relatively high rate of accidents. This heavily contributed to production being halted on 14 April 1942; officials were keen to remedy the Me 210's problems and return it to production to minimize the economic loss incurred.
Various modifications to the design were explored, including the Me 310, a radical high-altitude derivative that incorporated a pressurized cockpit and more powerful engines.[9] This option was not favored by many officials, who sought a less ambitious remediation of the Me 210. It was this preference that led to the Me 410’s emergence, which was visually almost identical to the Me 210. The principal difference was the adoption of the larger (at 44.5 liters, 2,720 cu in displacement) and more powerful Daimler-Benz DB 603A engines. These engines each provided 1,750 metric horsepower (1,730 hp; 1,290 kW) compared to the 1,475 metric horsepower (1,455 hp; 1,085 kW) of the DB 605s used on the Me 210C. The extra power increased the Me 410's maximum speed to 625 kilometers per hour (388 mph), greatly improved rate of climb, service ceiling, and the cruising speed, the latter being raised to 579 km/h (360 mph).
The more powerful engines also improved payload capability to the point where the aircraft could lift a war-load greater than could fit into the bomb bay under the nose. Consequently, shackles were added under the wings for four 50-kilogram (110 lb) bombs. The changes added an extra 680 kg (1,500 lb) to the Me 210 design, but the extra engine power more than made up for the difference. As with the Me 210, the Me 410's rear gunner used the same pair of Ferngerichtete Drehringseitenlafette FDSL 131/1B turrets mounted on each side of the aircraft, each still armed with a 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine gun, retaining the same pivoting handgun-style grip, trigger and gunsight to aim and fire the ordnance as the Me 210 did.
The new version included a lengthened fuselage and new, automatic leading edge slats. Both features had been tested on Me 210s and were found to dramatically improve handling. The slats had originally been featured on the earliest Me 210 models but had been removed on production models due to poor handling. When entering a steep turn, the slats tended to open due to the high angle of attack, analogous to the slats’ opening during the landing approach, which added to the difficulty in keeping the aircraft flying smoothly. However, when the problems with general lateral instability were addressed, this was no longer a real problem. While the Me 410 came to be regarded as a relatively stable aircraft, it had a poorer rate of turn than the Bf 110 it was intended to replace.
The wing panels of the earlier Me 210 had been designed with a planform geometry that placed the aerodynamic center farther back compared with the earlier Bf 110, giving the outer sections of the wing planform beyond each engine nacelle a slightly greater, 12.6° leading edge sweepback angle than the inner panels' 6.0° leading edge sweep angle. This resulted in unsuitable handling characteristics in flight for the original Me 210 design. The new Me 410 outer wing panels had their planform geometry revised to bring the aerodynamic center farther forward in comparison with the Me 210, thus making the leading-edge sweepback of the outer panels identical to the inner wing panels with both having identical 5.5° sweepback angles, which improved handling.
During late 1942, six Me 210As were taken off the assembly line for conversion to Me 410 standards. Near the end of that year, the Me 410 V1 prototype performed its maiden flight. Shortly thereafter, the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) was suitably convinced by its performance to place a sizable production order for the Me 410. Deliveries of the Me 410 began in January 1943, two years late and continued until September 1944, by which point a total of 1,160 of all versions had been produced by Messerschmitt's facility in Augsburg and Dornier plant in München. When the Me 410 arrived, it was typically appreciated by its crews, even though its improved performance was not enough to protect it from the waves of high-performance Allied fighters that it routinely confronted at this stage of the conflict. There were various models produced to serve in distinct roles, including a light bomber, an aerial reconnaissance platform, a bomber destroyer and night fighters.
Among these the late Me 410 B-4 was the first and only dedicated version – earlier might fighters had been converted from existing Me 410 A machines and retrofitted with radar and extra armament. In contrast to this, the Me 410 B-4 had been re-designed with the new FuG 240 ‘Berlin’ radar. This device was an airborne interception radar system operating at the "lowest end" of the SHF radio band (at about 3.3 GHz/9.1 cm wavelength) and the first German radar to be based on the cavity magnetron, which eliminated the need for the large multiple dipole-based antenna arrays seen on earlier radars. Instead, a disk-shaped reflector antenna was used, which could be covered under an aerodynamic plywood hood, thereby greatly increasing the performance of the night fighters. The power output of the radar was 15 kW and was effective against bomber-sized targets at distances of up to 9 kilometers, or down to 0.5 kilometer, which eliminated the need for a second short-range radar system. The FuG 240 was introduced by Telefunken in April 1945 and immediately rushed into production.
On the Me 410 B-4 the static radar dish had a diameter of 70 cm and was mounted in a thimble-shaped wooden radome that occupied the area in front of the cockpit. This reduced the pilot’s field of view markedly (all windows under the windscreen were deleted), but since the aircraft was to be guided by the radar operator and not involved in ground attacks, this loss was regarded as acceptable. To aid the pilot in target identification and aiming a Spanner IV device, a passive infrared-sight, was added – it was mounted into the windshield. This lowered the field of sight even further but allowed the pilot to detect hot engine and exhaust areas at a range of up to 1.000 m, while the device supported weapon aiming at a range of about 600 m.
The Me 410’s bomb bay was re-purposed to house four 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon as primary armament; the doors were deleted but a single ventral hardpoint for an external load of 1.000 kg was added – either for a large 500 l drop tank to extend range or for additional guns in a pod, e. g. the so-called ‘Magirus bomb’, or ‘WB 151A’ weapons pod with two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons and 150 rpg.
The rest of the armament was tailored to the night fighter mission profile, too: the heavy defensive FDSL 131 barbettes were deleted, and instead a staggered pair of MK 108 30 mm cannon with 100 rpg were installed behind the cockpit, firing upwards (‘Schräge Musik’), close to the aircraft’s center of gravity. It was planned to link these weapons to a SG 116 device, which would automatically trigger these through a photocell, reacting to the shadow of the target aircraft or its silhouette against the sky or coulds. This device turned out to be highly unreliable, though. The second crew member was now a dedicated radar operator who sat in the former observer/rear gunner’s position, but the seat was ‘reversed’ and now faced forward. The WSO had, beyond the bulky FuG 240’s display, a sight for the oblique guns so that these could also be triggered manually when the aircraft passed underneath its target.
Another dedicated night fighter modification of the Me 410 B-4 was its propulsion system. While the aircraft was still powered by the standard Daimler Benz DB 603A that provided up to 1,850 PS/1,360 kW, the night fighter was outfitted with handed reversible four blade propellers. The idea was to counter torque issues due to both propellers originally turning into the same direction, and the four blades were introduced to improve acceleration and especially decelration when the aircraft approached its relatively slow target at high speed and had to get into an effective and stable aiming position as quickly as possible. This also required handed engines, so that the Me 410 B-4's powerplants were designated DB 603A-1l/r to differentiate their working direction. Additionally, flame dampers were mounted as another standard night fighter measure to protect the crew from engine flares and hide the aircraft in the dark sky.
General characteristics:
Crew: two
Length: 12.75 m (41 ft 9 in)
Wingspan: 16.3513 m (53 ft 7.75 in)
Height: 4.280 m (14 ft 0.5 in)
Wing area: 36.2031 m2 (389.687 sq ft)
Airfoil: root: NACA 23018-636.5; tip: NACA 23010-636.5
Empty weight: 7,518 kg (16,574 lb)
Gross weight: 9,651 kg (21,276 lb)
Fuel capacity: 550 imp gal (660 US gal; 2,500 L) in four wing tanks
Powerplant:
2× Daimler-Benz DB 603A-1l/r V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engines, each providing:
- 1,290 kW (1,750 hp) for take-off
- 1,360 kW (1,850 PS) at 2,100 m (6,890 ft)
- 1,195 kW (1,625 PS) at 5,700 m (18,700 ft)
Driving handed 4-bladed VDM constant-speed propeller
Performance:
Maximum speed: 507 km/h (315 mph, 274 kn) at sea level,
624 km/h (388 mph; 337 kn) at 6,700 m (21,980 ft)
Cruise speed: 587 km/h (365 mph, 317 kn)
Range: 1,200 km (750 mi, 650 nmi) at maximum continuous cruise speed,
1,690 km (1,050 mi) at economical cruise speed
Ferry range: 2,300 km (1,400 mi, 1,200 nmi)
Service ceiling: 10,000 m (33,000 ft)
Time to altitude: 6,000 m (20,000 ft) in ten minutes and 42 seconds
Armament:
4× 20 mm (0.79 in) MG 151/20 cannon with 300 rpg in the lower fuselage, firing forward
2× 30 mm (0.79 in) MK 108 cannon with 100 rpg behind the cockpit (“Schräge Musik”),
oriented 65° above horizontal
Up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of disposable external stores, including:
- 2x 300l + 1x 500l drop tanks
- 2x 250 kg or 4x 100kg or 4x 50 kg bombs
- 4× 21 cm (8.3 in) Werfer-Granate 21 rockets
The kit and its assembly:
Well, my Me 410 night fighter is certainly not the first one of its kind, but a personal interpretation of the subject with as much late-WWII hardware on board as possible, for a purposeful look and feel.
The basis of this build became the Italeri Me 410, mostly because it comes with “plugs” for the fuselage flanks where the original Me 410 carried its defensive gun barbettes – IMHO useless on a night fighter. The plugs are, however, quite useless, because they still have to be PSRed into the flanks so that they could be easily omitted anyway...
Another typical ingredient was a Quickboost FuG 240 thimble radome for the system's static dish antenna, originally intended for a Ju 88 G-6 night fighter but in this case mounted to the aircraft’s nose and PSRed into shape, too. The radome’s “flat” underside was also a plausible detail for an open field of fire for ventral guns in the former bomb bay – a conversion that had been done to many Me 410 heavy fighters with field modifications and cannon Rüstsätze.
The cockpit was insofar modified that the former gunner on the back seat now faced forward, and the workstation received some scratched devices like a radar screen and a tilted gun sight. The pilot received an IR sight, mounted through a hole that was drilled into the windscreen, and a separate bulletproof glass panel behind the windscreen. Since I did not want to open the already complex/fiddly three-part canopy I added two crew members.
The former machine gun barbettes were faired over, and instead two hollow steel needles were mounted behind the cockpit on sockets/bulges, plus a clear “sensor some” (all made from sprue material). Hollow steel needles were also used to simulate protruding gun barrels in the ventral cannon compartment and on the back. Under the wings a pair of OOB 300l drop tanks were added, a plausible payload, and to beef up the armament I scratched a Magirus-Bombe gun pod and mounted it on a central hardpoint from a Fw 190.
As an individual detail I lowered the aircraft's flaps, which was quite easy to do. The wing segments were simply cut out and semi-circular styrene profile used to create the hinges.
To make the Me 410 night fighter look a bit more purposeful I furthermore used flame dampers on the exhaust stubs; these were taken from an Italeri Me 110 night fighter, and this worked better then expected. I just had to modify one of the exhaust pipes due to the different position of the carburettor intakes on the Me 410. Furthermore I replaced the original three blade props with four blade alternatives (which had been tested on Me 410 V15 IIRC, but had not been adopted) from a FROG D.H. Hornet. Not a perfect match, because the spinners were slightly too big in diameter (could be trimmed down, though) and the props are handed, but that's only obvious at second glance.
Painting and markings:
I kept the livery conservative, and wanted to keep the aircraft relatively light overall, like a typical German late war night fighter. Therefore, the machine initially received an overall coat with RLM 76 (Humbrol 247), only with a few blurry fields and speckles with RLM 75 (Humbrol 246) on the wings’ upper surfaces and on the spine. Additionally, some mottling with mixed shades of RLM 76 and 75 were added, primarily to the fuselage, engine and fin flanks.
I initially considered additional mottles with lighter RLM 77 (RAL 7035, almost white) on the flanks and the upper surfaces, but when the two basic tones were applied I thought that this was already enough, so I kept the livery rather simple.
An unusual detail is a single black wing underside, though. This is/was not a camouflage measure, rather an identification marking for anti-aircraft artillery on the ground to avoid friendly fire. This was, just as in real life, done with water-soluble paint (acrylic tar black, Revell 06), so that the original light blue-grey paint would shine through here and there and the black paint would easily wear or flake off.
To achieve this effects and to blur the mottling the whole model received, after it had been painted, an overall treatment with fine wet sand paper. A similar method was used to simulate flaked paint on the wooden radome. After a light black ink washing some post-panel-shading was done, too.
The cockpit interior became very dark grey (RAL 7021, I used Revell 09 Anthracite) while the landing gear and its respective wells were painted in RLM 02 (Tamiya XF-22).
The decals were puzzled together from various sources. The code G9+F(red)N is plausible for an aircraft of the Nachtjagdgeschwader 1's 5th squadron. The unit emblem is fictional, though, the gauntlet motif came from an RAF Tornado. The black iron crosses were reduced to a minimum - except for the underwing markings, which were kept more complex even during the final war stages, and in the case of the black wing these markings also offer more contrast for a secure identification from below.
After some soot stains done with graphite around the exhausts and the gun muzzles the model was finally sealed with matt acrylic varnish and the wire antenna made from heated black sprue material was added.
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Best Juicer Under $100 in 2018 – Reviews and Top Picks ift.tt/2u9X2y4 Are you interested to invest in the best juicer under $100? There is no need to spend a huge sum of money for a juice extractor. You can actually get a high-quality one kwithout spending more than $100. All it takes is to find the right source of information to help you in your decision. Fortunately, you can now use this reliable juicer under $100 review to walk you through 5 of the most reliable juicing machines that fall within that price range. Quick Navigation I. Best Juicer Under $100 Comparison Table II. Top 5 Best Juicer Under $100 Review III. Who Should Get a Juicer Under $100? IV. Conclusion Read more: The Different Types of Juicers I. Best Juicer Under $100 Comparison Table Product Name Speed/Motor Material Function Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor Editor’s Choice Check Price 14,000 RPM / 700 watts Heavy-grade polymer body, Italian-made micro mesh filter, stainless steel cutting disc - Uses a centrifugal action in maximizing the grinding and juice extraction process from a wide range of fruits and veggies, making it an excellent daily juicing machine - Works best in extracting juice from hard ingredients, like carrots, celeries, and beets. It is also ideal for juicing various fruits, such as apple, lemon, and orange. Aicok Juicer Slow Masticating Juicer Check Price 80 RPM / 150 watts Steel construction, plastic rotating parts - Ideal for juicing certain fruits, like grapefruits, lemon, and oranges with its auto-rotating reamer - Juices produce from fibrous veggies, such as ginger and celery, as well as leafy greens. It can juice soft fruits and berries, too, while preserving essential vitamins and minerals by minimizing heat buildup. Hamilton Beach 67601A Juice Extractor Check Price 800 watts Stainless steel - Works rapidly in juicing different fruits and vegetables. It can extract juice from apples, oranges, carrots, pineapples, celery, berries, grapes, tomatoes, beets, ginger root, kale, spinach, etc. within just a few seconds. - Useful in making rice, almond, and soy milk, too. Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor Check Price 12,000 to 15,000 RPM / 400 watts Stainless steel - Dual steel motor – The lower speed motor is ideal for juicing soft fruits, including melons, tomatoes, grapes, apples, and oranges. The high-speed motor is designed for hard fruits and veggies, such as beets, ginger, celery stalks and carrots. Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76MM Centrifugal Juice Extractor Check Price 12,000 to 14,000 RPM and 16,000 to 18,000 RPM / 1,000 watts Stainless steel blade, mesh filter basket - Dual speed control – The low speed is from 12,000 to 14,000 RPM, which is capable of handling soft and ripe fruits, veggies and produce, like peaches, tomatoes, cucumber, cabbage, kiwi, oranges, and grapes. - The high speed is from 16,000 to 18,000 RPM, which you can use in juicing harder fruits, veggies, and produce, such as beets, ginger, apples, celery, and spinach, among many others. Read more: Top 10 Best Juicer In 2018 II. Top 5 Best Juicer Under $100 Review 1. Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor i. Review Another juicer under $100 that you can check out is the Breville BJE200XL. One thing that anyone will instantly notice about this juice extractor is its clever and compact design. It is designed in such a way that it only uses fewer parts while consuming less space in comparison to other ordinary juicers. What is so great about this juicer is that it delivers a solid performance whether you use it to juice fruits or leafy veggies. You will also find it easy to clean while using parts and components safe to be placed in your dishwasher. Note that it is a centrifugal juicer, which packs a lot of power. Add to Card Editor’s Choice One remarkable benefit of this juicer is that its operation process is simple. It only has a single-speed operation, which means that you no longer have to guess how you can properly process the fruits and veggies. ii. Special Features and Benefits High 14,000 RPM speed One remarkable asset of this Breville compact juicer is its high speed and power. It is powerful and speedy enough that it runs at 14,000 RPM using its 700-watt motor. This high juice extraction speed allows it to maximize the extraction of juice in a rapid manner. Due to its high speed, you can save a lot of time during juicing. You can also save money since you no longer have to buy plenty of ingredients because it is capable of extracting a lot of juice. Centered knife blade setup This is actually a patented setup or assembly, which is helpful in ensuring that once you put produce or ingredients to the feed tube, their pulp will be shredded to small pieces while pushing them against the filter using a dual-blade knife. This improves the ability of the juicer to deal with heavy-duty juicing. It also guarantees that the filter and cutter won’t have any uneven pressure. Extra-wide feed chute The feed chute is around 2 x 1.5 inches, thereby letting you put large items and produce in there. This will lessen the amount of time you need to chop ingredients to small pieces. Fibrous ingredients, like celery, however, may need to be chopped up a bit so their fibrous stalks won’t wrap around the auger. 3-inch feed chute With this width, you don’t have to waste time slicing whole fruits, like apples, into pieces so you can put them into the chute then push them down. 1-liter collecting jug This jug promotes utmost convenience since it prevents you from having to transfer the extracted juice constantly to another container. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Works really fast – Expect it to produce juice within just a few seconds. check Easy to clean and use. check Comes with a large and wide feed chute to minimize preparation time. check Features an ergonomic and compact design. check Stable in the sense that it doesn’t jump around when in operation. Cons Does not feature a separate pulp ejector. Louder than a masticating juicer. Read more: Top 8 Best Centrifugal Juicer In 2018 2. Aicok Juicer Slow Masticating Juicer i. Review If you are interested to invest in a slow masticating juicer then you’ll find this Aicok Juicer worthwhile for your attention. This slow masticating juicer provides a huge favorable advantage over the other juicing machines because of its multipurpose and versatile nature. Expect the juicer to showcase its versatility with its effectiveness in extracting healthy and flavorful juices from different kinds of fruits, produce, and vegetables, including carrots, oranges, apples, leafy greens, ginger, celery, and even wheatgrass. It also boasts of its solid built as well as easy to clean construction. Add to Card The fact that it is modestly priced, lower than $100 actually, also makes it a great buy. Just like other cold press juicing machines, this Aicok juicer actually utilizes a slow juicing technique as a means of minimizing the buildup of heat. Such technique also aids in preserving the vitamins and minerals generated from the ingredients. ii. Special Features and Benefits Slow yet highly reliable speed and motor One prominent feature of this slow masticating juicer from Aicok is the fact that it utilizes a 150-watt DC motor capable of rotating the auger via a slow speed, around 80 RPM only. Rest assured that the slow speed is actually a big advantage as it can minimize oxidation, thereby resulting in the ability of the extracted juice to last longer. It also assures users that there will be no heat buildup, causing vital nutrients to be retained. 75-mm feed chute Another special feature in this masticating juicer is its 75-mm feed chute. It is wide enough that it seems to be effortless for it to accommodate whole apples. The chute even provides two openings for your convenience – one is a small opening while the other one is large. This guarantees its ability to handle various ingredients of different sizes. The juicer even comes with a pusher, which can help you push the ingredients to the auger beneath. Big auger You will also be pleased with the big auger integrated into this masticating juicer. With such auger, it is capable of squeezing and chopping even whole fruits efficiently. The presence of this auger even prevents the need to chop fibrous veggies first before putting them in the machine. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Allows the storing of juice for a max of 3 days – Frozen juices can even last even longer than that. check Truly affordable. check The feed chute is wide enough so chopping certain fruits is unnecessary. check Comes with a safe and sound reverse function. check Quiet operating system. Cons Not as speedy as centrifugal juicing machines. A bit tall that it might not fit the area beneath a cabinet. Read more: Top 5 Best Citrus Juicer 3. Hamilton Beach 67601A Juice Extractor i. Review It is also possible for Hamilton Beach 67601A to give you utmost satisfaction, especially if you are someone who wishes to improve your health through juicing without having to do extra work. It is just a simple juicer but it’s pleasing to look at with its modern and attractive appearance. Such modern design also allows it to fit contemporary kitchen decorations. It appears in black, making it suitable for all types of color schemes used in the kitchen. With its 800-watt motor, anyone will instantly notice how powerful and strong this machine is. It can, therefore, take care of fruits, such as berries, bananas, and apples within just seconds. Add to Card This juicing machine also specializes in providing users with variety. Such is possible by letting them extract juice from any ingredient they prefer – that is regardless of how hard or tough it is. It can even handle harder produce, such as cucumbers, grapefruit, and pineapples. ii. Special Features and Benefits 3-inch feed chute This substantially cuts down your preparation time because there is no need for you to do advanced dicing and chopping of the produce prior to juicing it. It is built to accommodate even whole and large fruits and veggies without cutting them up. Higher juice spout This special feature is designed in such a way that it pours the extracted juice directly into a glass or your chosen container. With the presence of the juice spout, you can lessen your effort because you no longer have to wait for the device to dispense the juice into a pitcher and pour it into a glass. It is positioned high enough, making it user-friendly, allowing the direct flow of the juice to a number of bowls or container. Huge pulp container The separate pulp container integrated into this Hamilton Beach Juicer is also a big advantage. It is helpful in ensuring that you won’t stop too often just to empty the pulp. It can also minimize your juicing time, which is a big help, especially if you have a busy schedule. Dishwasher-safe parts Aside from being dishwasher-safe, most of its parts, like the strainer, strainer bowl, pulp bin, juicer cover, and food pusher are also BPA-free. This juicer also comes with an easy to use cleaning brush. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Comes with a powerful motor for extracting juice in just a few seconds. check Less pre-cutting and preparation needed due to its wide feed chute. check Easy to clean and assemble. check Features a large pulp container or catcher. check Lightweight. Cons A bit loud. The extracted juice is prone to oxidation. Read more: Top 8 Best Masticating Juicer 4. Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor i. Review Another great choice that is available for you is the Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor. It offers an easy solution for extracting vitamins and nutrients from various ingredients you are planning to juice without the risk of getting harmful additives. It makes use of a powerful and fast blade system capable of extracting fresh and flavorful juice. Another valuable benefit of this juicer is that it operates at a high speed and level of efficiency, thereby maximizing the juice extraction process. It makes use of a powerful 400-watt motor with dual speed. Add to Card What is good about having two speeds is that it gives you the freedom to set it at a low or fast speed depending on the ingredients you are planning it to handle. This centrifugal juicer is also safe to use because of its safety locking arm that helps ensure that it stays firmly and safely in place while doing its function. ii. Special Features and Benefits Stainless cutting disc The inclusion of a stainless steel cutting disc into the built-in features of this juice extractor promotes fast and better results when it comes to juicing. The disc is also BPA-free while being surrounded by a micro-mesh filter. Such combination of materials for the disc and the filter makes it possible for the machine to extract 25% more juice from the ingredients used as well as 30% more essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals in comparison to other juicing machines. Dual-speed motor This juicer is also unique in the sense that it makes use of dual speeds for its motor. With that, you can make your choice based on the most suitable speed for a specific ingredient. For instance, if you wish to juice soft fruits then set it at a low speed around 12,000 to 15,000 RPM. In case of hard ingredients, use the high speed, which is around 15,000 to 18,000 RPM. Safety locking arm You will also be pleased with the built-in safety locking arm that you can find in this machine. It keeps you safe as the machine won’t operate without safely locking the arm in place and without putting the juicer cover. It also has an overload protection system, which is helpful in shutting off the juicer automatically in case the motor overheats. . iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Equipped with a dual-speed motor. check Extracts more juice and nutrients from various ingredients. check Offers safety with its safety locking arm and overload protection system. check Uses a powerful and fast blade system to extract juice. check Can operate at a high speed. Cons A bit confusing to clean at first. Does not work that well on kale as well as other similar greens. Read more: Top 5 Best Lemon Squeezer 5. Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76MM Centrifugal Juice Extractor i. Review If you are looking for a highly efficient centrifugal juice extractor under $100, then the Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76mm Centrifugal Juicer is probably what you need. It is an affordable centrifugal juicer but still works efficiently in supplying you with fresh juices that have all the nutrients you need on a daily basis. It even boasts of its powerful and fast blade system to ensure that it can give you all kinds of organic and healthy juices. One thing that many users like about this juicer is its fantastic design. It also has the ability to separate the pulp and juice of the fruits and other ingredients used. Add to Card This results in a flavorful and nutritious fresh juice without any residue or pulp left. It also guarantees a straightforward cleaning process since you can disassemble and reassemble it quickly and easily. The simplicity of its operations is also a big plus. ii. Special Features and Benefits 76-mm funnel/feed chute This is a wide mouth opening for the feed chute, allowing it to accommodate apples, lemons, cucumbers, carrots, and many more without having to chop them. Fruits and veggies can also be expected to fit the hopper without the risk of getting stuck because it is large enough. Low-speed gear reduction motor This juicer also makes use of a low-speed gear reduction motor. This guarantees the ability of the juicer to perform its intended function without producing too much noise. Expect it to operate quietly while minimizing vibrations. 1,000-watt motor This highly efficient juicer from Aicok also packs a lot of power because of its 1,000-watt motor. Such powerful motor improves its efficiency in extracting a higher amount of juice and essential vitamins and minerals when compared to other juicing machines. Dual-speed control Another thing that makes this juicer distinctive is its dual-speed control, giving you the freedom to pick the specific speed you prefer. You can pick the speed based on the processed ingredients. For instance, you can set it at a low speed (around 12,000-14,000 RPM) in case you are dealing with soft fruits, veggies, and ingredients. If you want the machine to handle harder ingredients, then use its high speed, which you can actually set at around 16,000-18,000 RPM. Safety lock device This juicer also sets itself apart from the other machines with the presence of its safety lock device. It comes in the form of a safety locking arm, which ensures that the sharp blade basket of the juicer does not accidentally fly out during its operation. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Wide mouth opening for the feed chute. check Features a powerful 1,000-watt motor. check Offers freedom with its dual-speed control. check Promotes safety because of its safety lock device. check Easy to clean up, thanks to its removable and dishwasher-safe parts. Cons Prone to leaking. Louder operation compared to masticating juicers. III. Who Should Get a Juicer Under $100? Juicing has become a lifestyle and passion for some people, especially those who are into improving their health. It is a continuously top trending technique as far as health is concerned. It is also good for those who wish to stay healthy while still enjoying simple, customizable and delicious recipes. If you want to walk into the field of juicing then you need a top-notch quality juicing machine so you can make fresh and nutritious juices every day. This does not mean, however, that you should spend a lot of money on it. In fact, it is possible for you to find a juicer below $100. Here are just some of those who can greatly benefit from a good juicer offered at below $100: 1. Those who are on a budget If you are on a budget then you can greatly benefit from checking out high-quality juicers under $100. It targets anyone who is willing to invest in a great entry-level and low-priced juicing machine. You do not have to worry about the quality since you can actually find several machines at this rate that are built to be solid and function in the same way as the mid-priced and the high-end ones. It is even easy to find compact and affordable juicing machines that can get the job done without any hassle. 2. Those who wish to improve their health through juicing without spending a fortune Are you interested in juicing because of the many health benefits that it offers but do not want to spend a huge sum on high-end juice extractors? If you answered yes, then the best juicer under $100 is ideal for you. Juicers under $100 are among the cheapest in the market but you still have an assurance that they are built with quality and better performance in mind. With that, you can invest in one so you can finally improve your health by gaining all the nutrients that fresh and natural juices can offer. It is a great starter juicer because it is only low-priced. Even with its budget-friendly price, expect it to supply your diet with plenty of nutrients. If you are a parent then it’s a great way to provide your kids with healthy and unprocessed fresh juices that are good for their health without spending too much. The best juicer under $100 definitely fits everyone who wishes to stay healthy through the regular intake of freshly extracted and highly nutritious juices without making them spend on high-end products. This price will never put a hole in their pockets. It is also an excellent choice for anyone who is single, which means that he/she does not need to produce a lot of juice for a huge group of people. It can also benefit someone who often eats outside because of his work. The fact that they do not need to produce a huge quantity of juice each time makes a budget-friendly juicer, such as those that do not exceed a hundred dollars, perfect for them. IV. Conclusion If you are really interested in getting a hold of a budget-friendly juicing machine, preferably one that does not exceed the $100 mark then the five products indicated in this review article are among your top choices. Note that considering the feedback from users and the features provided by the juicers, the emerging winner seems to be the Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor. At a low price, you can already get a heavy-duty juice extractor, which also boasts of its compact size and design. This means that it is not that hard to store and set up in your kitchen because it does not consume too much space. It also guarantees maximum juice extraction with its high speed and powerful motor. The overall construction of this juicer is highly durable considering the fact that it makes use of heavy-grade materials, like polymer and stainless steel. With its ability to operate safely and extract a lot of juice and nutrients from its ingredients, this product is definitely a steal. I highly advise you to spend time reviewing each of the products mentioned in this article as well as their features, though, before making your final choice so you can really get that juicer, which suits you the most. . The post Best Juicer Under $100 in 2018 – Reviews and Top Picks appeared first on The Press Juicer. 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We know that daily exercise is good for optimizing your health. But with so many options available and endless information, it's easy to get overwhelmed with what works. But don't worry. We got your back (and body)!
Check out 10 exercises you can do for ultimate fitness. Combine them and incorporate them into a simple yet powerful workout routine to ensure you stay in shape for the rest of your life. After 30 days, even if it's only twice a week, you should see improvements in strength, endurance and balance.
Also notice the difference in the fit of the clothes - win!
Why These Exercises Will Rock Your Body
Is there a sure-fire way to effectively attack your fitness routine? Minimize fuss and stick to the basics.
1. Lunge
Challenging your balance is an integral part of a balanced exercise routine. Lunges do just that, promoting functional movement while building strength in the legs and glutes.
Start by standing with your feet shoulder-width apart and your arms at your sides. Bend your right knee and step your right foot forward, stopping when your thigh is parallel to the floor. Make sure your right knee does not go over your right foot. Release your right foot and return to the starting position. Repeat with your left leg. This is repetitive. Do 3 sets of 10 repetitions.
2. Push-ups
Drop me a 20 please! Push-ups are one of the most basic and effective bodyweight exercises you can perform because so many muscles are involved in their execution.
Start in a plank position. Your core should be firm, your shoulders should be drawn down, and your neck should be neutral. Bend your elbows and begin to lower your body to the floor. As your chest crosses it, straighten your elbows and come back to the start. Concentrate on keeping your elbows close to your body throughout the movement. He does three sets of as many reps as possible.
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If you can't do a standard push-up with proper form, modify the pose on your knees. You can get the many benefits of this exercise while building strength.
3. squat
Squats build strength in your lower body and core, and increase flexibility in your hips and hips. Because they engage some of the largest muscles in the body, they also have a big impact on how many calories you burn.
Start by standing up straight with your feet slightly wider than shoulder width and your arms at your sides. Keeping your core supported and your chest and chin up, push your hips back and bend your knees as if you were sitting in a chair. Lower your thighs until they are parallel to the floor and extend your arms forward into a comfortable position, being careful not to bend or bend your knees. After resting for 1 second, straighten your legs and return to the starting position. Do 3 sets of 20 repetitions.
4. Standing dumbbell press
Compound exercises that use multiple joints and muscles are great for busy bees because they work multiple body parts at once. The standing overhead press is not only one of his best exercises for working your shoulders, but it also works your upper back and core. Equipment: 10 lb dumbbells
Choose a light dumbbell set (he recommends 10 pounds to start with) and stand with your feet shoulder-width apart or staggered. Raise the weight overhead so your upper arms are parallel to the floor. Tighten your core and push yourself up until your arms are fully extended overhead. Keep your head and neck still. After a short pause, bend your elbows and lower the weight until your triceps are parallel to the floor again. Do 3 sets of 12 repetitions.
5. Dumbbell row
Not only do these make your back look great in that dress, dumbbell rows are another compound exercise that strengthens multiple muscles in your upper body. please confirm.
Equipment: 10 lb dumbbells
Start with a dumbbell in each hand. We recommend £10 or less for beginners. Bend your hips forward so your back is at a 45-degree angle to the floor. Be careful not to round your back. Let your arms hang straight down. Make sure your neck is in line with your back and your core is engaged. Starting with your right arm, bend your elbow and pull the weight straight up toward your chest. Squeeze your lats so that they rest just below your chest. Return to the starting position and repeat with your left arm. This is repetitive. Repeat 10 times for 3 sets.
6. Single leg deadlift
This is another exercise that challenges your balance. Single leg deadlifts require stability and leg strength. Grab a light to moderate dumbbell to complete this move.
Equipment: dumbbells
Hold a dumbbell in your right hand and start standing with your knees slightly bent. Starting at your hips, kick your left leg straight back and lower the dumbbell toward the floor. When your left leg reaches a comfortable height, return to the starting position in a slow, controlled motion, tightening your right buttocks. Make sure your pelvis remains perpendicular to the floor throughout the movement. Repeat 10-12 times, then transfer the weight to your left hand and repeat with your left leg. We recommend doing 3 sets of 10-12 reps on each side.
7. Burpees
Burpees are an exercise we hate. These are highly effective full-body exercises and have great benefits for improving aerobic endurance and strength. Start by standing up straight with your feet shoulder-width apart and your arms at your sides. Extend your hands forward and begin to squat. Once your hands are on the floor, return your legs to the straight up position. Lean on your hips and jump your feet into your palms. Bring your feet as close to your hands as possible, landing on the outside of your hands if necessary. Stand tall and raise your arms overhead to jump. This is repetitive. Beginners: 10 reps x 3 sets.
8. Side plank
A healthy body needs a strong core at its core, so don't neglect core-specific movements like side planks.
Make sure you are performing this move effectively by concentrating on the mind-muscle connection and controlled movement.
Lie on your right side, stacking your left leg and foot over your right leg and foot. Place your right forearm on the floor, elbow directly under your shoulder, supporting your torso. Contract your core to stiffen your spine and lift your hips and knees off the floor and in line with your body. Return to the start in a controlled manner. He does three sets of 10-15 repetitions on each side, then switches.
9. Board
Planks are an effective way to target both your abs and your entire body. Planks stabilize your core without straining your back like sit-ups or crunches.
Start in a pushup position with your hands and toes firmly on the floor, your back straight, and your core engaged. Pull your chin back slightly and look directly in front of your hands. Control your deep breathing while maintaining total body tension to tone your abs, shoulders, triceps, glutes and quads. First, do 2-3 sets of 30 second holds.
10. Tono Bridge
The glute bridge effectively works the entire posterior chain. Not only is this great for your body, but it also makes your butt look fuller.
Start by lying on the floor with your knees bent, your feet flat on the floor, your arms straight at your sides, palms facing down. As you press into your heels, engage your core, glutes, and hamstrings to lift your hips off the ground. Your upper back and shoulders should still be in contact with the floor and your torso should be in line with your knees. Hold for 1-2 seconds at the top and return to the starting position. Do 10 to 12 repetitions in 3 sets.
How to improve your training
These basic exercises will do your body good, but there's always room to push it further.
When you take a deep breath and find yourself barely sweating, focus on progressive overload by making each move more challenging in the following ways.
•Add 5 more reps
•add more weight
•Anchor jumps to movements such as squats and lunges
Another way to toggle it? By doing each movement for a set amount of time instead of a set number of reps, you turn your routine into a time-under-strain workout.
Are you interested to invest in the best juicer under $100? There is no need to spend a huge sum of money for a juice extractor. You can actually get a high-quality one kwithout spending more than $100. All it takes is to find the right source of information to help you in your decision. Fortunately, you can now use this reliable juicer under $100 review to walk you through 5 of the most reliable juicing machines that fall within that price range. Quick Navigation I. Best Juicer Under $100 Comparison Table II. Top 5 Best Juicer Under $100 Review III. Who Should Get a Juicer Under $100? IV. Conclusion Read more: The Different Types of Juicers I. Best Juicer Under $100 Comparison Table Product Name Speed/Motor Material Function Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor Editor’s Choice Check Price 14,000 RPM / 700 watts Heavy-grade polymer body, Italian-made micro mesh filter, stainless steel cutting disc - Uses a centrifugal action in maximizing the grinding and juice extraction process from a wide range of fruits and veggies, making it an excellent daily juicing machine - Works best in extracting juice from hard ingredients, like carrots, celeries, and beets. It is also ideal for juicing various fruits, such as apple, lemon, and orange. Aicok Juicer Slow Masticating Juicer Check Price 80 RPM / 150 watts Steel construction, plastic rotating parts - Ideal for juicing certain fruits, like grapefruits, lemon, and oranges with its auto-rotating reamer - Juices produce from fibrous veggies, such as ginger and celery, as well as leafy greens. It can juice soft fruits and berries, too, while preserving essential vitamins and minerals by minimizing heat buildup. Hamilton Beach 67601A Juice Extractor Check Price 800 watts Stainless steel - Works rapidly in juicing different fruits and vegetables. It can extract juice from apples, oranges, carrots, pineapples, celery, berries, grapes, tomatoes, beets, ginger root, kale, spinach, etc. within just a few seconds. - Useful in making rice, almond, and soy milk, too. Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor Check Price 12,000 to 15,000 RPM / 400 watts Stainless steel - Dual steel motor – The lower speed motor is ideal for juicing soft fruits, including melons, tomatoes, grapes, apples, and oranges. The high-speed motor is designed for hard fruits and veggies, such as beets, ginger, celery stalks and carrots. Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76MM Centrifugal Juice Extractor Check Price 12,000 to 14,000 RPM and 16,000 to 18,000 RPM / 1,000 watts Stainless steel blade, mesh filter basket - Dual speed control – The low speed is from 12,000 to 14,000 RPM, which is capable of handling soft and ripe fruits, veggies and produce, like peaches, tomatoes, cucumber, cabbage, kiwi, oranges, and grapes. - The high speed is from 16,000 to 18,000 RPM, which you can use in juicing harder fruits, veggies, and produce, such as beets, ginger, apples, celery, and spinach, among many others. Read more: Top 10 Best Juicer In 2018 II. Top 5 Best Juicer Under $100 Review 1. Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor i. Review Another juicer under $100 that you can check out is the Breville BJE200XL. One thing that anyone will instantly notice about this juice extractor is its clever and compact design. It is designed in such a way that it only uses fewer parts while consuming less space in comparison to other ordinary juicers. What is so great about this juicer is that it delivers a solid performance whether you use it to juice fruits or leafy veggies. You will also find it easy to clean while using parts and components safe to be placed in your dishwasher. Note that it is a centrifugal juicer, which packs a lot of power. Add to Card Editor’s Choice One remarkable benefit of this juicer is that its operation process is simple. It only has a single-speed operation, which means that you no longer have to guess how you can properly process the fruits and veggies. ii. Special Features and Benefits High 14,000 RPM speed One remarkable asset of this Breville compact juicer is its high speed and power. It is powerful and speedy enough that it runs at 14,000 RPM using its 700-watt motor. This high juice extraction speed allows it to maximize the extraction of juice in a rapid manner. Due to its high speed, you can save a lot of time during juicing. You can also save money since you no longer have to buy plenty of ingredients because it is capable of extracting a lot of juice. Centered knife blade setup This is actually a patented setup or assembly, which is helpful in ensuring that once you put produce or ingredients to the feed tube, their pulp will be shredded to small pieces while pushing them against the filter using a dual-blade knife. This improves the ability of the juicer to deal with heavy-duty juicing. It also guarantees that the filter and cutter won’t have any uneven pressure. Extra-wide feed chute The feed chute is around 2 x 1.5 inches, thereby letting you put large items and produce in there. This will lessen the amount of time you need to chop ingredients to small pieces. Fibrous ingredients, like celery, however, may need to be chopped up a bit so their fibrous stalks won’t wrap around the auger. 3-inch feed chute With this width, you don’t have to waste time slicing whole fruits, like apples, into pieces so you can put them into the chute then push them down. 1-liter collecting jug This jug promotes utmost convenience since it prevents you from having to transfer the extracted juice constantly to another container. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Works really fast – Expect it to produce juice within just a few seconds. check Easy to clean and use. check Comes with a large and wide feed chute to minimize preparation time. check Features an ergonomic and compact design. check Stable in the sense that it doesn’t jump around when in operation. Cons Does not feature a separate pulp ejector. Louder than a masticating juicer. Read more: Top 8 Best Centrifugal Juicer In 2018 2. Aicok Juicer Slow Masticating Juicer i. Review If you are interested to invest in a slow masticating juicer then you’ll find this Aicok Juicer worthwhile for your attention. This slow masticating juicer provides a huge favorable advantage over the other juicing machines because of its multipurpose and versatile nature. Expect the juicer to showcase its versatility with its effectiveness in extracting healthy and flavorful juices from different kinds of fruits, produce, and vegetables, including carrots, oranges, apples, leafy greens, ginger, celery, and even wheatgrass. It also boasts of its solid built as well as easy to clean construction. Add to Card The fact that it is modestly priced, lower than $100 actually, also makes it a great buy. Just like other cold press juicing machines, this Aicok juicer actually utilizes a slow juicing technique as a means of minimizing the buildup of heat. Such technique also aids in preserving the vitamins and minerals generated from the ingredients. ii. Special Features and Benefits Slow yet highly reliable speed and motor One prominent feature of this slow masticating juicer from Aicok is the fact that it utilizes a 150-watt DC motor capable of rotating the auger via a slow speed, around 80 RPM only. Rest assured that the slow speed is actually a big advantage as it can minimize oxidation, thereby resulting in the ability of the extracted juice to last longer. It also assures users that there will be no heat buildup, causing vital nutrients to be retained. 75-mm feed chute Another special feature in this masticating juicer is its 75-mm feed chute. It is wide enough that it seems to be effortless for it to accommodate whole apples. The chute even provides two openings for your convenience – one is a small opening while the other one is large. This guarantees its ability to handle various ingredients of different sizes. The juicer even comes with a pusher, which can help you push the ingredients to the auger beneath. Big auger You will also be pleased with the big auger integrated into this masticating juicer. With such auger, it is capable of squeezing and chopping even whole fruits efficiently. The presence of this auger even prevents the need to chop fibrous veggies first before putting them in the machine. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Allows the storing of juice for a max of 3 days – Frozen juices can even last even longer than that. check Truly affordable. check The feed chute is wide enough so chopping certain fruits is unnecessary. check Comes with a safe and sound reverse function. check Quiet operating system. Cons Not as speedy as centrifugal juicing machines. A bit tall that it might not fit the area beneath a cabinet. Read more: Top 5 Best Citrus Juicer 3. Hamilton Beach 67601A Juice Extractor i. Review It is also possible for Hamilton Beach 67601A to give you utmost satisfaction, especially if you are someone who wishes to improve your health through juicing without having to do extra work. It is just a simple juicer but it’s pleasing to look at with its modern and attractive appearance. Such modern design also allows it to fit contemporary kitchen decorations. It appears in black, making it suitable for all types of color schemes used in the kitchen. With its 800-watt motor, anyone will instantly notice how powerful and strong this machine is. It can, therefore, take care of fruits, such as berries, bananas, and apples within just seconds. Add to Card This juicing machine also specializes in providing users with variety. Such is possible by letting them extract juice from any ingredient they prefer – that is regardless of how hard or tough it is. It can even handle harder produce, such as cucumbers, grapefruit, and pineapples. ii. Special Features and Benefits 3-inch feed chute This substantially cuts down your preparation time because there is no need for you to do advanced dicing and chopping of the produce prior to juicing it. It is built to accommodate even whole and large fruits and veggies without cutting them up. Higher juice spout This special feature is designed in such a way that it pours the extracted juice directly into a glass or your chosen container. With the presence of the juice spout, you can lessen your effort because you no longer have to wait for the device to dispense the juice into a pitcher and pour it into a glass. It is positioned high enough, making it user-friendly, allowing the direct flow of the juice to a number of bowls or container. Huge pulp container The separate pulp container integrated into this Hamilton Beach Juicer is also a big advantage. It is helpful in ensuring that you won’t stop too often just to empty the pulp. It can also minimize your juicing time, which is a big help, especially if you have a busy schedule. Dishwasher-safe parts Aside from being dishwasher-safe, most of its parts, like the strainer, strainer bowl, pulp bin, juicer cover, and food pusher are also BPA-free. This juicer also comes with an easy to use cleaning brush. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Comes with a powerful motor for extracting juice in just a few seconds. check Less pre-cutting and preparation needed due to its wide feed chute. check Easy to clean and assemble. check Features a large pulp container or catcher. check Lightweight. Cons A bit loud. The extracted juice is prone to oxidation. Read more: Top 8 Best Masticating Juicer 4. Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor i. Review Another great choice that is available for you is the Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor. It offers an easy solution for extracting vitamins and nutrients from various ingredients you are planning to juice without the risk of getting harmful additives. It makes use of a powerful and fast blade system capable of extracting fresh and flavorful juice. Another valuable benefit of this juicer is that it operates at a high speed and level of efficiency, thereby maximizing the juice extraction process. It makes use of a powerful 400-watt motor with dual speed. Add to Card What is good about having two speeds is that it gives you the freedom to set it at a low or fast speed depending on the ingredients you are planning it to handle. This centrifugal juicer is also safe to use because of its safety locking arm that helps ensure that it stays firmly and safely in place while doing its function. ii. Special Features and Benefits Stainless cutting disc The inclusion of a stainless steel cutting disc into the built-in features of this juice extractor promotes fast and better results when it comes to juicing. The disc is also BPA-free while being surrounded by a micro-mesh filter. Such combination of materials for the disc and the filter makes it possible for the machine to extract 25% more juice from the ingredients used as well as 30% more essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals in comparison to other juicing machines. Dual-speed motor This juicer is also unique in the sense that it makes use of dual speeds for its motor. With that, you can make your choice based on the most suitable speed for a specific ingredient. For instance, if you wish to juice soft fruits then set it at a low speed around 12,000 to 15,000 RPM. In case of hard ingredients, use the high speed, which is around 15,000 to 18,000 RPM. Safety locking arm You will also be pleased with the built-in safety locking arm that you can find in this machine. It keeps you safe as the machine won’t operate without safely locking the arm in place and without putting the juicer cover. It also has an overload protection system, which is helpful in shutting off the juicer automatically in case the motor overheats. . iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Equipped with a dual-speed motor. check Extracts more juice and nutrients from various ingredients. check Offers safety with its safety locking arm and overload protection system. check Uses a powerful and fast blade system to extract juice. check Can operate at a high speed. Cons A bit confusing to clean at first. Does not work that well on kale as well as other similar greens. Read more: Top 5 Best Lemon Squeezer 5. Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76MM Centrifugal Juice Extractor i. Review If you are looking for a highly efficient centrifugal juice extractor under $100, then the Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76mm Centrifugal Juicer is probably what you need. It is an affordable centrifugal juicer but still works efficiently in supplying you with fresh juices that have all the nutrients you need on a daily basis. It even boasts of its powerful and fast blade system to ensure that it can give you all kinds of organic and healthy juices. One thing that many users like about this juicer is its fantastic design. It also has the ability to separate the pulp and juice of the fruits and other ingredients used. Add to Card This results in a flavorful and nutritious fresh juice without any residue or pulp left. It also guarantees a straightforward cleaning process since you can disassemble and reassemble it quickly and easily. The simplicity of its operations is also a big plus. ii. Special Features and Benefits 76-mm funnel/feed chute This is a wide mouth opening for the feed chute, allowing it to accommodate apples, lemons, cucumbers, carrots, and many more without having to chop them. Fruits and veggies can also be expected to fit the hopper without the risk of getting stuck because it is large enough. Low-speed gear reduction motor This juicer also makes use of a low-speed gear reduction motor. This guarantees the ability of the juicer to perform its intended function without producing too much noise. Expect it to operate quietly while minimizing vibrations. 1,000-watt motor This highly efficient juicer from Aicok also packs a lot of power because of its 1,000-watt motor. Such powerful motor improves its efficiency in extracting a higher amount of juice and essential vitamins and minerals when compared to other juicing machines. Dual-speed control Another thing that makes this juicer distinctive is its dual-speed control, giving you the freedom to pick the specific speed you prefer. You can pick the speed based on the processed ingredients. For instance, you can set it at a low speed (around 12,000-14,000 RPM) in case you are dealing with soft fruits, veggies, and ingredients. If you want the machine to handle harder ingredients, then use its high speed, which you can actually set at around 16,000-18,000 RPM. Safety lock device This juicer also sets itself apart from the other machines with the presence of its safety lock device. It comes in the form of a safety locking arm, which ensures that the sharp blade basket of the juicer does not accidentally fly out during its operation. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Wide mouth opening for the feed chute. check Features a powerful 1,000-watt motor. check Offers freedom with its dual-speed control. check Promotes safety because of its safety lock device. check Easy to clean up, thanks to its removable and dishwasher-safe parts. Cons Prone to leaking. Louder operation compared to masticating juicers. III. Who Should Get a Juicer Under $100? Juicing has become a lifestyle and passion for some people, especially those who are into improving their health. It is a continuously top trending technique as far as health is concerned. It is also good for those who wish to stay healthy while still enjoying simple, customizable and delicious recipes. If you want to walk into the field of juicing then you need a top-notch quality juicing machine so you can make fresh and nutritious juices every day. This does not mean, however, that you should spend a lot of money on it. In fact, it is possible for you to find a juicer below $100. Here are just some of those who can greatly benefit from a good juicer offered at below $100: 1. Those who are on a budget If you are on a budget then you can greatly benefit from checking out high-quality juicers under $100. It targets anyone who is willing to invest in a great entry-level and low-priced juicing machine. You do not have to worry about the quality since you can actually find several machines at this rate that are built to be solid and function in the same way as the mid-priced and the high-end ones. It is even easy to find compact and affordable juicing machines that can get the job done without any hassle. 2. Those who wish to improve their health through juicing without spending a fortune Are you interested in juicing because of the many health benefits that it offers but do not want to spend a huge sum on high-end juice extractors? If you answered yes, then the best juicer under $100 is ideal for you. Juicers under $100 are among the cheapest in the market but you still have an assurance that they are built with quality and better performance in mind. With that, you can invest in one so you can finally improve your health by gaining all the nutrients that fresh and natural juices can offer. It is a great starter juicer because it is only low-priced. Even with its budget-friendly price, expect it to supply your diet with plenty of nutrients. If you are a parent then it’s a great way to provide your kids with healthy and unprocessed fresh juices that are good for their health without spending too much. The best juicer under $100 definitely fits everyone who wishes to stay healthy through the regular intake of freshly extracted and highly nutritious juices without making them spend on high-end products. This price will never put a hole in their pockets. It is also an excellent choice for anyone who is single, which means that he/she does not need to produce a lot of juice for a huge group of people. It can also benefit someone who often eats outside because of his work. The fact that they do not need to produce a huge quantity of juice each time makes a budget-friendly juicer, such as those that do not exceed a hundred dollars, perfect for them. IV. Conclusion If you are really interested in getting a hold of a budget-friendly juicing machine, preferably one that does not exceed the $100 mark then the five products indicated in this review article are among your top choices. Note that considering the feedback from users and the features provided by the juicers, the emerging winner seems to be the Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor. At a low price, you can already get a heavy-duty juice extractor, which also boasts of its compact size and design. This means that it is not that hard to store and set up in your kitchen because it does not consume too much space. It also guarantees maximum juice extraction with its high speed and powerful motor. The overall construction of this juicer is highly durable considering the fact that it makes use of heavy-grade materials, like polymer and stainless steel. With its ability to operate safely and extract a lot of juice and nutrients from its ingredients, this product is definitely a steal. I highly advise you to spend time reviewing each of the products mentioned in this article as well as their features, though, before making your final choice so you can really get that juicer, which suits you the most. . The post Best Juicer Under $100 in 2018 – Reviews and Top Picks appeared first on The Press Juicer. from WordPress ift.tt/2u9X2y4 via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KFFfd1 via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KWkWnO via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2MWgplR via IFTTT
I set ISO 100 for low light sensitivity to minimize noise. Using a slow shutter speed, I allowed more light into the lens. I put the aperture to f/8.0, so the detail in their faces could be seen. My participants first held their cell phones under their chins to illuminate their faces when I pressed the shutter release button; then, they started to write. I have always wanted to capture light writing. I never knew how.
Intelligence, Operations Team Up for bin Laden Kill.
By Jim Garamone
American Forces Press Service .
WASHINGTON, May 2, 2011 - The plan to attack the compound of 9/11 mastermind Osama bin Laden was the result of relentless intelligence work and operational professionalism, White House officials, speaking on background, said this morning.
The operation was the culmination of years of careful and highly advanced intelligence work, officials said, as officers from the CIA, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency worked as a team to analyze and pinpoint the Pakistani compound where bin Laden was killed.
Once the intelligence pointed precisely to the compound in Abbottabad –- a town 35 miles north of Pakistan's capital of Islamabad –- the work on the mission began between the intelligence and military communities.
"In the end, it was the matchless skill and courage of these Americans that secured this triumph for our country and the world," one official said.
A small team conducted the helicopter raid on the compound. An official called it a complex operation, noting that the compound was a virtual fortress -– built in 2006 with high walls, razor wire and other defense features. Its suburban location and proximity to Islamabad complicated the operation, the official said.
"The men who executed this mission accepted this risk, practiced to minimize those risks, and understood the importance of the target to the national security of the United States," he said. "This operation was a surgical raid by a small team designed to minimize collateral damage and to pose as little risk as possible to noncombatants on the compound or to Pakistani civilians in the neighborhood."
U.S. helicopters delivered the team to the compound, and the team was on the ground for less than 40 minutes, an official said. They did not encounter any local authorities. In addition to bin Laden, three adult males were killed in the raid.
"There were several women and children at the compound," the official said. "One woman was killed when she was used as a shield by a male combatant. Two other women were injured."
One of the U.S. helicopters was lost at the compound due to mechanical failure. The crew destroyed it on the ground, and the assault force and crew members boarded the remaining aircraft to leave, an official said.
"There's also no doubt that the death of Osama bin Laden marks the single greatest victory in the U.S.-led campaign to disrupt, dismantle and defeat al-Qaida," the official said. "It is a major and essential step in bringing about al-Qaida's eventual destruction."
Though the organization's terrorists still are dangerous and al-Qaida may not fragment immediately, an official said, "the loss of bin Laden puts the group on a path of decline that will be difficult to reverse."
The United States did not share any intelligence on the raid with any other country, the official said.
"We believed it was essential to the security of the operation and our personnel," he said. "In fact, only a very small group of people inside our own government knew of this operation in advance." Shortly after the raid, he added, U.S. officials contacted senior Pakistani leaders and told them about the raid and its results.
"Since 9/11, the United States has made it clear to Pakistan that we would pursue bin Laden wherever he might be," the official said. "Pakistan has long understood that we are at war with al-Qaida. The United States had a legal and moral obligation to act on the information it had."
Are you interested to invest in the best juicer under $100? There is no need to spend a huge sum of money for a juice extractor. You can actually get a high-quality one kwithout spending more than $100. All it takes is to find the right source of information to help you in your decision. Fortunately, you can now use this reliable juicer under $100 review to walk you through 5 of the most reliable juicing machines that fall within that price range. Quick Navigation I. Best Juicer Under $100 Comparison Table II. Top 5 Best Juicer Under $100 Review III. Who Should Get a Juicer Under $100? IV. Conclusion Read more: The Different Types of Juicers I. Best Juicer Under $100 Comparison Table Product Name Speed/Motor Material Function Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor Editor’s Choice Check Price 14,000 RPM / 700 watts Heavy-grade polymer body, Italian-made micro mesh filter, stainless steel cutting disc - Uses a centrifugal action in maximizing the grinding and juice extraction process from a wide range of fruits and veggies, making it an excellent daily juicing machine - Works best in extracting juice from hard ingredients, like carrots, celeries, and beets. It is also ideal for juicing various fruits, such as apple, lemon, and orange. Aicok Juicer Slow Masticating Juicer Check Price 80 RPM / 150 watts Steel construction, plastic rotating parts - Ideal for juicing certain fruits, like grapefruits, lemon, and oranges with its auto-rotating reamer - Juices produce from fibrous veggies, such as ginger and celery, as well as leafy greens. It can juice soft fruits and berries, too, while preserving essential vitamins and minerals by minimizing heat buildup. Hamilton Beach 67601A Juice Extractor Check Price 800 watts Stainless steel - Works rapidly in juicing different fruits and vegetables. It can extract juice from apples, oranges, carrots, pineapples, celery, berries, grapes, tomatoes, beets, ginger root, kale, spinach, etc. within just a few seconds. - Useful in making rice, almond, and soy milk, too. Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor Check Price 12,000 to 15,000 RPM / 400 watts Stainless steel - Dual steel motor – The lower speed motor is ideal for juicing soft fruits, including melons, tomatoes, grapes, apples, and oranges. The high-speed motor is designed for hard fruits and veggies, such as beets, ginger, celery stalks and carrots. Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76MM Centrifugal Juice Extractor Check Price 12,000 to 14,000 RPM and 16,000 to 18,000 RPM / 1,000 watts Stainless steel blade, mesh filter basket - Dual speed control – The low speed is from 12,000 to 14,000 RPM, which is capable of handling soft and ripe fruits, veggies and produce, like peaches, tomatoes, cucumber, cabbage, kiwi, oranges, and grapes. - The high speed is from 16,000 to 18,000 RPM, which you can use in juicing harder fruits, veggies, and produce, such as beets, ginger, apples, celery, and spinach, among many others. Read more: Top 10 Best Juicer In 2018 II. Top 5 Best Juicer Under $100 Review 1. Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor i. Review Another juicer under $100 that you can check out is the Breville BJE200XL. One thing that anyone will instantly notice about this juice extractor is its clever and compact design. It is designed in such a way that it only uses fewer parts while consuming less space in comparison to other ordinary juicers. What is so great about this juicer is that it delivers a solid performance whether you use it to juice fruits or leafy veggies. You will also find it easy to clean while using parts and components safe to be placed in your dishwasher. Note that it is a centrifugal juicer, which packs a lot of power. Add to Card Editor’s Choice One remarkable benefit of this juicer is that its operation process is simple. It only has a single-speed operation, which means that you no longer have to guess how you can properly process the fruits and veggies. ii. Special Features and Benefits High 14,000 RPM speed One remarkable asset of this Breville compact juicer is its high speed and power. It is powerful and speedy enough that it runs at 14,000 RPM using its 700-watt motor. This high juice extraction speed allows it to maximize the extraction of juice in a rapid manner. Due to its high speed, you can save a lot of time during juicing. You can also save money since you no longer have to buy plenty of ingredients because it is capable of extracting a lot of juice. Centered knife blade setup This is actually a patented setup or assembly, which is helpful in ensuring that once you put produce or ingredients to the feed tube, their pulp will be shredded to small pieces while pushing them against the filter using a dual-blade knife. This improves the ability of the juicer to deal with heavy-duty juicing. It also guarantees that the filter and cutter won’t have any uneven pressure. Extra-wide feed chute The feed chute is around 2 x 1.5 inches, thereby letting you put large items and produce in there. This will lessen the amount of time you need to chop ingredients to small pieces. Fibrous ingredients, like celery, however, may need to be chopped up a bit so their fibrous stalks won’t wrap around the auger. 3-inch feed chute With this width, you don’t have to waste time slicing whole fruits, like apples, into pieces so you can put them into the chute then push them down. 1-liter collecting jug This jug promotes utmost convenience since it prevents you from having to transfer the extracted juice constantly to another container. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Works really fast – Expect it to produce juice within just a few seconds. check Easy to clean and use. check Comes with a large and wide feed chute to minimize preparation time. check Features an ergonomic and compact design. check Stable in the sense that it doesn’t jump around when in operation. Cons Does not feature a separate pulp ejector. Louder than a masticating juicer. Read more: Top 8 Best Centrifugal Juicer In 2018 2. Aicok Juicer Slow Masticating Juicer i. Review If you are interested to invest in a slow masticating juicer then you’ll find this Aicok Juicer worthwhile for your attention. This slow masticating juicer provides a huge favorable advantage over the other juicing machines because of its multipurpose and versatile nature. Expect the juicer to showcase its versatility with its effectiveness in extracting healthy and flavorful juices from different kinds of fruits, produce, and vegetables, including carrots, oranges, apples, leafy greens, ginger, celery, and even wheatgrass. It also boasts of its solid built as well as easy to clean construction. Add to Card The fact that it is modestly priced, lower than $100 actually, also makes it a great buy. Just like other cold press juicing machines, this Aicok juicer actually utilizes a slow juicing technique as a means of minimizing the buildup of heat. Such technique also aids in preserving the vitamins and minerals generated from the ingredients. ii. Special Features and Benefits Slow yet highly reliable speed and motor One prominent feature of this slow masticating juicer from Aicok is the fact that it utilizes a 150-watt DC motor capable of rotating the auger via a slow speed, around 80 RPM only. Rest assured that the slow speed is actually a big advantage as it can minimize oxidation, thereby resulting in the ability of the extracted juice to last longer. It also assures users that there will be no heat buildup, causing vital nutrients to be retained. 75-mm feed chute Another special feature in this masticating juicer is its 75-mm feed chute. It is wide enough that it seems to be effortless for it to accommodate whole apples. The chute even provides two openings for your convenience – one is a small opening while the other one is large. This guarantees its ability to handle various ingredients of different sizes. The juicer even comes with a pusher, which can help you push the ingredients to the auger beneath. Big auger You will also be pleased with the big auger integrated into this masticating juicer. With such auger, it is capable of squeezing and chopping even whole fruits efficiently. The presence of this auger even prevents the need to chop fibrous veggies first before putting them in the machine. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Allows the storing of juice for a max of 3 days – Frozen juices can even last even longer than that. check Truly affordable. check The feed chute is wide enough so chopping certain fruits is unnecessary. check Comes with a safe and sound reverse function. check Quiet operating system. Cons Not as speedy as centrifugal juicing machines. A bit tall that it might not fit the area beneath a cabinet. Read more: Top 5 Best Citrus Juicer 3. Hamilton Beach 67601A Juice Extractor i. Review It is also possible for Hamilton Beach 67601A to give you utmost satisfaction, especially if you are someone who wishes to improve your health through juicing without having to do extra work. It is just a simple juicer but it’s pleasing to look at with its modern and attractive appearance. Such modern design also allows it to fit contemporary kitchen decorations. It appears in black, making it suitable for all types of color schemes used in the kitchen. With its 800-watt motor, anyone will instantly notice how powerful and strong this machine is. It can, therefore, take care of fruits, such as berries, bananas, and apples within just seconds. Add to Card This juicing machine also specializes in providing users with variety. Such is possible by letting them extract juice from any ingredient they prefer – that is regardless of how hard or tough it is. It can even handle harder produce, such as cucumbers, grapefruit, and pineapples. ii. Special Features and Benefits 3-inch feed chute This substantially cuts down your preparation time because there is no need for you to do advanced dicing and chopping of the produce prior to juicing it. It is built to accommodate even whole and large fruits and veggies without cutting them up. Higher juice spout This special feature is designed in such a way that it pours the extracted juice directly into a glass or your chosen container. With the presence of the juice spout, you can lessen your effort because you no longer have to wait for the device to dispense the juice into a pitcher and pour it into a glass. It is positioned high enough, making it user-friendly, allowing the direct flow of the juice to a number of bowls or container. Huge pulp container The separate pulp container integrated into this Hamilton Beach Juicer is also a big advantage. It is helpful in ensuring that you won’t stop too often just to empty the pulp. It can also minimize your juicing time, which is a big help, especially if you have a busy schedule. Dishwasher-safe parts Aside from being dishwasher-safe, most of its parts, like the strainer, strainer bowl, pulp bin, juicer cover, and food pusher are also BPA-free. This juicer also comes with an easy to use cleaning brush. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Comes with a powerful motor for extracting juice in just a few seconds. check Less pre-cutting and preparation needed due to its wide feed chute. check Easy to clean and assemble. check Features a large pulp container or catcher. check Lightweight. Cons A bit loud. The extracted juice is prone to oxidation. Read more: Top 8 Best Masticating Juicer 4. Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor i. Review Another great choice that is available for you is the Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor. It offers an easy solution for extracting vitamins and nutrients from various ingredients you are planning to juice without the risk of getting harmful additives. It makes use of a powerful and fast blade system capable of extracting fresh and flavorful juice. Another valuable benefit of this juicer is that it operates at a high speed and level of efficiency, thereby maximizing the juice extraction process. It makes use of a powerful 400-watt motor with dual speed. Add to Card What is good about having two speeds is that it gives you the freedom to set it at a low or fast speed depending on the ingredients you are planning it to handle. This centrifugal juicer is also safe to use because of its safety locking arm that helps ensure that it stays firmly and safely in place while doing its function. ii. Special Features and Benefits Stainless cutting disc The inclusion of a stainless steel cutting disc into the built-in features of this juice extractor promotes fast and better results when it comes to juicing. The disc is also BPA-free while being surrounded by a micro-mesh filter. Such combination of materials for the disc and the filter makes it possible for the machine to extract 25% more juice from the ingredients used as well as 30% more essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals in comparison to other juicing machines. Dual-speed motor This juicer is also unique in the sense that it makes use of dual speeds for its motor. With that, you can make your choice based on the most suitable speed for a specific ingredient. For instance, if you wish to juice soft fruits then set it at a low speed around 12,000 to 15,000 RPM. In case of hard ingredients, use the high speed, which is around 15,000 to 18,000 RPM. Safety locking arm You will also be pleased with the built-in safety locking arm that you can find in this machine. It keeps you safe as the machine won’t operate without safely locking the arm in place and without putting the juicer cover. It also has an overload protection system, which is helpful in shutting off the juicer automatically in case the motor overheats. . iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Equipped with a dual-speed motor. check Extracts more juice and nutrients from various ingredients. check Offers safety with its safety locking arm and overload protection system. check Uses a powerful and fast blade system to extract juice. check Can operate at a high speed. Cons A bit confusing to clean at first. Does not work that well on kale as well as other similar greens. Read more: Top 5 Best Lemon Squeezer 5. Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76MM Centrifugal Juice Extractor i. Review If you are looking for a highly efficient centrifugal juice extractor under $100, then the Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76mm Centrifugal Juicer is probably what you need. It is an affordable centrifugal juicer but still works efficiently in supplying you with fresh juices that have all the nutrients you need on a daily basis. It even boasts of its powerful and fast blade system to ensure that it can give you all kinds of organic and healthy juices. One thing that many users like about this juicer is its fantastic design. It also has the ability to separate the pulp and juice of the fruits and other ingredients used. Add to Card This results in a flavorful and nutritious fresh juice without any residue or pulp left. It also guarantees a straightforward cleaning process since you can disassemble and reassemble it quickly and easily. The simplicity of its operations is also a big plus. ii. Special Features and Benefits 76-mm funnel/feed chute This is a wide mouth opening for the feed chute, allowing it to accommodate apples, lemons, cucumbers, carrots, and many more without having to chop them. Fruits and veggies can also be expected to fit the hopper without the risk of getting stuck because it is large enough. Low-speed gear reduction motor This juicer also makes use of a low-speed gear reduction motor. This guarantees the ability of the juicer to perform its intended function without producing too much noise. Expect it to operate quietly while minimizing vibrations. 1,000-watt motor This highly efficient juicer from Aicok also packs a lot of power because of its 1,000-watt motor. Such powerful motor improves its efficiency in extracting a higher amount of juice and essential vitamins and minerals when compared to other juicing machines. Dual-speed control Another thing that makes this juicer distinctive is its dual-speed control, giving you the freedom to pick the specific speed you prefer. You can pick the speed based on the processed ingredients. For instance, you can set it at a low speed (around 12,000-14,000 RPM) in case you are dealing with soft fruits, veggies, and ingredients. If you want the machine to handle harder ingredients, then use its high speed, which you can actually set at around 16,000-18,000 RPM. Safety lock device This juicer also sets itself apart from the other machines with the presence of its safety lock device. It comes in the form of a safety locking arm, which ensures that the sharp blade basket of the juicer does not accidentally fly out during its operation. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Wide mouth opening for the feed chute. check Features a powerful 1,000-watt motor. check Offers freedom with its dual-speed control. check Promotes safety because of its safety lock device. check Easy to clean up, thanks to its removable and dishwasher-safe parts. Cons Prone to leaking. Louder operation compared to masticating juicers. III. Who Should Get a Juicer Under $100? Juicing has become a lifestyle and passion for some people, especially those who are into improving their health. It is a continuously top trending technique as far as health is concerned. It is also good for those who wish to stay healthy while still enjoying simple, customizable and delicious recipes. If you want to walk into the field of juicing then you need a top-notch quality juicing machine so you can make fresh and nutritious juices every day. This does not mean, however, that you should spend a lot of money on it. In fact, it is possible for you to find a juicer below $100. Here are just some of those who can greatly benefit from a good juicer offered at below $100: 1. Those who are on a budget If you are on a budget then you can greatly benefit from checking out high-quality juicers under $100. It targets anyone who is willing to invest in a great entry-level and low-priced juicing machine. You do not have to worry about the quality since you can actually find several machines at this rate that are built to be solid and function in the same way as the mid-priced and the high-end ones. It is even easy to find compact and affordable juicing machines that can get the job done without any hassle. 2. Those who wish to improve their health through juicing without spending a fortune Are you interested in juicing because of the many health benefits that it offers but do not want to spend a huge sum on high-end juice extractors? If you answered yes, then the best juicer under $100 is ideal for you. Juicers under $100 are among the cheapest in the market but you still have an assurance that they are built with quality and better performance in mind. With that, you can invest in one so you can finally improve your health by gaining all the nutrients that fresh and natural juices can offer. It is a great starter juicer because it is only low-priced. Even with its budget-friendly price, expect it to supply your diet with plenty of nutrients. If you are a parent then it’s a great way to provide your kids with healthy and unprocessed fresh juices that are good for their health without spending too much. The best juicer under $100 definitely fits everyone who wishes to stay healthy through the regular intake of freshly extracted and highly nutritious juices without making them spend on high-end products. This price will never put a hole in their pockets. It is also an excellent choice for anyone who is single, which means that he/she does not need to produce a lot of juice for a huge group of people. It can also benefit someone who often eats outside because of his work. The fact that they do not need to produce a huge quantity of juice each time makes a budget-friendly juicer, such as those that do not exceed a hundred dollars, perfect for them. IV. Conclusion If you are really interested in getting a hold of a budget-friendly juicing machine, preferably one that does not exceed the $100 mark then the five products indicated in this review article are among your top choices. Note that considering the feedback from users and the features provided by the juicers, the emerging winner seems to be the Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor. At a low price, you can already get a heavy-duty juice extractor, which also boasts of its compact size and design. This means that it is not that hard to store and set up in your kitchen because it does not consume too much space. It also guarantees maximum juice extraction with its high speed and powerful motor. The overall construction of this juicer is highly durable considering the fact that it makes use of heavy-grade materials, like polymer and stainless steel. With its ability to operate safely and extract a lot of juice and nutrients from its ingredients, this product is definitely a steal. I highly advise you to spend time reviewing each of the products mentioned in this article as well as their features, though, before making your final choice so you can really get that juicer, which suits you the most. . The post Best Juicer Under $100 in 2018 – Reviews and Top Picks appeared first on The Press Juicer. from WordPress ift.tt/2u9X2y4 via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KFFfd1 via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KWkWnO via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2MWgplR via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2uaJbrj via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2MZZ9MS via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KHu5Vm via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2ucawt3 via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KSJst9 via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2u1su2l via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KGoler via IFTTT
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
History
France
NameRichelieu
NamesakeCardinal de Richelieu
BuilderArsenal de Brest
Laid down22 October 1935
Launched17 January 1939
Commissioned1 April 1940
Decommissioned1967
Stricken1968
FateBroken up, 1968
General characteristics Original configuration
Class and typeRichelieu-class battleship
Displacement
Standard: 37,250 long tons (37,850 t)
Full load: 43,992 long tons (44,698 t)
Length247.85 m (813 ft 2 in)
Beam33.08 m (108 ft 6 in)
DraftFull load: 9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
Installed power
6 × Indret Sural boilers
155,000 shp (116,000 kW)
Propulsion
4 × Parsons geared turbines
4 × screws
Speed32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph)
Range9,500 nautical miles (17,600 km; 10,900 mi) at 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement1,569
Armament
8 × 380 mm (15-inch)/45 Modèle 1935 guns
9 × 152 mm (6 in)/50 guns
12 × 100 mm (3.9-inch) anti-aircraft guns
8 × 37 mm (1.5 in) AA guns
20 × 13.2 mm (0.52 in) Hotchkiss machine guns
Armor
Belt: 330 mm (13 in)
Main deck: 170 mm (6.7 in)
Turrets: 430 mm (17 in)
Conning tower: 340 mm (13 in)
Aircraft carried4 × Loire 130 seaplanes
Aviation facilities2 × catapults
General characteristics 1943 refit
Displacement
Standard: 43,957 t (43,263 long tons)
Full load: 47,728 t (46,974 long tons)
DraftFull load: 10.68 m (35 ft)
Complement1,930
Sensors and
processing systems
SF surface search radar
SA-2 air search radar
Armament
8 × 380 mm/45 guns
9 × 152 mm/50 guns
12 × 100 mm anti-aircraft guns
56 × 40 mm (1.6 in) Bofors AA guns
48 × 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon AA cannons
Richelieu was a French fast battleship, the lead ship of the Richelieu class. Built as a response to the Italian Littorio class, the Richelieus were based on their immediate predecessors of the Dunkerque class with the same unconventional arrangement that grouped their main battery forward in two quadruple gun turrets. They were scaled up to accommodate a much more powerful main battery of eight 380 mm (15 in) guns (compared to the 330 mm (13 in) guns of the Dunkerques), with increased armor to protect them from guns of the same caliber. Richelieu was laid down in 1935 and was launched in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe. As war with Germany became increasingly likely, work on the ship was rushed to prepare her for commissioning in April 1940.
Completed just days before the Germans won the Battle of France in June, Richelieu fled to Dakar in French West Africa to keep her under French control. There, she came under repeated British attacks that had been intended to either compel the battleship to join the Free French Naval Forces or sink her; these included during Operation Catapult in July 1940 and the Battle of Dakar in September. Damaged in both attacks, the ship was slowly repaired before eventually being turned over to Free French control after the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942. After being sent to the United States for repairs and an extensive modernization, the ship served with the British Home Fleet in early 1944 before being deployed to the Eastern Fleet for operations against the Japanese in the Indian Ocean. These included several bombardment operations and in May 1945 she was present during the Battle of the Malacca Strait, though she was too far away to engage the Japanese force.
Richelieu was part of the force that liberated Singapore after the Japanese surrender in September, and she later operated in French Indochina as part of the initial effort to restore French colonial rule. Recalled to France in December 1945, she was repaired and modernized slightly in 1946. The ship saw relatively limited training in the immediate postwar years and, in 1952, she was removed from active service for use as a gunnery training ship. In 1956, she was placed in reserve and was thereafter used as a stationary training vessel and barracks ship until 1967, when the French Navy decided to discard her. She was sold for scrap in 1968, and broken up in Italy from 1968 to 1969.
Design
Main article: Richelieu-class battleship
Recognition drawing of Richelieu in her original configuration
When in 1934 Italy announced that it would begin building two Littorio-class battleships armed with 381 mm (15 in) guns, the French Navy immediately began preparations to counter them. The small Dunkerque-class battleships that had been ordered provided the template for the next French battleship design, but it needed to be scaled up to match the new Italian vessels, both in terms of offensive and defensive characteristics. The design staff considered 380 and 406 mm (16 in) guns, but the latter could not be incorporated in a design that remained within the 35,000 long tons (35,560 t) limit imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty and was quickly discarded. The Dunkerques carried their armament in two quadruple gun turrets arrayed in a superfiring pair forward of the superstructure, and the designers experimented with other arrangements, including combinations of triple and twin turrets, but the need to minimize the length of the armor belt (and thus its weight) necessitated the Dunkerque layout.[1]
Richelieu displaced 37,250 long tons (37,850 t) standard and 43,992 long tons (44,698 t) fully loaded, with an overall length of 247.85 m (813 ft 2 in), a beam of 33.08 m (108 ft 6 in) and a maximum draft of 9.9 m (32 ft 6 in). She was powered by four Parsons geared steam turbines and six oil-fired Sural water-tube boilers, which developed a total of 155,000 shaft horsepower (116,000 kW) and yielded a maximum speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph). At a cruising speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph), the ship could steam for 9,500 nautical miles (17,600 km; 10,900 mi). Her crew numbered 1,569 officers and men. The ship carried four Loire 130 seaplanes on the quarterdeck, and the aircraft facilities consisted of a steam catapult and a crane to handle the floatplanes.[2][3]
She was armed with eight 380 mm/45 Modèle (Mle) 1935 guns arranged in two quadruple gun turrets,[a] both of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward of the superstructure. Her secondary armament consisted of nine 152 mm (6 in) /55 Mle 1930 guns mounted in three triple turrets, arranged on the rear superstructure. Heavy anti-aircraft (AA) defense consisted of twelve 100 mm (3.9 in) /45 Mle 1930 anti-aircraft guns in twin turrets. Close range anti-aircraft defense was provided by a battery of eight 37 mm (1.5 in) guns in twin mounts and twenty 13.2 mm (0.52 in) machine guns in four quadruple and two twin mounts. The ship's belt armor was 330 mm (13 in) thick amidships, and the main battery turrets were protected by 430 mm (17 in) of armor plate on the faces. The main armored deck was 170 mm (6.7 in) thick, and the conning tower had 340 mm (13 in) thick sides.[2][4]
Service
Construction
The contract for Richelieu was awarded to the Arsenal de Brest on 31 August 1935, and the keel for the new ship was laid down on 22 October in the No. 4 dock that had recently built Dunkerque. The slipway was not long enough to accommodate the entire length of the new battleship, and so the hull had to be built in pieces. The main section of the hull, which amounted to 197 m (646 ft), was built on the slipway, while a 43 m (141 ft) length of the bow and an 8 m (26 ft) length of her stern were built elsewhere and attached after the rest of the ship was launched on 17 January 1939. The French decision to lay down Richelieu in 1935 put the country in violation of the Washington Treaty, which was to expire on 31 December 1936, as the combined tonnage of the two Dunkerques and Richelieu exceeded the 70,000 long tons (71,000 t) that had been allotted to France during the moratorium on new battleship construction. France used the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which Britain had unilaterally signed with Germany in June 1935 to dismiss British objections to the new ship, though they nevertheless slowed construction of Richelieu to ease British concerns. Work was also slowed by strikes in the shipyards for better pay and working conditions.[2][5]
By the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the hull had been assembled; the start of the war led the naval command to decide to slow work on other, less complete vessels to focus efforts on Richelieu and her sister ship Jean Bart. The ship began initial testing on 15 October while still fitting-out in an effort to rush the ship into service; the same day, the ship's first commander, Capitaine de vaisseau (CV—Ship-of-the-line captain) Marzin came aboard. Engine testing began on 14 January 1940, and a week later her main battery was completed when the last barrel was installed. Further engine testing was carried out between 31 March and 7 April; during this period, she was commissioned on 1 April. Formal acceptance trials began on 14 April. Repair work was conducted in Brest from 19 to 27 May, and fire control equipment for the main and secondary batteries were installed. Richelieu conducted full-power trials on 13 June, reaching 32.63 knots (60.43 km/h; 37.55 mph) from 179,000 shp (133,000 kW), exceeding her design performance. Test firings of the guns were conducted on 13 and 14 June. Work on the ship was completed on 15 June 1940, days before France surrendered to Germany after the Battle of France.[6]
World War II
Under Vichy control: 1940–1942
With German troops advancing across France by mid-June, the Navy decided to evacuate Richelieu to Dakar in French West Africa; while earlier plans had been to send the fleet to British ports to continue the war, when the possibility of a negotiated armistice arose, the government decided that the fleet would be a useful bargaining chip. As a result, vessels should be preserved under French control, away from German occupation. At 06:45, the ship took on a load of ammunition and fuel, though she received only 198 quarter charges of propellant for her main battery, which amounted to powder sufficient for 49 shots. Material that had not yet been installed was also hastily loaded onto the ship, to be fitted once Richelieu reached the safety of Dakar. She also took aboard gold reserves from the Bank of France and 250 cadets from the École Navale (Naval Academy). There was insufficient time to allow the full complement to assemble and board the ship, and at 04:00 the next morning, Richelieu got underway while German troops approached Brest. Richelieu steamed in company with the destroyers Fougueux and Frondeur while German aircraft made several ineffective attacks against the ships. The battleship's anti-aircraft guns returned fire without success. Initially cruising at a speed of 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph), boiler trouble forced the ships to decrease speed to 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph). The motors for her rudder also repeatedly broke down on the voyage, though the crew was able to repair them. While cruising off Casablanca, French Morocco at 17:00 on 20 June, the torpedo boats were detached to refuel, their place being taken by the new destroyer Fleuret. The two vessels then proceeded on to Dakar, where they arrived at 17:44 on 23 June.[7][8]
Richelieu in Dakar in 1940
On arriving in Dakar, an uneasy situation confronted Richelieu while armistice negotiations were still underway. The commander of French naval forces in the region, Contre-amiral (CA—Rear Admiral) Plançon and the governor-general of French West Africa, Léon Cayla, were inclined to remain in the war against Germany. Also, significant British naval units were in the area, including the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes moored in Dakar and the British South Atlantic Squadron, which was nearby. At the same time, Richelieu had used half of her fuel to escape Brest, and she could perform little sustained firing of her main or secondary guns. Admiral François Darlan, the Chief of Staff of the French Navy, sent a telegraph on the night of 23–24 June to warn Marzin that the British might attack the vessel to neutralize it in the event of a French surrender, and ordered him to begin preparations to scuttle the ship if the need arose. Meanwhile, on 23 June, the British heavy cruiser Dorsetshire departed Freetown to observe Richelieu's activities in Dakar.[8][9]
On 25 June, Marzin received word that the French government had signed the Armistice with Germany. Darlan instructed him that the ship was to remain under French control, and if that proved to be impossible, he was to scuttle the ship or attempt to escape to the then-neutral United States. Marzin decided that, given the threat of British warships in the area, the best course of action was to try to escape to Casablanca and join the French fleet there, and so at 14:30 Richelieu got underway in company with Fleuret. Hermes raised anchor as well and began to follow Richelieu with her Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers on her flight deck, but the coastal artillery trained their guns on the ship, convincing Hermes' commander to return to port. Dorsetshire nevertheless shadowed Richelieu while she was at sea. The next morning, Darlan, who feared that Marzin was trying to defect to the Free French forces, ordered him to return to Dakar. Marzin complied and turned the ships back to port, but while on the way, he received amended orders instructing him to wait some 120 nmi (220 km; 140 mi) north of Cape Verde to escort the 1st Division of Armed Merchant Cruisers to Dakar, as they were carrying another load of gold reserves from the Bank of France. Richelieu failed to make contact at the prescribed rendezvous point, and since she had not embarked any of her floatplanes before fleeing Brest, she could not conduct an aerial search. Marzin instead returned to Dakar on 28 June; the convoy arrived, having been significantly delayed, on 4 July.[8][10]
After returning to port, work began to prepare the ship for action as quickly as possible. Marzin ordered that a stockpile of 330 mm propellant charges that had been stocked for the battleship Strasbourg before France's surrender to be converted into charges that were usable by Richelieu. The secondary guns were readied for action ten days later, but they lacked a director capable of tracking aerial targets, so they could be used against surface ships only. Under the terms of the armistice, Richelieu was to be returned to Toulon, where she would be demobilized, though the Germans later decided against permitting the move, as they feared the British would try to seize the ship during the passage through the Strait of Gibraltar; the British, meanwhile, were under the mistaken impression that the Germans sought to seize the French fleet for their own use. This led to Operation Catapult, a series of attacks on French warships to neutralize vessels that would not defect to the Free French.[11]
British attack on 8 July 1940 and repairs
HMS Hermes (center) and Dorsetshire (background) off Dakar during the operation against Richelieu
The component of Catapult that targeted Richelieu consisted of the carrier Hermes, which joined the cruisers HMAS Australia and Dorsetshire off Dakar. On 4 July, the day after the British had attacked Mers-el-Kébir, Plançon ordered the submarines Le Glorieux and Le Héros to attack Dorsetshire while it cruised off the port. He also instructed the coastal batteries to open fire if she closed to within 15 km (9.3 mi), though Dorsetshire remained at a distance. Marzin moved Richelieu to a position near the island of Gorée, pointed south so that the ship's main battery could aim at any vessels that approached Dakar. The British had intended to send Force H to Dakar after the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, but the need to return to destroy Dunkerque forced the British to resort to Hermes; on 7 July, the sloop HMS Milford was sent to contact Plançon and issue the ultimatum to either surrender his ship to British control or be sunk.[12][13]
Marzin prepared his ship to sortie the next morning; he intended to use the eight rounds loaded in his main guns to attack Hermes. Other forces in Dakar were put on alert and Le Héros again sortied to assist in the attack. While the French preparations were ongoing, the British sent a motorboat from Milford to drop four depth charges under Richelieu's stern to disable her screws, though this attempt failed. At 04:15, a group of Swordfish launched from Hermes as Richelieu was about to get underway. One of their torpedoes struck the ship aft on the starboard side and tore a hole that was 9.3 by 8.5 m (31 by 28 ft) between the propeller shafts. The resulting shock disabled many of the ship's systems. Two of her fire control directors were knocked off their tracks, the starboard propeller shafts were bent, and the blast caused significant flooding. Damage control teams pumped fuel out of the bunkers to counteract the loss of buoyancy aft and the ship was towed into port for repairs. Anti-torpedo nets were set up around the vessel, which had taken on some 2,400 t (2,400 long tons) of water and at low tide rested on the harbor bottom.[13][14][15]
Later that afternoon, tankers came alongside and began pumping oil out of the ship's bunkers to reduce her draft, but water continued to leak into the hull through the cable tunnels. Pumps attached to the ship helped to control the flooding, but the hoses repeatedly pulled loose as Richelieu rose and fell with the waves. To further complicate the effort to repair the ship, Dakar lacked a dry dock sufficient to accommodate Richelieu; the battleship could not simply be drained and plated over. Instead, damaged bulkheads had to be patched and pumped out individually; by 28 August, some 1,300 t (1,300 long tons) of water remained aboard the ship. Heavy use of the pumps caused frequent breakdowns, which further slowed work. In his report on the attack and subsequent repairs, Marzin criticized faulty design and construction practices that hindered damage control efforts, including insufficient pumping equipment, poor quality control for the welding of bulkheads, and a failure to ensure that critical components like the turret trunks were watertight.[16]
While work to control and reverse the flooding was ongoing, other repairs were necessary to return the ship to operational status. The fire-control directors needed to be re-seated in their tracks, wiring that had been damaged by flooding or leaking fuel oil had to be replaced, and several of the electrical generators, which had been badly shaken by the blast, needed to be rebuilt. Given the limited ability to repair the damage to the ship, Marzin focused efforts on ensuring that the main and secondary batteries could be effectively used, even if the ship could only be employed as a static floating battery against an expected second attack from British forces. Amiral (Admiral) Jean de Laborde flew to Dakar to conduct an inspection and help to organize the defenses. As part of these preparations, both Plançon and Cayla, who were suspected of being pro-British, were removed from their posts, with Plançon's place taken by CA Platon and then CA Landriau.[17]
Workers in the local shipyard scavenged metal from other ships in the harbor to fabricate an 11.5 m (38 ft) square patch to cover the torpedo hole, which was planned to be installed by 10 September. This would allow the rear magazines for the 152 mm and 37 mm guns to be drained. At the same time, the shipyard began building a steel cofferdam around the ship that was to have been completed by late October, which would allow the rest of the hull to be pumped dry. With the hull pumped out, permanent repairs were to have been completed by January 1941. While this work was being carried out, the crew cleaned and painted the ship and continued to work on readying the armament. A total of 150 complete charges for the main battery were created by remanufacturing the stockpile intended for Strasbourg. Parts of the crew were dispersed for other tasks: 106 were sent to man the armed merchant cruisers in the harbor, whose reservist crews had to be demobilized, and the 64-man crew of the forward gun turret were sent to man the coastal battery at Cap Manuel. After another 132 reservists from Richelieu were demobilized, a total of 1,039 officers and men were left aboard the ship. The 100-, 37-, and 13.2 mm guns were kept manned continuously given the threat of further British air attacks.[18]
Battle of Dakar
HMS Barham, Richelieu's primary opponent during the battle
Main article: Battle of Dakar
While repairs were being carried out in August, the British began preparations for another attack, code-named Operation Menace. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sought to use a contingent of Free French forces led by Charles de Gaulle to invade the colony and seize the ship for use against Germany. By late August, a convoy had been assembled with five ships carrying weapons and supplies got underway, later rendezvousing with a second convoy of six troop ships carrying some 2,400 Free French soldiers and 4,270 British soldiers. The naval support force consisted of the aircraft carrier Ark Royal and the battleships Barham and Resolution, along with four cruisers and numerous other warships. The plan called for de Gaulle to use his French forces to attempt to secure the colony, only calling on British support if the Vichy forces resisted him. At the same time, several French colonies in Africa defected to Free France, prompting the Vichy government to secure authorization from the German Armistice Commission to send several light cruisers and destroyers to reinforce their holdings in Africa, designated Force Y. Owing to the risk of encountering British vessels on the passage, the destroyers were temporarily left in Casablanca while the three cruisers, carrying supplies and additional men to crew the coastal batteries, raced south at high speed. They reached Dakar on 14 September, and after disembarking the men and supplies, continued on south to French Equatorial Africa (in what is now present-day Gabon).[19][20]
The British believed that the arrival of Force Y indicated that the French were aware of Operation Menace, but de Gaulle decided to proceed with the attack regardless. While Force Y steamed south, two of the three cruisers were intercepted by British cruisers and forced to fall back to Dakar, arriving there again on 20 September, by which time the destroyers had arrived. On 22 September, the liner SS Banfora was due to arrive with a load of 380 mm shells, and as a result, French search aircraft were arrayed to the north to cover the liner's approach; they were completely surprised by the arrival of the Anglo-Free French force on the morning of 23 September. A small party of Free French troops sent to rally the port to de Gaulle was repulsed with machine-gun fire and Richelieu's 100 mm guns fired warning shots toward the Free French aviso Savorgnan de Brazza shortly after 07:00. On the approach of the sloops Commandant Dominé and Commandant Duboc at 08:10, Richelieu again fired warning shots from her 100 mm guns. The British warships approached the port and came under fire from the coastal batteries, leading the Anglo-Free French commanders, de Gaulle and Vice Admiral John Cunningham to conclude that they would have to directly attack the port if the operation was to succeed.[20][21][22]
Barham and Resolution opened fire on Richelieu at 11:05, but poor visibility hampered the British shooting and they checked fire after twenty minutes, having inflicted only splinter damage to the cruiser Montcalm and the destroyer Le Malin. The French coastal batteries hit several of the cruisers and destroyers, but Richelieu was moored facing north, which prevented her from taking part in the initial duel. After the British withdrew, Marzin used tugboats to turn the ship far enough to enable her to bring her main battery to bear. The defenses of Dakar were now alerted. The Free French then attempted to land further east at Rufisque, but were repulsed. The British and Free French withdrew to regroup for another attack the next day. Between 06:25 and 08:00 on 24 September, the British launched three strikes with Swordfish and Blackburn Skua bombers. They scored no hits on Richelieu because of poor visibility, and near-misses caused no damage. In return, Richelieu's gunners claimed three of the six aircraft that were shot down, and damaged another. Ninety minutes later, the British battleships and two heavy cruisers approached and fired their 380 mm main batteries at Richelieu.[20][23][24]
Richelieu returned fire at 09:40, but her No. 7 gun was destroyed by a shell that detonated in the barrel and the No. 8 gun was also badly damaged. This was first traced to the use of the remanufactured propellant from Strasbourg, but a later inquiry in 1941 found the explosions were caused by a flaw in the design of the shell base.[25][26] Guns 5 and 6 remained in action but failed to score any hits. At 09:57, one of Richelieu's secondary guns hit Barham. In return, the British ships inflicted only minor splinter damage before breaking off at 10:07. The French had counted some 160 shells landing near the ship. The French laid smoke screens to obscure Richelieu before the British returned to the action at 12:53, initially targeting a destroyer before bombarding the port for the next 30 minutes. Richelieu was not hit and, from 12:56, she fired guns 5 and 6 at the British cruisers, quickly straddling one of them and convincing them to disengage. She fired four 380 mm shells at Barham at 13:11–13:12 but failed to score a hit, though both British battleships were hit several times by coastal batteries. After disengaging for the day, de Gaulle decided to abandon the operation, but Cunningham convinced him to allow a final attempt the next morning. In the meantime, Marzin decided to transfer the crews from turret 2 to turret 1, which also required moving the shells and propellant between magazines.[27][28]
As the British approached on the morning of 25 September, Marzin decided to engage Barham with his main battery and Resolution with his 152 mm guns. While the British were approaching their bombardment positions, Richelieu shot down a reconnaissance plane shortly before 07:00. She opened fire at 09:04 with her main battery, firing two shots that fell short, and the coastal guns and Force Y cruisers followed suit shortly thereafter. While the British battleships were turning to unmask their rear guns, the submarine Bévéziers torpedoed and badly damaged Resolution. Barham avoided the torpedoes and opened fire, quickly straddling Richelieu and at 09:15, she scored a hit amidships that penetrated above the side armor, causing no casualties. In return, Richelieu hit Barham in the bow, causing minor damage. At 09:25, the British disengaged to cover Resolution's withdrawal. After the British left, the gun crew attempted to clear the shells that had been loaded in guns 5 and 6 and the shell in No. 5 also exploded, leaving No. 6 the only operable gun in the turret. In total, French warships in the harbor lost 100 dead and 182 wounded, with another 84 killed and 197 wounded among the civilian population.[20][29][30]
From 29 September, the battlecruiser HMS Renown and escorting destroyers were detached from Force H to patrol off Dakar, as the British believed Richelieu would be transferred to metropolitan France for repairs. The British ships remained in the area until 1 October when it became clear the ship would not be moved.[31]
Repairs and defection to Free France
Richelieu at Dakar in 1941
Repair work resumed immediately. The hit from Barham did little serious damage to the ship, but it nevertheless caused extensive deformation of interior bulkheads, the armor deck was forced down where the shell hit it, and the uptakes from the boilers were damaged. Wiring in the area was also cut by fragments and needed to be replaced. On 10 October, the workers attempted to attach the patch that had been manufactured, but it did not work; it did not create a watertight seal, which meant the compartments could not be pumped out. The patch was abandoned in the hopes that the cofferdam, then nearing completion, would work. The cofferdam was modeled to conform to the hull and was built with an interior void that could be used as a ballast tank so it could be floated in position and sunk in place. The cofferdam was ready by late December, which allowed the hull to be pumped dry and then sealed with welded plates and cement; the hull was finally sealed by 28 February 1941. Further repairs were hampered by the German Armistice Commission, which attempted to slow progress to prevent the ship from returning to full operational status. They blocked the shipment of new guns or a new propeller shaft, and severely constrained the transfer of other equipment. During this period, on 27 February, CV Deramond replaced Marzin as the ship's commander.[32]
As repairs were carried out, the ship saw little activity through late 1942 apart from engaging unidentified aircraft on 28 July and 29 September 1941 and 26 February and 12 May 1942.[33] During this period, in April 1941, the ship received the first radar set installed on a French battleship. And in July, her Loire seaplanes finally arrived; tests with the catapults were conducted in October.[34] On 10 April 1942, the ship conducted a test firing with gun No. 6 to demonstrate that the shell design problem had been corrected; all six shells were fired without incident. On 8 November, American and British forces landed in French North Africa (code-named Operation Torch), which prompted the Germans to invade the rest of Vichy France, which in turn led Darlan to defect to the Allies with the rest of the fleet.[33]
The United States Navy sent a group to evaluate the ships under Darlan's control to determine which should be modernized in the United States. The only French battleship still in service, Richelieu was an obvious candidate. The US Navy had not initially been interested in repairing Richelieu; while the Germans and Italians retained a number of powerful battleships, the United States had recently commissioned or would soon complete eight fast battleships, more than sufficient to cover US requirements for the Pacific War and to send to Europe to reinforce the Royal Navy. In addition, repairing and modernizing a ship the size of Richelieu would require significant resources that could be used for other purposes. But pressure from Britain and the Free French convinced the Navy to agree to the project. For France, she was the only surviving modern battleship and thus a major symbol of national prestige, while the British had long sought to acquire the vessel to stiffen the Mediterranean Fleet, which at that time had just two new battleships to oppose their three Italian counterparts.[35]
Richelieu in the United States for repairs
She ran sea trials from 25 to 29 January 1943 to evaluate the state of her engines, which had not been used since July 1940. Her aircraft facilities and anti-aircraft armament were removed during the evaluation period, as they would be replaced by US equipment. On 30 January, she departed Dakar with Montcalm, bound for New York City, where both vessels would be modernized. Richelieu steamed at a speed of 14 kn (26 km/h; 16 mph) and her rudder had to be held to seven degrees to account for the hull deformation. The ships arrived on 11 February and on the 18th, Richelieu was taken into Dock No. 5 at the Brooklyn Navy Yard to begin the modernization.[33][36]
Free-French career: 1943–1945
Refit in New York City
Political tensions between the United States and France played a major role in determining how much Richelieu would be modernized. The US Navy refused to transfer the latest radar equipment on the basis that it was too sensitive to be released. As a result, much of the improvement was limited to the installation of a new anti-aircraft battery of the latest US weapons and auxiliary equipment in addition to a thorough overhaul and permanent repairs to the torpedo damage. Three shifts of workers, totaling some 2,000 men, worked on the ship twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, for five months to rush the ship back into service. The modifications to the ship increased her displacement by about 3,000 t (3,000 long tons). While the ship was being modernized, CV Lambert replaced Deramont as the ship's commander on 29 April.[37]
Richelieu arrives in New York with her damaged turret. The uppermost fire control director on the fore tower had to be dismantled for her to pass under the Brooklyn Bridge to the New York Navy Yard
The ship's armament required extensive repairs and modifications to bring Richelieu up to modern standards. First, three of the eight main battery guns had to be replaced, which required removing the turret roof. Since the gun cradles were undamaged, the guns were simply replaced by barrels taken from Jean Bart, which had been recovered at Casablanca during Operation Torch. The shell handling equipment of both the primary and secondary guns was thoroughly overhauled, with wiring being replaced and the shell and propellant lifts being rebuilt—the latter had never been made to function correctly while the ship was in Dakar. Ammunition for the primary and secondary guns was now a problem, as the source, factories in France, was occupied by German forces. Drawings of the plans for the 380 mm shells were prepared in Dakar and forwarded to the United States, where a contract to produce 930 shells was ordered from Crucible Steel. American 6-inch/47 Mk 16 shells were used as a starting point to supply the 152 mm guns, as they were the same caliber and required relatively minor modifications for use in the French weapons.[38]
Her 100 mm guns were retained, but her light anti-aircraft battery now consisted of fifty-six 40 mm (1.6 in) Bofors guns in quadruple mounts, all placed with their own Mk 51 gun director. These were arranged with two abreast the superfiring turret, two on either side of the forward tower, another two per side of the aft tower, and the remaining four on the quarterdeck, where the aircraft catapults had been. These guns were supplemented with fifty 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannons, all in individual or twin mounts. Nine were placed on the forecastle aft of the breakwater, four were mounted on the superfiring turret, nine were placed on the former aircraft hangar, with the rest dispersed around the superstructure, including on the towers and the shelter deck.[39]
Richelieu's tower foremast was heavily reconfigured; the upper main battery director, which had never been operational and had been removed to allow the ship to clear the Brooklyn Bridge, was left off. In its place, the radome for the SF surface search radar was installed, along with the mattress antenna for the SA-2 air search radar; these were short-range sets that had been designed for small craft, the SA-2 intended for PT boats. Most of the command spaces in the tower were converted for other uses. The fire control systems for the main battery had to be replaced and those for the secondary guns were repaired with new wiring and telephones. The ship's original Anschütz gyrocompasses were replaced with Sperry models. The ship's propulsion system was thoroughly overhauled: the turbines were thoroughly repaired and the boilers were re-tubed. Much of the wiring throughout the ship was replaced, and a degaussing cable was installed.[40]
To repair the hull, the concrete was broken up and removed, the sections that had been most badly damaged by the torpedo were stripped of all fittings, and deformed bulkheads and plating were cut out. After more than two and a half years without being dry-docked in a tropical port, the hull needed maintenance beyond simply repairing the torpedo damage, though given the conditions to which it had been subjected, it was in fairly good condition. It was sandblasted and those sections of plating that exhibited pitting had new plates welded over the top. The starboard propeller shafts also required repairs: the mounting brackets were straightened, but the inboard shaft was too badly damaged and had to be replaced. Bethlehem Steel fabricated a replacement that was installed in June. The bottom row of portholes were closed off, as the increase in displacement pushed them closer to the waterline.[41]
Richelieu (left distance) encounters the American battleship USS New Jersey at anchor in Hampton Roads on 7 September 1943 during New Jersey's training ahead of Pacific deployment.
Beginning in late August and continuing into mid-September, Richelieu began firing trials in the Chesapeake Bay; firing the main battery forward on 29 August revealed the need for a blast screen to protect the forecastle 20 mm guns, as the test accidentally destroyed two of the guns and their ammunition lockers. With her normal displacement now at 43,600 t (42,900 long tons) and her hull slightly bowed (possibly caused by the torpedo hit), Richelieu began machinery trials in late September. On 25 September, the ship reached her new top speed of 31.5 kn (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph), cruising at that speed for thirty minutes, despite the deformation of her hull and the significant increase in displacement. The following day, she steamed for six hours at 26.5 kn (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph), for two hours at 28.9 kn (53.5 km/h; 33.3 mph), and finally for fifty minutes at 30.2 kn (55.9 km/h; 34.8 mph).[42]
As completed, the ship's displacement had grown to 43,957 t (43,263 long tons) normally and 47,728 t (46,974 long tons) fully loaded; draft correspondingly increased to 9.22 m (30.2 ft) and 10.68 m (35 ft), respectively. Compared to her original wartime crew of 1,569 officers and men, Richelieu was now to be manned by a total of 1,930, amounting to 86 officers, 287 petty officers, and 1,557 men. The major increase in complement was largely the result of the additional anti-aircraft guns and radar systems. The ship conducted further trials into October, and on the 14th the ship was finally ready to get underway for European waters.[43]
In European waters
Anti-aircraft gunners aboard Richelieu during target practice with the British fleet
Escorted by the destroyers USS Tarbell and Ellet, Richelieu departed the US on 14 October, nominally bound for Gibraltar. The destroyers departed while underway, allowing Richelieu to keep up a speed of 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) in heavy seas. The ship stopped in the Azores, Portugal, where she met the French destroyers Le Fantasque and Le Terrible and the British destroyer Active, which was limited to a speed of 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph); Active quickly left the group, which proceeded not to Gibraltar, but to Mers El Kébir. There, she replenished supplies; it had been intended to deploy the ship with the Mediterranean Fleet, but Italy had surrendered in September, removing the threat posed by the Italian Littorio-class battleships. Richelieu was instead sent north to join the Home Fleet, which included the four surviving King George V-class battleships. When Richelieu departed the Mediterranean, Cunningham, now the commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, recommended to the Admiralty that she be fitted with gunnery radars. The ship was escorted by the destroyers HMS Musketeer and HMS Scourge, and on arrival in Scapa Flow, Admiral Bruce Fraser, the Home Fleet commander, inspected the battleship on 24 November. Work began immediately on installing a Type 284 gunnery radar while the ship began an intensive period of training to acclimate the ship's crew to operating with British units.[44]
The ship saw little activity over the winter of 1943–1944 until February 1944, when she took part in Operation Posthorn. Richelieu, the battleship Anson, and the carrier Furious departed Scapa Flow on 10 February for a raid on German shipping off occupied Norway. The objective was to lure the German heavy cruisers in the area so that the two battleships could destroy them. The carrier aircraft achieved little, sinking a single freighter of 3,000 tons and damaging a repair ship while trading one of the Supermarine Seafire fighters for a German Bf 109 fighter. The fleet returned to port on the 12th, and Richelieu thereafter went to Rosyth for ten days to rest the crew. A repeat sweep was to have taken place at the end of the month, but two of the escorting destroyers collided while leaving Scapa Flow, leading to a postponement that became permanent as a result of bad weather. In March, the Allies determined that five battleships to counter the battleship Tirpitz (which had been damaged in September 1943) was excessive. As a result, Richelieu was detached for other operations. The Allied command initially considered employing her to support the invasion of Normandy, but as she was only supplied with armor-piercing shells, she was instead sent to reinforce the British Eastern Fleet, along with a group of escort aircraft carriers.[45][46]
The ship accordingly steamed to Greenock to take on fuel and ammunition, before cruising south to the Mediterranean with an escort of three British destroyers. She stopped in Algiers on 26 March to take on additional supplies; there, she was visited by General Henri Giraud and Admiral André Lemonnier. Richelieu thereafter departed for the Suez Canal, steaming at a speed of 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph); while underway, she began to experience significant boiler problems. The boiler blowers were not providing sufficient oxygen, so the boilers were not fully burning the fuel. As a result, the boiler tubes quickly became fouled and caused overheating. Richelieu stopped in Aden for repairs to the boiler tubes, but the problem was not corrected.[47]
First deployment with the British Eastern Fleet
Richelieu (top left) with the battlecruiser Renown (center) and the battleship Valiant (top right) during Operation Transom on 12 May 1944
On entering the Indian Ocean, Richelieu picked up an escort consisting of the destroyers Rotherham, Racehorse, and Quadrant. The four ships arrived in Trincomalee, Ceylon on 10 April, where they joined an Allied fleet that included the carriers Illustrious and USS Saratoga, the battleships Valiant and Queen Elizabeth, and numerous cruisers and destroyers, commanded by Admiral James Somerville. On 16 April, the Eastern Fleet got underway for Operation Cockpit, a diversionary raid to distract the Japanese while American forces landed at Hollandia in New Guinea. Somerville divided his fleet into two squadrons; Richelieu served in Force 69, the main element, with Queen Elizabeth and Valiant, while Renown operated with the two carriers. The plan for Operation Cockpit called for carrier strikes on the port of Sabang, Netherlands East Indies. The fleet arrived in position early on 19 April, and after the carrier aircraft struck the port, Japanese bombers counter-attacked and Richelieu engaged the aircraft with her 100 mm and 40 mm batteries.[48][49]
The next major operation conducted by the Eastern Fleet, Operation Transom, was timed to coincide with American operations in the Central Pacific to keep the attention of the Japanese fleet based in Singapore focused away from the American fleet. For this operation, the target was the major base at Surabaya, which also had significant oil refinery facilities. The Eastern Fleet got underway on 7 May and stopped to refuel on 15 May before arriving two days later. The strike proceeded uneventfully for Richelieu and on 18 May the American contingent detached to rejoin the main American fleet in the Pacific while the Eastern Fleet returned to Trincomalee, arriving on 27 May. Two days later, Richelieu, Queen Elizabeth, and six destroyers steamed to Colombo to rest their crews. While there, Richelieu was visited by Admiral Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander of the South-East Asia Theatre. On 31 May, CV Merveilleux du Vignaux replaced Marzin as the ship's commander.[50][51][52]
Somerville planned another raid for mid-June: Operation Pedal, a carrier attack on the harbor of Port Blair in the Andaman Islands. The purpose of the attack was to again distract the Japanese fleet units in Singapore while American forces embarked on Operation Forager, the invasion of the Marianas Islands. For the Anglo-French operation, Somerville took only the fast ships, including Richelieu, Renown, and Illustrious with their accompanying cruiser and destroyer screens. These ships, designated Force 60, sortied on 19 June and two days later, Illustrious' aircraft struck Japanese targets in the port. The ships arrived back in Trincomalee on 23 June. Operation Crimson followed in July, and given the lack of a response from the Japanese fleet to the earlier raids, Somerville decided to use his battleships and battlecruiser to bombard Sabang and Sumatra. Richelieu and the other ships conducted shooting practice on 7, 14–15, and 17 July in preparation for the raid. The plan called for Richelieu, Valiant, Queen Elizabeth, and Renown, supported by cruisers, to shell the port at longer range while the Dutch cruiser Tromp led a group of destroyers in a close-range attack. Illustrious, joined by the carrier Victorious, which had recently arrived, provided air cover to the fleet.[53][54][55]
Richelieu on 18 May 1944 after the conclusion of Operation Transom, taken from USS Saratoga
The Eastern Fleet departed on 22 July and reached the target on the morning of 25 July; the carriers launched their combat air patrols and the surface combatants steamed to approach their targets. Richelieu was the last vessel in the line, astern of Renown. Queen Elizabeth, the leading battleship, opened fire at 06:54 at a range of 6,000 m (20,000 ft). The other ships quickly followed suit and F4U Corsair fighters circled overhead to spot for the ships' guns. Richelieu fired four-gun salvos, with two guns per turret, and she scored hits with the second salvo, demolishing several buildings and damaging the power station. Her secondary turrets neutralized a Japanese coastal artillery battery that had been engaging Tromp. At 07:15, the ships ceased firing, and in the brief bombardment, Richelieu had fired 81 main battery APC shells—this amounted to a rate of fire of a salvo every 50 seconds, nearly twice as fast as the British ships. Japanese aircraft attacked the fleet as it withdrew, but they were kept at bay by the carriers' fighters and heavy anti-aircraft fire from the ships. The fleet arrived back in Trincomalee on 27 July.[56]
By this time, Richelieu was beginning to suffer from reduced speed, the result of continued boiler trouble and biofouling of her hull. Admiral Laurence E. Power, who had replaced Somerville as the fleet commander, detached Richelieu for a refit. The British had initially offered the floating dry-dock AFD-23, but Merveilleux du Vignaux believed that the dry-dock would not be able to accommodate a vessel the size of his ship (he proved to be correct when on 8 August, AFD-23 capsized with Valiant aboard). Richelieu left on 6 September, bound for Algiers with three escorting destroyers. Le Terrible and Le Fantasque took over escort duties after Richelieu passed through the Suez Canal, and on 23 September the three ships arrived in Algiers. Richelieu then steamed north to Toulon on 1 October where she was visited again by Lemonnier, but the shipyard there was in ruins, so she moved to Casablanca on 10 October to be refitted. In addition to the hull cleaning and boiler repairs, she had new fire control and search radars installed, including a US SG-1 search radar, British Type-281B air search radar, and Type-285P fire control radars, in addition to other equipment, including an FV1 jammer and high-frequency direction finding gear.[57][58]
Second deployment with the British Eastern Fleet
Seen from the deck of HMS Queen Elizabeth are Valiant (center-right) and Richelieu (right background)
On 23 January 1945, Richelieu left Casablanca for Gibraltar, arriving there two days later to have her hull cleaned and repainted. The French sought to deploy an independent task force consisting of Richelieu, the four light cruisers still in service, and four destroyers, with a view toward reestablishing French control in Indochina. But the United States opposed the move and refused to allocate the aircraft carriers and support ships that would have been necessary for another independent fleet, and so Richelieu could only be sent, alone, back to the Eastern Fleet. The ship conducted trials in February that revealed the problem with her boilers had finally been corrected and she thereafter got underway for Trincomalee, arriving on 20 March. By this time, the modern elements of the Eastern Fleet had been detached to form the British Pacific Fleet, with the Eastern Fleet being renamed the East Indies Fleet. This unit, still under Power's command, consisted of Queen Elizabeth and Renown, nine cruisers, ten escort carriers, and twenty destroyers. Japanese naval strength at Singapore had also significantly decreased to just four heavy cruisers and several destroyers.[59][60]
For the next few weeks, Richelieu was occupied with shooting drills with her primary and secondary batteries and tests for the anti-aircraft radars and command systems. Now assigned to Force 63 of the East Indies Fleet, Richelieu sortied on 8 April to take part in Operation Sunfish, another bombardment of Sabang while aircraft scouted possible landing beaches near the city of Padang on the coast of Sumatra. The ships allocated for the operation consisted of Richelieu, Queen Elizabeth, two heavy cruisers, two escort carriers, and five destroyers. Early on 11 April, the two battleships, one of the cruisers, and three destroyers bombarded the island while the other vessels conducted the reconnaissance operation. Richelieu fired seven salvos with her main battery and used her secondary guns to once again silence the coastal battery on the island. Japanese aircraft launched a poorly-coordinated attack on the battleships but they failed to score any hits. After further carrier operations around Padang, the fleet returned to port on 20 April.[61][62]
The next major operation followed a week later. Operation Bishop, a strike against Japanese airfields in the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, was to cover British Army landings at Rangoon in Burma. The plan called for the East Indies Fleet to be divided into multiple groups, each with escorting cruisers and destroyers: four of the escort carriers were to directly support the landings, Richelieu and Queen Elizabeth each formed independent surface action groups, and another pair of escort carriers provided air protection for the surface groups. The fleet got underway on 27 April and reached Car Nicobar two days later. Richelieu bombarded the airfields at a range of 23,600 m (77,400 ft), firing a total of 80 main and 45 secondary shells. She incurred minor damage to her bow 20 mm guns from the blast effects of firing the main battery nearly directly forward. The fleet then proceeded to the Andamans, and at 17:30, Richelieu opened fire at Port Blair; poor visibility hampered her shooting, and she ceased fire at 18:07, by now having expended the main battery ammunition that had been allotted for the bombardment. She nevertheless returned on 2 May to shell the harbor with her secondary guns, firing 120 rounds and inflicting significant damage to the harbor facilities. The fleet steamed north to Rangoon to support the landings, but it was discovered that the Japanese had already withdrawn, allowing the fleet to return to Trincomalee on 8 May.[63][64]
Richelieu astern of Valiant during Operation Bishop
A decrypted Japanese radio signal revealed that the cruiser Haguro and the destroyer Kamikaze were to steam from Singapore to Port Blair to evacuate the garrison there on the night of 12–13 May while another transport vessel would pick up the troops at Car Nicobar. On 9 May, a pair of British submarines spotted Haguro as it passed through the Malacca Strait, so the East Indies Fleet launched Operation Dukedom to intercept the Japanese ships. Richelieu steamed with the heavy cruiser HMS Cumberland as Group 3 of Force 61. Aware that Allied ships were at sea, Haguro and Kamikaze turned back, though they were spotted by aircraft from the escort carriers and then sunk by destroyers of the 26th Destroyer Flotilla before Richelieu and Cumberland could arrive. Japanese aircraft attacked the fleet as it withdrew back to Trincomalee but were, once again, poorly coordinated and they failed to damage the ships. Richelieu arrived in port on 18 May.[65][66]
On arrival, the ship took on additional ammunition and fuel, and over the coming weeks, she underwent repairs to her boilers and took part in shooting practice. The bombardments carried out earlier in the year had revealed excessive dispersion of the main battery shells, particularly if both guns on one side of the turret were fired at the same time. The crew at that time was unable to determine the cause of the problem, though tests with the remanufactured Strasbourg charges reduced the problem. On 3 June, the destroyer Le Triomphant arrived with spare equipment for Richelieu, which was sent to Durban for another refit. Her hull again needed to be scraped and her boilers required a re-tubing. The ship had to stop in Diego Suarez on the way to disembark non-white crewmen at the request of the racist government of South Africa; though this caused resentment among the crew, the French nevertheless complied. Richelieu arrived on 18 July and work lasted from 31 July to 10 August. Thirteen of the ship's 20 mm guns were replaced with four 40 mm guns, as the lighter weapons had proved to be ineffective against kamikazes. The ship conducted training and trials of South Africa before departing for Diego Suarez, ultimately arriving back in Trincomalee on 18 August, by which time Japan had surrendered.[67][68]
Postwar era
Immediately after the surrender of Japan, French and British forces began their attempts to reassert control in their Japanese-occupied colonies. On 7 September, Richelieu got underway in company with the British battleship Nelson to take part in Operation Zipper, the amphibious landing on Sumatra. Two days later, Richelieu detonated a magnetic mine, though she suffered only minor damage; the force of the blast pushed in some hull plates by 10 to 12 cm (3.9 to 4.7 in) and inflicted minor shock damage to the lighting system, but the vessel remained with the fleet. After landing the troops with no opposition, Richelieu moved to Singapore on 11 September to participate in Operation Tiderace, the liberation of the city, the following day. She returned to Trincomalee on 16 September before getting underway again on 27 September, bound for Indochina. She steamed with Le Triomphant as escorts for the transport ships Queen Emma and Princess Beatrix, which carried French soldiers to restore colonial rule in Indochina. French rule was opposed by the Viet Minh, and on arrival Richelieu was used to support the forces ashore in a variety of capacities: she served as a staging area, hospital, artillery support, and troop transport. She also contributed a landing party to the forces fighting to reassert French control.[69][70][71]
Richelieu, Le Triomphant, and Le Fantasque took part in Operation Mapor at Nha Trang from 20 to 26 November, providing heavy fire support to soldiers fighting in the area. By this time, a French squadron consisting of the aircraft carrier Béarn and the cruisers Gloire, Suffren, and Émile Bertin had arrived in mid-October, allowing Richelieu to be returned to France. Before leaving, Richelieu sent her four single 40 mm guns and most of her 20 mm guns ashore, along with a considerable stockpile of ammunition for the guns and 152 mm shells. She departed on 29 December and arrived in Toulon on 11 February 1946, thereafter taking part in the transport effort to send French soldiers back from France to North Africa. With that completed, she steamed north to Cherbourg, arriving to be dry-docked on 16 March. Repairs lasted until 20 July, and consisted of replacing the starboard propeller, correcting the hull damage from the mine in September 1945, and thoroughly overhauling her boilers.[69][72]
With the repairs completed, Richelieu sailed to Britain to carry the crew for the aircraft carrier HMS Colossus, which was to be loaned to the French for five years, serving as Arromanches. Richelieu thereafter began a training cruise that included stops in Casablanca, Mers-el-Kébir, and Dakar. Later that year, she visited Portugal in company with Arromanches. She returned to Brest for modifications to the secondary battery from February to March 1947. The ship thereafter formed the core of a battle group that included three ex-German destroyers, based in Cherbourg. The group, along with a carrier group centered on Arromanches and cruiser group, both based in Toulon, were combined to form the Force d'Intervention, with Richelieu as the flagship of Vice Amiral (Vice Admiral) Robert Jaujard. The unit embarked on a training cruise to Africa in May and June, beginning with the three groups assembling in Casablanca on 8 May. Richelieu arrived back in Cherbourg on 13 June and began a period of maintenance and training of new crew members. Another training cruise to North Africa followed late in 1947, and while there she conducted shooting practice to try to determine the cause of the excessive shell dispersion. The subsequent installation of 60-millisecond delays to the firing circuits of the outer guns in the turrets created enough space between the shells that they did not disrupt each other in flight, significantly improving the issue.[73][74][75]
The Force d'Intervention was reactivated for another cruise in early 1948; the three constituent groups rendezvoused at Toulon and then conducted training exercises off North Africa. While in Mers-el-Kébir, the ship was slightly damaged while being moored in the port. Following the conclusion of the maneuvers, the force was disbanded and Richelieu steamed north to Brest, arriving on 29 May. The ship was in need of a thorough refit, and she was dry-docked in Cherbourg from August to September to survey the work that would be needed to be done. Jaujard left the ship and her crew was reduced to 750 men. Since the French naval budget was in a very limited state owing to the wrecked French economy in the immediate postwar years, Richelieu's refit was postponed to allow the funds to be used to complete Jean Bart instead. Richelieu was accordingly placed in reserve on 1 April 1949. The refit eventually began on 1 January 1950 and lasted until 24 October 1951, and it included a thorough overhaul of her propulsion machinery, replacement of her worn main and secondary battery guns, and repairs to her anti-aircraft battery, along with other modifications.[76]
One of the two remaining 380 mm guns of Richelieu, by the Penfeld river in Brest
During the refit, it was decided that the ship's anti-aircraft battery was too dated to allow the ship to operate in the era of jet aircraft; coupled with the need to update the ship's radar and electronics and install more capable command spaces, the costs would have been prohibitively high for the French Navy. Instead of fully modernizing the vessel, the navy decided to employ Richelieu as a training ship in the gunnery school in February 1951. After completing the refit, the ship underwent trials in November that involved firing nine rounds per gun from the main battery; this would be the last time Richelieu fired the 380 mm guns. Beginning in May 1952, the ship was based in Toulon as the flagship of CA Champion, and she spent the next few years conducting shooting practice with the secondary and smaller weapons to train the fleet's gunners. Another refit followed from October 1953 to February 1954. This involved replacing the British gunnery radar with a French-built set.[77]
For the first and last time of either of their careers, Richelieu and Jean Bart cruised together on 30 January 1956. The ship's career as a sea-going gunnery ship ended in February, when she was laid up in Brest. To prepare Richelieu for reserve, dehumidifiers were installed in the secondary turrets to inhibit rust and the 100 mm and 40 mm quad mounts were covered. The single 40 mm guns and all of the 20 mm guns still aboard the vessel were removed. She was thereafter used as a stationary school ship for reserve officers and as a floating barracks until 30 September 1967, when she was struck from the naval register. Renamed Q432, she was condemned on 16 January 1968 and sold to the Genoa-based ship breaker Cantieri Navali Santa Maria in September. Before she departed Brest, the four 380 mm guns of Turret I were removed and two were later preserved, one in Brest and the other in Ruelle. Richelieu was then towed to La Spezia, where she was broken up for scrap over the course of the following year.[78][79]
Denison Dam is located about 90 miles north of Dallas, Texas, and is part of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Tulsa District's 32 dam flood control system. After record-breaking rains fell May and June 2015 in Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas, Denison Dam stored flood water to minimize the impacts from flooding.
This Air Force road grader is keeping the gravel road as smooth as possible to minimize the chance that a bump in the road causes an explosion. That's what the operator---an Air Force employee---told me.
Now that I have your attention... The land on both sides of the road is part of the Air Force's Utah Test and Training Range. One activity at the UTTR is the disposal of old munitions. The munitions are brought here by truck. Truck drivers who transport munitions enjoy their job a lot when they know that the roads they drive on are smooth. Having a truck blow up because it hit a bump in the road is something that tends to ruin a person's day and shorten a driver's career. This gravel road was probably the smoothest one I have ever driven on.
I was on my way to the end of the road at Lakeside (several miles up ahead), where I photographed trains and reveled in solitude.
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May 8
All I know is we landed at Heathrow at 6:30am local time, and we had an entire day to push through without sleeping so we could minimize jet lag.
Fairly wiped out, we grabbed breakfast at the airport–some place called Giraffe. It was fine. After a mostly-understood conversation with a dude selling train tickets, we got a pair of Oyster cards on rode the the crowded tube for an hour and a half during morning rush hour. I was so loopy! I knew everyone was freshly awake and headed to work, but in my head it felt like it was 7 or 8 in the evening.
After a long walk through a nice park, we found our AirBnB. We got there a bit early so we had to wait for somebody to let us in and drop off our luggage. The girl who let us in was super nice. I guess it’s a company that manages our place, so this girl is part of a larger group whose job it is to go all over London letting people into their AirBnBs. She’s also an actress.
We had to keep ourselves busy while a separate cleaning crew came to freshen up the place, so Emily and I walked to the nearby V&A Museum of Childhood, an offshoot of the main V&A Museum closer to downtown. It was a cool place! It’s essentially a massive old aircraft hangar that’s been transformed into a museum dedicated to children’s toys and clothing across history. They have a special exhibit right now about Nordic design for children over the past century. It was PERFECT for us.
After burning through a few hours there, we went back to our place and snuck in a 3 hour nap. We were so loopy our heads were spinning. We actually spent some time in the park outside our place because the cleaning crew was still working, and that’s where we figured out that we weren’t going to make it through the day. The nap was super helpful though, so we ventured back out in search of dinner.
Duck & Waffle is a place I put on our list without realizing that in order to eat there you need to make a reservation like 3 weeks in advance. SO, we wandered over to a place called All Bar One instead. It was pretty good! We met a local couple there who we ended up chatting with at length. They made some suggestions for us and let us know which other restaurants on our list we might need to book in advance. Thanks Matt and Beth!
In one last-ditch spark of energy, we took a bus to a place called Motown for some late-night ice cream. It was good, but we really shouldn’t have done that.