put in the gang boxes for the sockets. The chasing for the power is behind where the tiling is going minimizing the risk of drilling through it and killing myself

Are you interested to invest in the best juicer under $100? There is no need to spend a huge sum of money for a juice extractor. You can actually get a high-quality one kwithout spending more than $100. All it takes is to find the right source of information to help you in your decision. Fortunately, you can now use this reliable juicer under $100 review to walk you through 5 of the most reliable juicing machines that fall within that price range. Quick Navigation I. Best Juicer Under $100 Comparison Table II. Top 5 Best Juicer Under $100 Review III. Who Should Get a Juicer Under $100? IV. Conclusion Read more: ​The Different Types of Juicers I. Best Juicer Under $100 Comparison Table Product Name Speed/Motor Material Function​ Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor Editor’s Choice Check Price 14,000 RPM / 700 watts Heavy-grade polymer body, Italian-made micro mesh filter, stainless steel cutting disc - Uses a centrifugal action in maximizing the grinding and juice extraction process from a wide range of fruits and veggies, making it an excellent daily juicing machine - Works best in extracting juice from hard ingredients, like carrots, celeries, and beets. It is also ideal for juicing various fruits, such as apple, lemon, and orange. Aicok Juicer Slow Masticating Juicer Check Price 80 RPM / 150 watts Steel construction, plastic rotating parts - Ideal for juicing certain fruits, like grapefruits, lemon, and oranges with its auto-rotating reamer - Juices produce from fibrous veggies, such as ginger and celery, as well as leafy greens. It can juice soft fruits and berries, too, while preserving essential vitamins and minerals by minimizing heat buildup. Hamilton Beach 67601A Juice Extractor Check Price 800 watts Stainless steel - Works rapidly in juicing different fruits and vegetables. It can extract juice from apples, oranges, carrots, pineapples, celery, berries, grapes, tomatoes, beets, ginger root, kale, spinach, etc. within just a few seconds. - Useful in making rice, almond, and soy milk, too. Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor Check Price 12,000 to 15,000 RPM / 400 watts Stainless steel - Dual steel motor – The lower speed motor is ideal for juicing soft fruits, including melons, tomatoes, grapes, apples, and oranges. The high-speed motor is designed for hard fruits and veggies, such as beets, ginger, celery stalks and carrots. Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76MM Centrifugal Juice Extractor Check Price 12,000 to 14,000 RPM and 16,000 to 18,000 RPM / 1,000 watts Stainless steel blade, mesh filter basket - Dual speed control – The low speed is from 12,000 to 14,000 RPM, which is capable of handling soft and ripe fruits, veggies and produce, like peaches, tomatoes, cucumber, cabbage, kiwi, oranges, and grapes. - The high speed is from 16,000 to 18,000 RPM, which you can use in juicing harder fruits, veggies, and produce, such as beets, ginger, apples, celery, and spinach, among many others. Read more: Top 10 Best Juicer In 2018 II. Top 5 Best Juicer Under $100 Review 1. ​Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor i. Review Another juicer under $100 that you can check out is the Breville BJE200XL. One thing that anyone will instantly notice about this juice extractor is its clever and compact design. It is designed in such a way that it only uses fewer parts while consuming less space in comparison to other ordinary juicers. What is so great about this juicer is that it delivers a solid performance whether you use it to juice fruits or leafy veggies. You will also find it easy to clean while using parts and components safe to be placed in your dishwasher. Note that it is a centrifugal juicer, which packs a lot of power. Add to Card Editor’s Choice One remarkable benefit of this juicer is that its operation process is simple. It only has a single-speed operation, which means that you no longer have to guess how you can properly process the fruits and veggies. ii. Special Features and Benefits High 14,000 RPM speed One remarkable asset of this Breville compact juicer is its high speed and power. It is powerful and speedy enough that it runs at 14,000 RPM using its 700-watt motor. This high juice extraction speed allows it to maximize the extraction of juice in a rapid manner. Due to its high speed, you can save a lot of time during juicing. You can also save money since you no longer have to buy plenty of ingredients because it is capable of extracting a lot of juice. Centered knife blade setup This is actually a patented setup or assembly, which is helpful in ensuring that once you put produce or ingredients to the feed tube, their pulp will be shredded to small pieces while pushing them against the filter using a dual-blade knife. This improves the ability of the juicer to deal with heavy-duty juicing. It also guarantees that the filter and cutter won’t have any uneven pressure. Extra-wide feed chute The feed chute is around 2 x 1.5 inches, thereby letting you put large items and produce in there. This will lessen the amount of time you need to chop ingredients to small pieces. Fibrous ingredients, like celery, however, may need to be chopped up a bit so their fibrous stalks won’t wrap around the auger. 3-inch feed chute With this width, you don’t have to waste time slicing whole fruits, like apples, into pieces so you can put them into the chute then push them down. 1-liter collecting jug This jug promotes utmost convenience since it prevents you from having to transfer the extracted juice constantly to another container. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Works really fast – Expect it to produce juice within just a few seconds. check Easy to clean and use. check Comes with a large and wide feed chute to minimize preparation time. check Features an ergonomic and compact design. check Stable in the sense that it doesn’t jump around when in operation. Cons Does not feature a separate pulp ejector. Louder than a masticating juicer. Read more: Top 8 Best Centrifugal Juicer In 2018 2. Aicok Juicer Slow Masticating Juicer i. Review If you are interested to invest in a slow masticating juicer then you’ll find this Aicok Juicer worthwhile for your attention. This slow masticating juicer provides a huge favorable advantage over the other juicing machines because of its multipurpose and versatile nature. Expect the juicer to showcase its versatility with its effectiveness in extracting healthy and flavorful juices from different kinds of fruits, produce, and vegetables, including carrots, oranges, apples, leafy greens, ginger, celery, and even wheatgrass. It also boasts of its solid built as well as easy to clean construction. Add to Card The fact that it is modestly priced, lower than $100 actually, also makes it a great buy. Just like other cold press juicing machines, this Aicok juicer actually utilizes a slow juicing technique as a means of minimizing the buildup of heat. Such technique also aids in preserving the vitamins and minerals generated from the ingredients. ii. Special Features and Benefits Slow yet highly reliable speed and motor One prominent feature of this slow masticating juicer from Aicok is the fact that it utilizes a 150-watt DC motor capable of rotating the auger via a slow speed, around 80 RPM only. Rest assured that the slow speed is actually a big advantage as it can minimize oxidation, thereby resulting in the ability of the extracted juice to last longer. It also assures users that there will be no heat buildup, causing vital nutrients to be retained. 75-mm feed chute Another special feature in this masticating juicer is its 75-mm feed chute. It is wide enough that it seems to be effortless for it to accommodate whole apples. The chute even provides two openings for your convenience – one is a small opening while the other one is large. This guarantees its ability to handle various ingredients of different sizes. The juicer even comes with a pusher, which can help you push the ingredients to the auger beneath. Big auger You will also be pleased with the big auger integrated into this masticating juicer. With such auger, it is capable of squeezing and chopping even whole fruits efficiently. The presence of this auger even prevents the need to chop fibrous veggies first before putting them in the machine. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Allows the storing of juice for a max of 3 days – Frozen juices can even last even longer than that. check Truly affordable. check The feed chute is wide enough so chopping certain fruits is unnecessary. check Comes with a safe and sound reverse function. check Quiet operating system. Cons Not as speedy as centrifugal juicing machines. A bit tall that it might not fit the area beneath a cabinet. Read more: Top 5 Best Citrus Juicer 3. Hamilton Beach 67601A Juice Extractor i. Review It is also possible for Hamilton Beach 67601A to give you utmost satisfaction, especially if you are someone who wishes to improve your health through juicing without having to do extra work. It is just a simple juicer but it’s pleasing to look at with its modern and attractive appearance. Such modern design also allows it to fit contemporary kitchen decorations. It appears in black, making it suitable for all types of color schemes used in the kitchen. With its 800-watt motor, anyone will instantly notice how powerful and strong this machine is. It can, therefore, take care of fruits, such as berries, bananas, and apples within just seconds. Add to Card This juicing machine also specializes in providing users with variety. Such is possible by letting them extract juice from any ingredient they prefer – that is regardless of how hard or tough it is. It can even handle harder produce, such as cucumbers, grapefruit, and pineapples. ii. Special Features and Benefits 3-inch feed chute This substantially cuts down your preparation time because there is no need for you to do advanced dicing and chopping of the produce prior to juicing it. It is built to accommodate even whole and large fruits and veggies without cutting them up. Higher juice spout This special feature is designed in such a way that it pours the extracted juice directly into a glass or your chosen container. With the presence of the juice spout, you can lessen your effort because you no longer have to wait for the device to dispense the juice into a pitcher and pour it into a glass. It is positioned high enough, making it user-friendly, allowing the direct flow of the juice to a number of bowls or container. Huge pulp container The separate pulp container integrated into this Hamilton Beach Juicer is also a big advantage. It is helpful in ensuring that you won’t stop too often just to empty the pulp. It can also minimize your juicing time, which is a big help, especially if you have a busy schedule. Dishwasher-safe parts Aside from being dishwasher-safe, most of its parts, like the strainer, strainer bowl, pulp bin, juicer cover, and food pusher are also BPA-free. This juicer also comes with an easy to use cleaning brush. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Comes with a powerful motor for extracting juice in just a few seconds. check Less pre-cutting and preparation needed due to its wide feed chute. check Easy to clean and assemble. check Features a large pulp container or catcher. check Lightweight. Cons A bit loud. The extracted juice is prone to oxidation. Read more: Top 8 Best Masticating Juicer 4. Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor i. Review Another great choice that is available for you is the Aicok Juicer Centrifugal Juice Extractor. It offers an easy solution for extracting vitamins and nutrients from various ingredients you are planning to juice without the risk of getting harmful additives. It makes use of a powerful and fast blade system capable of extracting fresh and flavorful juice. Another valuable benefit of this juicer is that it operates at a high speed and level of efficiency, thereby maximizing the juice extraction process. It makes use of a powerful 400-watt motor with dual speed. Add to Card What is good about having two speeds is that it gives you the freedom to set it at a low or fast speed depending on the ingredients you are planning it to handle. This centrifugal juicer is also safe to use because of its safety locking arm that helps ensure that it stays firmly and safely in place while doing its function. ii. Special Features and Benefits Stainless cutting disc The inclusion of a stainless steel cutting disc into the built-in features of this juice extractor promotes fast and better results when it comes to juicing. The disc is also BPA-free while being surrounded by a micro-mesh filter. Such combination of materials for the disc and the filter makes it possible for the machine to extract 25% more juice from the ingredients used as well as 30% more essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals in comparison to other juicing machines. Dual-speed motor This juicer is also unique in the sense that it makes use of dual speeds for its motor. With that, you can make your choice based on the most suitable speed for a specific ingredient. For instance, if you wish to juice soft fruits then set it at a low speed around 12,000 to 15,000 RPM. In case of hard ingredients, use the high speed, which is around 15,000 to 18,000 RPM. Safety locking arm You will also be pleased with the built-in safety locking arm that you can find in this machine. It keeps you safe as the machine won’t operate without safely locking the arm in place and without putting the juicer cover. It also has an overload protection system, which is helpful in shutting off the juicer automatically in case the motor overheats. . iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Equipped with a dual-speed motor. check Extracts more juice and nutrients from various ingredients. check Offers safety with its safety locking arm and overload protection system. check Uses a powerful and fast blade system to extract juice. check Can operate at a high speed. Cons A bit confusing to clean at first. Does not work that well on kale as well as other similar greens. Read more: Top 5 Best Lemon Squeezer 5. Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76MM Centrifugal Juice Extractor i. Review If you are looking for a highly efficient centrifugal juice extractor under $100, then the Aicok Juicer Wide Mouth 76mm Centrifugal Juicer is probably what you need. It is an affordable centrifugal juicer but still works efficiently in supplying you with fresh juices that have all the nutrients you need on a daily basis. It even boasts of its powerful and fast blade system to ensure that it can give you all kinds of organic and healthy juices. One thing that many users like about this juicer is its fantastic design. It also has the ability to separate the pulp and juice of the fruits and other ingredients used. Add to Card This results in a flavorful and nutritious fresh juice without any residue or pulp left. It also guarantees a straightforward cleaning process since you can disassemble and reassemble it quickly and easily. The simplicity of its operations is also a big plus. ii. Special Features and Benefits 76-mm funnel/feed chute This is a wide mouth opening for the feed chute, allowing it to accommodate apples, lemons, cucumbers, carrots, and many more without having to chop them. Fruits and veggies can also be expected to fit the hopper without the risk of getting stuck because it is large enough. Low-speed gear reduction motor This juicer also makes use of a low-speed gear reduction motor. This guarantees the ability of the juicer to perform its intended function without producing too much noise. Expect it to operate quietly while minimizing vibrations. 1,000-watt motor This highly efficient juicer from Aicok also packs a lot of power because of its 1,000-watt motor. Such powerful motor improves its efficiency in extracting a higher amount of juice and essential vitamins and minerals when compared to other juicing machines. Dual-speed control Another thing that makes this juicer distinctive is its dual-speed control, giving you the freedom to pick the specific speed you prefer. You can pick the speed based on the processed ingredients. For instance, you can set it at a low speed (around 12,000-14,000 RPM) in case you are dealing with soft fruits, veggies, and ingredients. If you want the machine to handle harder ingredients, then use its high speed, which you can actually set at around 16,000-18,000 RPM. Safety lock device This juicer also sets itself apart from the other machines with the presence of its safety lock device. It comes in the form of a safety locking arm, which ensures that the sharp blade basket of the juicer does not accidentally fly out during its operation. iii. Things We Like and Don’t Like Pros check Wide mouth opening for the feed chute. check Features a powerful 1,000-watt motor. check Offers freedom with its dual-speed control. check Promotes safety because of its safety lock device. check Easy to clean up, thanks to its removable and dishwasher-safe parts. Cons Prone to leaking. Louder operation compared to masticating juicers. III. Who Should Get a Juicer Under $100? Juicing has become a lifestyle and passion for some people, especially those who are into improving their health. It is a continuously top trending technique as far as health is concerned. It is also good for those who wish to stay healthy while still enjoying simple, customizable and delicious recipes. If you want to walk into the field of juicing then you need a top-notch quality juicing machine so you can make fresh and nutritious juices every day. This does not mean, however, that you should spend a lot of money on it. In fact, it is possible for you to find a juicer below $100. Here are just some of those who can greatly benefit from a good juicer offered at below $100: 1. Those who are on a budget If you are on a budget then you can greatly benefit from checking out high-quality juicers under $100. It targets anyone who is willing to invest in a great entry-level and low-priced juicing machine. You do not have to worry about the quality since you can actually find several machines at this rate that are built to be solid and function in the same way as the mid-priced and the high-end ones. It is even easy to find compact and affordable juicing machines that can get the job done without any hassle. 2. Those who wish to improve their health through juicing without spending a fortune Are you interested in juicing because of the many health benefits that it offers but do not want to spend a huge sum on high-end juice extractors? If you answered yes, then the best juicer under $100 is ideal for you. Juicers under $100 are among the cheapest in the market but you still have an assurance that they are built with quality and better performance in mind. With that, you can invest in one so you can finally improve your health by gaining all the nutrients that fresh and natural juices can offer. It is a great starter juicer because it is only low-priced. Even with its budget-friendly price, expect it to supply your diet with plenty of nutrients. If you are a parent then it’s a great way to provide your kids with healthy and unprocessed fresh juices that are good for their health without spending too much. The best juicer under $100 definitely fits everyone who wishes to stay healthy through the regular intake of freshly extracted and highly nutritious juices without making them spend on high-end products. This price will never put a hole in their pockets. It is also an excellent choice for anyone who is single, which means that he/she does not need to produce a lot of juice for a huge group of people. It can also benefit someone who often eats outside because of his work. The fact that they do not need to produce a huge quantity of juice each time makes a budget-friendly juicer, such as those that do not exceed a hundred dollars, perfect for them. IV. Conclusion If you are really interested in getting a hold of a budget-friendly juicing machine, preferably one that does not exceed the $100 mark then the five products indicated in this review article are among your top choices. Note that considering the feedback from users and the features provided by the juicers, the emerging winner seems to be the Breville BJE200XL Compact Juice Extractor. At a low price, you can already get a heavy-duty juice extractor, which also boasts of its compact size and design. This means that it is not that hard to store and set up in your kitchen because it does not consume too much space. It also guarantees maximum juice extraction with its high speed and powerful motor. The overall construction of this juicer is highly durable considering the fact that it makes use of heavy-grade materials, like polymer and stainless steel. With its ability to operate safely and extract a lot of juice and nutrients from its ingredients, this product is definitely a steal. I highly advise you to spend time reviewing each of the products mentioned in this article as well as their features, though, before making your final choice so you can really get that juicer, which suits you the most. . The post Best Juicer Under $100 in 2018 – Reviews and Top Picks appeared first on The Press Juicer. from WordPress ift.tt/2u9X2y4 via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KFFfd1 via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KWkWnO via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2MWgplR via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2uaJbrj via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2MZZ9MS via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KHu5Vm via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2ucawt3 via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KSJst9 via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2u1su2l via IFTTT from Facebook ift.tt/2KGoler via IFTTT

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

History

France

NameRichelieu

NamesakeCardinal de Richelieu

BuilderArsenal de Brest

Laid down22 October 1935

Launched17 January 1939

Commissioned1 April 1940

Decommissioned1967

Stricken1968

FateBroken up, 1968

General characteristics Original configuration

Class and typeRichelieu-class battleship

Displacement

 

Standard: 37,250 long tons (37,850 t)

Full load: 43,992 long tons (44,698 t)

 

Length247.85 m (813 ft 2 in)

Beam33.08 m (108 ft 6 in)

DraftFull load: 9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)

Installed power

 

6 × Indret Sural boilers

155,000 shp (116,000 kW)

 

Propulsion

 

4 × Parsons geared turbines

4 × screws

 

Speed32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph)

Range9,500 nautical miles (17,600 km; 10,900 mi) at 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph)

Complement1,569

Armament

 

8 × 380 mm (15-inch)/45 Modèle 1935 guns

9 × 152 mm (6 in)/50 guns

12 × 100 mm (3.9-inch) anti-aircraft guns

8 × 37 mm (1.5 in) AA guns

20 × 13.2 mm (0.52 in) Hotchkiss machine guns

 

Armor

 

Belt: 330 mm (13 in)

Main deck: 170 mm (6.7 in)

Turrets: 430 mm (17 in)

Conning tower: 340 mm (13 in)

 

Aircraft carried4 × Loire 130 seaplanes

Aviation facilities2 × catapults

General characteristics 1943 refit

Displacement

 

Standard: 43,957 t (43,263 long tons)

Full load: 47,728 t (46,974 long tons)

 

DraftFull load: 10.68 m (35 ft)

Complement1,930

Sensors and

processing systems

 

SF surface search radar

SA-2 air search radar

 

Armament

 

8 × 380 mm/45 guns

9 × 152 mm/50 guns

12 × 100 mm anti-aircraft guns

56 × 40 mm (1.6 in) Bofors AA guns

48 × 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon AA cannons

 

Richelieu was a French fast battleship, the lead ship of the Richelieu class. Built as a response to the Italian Littorio class, the Richelieus were based on their immediate predecessors of the Dunkerque class with the same unconventional arrangement that grouped their main battery forward in two quadruple gun turrets. They were scaled up to accommodate a much more powerful main battery of eight 380 mm (15 in) guns (compared to the 330 mm (13 in) guns of the Dunkerques), with increased armor to protect them from guns of the same caliber. Richelieu was laid down in 1935 and was launched in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe. As war with Germany became increasingly likely, work on the ship was rushed to prepare her for commissioning in April 1940.

 

Completed just days before the Germans won the Battle of France in June, Richelieu fled to Dakar in French West Africa to keep her under French control. There, she came under repeated British attacks that had been intended to either compel the battleship to join the Free French Naval Forces or sink her; these included during Operation Catapult in July 1940 and the Battle of Dakar in September. Damaged in both attacks, the ship was slowly repaired before eventually being turned over to Free French control after the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942. After being sent to the United States for repairs and an extensive modernization, the ship served with the British Home Fleet in early 1944 before being deployed to the Eastern Fleet for operations against the Japanese in the Indian Ocean. These included several bombardment operations and in May 1945 she was present during the Battle of the Malacca Strait, though she was too far away to engage the Japanese force.

 

Richelieu was part of the force that liberated Singapore after the Japanese surrender in September, and she later operated in French Indochina as part of the initial effort to restore French colonial rule. Recalled to France in December 1945, she was repaired and modernized slightly in 1946. The ship saw relatively limited training in the immediate postwar years and, in 1952, she was removed from active service for use as a gunnery training ship. In 1956, she was placed in reserve and was thereafter used as a stationary training vessel and barracks ship until 1967, when the French Navy decided to discard her. She was sold for scrap in 1968, and broken up in Italy from 1968 to 1969.

Design

Main article: Richelieu-class battleship

Recognition drawing of Richelieu in her original configuration

 

When in 1934 Italy announced that it would begin building two Littorio-class battleships armed with 381 mm (15 in) guns, the French Navy immediately began preparations to counter them. The small Dunkerque-class battleships that had been ordered provided the template for the next French battleship design, but it needed to be scaled up to match the new Italian vessels, both in terms of offensive and defensive characteristics. The design staff considered 380 and 406 mm (16 in) guns, but the latter could not be incorporated in a design that remained within the 35,000 long tons (35,560 t) limit imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty and was quickly discarded. The Dunkerques carried their armament in two quadruple gun turrets arrayed in a superfiring pair forward of the superstructure, and the designers experimented with other arrangements, including combinations of triple and twin turrets, but the need to minimize the length of the armor belt (and thus its weight) necessitated the Dunkerque layout.[1]

 

Richelieu displaced 37,250 long tons (37,850 t) standard and 43,992 long tons (44,698 t) fully loaded, with an overall length of 247.85 m (813 ft 2 in), a beam of 33.08 m (108 ft 6 in) and a maximum draft of 9.9 m (32 ft 6 in). She was powered by four Parsons geared steam turbines and six oil-fired Sural water-tube boilers, which developed a total of 155,000 shaft horsepower (116,000 kW) and yielded a maximum speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph). At a cruising speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph), the ship could steam for 9,500 nautical miles (17,600 km; 10,900 mi). Her crew numbered 1,569 officers and men. The ship carried four Loire 130 seaplanes on the quarterdeck, and the aircraft facilities consisted of a steam catapult and a crane to handle the floatplanes.[2][3]

 

She was armed with eight 380 mm/45 Modèle (Mle) 1935 guns arranged in two quadruple gun turrets,[a] both of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward of the superstructure. Her secondary armament consisted of nine 152 mm (6 in) /55 Mle 1930 guns mounted in three triple turrets, arranged on the rear superstructure. Heavy anti-aircraft (AA) defense consisted of twelve 100 mm (3.9 in) /45 Mle 1930 anti-aircraft guns in twin turrets. Close range anti-aircraft defense was provided by a battery of eight 37 mm (1.5 in) guns in twin mounts and twenty 13.2 mm (0.52 in) machine guns in four quadruple and two twin mounts. The ship's belt armor was 330 mm (13 in) thick amidships, and the main battery turrets were protected by 430 mm (17 in) of armor plate on the faces. The main armored deck was 170 mm (6.7 in) thick, and the conning tower had 340 mm (13 in) thick sides.[2][4]

Service

Construction

 

The contract for Richelieu was awarded to the Arsenal de Brest on 31 August 1935, and the keel for the new ship was laid down on 22 October in the No. 4 dock that had recently built Dunkerque. The slipway was not long enough to accommodate the entire length of the new battleship, and so the hull had to be built in pieces. The main section of the hull, which amounted to 197 m (646 ft), was built on the slipway, while a 43 m (141 ft) length of the bow and an 8 m (26 ft) length of her stern were built elsewhere and attached after the rest of the ship was launched on 17 January 1939. The French decision to lay down Richelieu in 1935 put the country in violation of the Washington Treaty, which was to expire on 31 December 1936, as the combined tonnage of the two Dunkerques and Richelieu exceeded the 70,000 long tons (71,000 t) that had been allotted to France during the moratorium on new battleship construction. France used the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which Britain had unilaterally signed with Germany in June 1935 to dismiss British objections to the new ship, though they nevertheless slowed construction of Richelieu to ease British concerns. Work was also slowed by strikes in the shipyards for better pay and working conditions.[2][5]

 

By the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the hull had been assembled; the start of the war led the naval command to decide to slow work on other, less complete vessels to focus efforts on Richelieu and her sister ship Jean Bart. The ship began initial testing on 15 October while still fitting-out in an effort to rush the ship into service; the same day, the ship's first commander, Capitaine de vaisseau (CV—Ship-of-the-line captain) Marzin came aboard. Engine testing began on 14 January 1940, and a week later her main battery was completed when the last barrel was installed. Further engine testing was carried out between 31 March and 7 April; during this period, she was commissioned on 1 April. Formal acceptance trials began on 14 April. Repair work was conducted in Brest from 19 to 27 May, and fire control equipment for the main and secondary batteries were installed. Richelieu conducted full-power trials on 13 June, reaching 32.63 knots (60.43 km/h; 37.55 mph) from 179,000 shp (133,000 kW), exceeding her design performance. Test firings of the guns were conducted on 13 and 14 June. Work on the ship was completed on 15 June 1940, days before France surrendered to Germany after the Battle of France.[6]

World War II

Under Vichy control: 1940–1942

 

With German troops advancing across France by mid-June, the Navy decided to evacuate Richelieu to Dakar in French West Africa; while earlier plans had been to send the fleet to British ports to continue the war, when the possibility of a negotiated armistice arose, the government decided that the fleet would be a useful bargaining chip. As a result, vessels should be preserved under French control, away from German occupation. At 06:45, the ship took on a load of ammunition and fuel, though she received only 198 quarter charges of propellant for her main battery, which amounted to powder sufficient for 49 shots. Material that had not yet been installed was also hastily loaded onto the ship, to be fitted once Richelieu reached the safety of Dakar. She also took aboard gold reserves from the Bank of France and 250 cadets from the École Navale (Naval Academy). There was insufficient time to allow the full complement to assemble and board the ship, and at 04:00 the next morning, Richelieu got underway while German troops approached Brest. Richelieu steamed in company with the destroyers Fougueux and Frondeur while German aircraft made several ineffective attacks against the ships. The battleship's anti-aircraft guns returned fire without success. Initially cruising at a speed of 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph), boiler trouble forced the ships to decrease speed to 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph). The motors for her rudder also repeatedly broke down on the voyage, though the crew was able to repair them. While cruising off Casablanca, French Morocco at 17:00 on 20 June, the torpedo boats were detached to refuel, their place being taken by the new destroyer Fleuret. The two vessels then proceeded on to Dakar, where they arrived at 17:44 on 23 June.[7][8]

Richelieu in Dakar in 1940

 

On arriving in Dakar, an uneasy situation confronted Richelieu while armistice negotiations were still underway. The commander of French naval forces in the region, Contre-amiral (CA—Rear Admiral) Plançon and the governor-general of French West Africa, Léon Cayla, were inclined to remain in the war against Germany. Also, significant British naval units were in the area, including the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes moored in Dakar and the British South Atlantic Squadron, which was nearby. At the same time, Richelieu had used half of her fuel to escape Brest, and she could perform little sustained firing of her main or secondary guns. Admiral François Darlan, the Chief of Staff of the French Navy, sent a telegraph on the night of 23–24 June to warn Marzin that the British might attack the vessel to neutralize it in the event of a French surrender, and ordered him to begin preparations to scuttle the ship if the need arose. Meanwhile, on 23 June, the British heavy cruiser Dorsetshire departed Freetown to observe Richelieu's activities in Dakar.[8][9]

 

On 25 June, Marzin received word that the French government had signed the Armistice with Germany. Darlan instructed him that the ship was to remain under French control, and if that proved to be impossible, he was to scuttle the ship or attempt to escape to the then-neutral United States. Marzin decided that, given the threat of British warships in the area, the best course of action was to try to escape to Casablanca and join the French fleet there, and so at 14:30 Richelieu got underway in company with Fleuret. Hermes raised anchor as well and began to follow Richelieu with her Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers on her flight deck, but the coastal artillery trained their guns on the ship, convincing Hermes' commander to return to port. Dorsetshire nevertheless shadowed Richelieu while she was at sea. The next morning, Darlan, who feared that Marzin was trying to defect to the Free French forces, ordered him to return to Dakar. Marzin complied and turned the ships back to port, but while on the way, he received amended orders instructing him to wait some 120 nmi (220 km; 140 mi) north of Cape Verde to escort the 1st Division of Armed Merchant Cruisers to Dakar, as they were carrying another load of gold reserves from the Bank of France. Richelieu failed to make contact at the prescribed rendezvous point, and since she had not embarked any of her floatplanes before fleeing Brest, she could not conduct an aerial search. Marzin instead returned to Dakar on 28 June; the convoy arrived, having been significantly delayed, on 4 July.[8][10]

 

After returning to port, work began to prepare the ship for action as quickly as possible. Marzin ordered that a stockpile of 330 mm propellant charges that had been stocked for the battleship Strasbourg before France's surrender to be converted into charges that were usable by Richelieu. The secondary guns were readied for action ten days later, but they lacked a director capable of tracking aerial targets, so they could be used against surface ships only. Under the terms of the armistice, Richelieu was to be returned to Toulon, where she would be demobilized, though the Germans later decided against permitting the move, as they feared the British would try to seize the ship during the passage through the Strait of Gibraltar; the British, meanwhile, were under the mistaken impression that the Germans sought to seize the French fleet for their own use. This led to Operation Catapult, a series of attacks on French warships to neutralize vessels that would not defect to the Free French.[11]

British attack on 8 July 1940 and repairs

HMS Hermes (center) and Dorsetshire (background) off Dakar during the operation against Richelieu

 

The component of Catapult that targeted Richelieu consisted of the carrier Hermes, which joined the cruisers HMAS Australia and Dorsetshire off Dakar. On 4 July, the day after the British had attacked Mers-el-Kébir, Plançon ordered the submarines Le Glorieux and Le Héros to attack Dorsetshire while it cruised off the port. He also instructed the coastal batteries to open fire if she closed to within 15 km (9.3 mi), though Dorsetshire remained at a distance. Marzin moved Richelieu to a position near the island of Gorée, pointed south so that the ship's main battery could aim at any vessels that approached Dakar. The British had intended to send Force H to Dakar after the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, but the need to return to destroy Dunkerque forced the British to resort to Hermes; on 7 July, the sloop HMS Milford was sent to contact Plançon and issue the ultimatum to either surrender his ship to British control or be sunk.[12][13]

 

Marzin prepared his ship to sortie the next morning; he intended to use the eight rounds loaded in his main guns to attack Hermes. Other forces in Dakar were put on alert and Le Héros again sortied to assist in the attack. While the French preparations were ongoing, the British sent a motorboat from Milford to drop four depth charges under Richelieu's stern to disable her screws, though this attempt failed. At 04:15, a group of Swordfish launched from Hermes as Richelieu was about to get underway. One of their torpedoes struck the ship aft on the starboard side and tore a hole that was 9.3 by 8.5 m (31 by 28 ft) between the propeller shafts. The resulting shock disabled many of the ship's systems. Two of her fire control directors were knocked off their tracks, the starboard propeller shafts were bent, and the blast caused significant flooding. Damage control teams pumped fuel out of the bunkers to counteract the loss of buoyancy aft and the ship was towed into port for repairs. Anti-torpedo nets were set up around the vessel, which had taken on some 2,400 t (2,400 long tons) of water and at low tide rested on the harbor bottom.[13][14][15]

 

Later that afternoon, tankers came alongside and began pumping oil out of the ship's bunkers to reduce her draft, but water continued to leak into the hull through the cable tunnels. Pumps attached to the ship helped to control the flooding, but the hoses repeatedly pulled loose as Richelieu rose and fell with the waves. To further complicate the effort to repair the ship, Dakar lacked a dry dock sufficient to accommodate Richelieu; the battleship could not simply be drained and plated over. Instead, damaged bulkheads had to be patched and pumped out individually; by 28 August, some 1,300 t (1,300 long tons) of water remained aboard the ship. Heavy use of the pumps caused frequent breakdowns, which further slowed work. In his report on the attack and subsequent repairs, Marzin criticized faulty design and construction practices that hindered damage control efforts, including insufficient pumping equipment, poor quality control for the welding of bulkheads, and a failure to ensure that critical components like the turret trunks were watertight.[16]

 

While work to control and reverse the flooding was ongoing, other repairs were necessary to return the ship to operational status. The fire-control directors needed to be re-seated in their tracks, wiring that had been damaged by flooding or leaking fuel oil had to be replaced, and several of the electrical generators, which had been badly shaken by the blast, needed to be rebuilt. Given the limited ability to repair the damage to the ship, Marzin focused efforts on ensuring that the main and secondary batteries could be effectively used, even if the ship could only be employed as a static floating battery against an expected second attack from British forces. Amiral (Admiral) Jean de Laborde flew to Dakar to conduct an inspection and help to organize the defenses. As part of these preparations, both Plançon and Cayla, who were suspected of being pro-British, were removed from their posts, with Plançon's place taken by CA Platon and then CA Landriau.[17]

 

Workers in the local shipyard scavenged metal from other ships in the harbor to fabricate an 11.5 m (38 ft) square patch to cover the torpedo hole, which was planned to be installed by 10 September. This would allow the rear magazines for the 152 mm and 37 mm guns to be drained. At the same time, the shipyard began building a steel cofferdam around the ship that was to have been completed by late October, which would allow the rest of the hull to be pumped dry. With the hull pumped out, permanent repairs were to have been completed by January 1941. While this work was being carried out, the crew cleaned and painted the ship and continued to work on readying the armament. A total of 150 complete charges for the main battery were created by remanufacturing the stockpile intended for Strasbourg. Parts of the crew were dispersed for other tasks: 106 were sent to man the armed merchant cruisers in the harbor, whose reservist crews had to be demobilized, and the 64-man crew of the forward gun turret were sent to man the coastal battery at Cap Manuel. After another 132 reservists from Richelieu were demobilized, a total of 1,039 officers and men were left aboard the ship. The 100-, 37-, and 13.2 mm guns were kept manned continuously given the threat of further British air attacks.[18]

Battle of Dakar

HMS Barham, Richelieu's primary opponent during the battle

Main article: Battle of Dakar

 

While repairs were being carried out in August, the British began preparations for another attack, code-named Operation Menace. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sought to use a contingent of Free French forces led by Charles de Gaulle to invade the colony and seize the ship for use against Germany. By late August, a convoy had been assembled with five ships carrying weapons and supplies got underway, later rendezvousing with a second convoy of six troop ships carrying some 2,400 Free French soldiers and 4,270 British soldiers. The naval support force consisted of the aircraft carrier Ark Royal and the battleships Barham and Resolution, along with four cruisers and numerous other warships. The plan called for de Gaulle to use his French forces to attempt to secure the colony, only calling on British support if the Vichy forces resisted him. At the same time, several French colonies in Africa defected to Free France, prompting the Vichy government to secure authorization from the German Armistice Commission to send several light cruisers and destroyers to reinforce their holdings in Africa, designated Force Y. Owing to the risk of encountering British vessels on the passage, the destroyers were temporarily left in Casablanca while the three cruisers, carrying supplies and additional men to crew the coastal batteries, raced south at high speed. They reached Dakar on 14 September, and after disembarking the men and supplies, continued on south to French Equatorial Africa (in what is now present-day Gabon).[19][20]

 

The British believed that the arrival of Force Y indicated that the French were aware of Operation Menace, but de Gaulle decided to proceed with the attack regardless. While Force Y steamed south, two of the three cruisers were intercepted by British cruisers and forced to fall back to Dakar, arriving there again on 20 September, by which time the destroyers had arrived. On 22 September, the liner SS Banfora was due to arrive with a load of 380 mm shells, and as a result, French search aircraft were arrayed to the north to cover the liner's approach; they were completely surprised by the arrival of the Anglo-Free French force on the morning of 23 September. A small party of Free French troops sent to rally the port to de Gaulle was repulsed with machine-gun fire and Richelieu's 100 mm guns fired warning shots toward the Free French aviso Savorgnan de Brazza shortly after 07:00. On the approach of the sloops Commandant Dominé and Commandant Duboc at 08:10, Richelieu again fired warning shots from her 100 mm guns. The British warships approached the port and came under fire from the coastal batteries, leading the Anglo-Free French commanders, de Gaulle and Vice Admiral John Cunningham to conclude that they would have to directly attack the port if the operation was to succeed.[20][21][22]

 

Barham and Resolution opened fire on Richelieu at 11:05, but poor visibility hampered the British shooting and they checked fire after twenty minutes, having inflicted only splinter damage to the cruiser Montcalm and the destroyer Le Malin. The French coastal batteries hit several of the cruisers and destroyers, but Richelieu was moored facing north, which prevented her from taking part in the initial duel. After the British withdrew, Marzin used tugboats to turn the ship far enough to enable her to bring her main battery to bear. The defenses of Dakar were now alerted. The Free French then attempted to land further east at Rufisque, but were repulsed. The British and Free French withdrew to regroup for another attack the next day. Between 06:25 and 08:00 on 24 September, the British launched three strikes with Swordfish and Blackburn Skua bombers. They scored no hits on Richelieu because of poor visibility, and near-misses caused no damage. In return, Richelieu's gunners claimed three of the six aircraft that were shot down, and damaged another. Ninety minutes later, the British battleships and two heavy cruisers approached and fired their 380 mm main batteries at Richelieu.[20][23][24]

 

Richelieu returned fire at 09:40, but her No. 7 gun was destroyed by a shell that detonated in the barrel and the No. 8 gun was also badly damaged. This was first traced to the use of the remanufactured propellant from Strasbourg, but a later inquiry in 1941 found the explosions were caused by a flaw in the design of the shell base.[25][26] Guns 5 and 6 remained in action but failed to score any hits. At 09:57, one of Richelieu's secondary guns hit Barham. In return, the British ships inflicted only minor splinter damage before breaking off at 10:07. The French had counted some 160 shells landing near the ship. The French laid smoke screens to obscure Richelieu before the British returned to the action at 12:53, initially targeting a destroyer before bombarding the port for the next 30 minutes. Richelieu was not hit and, from 12:56, she fired guns 5 and 6 at the British cruisers, quickly straddling one of them and convincing them to disengage. She fired four 380 mm shells at Barham at 13:11–13:12 but failed to score a hit, though both British battleships were hit several times by coastal batteries. After disengaging for the day, de Gaulle decided to abandon the operation, but Cunningham convinced him to allow a final attempt the next morning. In the meantime, Marzin decided to transfer the crews from turret 2 to turret 1, which also required moving the shells and propellant between magazines.[27][28]

 

As the British approached on the morning of 25 September, Marzin decided to engage Barham with his main battery and Resolution with his 152 mm guns. While the British were approaching their bombardment positions, Richelieu shot down a reconnaissance plane shortly before 07:00. She opened fire at 09:04 with her main battery, firing two shots that fell short, and the coastal guns and Force Y cruisers followed suit shortly thereafter. While the British battleships were turning to unmask their rear guns, the submarine Bévéziers torpedoed and badly damaged Resolution. Barham avoided the torpedoes and opened fire, quickly straddling Richelieu and at 09:15, she scored a hit amidships that penetrated above the side armor, causing no casualties. In return, Richelieu hit Barham in the bow, causing minor damage. At 09:25, the British disengaged to cover Resolution's withdrawal. After the British left, the gun crew attempted to clear the shells that had been loaded in guns 5 and 6 and the shell in No. 5 also exploded, leaving No. 6 the only operable gun in the turret. In total, French warships in the harbor lost 100 dead and 182 wounded, with another 84 killed and 197 wounded among the civilian population.[20][29][30]

 

From 29 September, the battlecruiser HMS Renown and escorting destroyers were detached from Force H to patrol off Dakar, as the British believed Richelieu would be transferred to metropolitan France for repairs. The British ships remained in the area until 1 October when it became clear the ship would not be moved.[31]

Repairs and defection to Free France

Richelieu at Dakar in 1941

 

Repair work resumed immediately. The hit from Barham did little serious damage to the ship, but it nevertheless caused extensive deformation of interior bulkheads, the armor deck was forced down where the shell hit it, and the uptakes from the boilers were damaged. Wiring in the area was also cut by fragments and needed to be replaced. On 10 October, the workers attempted to attach the patch that had been manufactured, but it did not work; it did not create a watertight seal, which meant the compartments could not be pumped out. The patch was abandoned in the hopes that the cofferdam, then nearing completion, would work. The cofferdam was modeled to conform to the hull and was built with an interior void that could be used as a ballast tank so it could be floated in position and sunk in place. The cofferdam was ready by late December, which allowed the hull to be pumped dry and then sealed with welded plates and cement; the hull was finally sealed by 28 February 1941. Further repairs were hampered by the German Armistice Commission, which attempted to slow progress to prevent the ship from returning to full operational status. They blocked the shipment of new guns or a new propeller shaft, and severely constrained the transfer of other equipment. During this period, on 27 February, CV Deramond replaced Marzin as the ship's commander.[32]

 

As repairs were carried out, the ship saw little activity through late 1942 apart from engaging unidentified aircraft on 28 July and 29 September 1941 and 26 February and 12 May 1942.[33] During this period, in April 1941, the ship received the first radar set installed on a French battleship. And in July, her Loire seaplanes finally arrived; tests with the catapults were conducted in October.[34] On 10 April 1942, the ship conducted a test firing with gun No. 6 to demonstrate that the shell design problem had been corrected; all six shells were fired without incident. On 8 November, American and British forces landed in French North Africa (code-named Operation Torch), which prompted the Germans to invade the rest of Vichy France, which in turn led Darlan to defect to the Allies with the rest of the fleet.[33]

 

The United States Navy sent a group to evaluate the ships under Darlan's control to determine which should be modernized in the United States. The only French battleship still in service, Richelieu was an obvious candidate. The US Navy had not initially been interested in repairing Richelieu; while the Germans and Italians retained a number of powerful battleships, the United States had recently commissioned or would soon complete eight fast battleships, more than sufficient to cover US requirements for the Pacific War and to send to Europe to reinforce the Royal Navy. In addition, repairing and modernizing a ship the size of Richelieu would require significant resources that could be used for other purposes. But pressure from Britain and the Free French convinced the Navy to agree to the project. For France, she was the only surviving modern battleship and thus a major symbol of national prestige, while the British had long sought to acquire the vessel to stiffen the Mediterranean Fleet, which at that time had just two new battleships to oppose their three Italian counterparts.[35]

Richelieu in the United States for repairs

 

She ran sea trials from 25 to 29 January 1943 to evaluate the state of her engines, which had not been used since July 1940. Her aircraft facilities and anti-aircraft armament were removed during the evaluation period, as they would be replaced by US equipment. On 30 January, she departed Dakar with Montcalm, bound for New York City, where both vessels would be modernized. Richelieu steamed at a speed of 14 kn (26 km/h; 16 mph) and her rudder had to be held to seven degrees to account for the hull deformation. The ships arrived on 11 February and on the 18th, Richelieu was taken into Dock No. 5 at the Brooklyn Navy Yard to begin the modernization.[33][36]

Free-French career: 1943–1945

Refit in New York City

 

Political tensions between the United States and France played a major role in determining how much Richelieu would be modernized. The US Navy refused to transfer the latest radar equipment on the basis that it was too sensitive to be released. As a result, much of the improvement was limited to the installation of a new anti-aircraft battery of the latest US weapons and auxiliary equipment in addition to a thorough overhaul and permanent repairs to the torpedo damage. Three shifts of workers, totaling some 2,000 men, worked on the ship twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, for five months to rush the ship back into service. The modifications to the ship increased her displacement by about 3,000 t (3,000 long tons). While the ship was being modernized, CV Lambert replaced Deramont as the ship's commander on 29 April.[37]

Richelieu arrives in New York with her damaged turret. The uppermost fire control director on the fore tower had to be dismantled for her to pass under the Brooklyn Bridge to the New York Navy Yard

 

The ship's armament required extensive repairs and modifications to bring Richelieu up to modern standards. First, three of the eight main battery guns had to be replaced, which required removing the turret roof. Since the gun cradles were undamaged, the guns were simply replaced by barrels taken from Jean Bart, which had been recovered at Casablanca during Operation Torch. The shell handling equipment of both the primary and secondary guns was thoroughly overhauled, with wiring being replaced and the shell and propellant lifts being rebuilt—the latter had never been made to function correctly while the ship was in Dakar. Ammunition for the primary and secondary guns was now a problem, as the source, factories in France, was occupied by German forces. Drawings of the plans for the 380 mm shells were prepared in Dakar and forwarded to the United States, where a contract to produce 930 shells was ordered from Crucible Steel. American 6-inch/47 Mk 16 shells were used as a starting point to supply the 152 mm guns, as they were the same caliber and required relatively minor modifications for use in the French weapons.[38]

 

Her 100 mm guns were retained, but her light anti-aircraft battery now consisted of fifty-six 40 mm (1.6 in) Bofors guns in quadruple mounts, all placed with their own Mk 51 gun director. These were arranged with two abreast the superfiring turret, two on either side of the forward tower, another two per side of the aft tower, and the remaining four on the quarterdeck, where the aircraft catapults had been. These guns were supplemented with fifty 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannons, all in individual or twin mounts. Nine were placed on the forecastle aft of the breakwater, four were mounted on the superfiring turret, nine were placed on the former aircraft hangar, with the rest dispersed around the superstructure, including on the towers and the shelter deck.[39]

 

Richelieu's tower foremast was heavily reconfigured; the upper main battery director, which had never been operational and had been removed to allow the ship to clear the Brooklyn Bridge, was left off. In its place, the radome for the SF surface search radar was installed, along with the mattress antenna for the SA-2 air search radar; these were short-range sets that had been designed for small craft, the SA-2 intended for PT boats. Most of the command spaces in the tower were converted for other uses. The fire control systems for the main battery had to be replaced and those for the secondary guns were repaired with new wiring and telephones. The ship's original Anschütz gyrocompasses were replaced with Sperry models. The ship's propulsion system was thoroughly overhauled: the turbines were thoroughly repaired and the boilers were re-tubed. Much of the wiring throughout the ship was replaced, and a degaussing cable was installed.[40]

 

To repair the hull, the concrete was broken up and removed, the sections that had been most badly damaged by the torpedo were stripped of all fittings, and deformed bulkheads and plating were cut out. After more than two and a half years without being dry-docked in a tropical port, the hull needed maintenance beyond simply repairing the torpedo damage, though given the conditions to which it had been subjected, it was in fairly good condition. It was sandblasted and those sections of plating that exhibited pitting had new plates welded over the top. The starboard propeller shafts also required repairs: the mounting brackets were straightened, but the inboard shaft was too badly damaged and had to be replaced. Bethlehem Steel fabricated a replacement that was installed in June. The bottom row of portholes were closed off, as the increase in displacement pushed them closer to the waterline.[41]

Richelieu (left distance) encounters the American battleship USS New Jersey at anchor in Hampton Roads on 7 September 1943 during New Jersey's training ahead of Pacific deployment.

 

Beginning in late August and continuing into mid-September, Richelieu began firing trials in the Chesapeake Bay; firing the main battery forward on 29 August revealed the need for a blast screen to protect the forecastle 20 mm guns, as the test accidentally destroyed two of the guns and their ammunition lockers. With her normal displacement now at 43,600 t (42,900 long tons) and her hull slightly bowed (possibly caused by the torpedo hit), Richelieu began machinery trials in late September. On 25 September, the ship reached her new top speed of 31.5 kn (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph), cruising at that speed for thirty minutes, despite the deformation of her hull and the significant increase in displacement. The following day, she steamed for six hours at 26.5 kn (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph), for two hours at 28.9 kn (53.5 km/h; 33.3 mph), and finally for fifty minutes at 30.2 kn (55.9 km/h; 34.8 mph).[42]

 

As completed, the ship's displacement had grown to 43,957 t (43,263 long tons) normally and 47,728 t (46,974 long tons) fully loaded; draft correspondingly increased to 9.22 m (30.2 ft) and 10.68 m (35 ft), respectively. Compared to her original wartime crew of 1,569 officers and men, Richelieu was now to be manned by a total of 1,930, amounting to 86 officers, 287 petty officers, and 1,557 men. The major increase in complement was largely the result of the additional anti-aircraft guns and radar systems. The ship conducted further trials into October, and on the 14th the ship was finally ready to get underway for European waters.[43]

In European waters

Anti-aircraft gunners aboard Richelieu during target practice with the British fleet

 

Escorted by the destroyers USS Tarbell and Ellet, Richelieu departed the US on 14 October, nominally bound for Gibraltar. The destroyers departed while underway, allowing Richelieu to keep up a speed of 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) in heavy seas. The ship stopped in the Azores, Portugal, where she met the French destroyers Le Fantasque and Le Terrible and the British destroyer Active, which was limited to a speed of 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph); Active quickly left the group, which proceeded not to Gibraltar, but to Mers El Kébir. There, she replenished supplies; it had been intended to deploy the ship with the Mediterranean Fleet, but Italy had surrendered in September, removing the threat posed by the Italian Littorio-class battleships. Richelieu was instead sent north to join the Home Fleet, which included the four surviving King George V-class battleships. When Richelieu departed the Mediterranean, Cunningham, now the commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, recommended to the Admiralty that she be fitted with gunnery radars. The ship was escorted by the destroyers HMS Musketeer and HMS Scourge, and on arrival in Scapa Flow, Admiral Bruce Fraser, the Home Fleet commander, inspected the battleship on 24 November. Work began immediately on installing a Type 284 gunnery radar while the ship began an intensive period of training to acclimate the ship's crew to operating with British units.[44]

 

The ship saw little activity over the winter of 1943–1944 until February 1944, when she took part in Operation Posthorn. Richelieu, the battleship Anson, and the carrier Furious departed Scapa Flow on 10 February for a raid on German shipping off occupied Norway. The objective was to lure the German heavy cruisers in the area so that the two battleships could destroy them. The carrier aircraft achieved little, sinking a single freighter of 3,000 tons and damaging a repair ship while trading one of the Supermarine Seafire fighters for a German Bf 109 fighter. The fleet returned to port on the 12th, and Richelieu thereafter went to Rosyth for ten days to rest the crew. A repeat sweep was to have taken place at the end of the month, but two of the escorting destroyers collided while leaving Scapa Flow, leading to a postponement that became permanent as a result of bad weather. In March, the Allies determined that five battleships to counter the battleship Tirpitz (which had been damaged in September 1943) was excessive. As a result, Richelieu was detached for other operations. The Allied command initially considered employing her to support the invasion of Normandy, but as she was only supplied with armor-piercing shells, she was instead sent to reinforce the British Eastern Fleet, along with a group of escort aircraft carriers.[45][46]

 

The ship accordingly steamed to Greenock to take on fuel and ammunition, before cruising south to the Mediterranean with an escort of three British destroyers. She stopped in Algiers on 26 March to take on additional supplies; there, she was visited by General Henri Giraud and Admiral André Lemonnier. Richelieu thereafter departed for the Suez Canal, steaming at a speed of 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph); while underway, she began to experience significant boiler problems. The boiler blowers were not providing sufficient oxygen, so the boilers were not fully burning the fuel. As a result, the boiler tubes quickly became fouled and caused overheating. Richelieu stopped in Aden for repairs to the boiler tubes, but the problem was not corrected.[47]

First deployment with the British Eastern Fleet

Richelieu (top left) with the battlecruiser Renown (center) and the battleship Valiant (top right) during Operation Transom on 12 May 1944

 

On entering the Indian Ocean, Richelieu picked up an escort consisting of the destroyers Rotherham, Racehorse, and Quadrant. The four ships arrived in Trincomalee, Ceylon on 10 April, where they joined an Allied fleet that included the carriers Illustrious and USS Saratoga, the battleships Valiant and Queen Elizabeth, and numerous cruisers and destroyers, commanded by Admiral James Somerville. On 16 April, the Eastern Fleet got underway for Operation Cockpit, a diversionary raid to distract the Japanese while American forces landed at Hollandia in New Guinea. Somerville divided his fleet into two squadrons; Richelieu served in Force 69, the main element, with Queen Elizabeth and Valiant, while Renown operated with the two carriers. The plan for Operation Cockpit called for carrier strikes on the port of Sabang, Netherlands East Indies. The fleet arrived in position early on 19 April, and after the carrier aircraft struck the port, Japanese bombers counter-attacked and Richelieu engaged the aircraft with her 100 mm and 40 mm batteries.[48][49]

 

The next major operation conducted by the Eastern Fleet, Operation Transom, was timed to coincide with American operations in the Central Pacific to keep the attention of the Japanese fleet based in Singapore focused away from the American fleet. For this operation, the target was the major base at Surabaya, which also had significant oil refinery facilities. The Eastern Fleet got underway on 7 May and stopped to refuel on 15 May before arriving two days later. The strike proceeded uneventfully for Richelieu and on 18 May the American contingent detached to rejoin the main American fleet in the Pacific while the Eastern Fleet returned to Trincomalee, arriving on 27 May. Two days later, Richelieu, Queen Elizabeth, and six destroyers steamed to Colombo to rest their crews. While there, Richelieu was visited by Admiral Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander of the South-East Asia Theatre. On 31 May, CV Merveilleux du Vignaux replaced Marzin as the ship's commander.[50][51][52]

 

Somerville planned another raid for mid-June: Operation Pedal, a carrier attack on the harbor of Port Blair in the Andaman Islands. The purpose of the attack was to again distract the Japanese fleet units in Singapore while American forces embarked on Operation Forager, the invasion of the Marianas Islands. For the Anglo-French operation, Somerville took only the fast ships, including Richelieu, Renown, and Illustrious with their accompanying cruiser and destroyer screens. These ships, designated Force 60, sortied on 19 June and two days later, Illustrious' aircraft struck Japanese targets in the port. The ships arrived back in Trincomalee on 23 June. Operation Crimson followed in July, and given the lack of a response from the Japanese fleet to the earlier raids, Somerville decided to use his battleships and battlecruiser to bombard Sabang and Sumatra. Richelieu and the other ships conducted shooting practice on 7, 14–15, and 17 July in preparation for the raid. The plan called for Richelieu, Valiant, Queen Elizabeth, and Renown, supported by cruisers, to shell the port at longer range while the Dutch cruiser Tromp led a group of destroyers in a close-range attack. Illustrious, joined by the carrier Victorious, which had recently arrived, provided air cover to the fleet.[53][54][55]

Richelieu on 18 May 1944 after the conclusion of Operation Transom, taken from USS Saratoga

 

The Eastern Fleet departed on 22 July and reached the target on the morning of 25 July; the carriers launched their combat air patrols and the surface combatants steamed to approach their targets. Richelieu was the last vessel in the line, astern of Renown. Queen Elizabeth, the leading battleship, opened fire at 06:54 at a range of 6,000 m (20,000 ft). The other ships quickly followed suit and F4U Corsair fighters circled overhead to spot for the ships' guns. Richelieu fired four-gun salvos, with two guns per turret, and she scored hits with the second salvo, demolishing several buildings and damaging the power station. Her secondary turrets neutralized a Japanese coastal artillery battery that had been engaging Tromp. At 07:15, the ships ceased firing, and in the brief bombardment, Richelieu had fired 81 main battery APC shells—this amounted to a rate of fire of a salvo every 50 seconds, nearly twice as fast as the British ships. Japanese aircraft attacked the fleet as it withdrew, but they were kept at bay by the carriers' fighters and heavy anti-aircraft fire from the ships. The fleet arrived back in Trincomalee on 27 July.[56]

 

By this time, Richelieu was beginning to suffer from reduced speed, the result of continued boiler trouble and biofouling of her hull. Admiral Laurence E. Power, who had replaced Somerville as the fleet commander, detached Richelieu for a refit. The British had initially offered the floating dry-dock AFD-23, but Merveilleux du Vignaux believed that the dry-dock would not be able to accommodate a vessel the size of his ship (he proved to be correct when on 8 August, AFD-23 capsized with Valiant aboard). Richelieu left on 6 September, bound for Algiers with three escorting destroyers. Le Terrible and Le Fantasque took over escort duties after Richelieu passed through the Suez Canal, and on 23 September the three ships arrived in Algiers. Richelieu then steamed north to Toulon on 1 October where she was visited again by Lemonnier, but the shipyard there was in ruins, so she moved to Casablanca on 10 October to be refitted. In addition to the hull cleaning and boiler repairs, she had new fire control and search radars installed, including a US SG-1 search radar, British Type-281B air search radar, and Type-285P fire control radars, in addition to other equipment, including an FV1 jammer and high-frequency direction finding gear.[57][58]

Second deployment with the British Eastern Fleet

Seen from the deck of HMS Queen Elizabeth are Valiant (center-right) and Richelieu (right background)

 

On 23 January 1945, Richelieu left Casablanca for Gibraltar, arriving there two days later to have her hull cleaned and repainted. The French sought to deploy an independent task force consisting of Richelieu, the four light cruisers still in service, and four destroyers, with a view toward reestablishing French control in Indochina. But the United States opposed the move and refused to allocate the aircraft carriers and support ships that would have been necessary for another independent fleet, and so Richelieu could only be sent, alone, back to the Eastern Fleet. The ship conducted trials in February that revealed the problem with her boilers had finally been corrected and she thereafter got underway for Trincomalee, arriving on 20 March. By this time, the modern elements of the Eastern Fleet had been detached to form the British Pacific Fleet, with the Eastern Fleet being renamed the East Indies Fleet. This unit, still under Power's command, consisted of Queen Elizabeth and Renown, nine cruisers, ten escort carriers, and twenty destroyers. Japanese naval strength at Singapore had also significantly decreased to just four heavy cruisers and several destroyers.[59][60]

 

For the next few weeks, Richelieu was occupied with shooting drills with her primary and secondary batteries and tests for the anti-aircraft radars and command systems. Now assigned to Force 63 of the East Indies Fleet, Richelieu sortied on 8 April to take part in Operation Sunfish, another bombardment of Sabang while aircraft scouted possible landing beaches near the city of Padang on the coast of Sumatra. The ships allocated for the operation consisted of Richelieu, Queen Elizabeth, two heavy cruisers, two escort carriers, and five destroyers. Early on 11 April, the two battleships, one of the cruisers, and three destroyers bombarded the island while the other vessels conducted the reconnaissance operation. Richelieu fired seven salvos with her main battery and used her secondary guns to once again silence the coastal battery on the island. Japanese aircraft launched a poorly-coordinated attack on the battleships but they failed to score any hits. After further carrier operations around Padang, the fleet returned to port on 20 April.[61][62]

 

The next major operation followed a week later. Operation Bishop, a strike against Japanese airfields in the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, was to cover British Army landings at Rangoon in Burma. The plan called for the East Indies Fleet to be divided into multiple groups, each with escorting cruisers and destroyers: four of the escort carriers were to directly support the landings, Richelieu and Queen Elizabeth each formed independent surface action groups, and another pair of escort carriers provided air protection for the surface groups. The fleet got underway on 27 April and reached Car Nicobar two days later. Richelieu bombarded the airfields at a range of 23,600 m (77,400 ft), firing a total of 80 main and 45 secondary shells. She incurred minor damage to her bow 20 mm guns from the blast effects of firing the main battery nearly directly forward. The fleet then proceeded to the Andamans, and at 17:30, Richelieu opened fire at Port Blair; poor visibility hampered her shooting, and she ceased fire at 18:07, by now having expended the main battery ammunition that had been allotted for the bombardment. She nevertheless returned on 2 May to shell the harbor with her secondary guns, firing 120 rounds and inflicting significant damage to the harbor facilities. The fleet steamed north to Rangoon to support the landings, but it was discovered that the Japanese had already withdrawn, allowing the fleet to return to Trincomalee on 8 May.[63][64]

Richelieu astern of Valiant during Operation Bishop

 

A decrypted Japanese radio signal revealed that the cruiser Haguro and the destroyer Kamikaze were to steam from Singapore to Port Blair to evacuate the garrison there on the night of 12–13 May while another transport vessel would pick up the troops at Car Nicobar. On 9 May, a pair of British submarines spotted Haguro as it passed through the Malacca Strait, so the East Indies Fleet launched Operation Dukedom to intercept the Japanese ships. Richelieu steamed with the heavy cruiser HMS Cumberland as Group 3 of Force 61. Aware that Allied ships were at sea, Haguro and Kamikaze turned back, though they were spotted by aircraft from the escort carriers and then sunk by destroyers of the 26th Destroyer Flotilla before Richelieu and Cumberland could arrive. Japanese aircraft attacked the fleet as it withdrew back to Trincomalee but were, once again, poorly coordinated and they failed to damage the ships. Richelieu arrived in port on 18 May.[65][66]

 

On arrival, the ship took on additional ammunition and fuel, and over the coming weeks, she underwent repairs to her boilers and took part in shooting practice. The bombardments carried out earlier in the year had revealed excessive dispersion of the main battery shells, particularly if both guns on one side of the turret were fired at the same time. The crew at that time was unable to determine the cause of the problem, though tests with the remanufactured Strasbourg charges reduced the problem. On 3 June, the destroyer Le Triomphant arrived with spare equipment for Richelieu, which was sent to Durban for another refit. Her hull again needed to be scraped and her boilers required a re-tubing. The ship had to stop in Diego Suarez on the way to disembark non-white crewmen at the request of the racist government of South Africa; though this caused resentment among the crew, the French nevertheless complied. Richelieu arrived on 18 July and work lasted from 31 July to 10 August. Thirteen of the ship's 20 mm guns were replaced with four 40 mm guns, as the lighter weapons had proved to be ineffective against kamikazes. The ship conducted training and trials of South Africa before departing for Diego Suarez, ultimately arriving back in Trincomalee on 18 August, by which time Japan had surrendered.[67][68]

Postwar era

 

Immediately after the surrender of Japan, French and British forces began their attempts to reassert control in their Japanese-occupied colonies. On 7 September, Richelieu got underway in company with the British battleship Nelson to take part in Operation Zipper, the amphibious landing on Sumatra. Two days later, Richelieu detonated a magnetic mine, though she suffered only minor damage; the force of the blast pushed in some hull plates by 10 to 12 cm (3.9 to 4.7 in) and inflicted minor shock damage to the lighting system, but the vessel remained with the fleet. After landing the troops with no opposition, Richelieu moved to Singapore on 11 September to participate in Operation Tiderace, the liberation of the city, the following day. She returned to Trincomalee on 16 September before getting underway again on 27 September, bound for Indochina. She steamed with Le Triomphant as escorts for the transport ships Queen Emma and Princess Beatrix, which carried French soldiers to restore colonial rule in Indochina. French rule was opposed by the Viet Minh, and on arrival Richelieu was used to support the forces ashore in a variety of capacities: she served as a staging area, hospital, artillery support, and troop transport. She also contributed a landing party to the forces fighting to reassert French control.[69][70][71]

 

Richelieu, Le Triomphant, and Le Fantasque took part in Operation Mapor at Nha Trang from 20 to 26 November, providing heavy fire support to soldiers fighting in the area. By this time, a French squadron consisting of the aircraft carrier Béarn and the cruisers Gloire, Suffren, and Émile Bertin had arrived in mid-October, allowing Richelieu to be returned to France. Before leaving, Richelieu sent her four single 40 mm guns and most of her 20 mm guns ashore, along with a considerable stockpile of ammunition for the guns and 152 mm shells. She departed on 29 December and arrived in Toulon on 11 February 1946, thereafter taking part in the transport effort to send French soldiers back from France to North Africa. With that completed, she steamed north to Cherbourg, arriving to be dry-docked on 16 March. Repairs lasted until 20 July, and consisted of replacing the starboard propeller, correcting the hull damage from the mine in September 1945, and thoroughly overhauling her boilers.[69][72]

 

With the repairs completed, Richelieu sailed to Britain to carry the crew for the aircraft carrier HMS Colossus, which was to be loaned to the French for five years, serving as Arromanches. Richelieu thereafter began a training cruise that included stops in Casablanca, Mers-el-Kébir, and Dakar. Later that year, she visited Portugal in company with Arromanches. She returned to Brest for modifications to the secondary battery from February to March 1947. The ship thereafter formed the core of a battle group that included three ex-German destroyers, based in Cherbourg. The group, along with a carrier group centered on Arromanches and cruiser group, both based in Toulon, were combined to form the Force d'Intervention, with Richelieu as the flagship of Vice Amiral (Vice Admiral) Robert Jaujard. The unit embarked on a training cruise to Africa in May and June, beginning with the three groups assembling in Casablanca on 8 May. Richelieu arrived back in Cherbourg on 13 June and began a period of maintenance and training of new crew members. Another training cruise to North Africa followed late in 1947, and while there she conducted shooting practice to try to determine the cause of the excessive shell dispersion. The subsequent installation of 60-millisecond delays to the firing circuits of the outer guns in the turrets created enough space between the shells that they did not disrupt each other in flight, significantly improving the issue.[73][74][75]

 

The Force d'Intervention was reactivated for another cruise in early 1948; the three constituent groups rendezvoused at Toulon and then conducted training exercises off North Africa. While in Mers-el-Kébir, the ship was slightly damaged while being moored in the port. Following the conclusion of the maneuvers, the force was disbanded and Richelieu steamed north to Brest, arriving on 29 May. The ship was in need of a thorough refit, and she was dry-docked in Cherbourg from August to September to survey the work that would be needed to be done. Jaujard left the ship and her crew was reduced to 750 men. Since the French naval budget was in a very limited state owing to the wrecked French economy in the immediate postwar years, Richelieu's refit was postponed to allow the funds to be used to complete Jean Bart instead. Richelieu was accordingly placed in reserve on 1 April 1949. The refit eventually began on 1 January 1950 and lasted until 24 October 1951, and it included a thorough overhaul of her propulsion machinery, replacement of her worn main and secondary battery guns, and repairs to her anti-aircraft battery, along with other modifications.[76]

One of the two remaining 380 mm guns of Richelieu, by the Penfeld river in Brest

 

During the refit, it was decided that the ship's anti-aircraft battery was too dated to allow the ship to operate in the era of jet aircraft; coupled with the need to update the ship's radar and electronics and install more capable command spaces, the costs would have been prohibitively high for the French Navy. Instead of fully modernizing the vessel, the navy decided to employ Richelieu as a training ship in the gunnery school in February 1951. After completing the refit, the ship underwent trials in November that involved firing nine rounds per gun from the main battery; this would be the last time Richelieu fired the 380 mm guns. Beginning in May 1952, the ship was based in Toulon as the flagship of CA Champion, and she spent the next few years conducting shooting practice with the secondary and smaller weapons to train the fleet's gunners. Another refit followed from October 1953 to February 1954. This involved replacing the British gunnery radar with a French-built set.[77]

 

For the first and last time of either of their careers, Richelieu and Jean Bart cruised together on 30 January 1956. The ship's career as a sea-going gunnery ship ended in February, when she was laid up in Brest. To prepare Richelieu for reserve, dehumidifiers were installed in the secondary turrets to inhibit rust and the 100 mm and 40 mm quad mounts were covered. The single 40 mm guns and all of the 20 mm guns still aboard the vessel were removed. She was thereafter used as a stationary school ship for reserve officers and as a floating barracks until 30 September 1967, when she was struck from the naval register. Renamed Q432, she was condemned on 16 January 1968 and sold to the Genoa-based ship breaker Cantieri Navali Santa Maria in September. Before she departed Brest, the four 380 mm guns of Turret I were removed and two were later preserved, one in Brest and the other in Ruelle. Richelieu was then towed to La Spezia, where she was broken up for scrap over the course of the following year.[78][79]

LEGO 6373 Motorcycle shop minimized

They used to sleep a lot in their carseats, to minimize spitting up.

You can minimize engine replacement expenses choosing the muscular used Chevy 350 motor for sale. Do not worry about getting the quality used Chevy engine for replacement. You will get it chevy350motor.com.

You can minimize engine replacement expenses choosing the muscular used Chevy 350 motor for sale. Do not worry about getting the quality used Chevy engine for replacement. You will get it chevy350motor.com.

 

Learn how to reduce body pain by using a personalized exercise program that focuses on increasing your flexibility to reduce injury caused by muscular imbalances.Please visit our website for more details www.contorture.org/

 

May 8

 

All I know is we landed at Heathrow at 6:30am local time, and we had an entire day to push through without sleeping so we could minimize jet lag.

 

Fairly wiped out, we grabbed breakfast at the airport–some place called Giraffe. It was fine. After a mostly-understood conversation with a dude selling train tickets, we got a pair of Oyster cards on rode the the crowded tube for an hour and a half during morning rush hour. I was so loopy! I knew everyone was freshly awake and headed to work, but in my head it felt like it was 7 or 8 in the evening.

 

After a long walk through a nice park, we found our AirBnB. We got there a bit early so we had to wait for somebody to let us in and drop off our luggage. The girl who let us in was super nice. I guess it’s a company that manages our place, so this girl is part of a larger group whose job it is to go all over London letting people into their AirBnBs. She’s also an actress.

 

We had to keep ourselves busy while a separate cleaning crew came to freshen up the place, so Emily and I walked to the nearby V&A Museum of Childhood, an offshoot of the main V&A Museum closer to downtown. It was a cool place! It’s essentially a massive old aircraft hangar that’s been transformed into a museum dedicated to children’s toys and clothing across history. They have a special exhibit right now about Nordic design for children over the past century. It was PERFECT for us.

 

After burning through a few hours there, we went back to our place and snuck in a 3 hour nap. We were so loopy our heads were spinning. We actually spent some time in the park outside our place because the cleaning crew was still working, and that’s where we figured out that we weren’t going to make it through the day. The nap was super helpful though, so we ventured back out in search of dinner.

 

Duck & Waffle is a place I put on our list without realizing that in order to eat there you need to make a reservation like 3 weeks in advance. SO, we wandered over to a place called All Bar One instead. It was pretty good! We met a local couple there who we ended up chatting with at length. They made some suggestions for us and let us know which other restaurants on our list we might need to book in advance. Thanks Matt and Beth!

 

In one last-ditch spark of energy, we took a bus to a place called Motown for some late-night ice cream. It was good, but we really shouldn’t have done that.

Buy Minimizer Bra Online for women in India. Find the best Minimizer Bras available in plus sizes, closure, coverage & fabric at India's Premium Lingerie Brand Lovebird ♥ Plus Size Available

Buy Minimizer Bra Online for women in India. Find the best Minimizer Bras available in plus sizes, closure, coverage & fabric at India's Premium Lingerie Brand Lovebird ♥ Plus Size Available

The most famous and photographed fountain in the world, the spectacular Trevi Fountain (Fontana di Trevi) in Rome, Italy.

 

Because of the millions of photos around, I decided to be a little creative. Did some split toning, cloned out the many power lines, left the tourist in but just turned down the clarity to minimize prominent textures. Hope you like it!

Beginning travelers can get more information through tips on traveling. The next article offers some very nice concepts for planning memorable journeys. Having a lot of time just for fun in your trip requires meticulous planning, in order to probably enjoy the tips that follow.

 

Throw a number of clothespins into the suitcase. They already have several uses, and as they are small they consume little or no room.

 

Trying getting into a major workout prior to board the plane. Long flights can be found being challenging to sit through. The need to remain seated in a position that long can provide cramps with your back and legs. Exercise or, at the very least, a session of stretching before a flight can minimize your cramps and eliminate sore muscles.

 

Record your important belongings when you are traveling. Carry your handbag tucked securely within your arm. Avoid choosing bags which may have zippered pockets on the outside. These are typically easy to access in crowded areas, thus if your bag is equipped with one, it is best to leave it empty. These are typically but a few recommendations to take into account when buying a good bag for your personal travels.

 

Be sure that you have clothespins along in your next vacation. You will be surprised by how useful these will turn into.

 

When you are traveling by air, wear loose, comfortable shoes that could be removed easily. You may want to take your shoes off during security checks. It is very important be comfy. Traveling by plane results in many sitting and also little walking, so heavy- duty footwear is just not needed or recommended. A great sort of footwear for travelling is sandals.

 

You must wear comfortable shoes if you take an airplane it's preferable if you can to slip your feet out from them easily. Security procedures expect you to take your shoes off. They should invariably be comfortable. You are not going to must do all the walking as you will sitting in many instances, hence the heavy-duty support isn't really that necessary. Sandals of flip-flops are fantastic when you are traveling by air.

 

This information has supplied you with reliable information for travel planning. Whether you are a novice traveler, or possibly a seasoned professional, it will be easy to feature several of this advice into the next travel preparations! www.taiping-hotels.com/booking/flemington-hotel.html

Licensed medical or healthcare professionals turn to us as their source for medical grade face masks. We're one of the leading medical mask manufacturers to health care providers. The disposable medical masks we provided are medical devices covering the mouth and nose providing a barrier to minimize the direct transmission of infective agents between staff and patient. The disposable medical face masks are intended to be used in operating rooms and health care settings with similar requirements are designed to protect the entire working environment.

 

Medical Face Masks For Sale

Our medical masks for sale specified in the European Standard EN14683-2019 are classified into two types (Type I and Type II) according to bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) whereby Type II is further divided according to whether or not the mask is splash resistant. The 'R' signifies splash resistance.

 

When choosing your specific medical protective masks,

 

make sure you choose the appropriate level in which procedures you will be performing.

 

Click here for guidelines and recommendations in selecting personal protective equipment.

 

Type I Disposable Medical Face Mask

Our Type I disposable medical face masks (Non-sterile), with BFE≥95%, should only be used for patients and other persons to reduce the risk of spread of infections particularly in epidemic or pandemic situations. They are not intended for use by healthcare professionals in an operating room or in other medical settings with similar requirements.

 

Type II Disposable Medical Face Mask

Our Type II disposable medical face masks, with BFE≥98%, are principally intended for use by healthcare professionals in an operating room or other medical settings with similar requirements. They are also be intended to be worn by patients and other persons to reduce the risk of spread of infections, particularly in epidemic or pandemic situations.

 

Type IIR Disposable Medical Face Mask

With splash resistance, our type IIR disposable medical face masks are intended to be worn by patients and other persons to reduce the risk of spread of infections, particularly in epidemic or pandemic situations. They are principally intended for use by healthcare professionals in an operating room or other medical settings with similar requirements.

 

What's the application of medical face masks?

As a minimum, Type I medical face masks are used for patients in order to reduce the risk of the spread of infections, particularly in epidemic or pandemic situations. Type II masks are principally intended for use by healthcare professionals in an operating room or other medical settings with similar requirements.

 

What's the difference between medical face masks and general face mask?

Since the medical face masks and general face mask all look the same, it’s difficult for us to tell the difference. They have the same 3 ply layers: two layers non-woven fabrics and the most important middle melt-blown fiber layers. There is a very important technical data to distinguish them: Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE). For medical use, the BFE should be ≥95% or ≥99%. For general use, the melt blown fiber does not have such technical data but Particles Filtration Efficiency (PFE). The PFE should be ≥80%.

www.imdmedical.com/products/medical-face-masks/

Minimize your diving failure points: wp.me/ptVor-1yM

My portrait was taken by myself and I was inspired by Nadar.

 

From my take on Nadar’s photography, I chose to emphasize the simpleness of my shot by minimizing everything else that was not related to me. He did not use many props during his shots, and he oftentimes only focused on the person in efforts to keep his portraits simple and direct. In order to replicate and mimic Nadar’s style, I used a blank background in order to have the main focus on me. I took my shot near sunset, during golden hour, so that the natural lightning was not as bright and whitening compared to earlier hours of the day. In order to make my surroundings look more soft, I exported my photo to procreate in order to first darken the shadows and second, lower the exposure lessen harsh light, while gently blurring out everything but myself to focus more on me. I made sure my hands were hidden, and I only photographed 3/4th of my body for the ending shot. The clothing I wore was simple, and my hair and face were kept upright.

 

While Nadar chose to emphasize facial features, I thought wearing/adding the mask (especially during this time) would have been fitting for the overall project. In efforts to visualize what Nadar would have done during a masked-health crisis-pandemic-era, I wanted to take what he focused on in his shots and apply it to life during a global pandemic. Essentially, this was my attempt to depict what Nadar would have chosen to do if he had lived through the era of covid-19. Because one of his focuses was to document his clients, I wanted to make a statement that no one now is without a mask- that masks are a part of us. Given the extreme changes that covid-19 has brought upon us, I wanted to make it as if the masks are now a part of every human, and that we are no longer ourselves without our masks. I wanted my limited facial features (from my eyes to above) to be the main focus in attempts to evoke what Nadar would have done, had he been obligated to take shots with masks.

 

PRODUCT INFORMATION IN DETAIL

  

Features:

 

•Hold your Smartphone horizontally on your belt in this beautiful Warrington Horizontal Case.

•Horizontal design minimizes the common problem of cases accidentally drop-off your belt while you sit.

•The outer pink shell and pink interior, making this case sophisticated and chic.

•Ease of use – will take only seconds to keep your device in and take it out.

•Manufactured by hand from luxurious leather for its fashionable look and feel.

•Keep your precious screen from any scratches and dust.

•Magnetic clasp closure keeps the phone protected inside the case.

•The case comes with fixed belt clip with belt loop attaches easily to belts or straps.

•The belt clip provides you a horizontal placement for your convenience.

 

Specifications:

 

•Case Type: Horizontal Case.

•Model: Warrington Collection.

•Fixed belt clip with belt loop.

•Material: Luxurious leather.

•Dimension: 120 x 60 x18 mm.

•Size of the case: Xtra Large.

•Face: Enclosed.

•Magnetic closure.

•Manufacturer: Amzer.

•Color: Pink.

 

Price: $19.95

 

Visit www.fommy.com/iphone-5.htm for more iPhone 5 Accessories.

 

Uptown Yucaipa, California - www.yucaipa.org/cityDepartments/communityDevelopment/Upto...

Proper round bale storage can minimize nutrient loss.

I had just minimized the tele lens field of view to capture a blown up image of this swimming bird when it suddenly gaped skyward like this and went outside my framing. I snapped anyway... it's still an interesting shot of this captivating species. (The Gotcha victim was yours truly!)

 

IMG_0025; Brown Pelican

In an 24 Hour Vet Columbia SC, we encounter situations in which dog lovers are forced to go to the vet and spend large sums on visits to the veterinary clinic, which could have been prevented if they had taken care of the dog's own care and grooming routine.

I know that we are all busy and we have a lot on our heads but the dog is a family member and as such, we are responsible for his health and quality of life, so when he is not feeling well we run to the vet and pay the price ...

 

We at the Emergency Vet Columbia SC give you advice from our vast experience:

  

Nutrition - Nutrition is the most important factor that keeps you and your dog from frequent visits to a veterinary clinic. A balanced, correct and appropriate diet that contains everything your dog needs including supplements to the joints and bones and to the health of your hair and skin. The right diet will make sure your immune system is functioning high and can prevent anything from viruses to parasites. Thus, the body of the dog will be able to deal with things without the intervention of the veterinarian. Want to know more about proper nutrition?

 

Exercise - Regular exercise for the body and brain of the dog, are the building blocks for dog health. Every dog ​​needs movement to maintain its physical health and it needs brain challenges to maintain an active and interactive brain and prevent boredom.

A non-challenged dog becomes a sad dog and begins to suffer from medical problems.

So, do your best to run the dog in a variety of activities, pose different dog challenges. Play it in circles and octaves, play with others, ball games, Frisbee, Treasure Hunt and more, and you will have a happy and healthy dog ​​for years.

 

Proper weight - Keeping a healthy weight is one of the biggest challenges in dealing with a pet, especially when Zemanta Related Posts Thumbnail is constantly being fed.

  

Excess weight is now the number one cause of death in the pet.

 

It is important to remember that in addition to proper nutrition, the dog / cat also maintains normal and healthy weight, skeletal system and normal muscles.

If your dog is overweight, change your diet, lifestyle, and activity habits. This is a task that can be met with appropriate guidance and guidance and for this I am here for you. If you choose to take responsibility for the health of your dog and change his condition and improve his quality of life so that he can jump and enjoy a happy and unrestricted life, you can buy weight loss training and do it yourself easily, safely and in a short time. For details on purchasing a kit and how to help a dog lose weight you can contact me at the call center.

 

The Volente Lake House was designed to minimize disturbance to the site while maximizing use of recycled material. The steel and glass house floats above salvaged concrete block walls & foundation of the existing house to connect with vistas of Lake Travis.

 

The new two story structure hovers lightly above supported by only four 8 inch diameter steel columns and a single concrete peir. The structure is tied back to the slope by a 80' long entry bridge.

 

The cheveron shaped geometry of the plan is designed to optimize views to the lake.

 

The bridge creates an axis which penetrate through the house and serves as a divider between private and public space. The axis culminate in a dramatic cantilevered jetty /lookout point toward the lake.

 

Circulation is organized around a central spiral stair in the three story open lobby space. A sculptor's mechanical lift is installaed at the top of the stairs for moving art work or furniture.

 

Bercy Chen Studio LP

www.bcarc.com

  

"Oh, perfect," Marvin grumbled. "All I have to do to keep the sun out of my eyes is walk backwards. Honestly, why does it have to be so hard to find sunglasses that will fit my head?"

Buy Minimizer Bra Online for women in India. Find the best Minimizer Bras available in plus sizes, closure, coverage & fabric at India's Premium Lingerie Brand Lovebird ♥ Plus Size Available

Many measures that aimed at minimizing radiation exposure contained the seeds of future problems, particularly with respect to prospects for the social and economic development of the affected communities.

 

In particular, commitments made to help resettled people and provide them with social compensation and benefits to offset incurred losses gave rise to development of both the Chernobyl stigma as well as the ‘Chernobyl victim’ and dependency culture.

 

"Resettlement, whether mandatory or voluntary, proved to be a traumatic experience, and those who remained in, or returned to, their homes have coped better psychologically than those who were moved to other areas. In hindsight, the later waves of resettlement, particularly after 1991, appear to have been unnecessary."

 

Learn more about UNDP’s work in Chernobyl-affected areas

 

Photo courtesy of UNDP in Ukraine

 

"Rake - minimize your Information" wants to question our media consumption and is directed against the flood of unfiltered information that is constantly pouring in via social media and news, clouding our view of the really relevant statements and news. An algorithm ranks the news of different media agencies according to their relevance for the average reader. The most unimportant messages are printed out by a printer and then cut into strips by a shredder. The mountain of paper shreds is constantly growing and symbolizes the reading performance we can save ourselves.

 

Credit: Kaufmann, Schreiber, Aichelburg, Hofmeister

 

Construction activity will be managed to minimize disruption during peak traffic periods.

The Volente Lake House was designed to minimize disturbance to the site while maximizing use of recycled material. The steel and glass house floats above salvaged concrete block walls & foundation of the existing house to connect with vistas of Lake Travis.

 

The new two story structure hovers lightly above supported by only four 8 inch diameter steel columns and a single concrete peir. The structure is tied back to the slope by a 80' long entry bridge.

 

The cheveron shaped geometry of the plan is designed to optimize views to the lake.

 

The bridge creates an axis which penetrate through the house and serves as a divider between private and public space. The axis culminate in a dramatic cantilevered jetty /lookout point toward the lake.

 

Circulation is organized around a central spiral stair in the three story open lobby space. A sculptor's mechanical lift is installaed at the top of the stairs for moving art work or furniture.

 

Bercy Chen Studio LP

www.bcarc.com

  

MANCHESTER (Reuters) - Trebling tobacco duty internationally might minimize smoking by a next and stop 200 million early deaths this millennium from lung cancer along with other disorders, researchers claimed on Saturday.Oh my gosh! I am so sorry after stopping smoking that the daddy experienced

 

www.gethealthtips.org/how-long-for-lungs-to-heal-after-qu...

Interesting, I thought -- and the light was soft enough to minimize white blowout.

fun project and design is good at minimizing weird wood behavior

Client wanted to use a shower surround to minimize maintenance.

Good view of insulated ductwork designed to minimize noise.

Deliberately minimized 3d for max 2d compatibility.

1/2 inch Cha-cha. in Anachrome format.

The Mallard is 56–65 cm long, has a wingspan of 81–98 cm, and weighs 0.9–1.2Kg. The breeding male is unmistakable, with a green head, black rear end and a yellowish orange(can also contain some red) bill tipped with black (as opposed to the dark brown bill in females). The female Mallard is light brown, like most female dabbling ducks. However, both the female and male Mallards have distinct purple speculum edged with white, prominent in flight or at rest (though temporarily shedded during the annual summer molt). In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage the drake becomes drab, looking more like the female, but still distinguishable by its yellow bill and reddish breast.

 

The Mallard is a rare example of both Allen's Rule and Bergmann's Rule in birds. Bergmann's Rule, which states that polar forms tend to be larger than related ones from warmer climates, has numerous examples in birds. Allen's Rule says that appendages like ears tend to be smaller in polar forms to minimize heat loss, and larger in tropical and desert equivalents to facilitate heat diffusion, and that the polar taxa are stockier overall. Examples of this rule in birds are rare, as they lack external ears. However, the bill of ducks is very well supplied with blood vessels and is vulnerable to cold.

 

The size of the Mallard varies clinally, and birds from Greenland, although larger than birds further south, have smaller bills and are stockier. It is sometimes separated as subspecies Greenland Mallard (A. p. conboschas).

 

In captivity, domestic ducks come in wild-type plumages, white, and other colours. Most of these colour variants are also known in domestic mallards not bred as livestock, but kept as pets, aviary birds, etc., where they are rare but increasing in availability.

 

A noisy species, the male has a nasal call, the female the "quack" always associated with ducks.

 

source: wiki

 

Seen in a pond in Theodore Roosevelt Park in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey.

1-Jan-2024: 1. Chicken run: Dawn of the nugget

 

6-Jan-2024: 2. Armageddon (2023)

Comedy show with Ricky Gervais.

 

"Another theme of the show has been: 'Words change, and I'm woke, haha.' But here's the irony: I think I am woke, but I think that word has changed. I think if woke still means what it used to mean – that you're aware of your own privilege, you try and maximize equality, minimize oppression, be anti-racist, anti-sexist, anti-homophobic – yes, I'm definitely woke. If woke now means being a puritanical, authoritarian bully who gets people fired for an honest opinion or even a fact, then no, I'm not woke. Fuck that."

 

The funniest bit was the joke about the pedo and the puppy. xD Wait, what

 

13-Feb-2024: 3. Oppenheimer

 

15-Feb-2024: 4. Mamma mia: Here we go again

Donna: *sails away with guy she has known for 2 minutes*

Me: "I'll take 'Things that never happened' for 9000, Alex."

But I was reminded of that movie "Dead calm". :)

 

24-Feb-2024: 5. Leave the world behind

 

13-Apr-2024: 6. The equalizer

 

30-Apr-2024: 7. Beau is afraid

 

22-Jun-2024: 8. Guido Superstar: The rise of Guido

 

29-Jun-2024: 9. Where the crawdads sing

 

2-Jul-2024: 10. Johnny English

Villain's henchman: *tries to force the queen to abdicate at gunpoint*

The queen: "Nevah."

Henchman: *picks up corgi and points gun at her*

The queen: *abdicates*

 

18-Aug-2024: 11. Fat Man and Little Boy

Like a poor man's "Oppenheimer". :p Anyway, funny quote:

 

General Leslie R. Groves: "Where is he?"

Kitty Oppenheimer: "He's out back, sitting in the sun with a blanket on his lap. Nursing a guilty dick, no doubt."

Groves: "It is not necessary to be vulgar."

Kitty: "Nothing I say could approach the vulgarity of what you're building in your backyard. :) "

 

20-Aug-2024: 12. The swimmers

 

25-Aug-2024: 13. Society of the snow (a.k.a. La sociedad de la nieve)

About the rugby team whose plane crashed in the Andes in 1972.

 

"Don't laugh at me. But my faith - sorry, Numa - isn't in your god. Because that god tells me what I'm supposed to do at home. But he doesn't tell me what to do on the mountain. What's happening here is a completely different situation. Numa. This is my heaven. I believe in another god. I believe in the god that Roberto keeps inside his head when he comes to heal each of my wounds. In the god that Nando keeps in his legs and that lets him continue walking no matter what. I believe in Daniel's hands when he cuts the meat. And Fito, when he gives it to us without saying which of our friends it belonged to. That way, we can eat it without... without having to remember their faces. That's the god I believe in."

 

30-Aug-2024: 14. Blue whales

45 minute docu shown at local science centre Universeum.

 

3-Sep-2024: 15. The equalizer 2

 

13-Sep-2024: 16. Downsizing

 

21-Sep-2024: 17. Ex machina

As I started watching it, I thought "That looks like it could be in Norway...", and I checked the filming locations. The house is next to the river Valldøla, a few hundred meters from these beautiful spots where I hung out on my 2016 roadtrip! :D

 

25-Sep-2024: 18. Enough

 

29-Sep-2024: 19. Year one

 

30-Sep-2024: 20. Ett sista race

 

2-Oct-2024: 21. Beautiful rebel (a.k.a. Sei nell’anima)

Biopic about Italian rockstar Gianna Nannini.

 

ANY GIANNA FANS IN THE HOUSE?! I got one of her albums for my 7th b-day in 1990, probably because I had expressed some mild appreciation of the song "I maschi" when it played on the radio. She became my first fave artist, and the first real concert I went to was hers – November 1990. I was obsessed af, so if early-90's-me had known that I would one day get to see a Gianna biopic I would have fucking DIED. :)

 

I never knew Italian, but if Duolingo had existed in 1990 I would probably have started learning it... :p

 

I haven't seen Gianna since 1990, BUT... I HAVE A TICKET FOR HER GIG IN HAMBURG ON JULY 20, 2025! 8D

 

I... I still haven't listened to all the albums, because I suck. But my faves so far are (in chronological order) Malafemmina and Scandalo. Off you hop.

 

17-Oct-2024: 22. The weekend away

I watched it because it was set in Split, Croatia. :)

 

23-Nov-2024: 23. Barber

 

31-Dec-2024: 24. WarGames

I was hanging out at a sci-fi con where they looped a bunch of title-less clips from various movies. One of them was unfamiliar to me, but looked like, uh, fun. :p I dug around a bit, and it turned out to be this 41-year-old movie.

 

"It's all right, I've planned ahead. We're just three miles from a primary target. A millisecond of brilliant light and we're vaporized. Much more fortunate than the millions who wander sightless through the smoldering aftermath. We'll be spared the horror of survival."

 

-----------------------------

 

Vegan FAQ! :)

 

The Web Site the Meat Industry Doesn't Want You to See.

 

Please watch Earthlings.

 

-----

 

You can reach me at yoze83 [AT] yahoo.com

Harris County, Tx. with regrown tail. This is by far the most common species in my experience.

 

Leave snakes alone. They serve a critical role in the environment.

 

Minimize your risk by watching where you step and reach. At night, use a light. Consider wearing leather boots. Avoid grass if you can't see the ground. If you see a snake, back off slowly. But, understand the risk is small, and don't limit your activities because of "snakes". :-)

 

If "bitten":

 

1. Look for fang marks. There may be one or two punctures. If none, wash the area and continue the hike.

2. If fang marks, Stay CALM and DON'T PANIC. You are not going to die. Young and old persons, bites to the torso (vs extremities) are higher risk though. If possible, kill snake and take head with you, to show medical personnel.

3. CALMLY, walk out and drive to a hospital emergency room, and nothing more. Remember, the old advice of cutting the skin and sucking the poison was, and is, wrong and harmful.

4. Even though the snake bit you, it may not have envenomated. The volume of envenomation, and the toxicity of the venom, varies.

5. If the snake envenomated, the body's reaction will vary. There will be swelling, sometimes gross, possible shock, and some will have allergic reactions.

6. The doctor may decide to administer antivenin, and will likely keep you overnight at least, for observation. Antivenin in itself has risks, such as a source of allergic reactions, plus it is very costly, so it is not an automatic decision.

 

My research shows that 60pct of actual bite victims require no more than first aid and possible overnight observation. There were only 5 snake bite fatalities in the USA in the recent year.

 

Most bite victims are male, are attempting to handle the snake, and are often intoxicated.

   

The increase of emergency situations all over the world, linked to various factors such as wars, economic crises, epidemics, climate change and others of natural character, has been a reality in which governments, United Nations, private sector and society have focused and prepared a set of strategic measures to ensure the safety and well being of people, particularly the most vulnerable.

 

Thus, in the context of natural disaster prevention program and to strengthen the planning capacity and the level of preparation of the educational sector in emergencies, the UN Office in Cape Verde and the Ministry of Education in close partnership with UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office, will organize on October from 26th to 29th, a training course for trainers about "Education in Emergencies" designed for representatives of the Ministry of Education, National Civil Protection Service, NGOs and UN staff.

 

This training aims to equip participants with theoretical and practical knowledge about the component of education in emergency situations through an interactive and participatory approach, in order to be prepared to work in an emergency situation and ensure that children exercise their rights to education.

 

Besides its objectives, this activity will also contribute to the strengthening of the interconnection between the sectors of the country in conjunction with the National Civil Protection Service to best prepare and anticipate the risks and to respond to emergency situations. The purpose is the protection of children and young people, in the case of Cape Verde, a group nearly 100% involved in the education sector; a privileged group for a wide, swift and harmonized response. Therefore, it is understood that the school has a role as a disseminator of information, providing it to the students and their families. But it is also an occasion to promote a review on the sector's organization in event of disasters or emergencies that endanger the maintenance of the education system and its continuity, even temporarily.

 

At the opening ceremony, where there were representatives from the Ministry of Education and of Civil Protection, representing UNICEF Cape Verde and other UN agencies involved on Education matters, Mrs. Narjess Saidane, referring to the importance of this training, said that several examples from other countries have shown that children who received specific information about the reduction of natural hazards are better prepared to face the difficulties and play a positive role in protecting their lives and their communities.

 

Since children and youth are the most vulnerable part of the population, the training in emergencies component provided to the educational sector contributes to their empowerment and consequently to their qualification to adopt attitudes, practices and behaviors before and after a disaster, thus minimizing the adverse effects that an emergency situation can cause, both physically and psychologically.

 

Thus, it is recognized the important role of the schools in this process, which in addition to conventional wisdom, they can and should contribute to disseminate information to help reduce risks and consequences of disasters. The integration of risk reduction modules in the curriculum of primary and secondary education will help increase the perception of children and adolescents about their role in responding to emergencies.

 

According to Mrs. Narjess Saidane, Cape Verde has defined in its contingency plan a number of risks, some of which may occur more frequently than others, hence, the imperative need to prepare the society, and especially children on how to act in emergencies. It is in this context that this training course for trainers will lay the groundwork for extending, in time, the theoretical and practical knowledge to all teachers in the country.

 

This training consists among others, the following topics: I) the rationale for a specific discipline of Emergency on Education as a primary humanitarian response; II) Framework for Education in emergencies, including standards, technical components and actions to be taken; and III) the education sector and the existing coordination mechanisms in Cape Verde to prevent and respond to emergencies.

 

At the end of the training, the focal points should be selected for Education in Emergency Situation and the multiplication strategy for all teachers and others involved in the education sector. The participants should establish a plan of action for implementation of capacity building activities at the decentralized level.

 

During his speech, the Director General of Planning, Budget and Management of the Ministry of Education and Sports, Dr. Pedro Brito, highlighted the commitment of the Ministry and expressed its interest to agree with the plans that will result from this training course for trainers, in the view that its dissemination will better prepare the sector and all interested parties play their part.

Celebrity Jason Momoa Justice League Arthur Curry Leather Jacket

Minimize your styling hassle at the same time look stunning in our replica leather jacket inspired by Jason Momoa known for portraying the role of Arthur Curry in the film Aquaman in the year 2018, an American superhero film based on the DC Comics.

 

Jason Momoa an American actor, writer, film producer, and director wore this bold-looking leather jacket at London while attending a photocall for Justice League on the 4th of November, 2017.

 

Made using 100% Pure Napa Leather, this jacket can be made as per your measurements or you can select from our Ready Sizing options.

 

mready.co/product/celebrity-jason-momoa-justice-league-ar...

Atlantic Movers Miami

1577 Northeast 1st Avenue

Miami, FL 33132

305-328-9111

sales@atlanticmoversmiami.com

www.atlanticmoversmiami.com

  

We, at Atlantic Movers first opened our doors in 2007. We started as a small family business. Since than we have been providing local Miami residents and businesses with superior value and quality on local and long distance moves with in Miami area or 50 US states. We are 100% licensed, bonded and insured. We are a registered BBB business. List of references includes major local businesses and luxury condominiums. We are an exclusive moving company for a number of luxury properties.

 

We provide local and long distance service together with full packing service. Our facilities also include 30,000 SF of private and guarded storage space. We have a fleet of well-maintained trucks and professional movers. We do not hire sub or daily labor and our movers have been through extensive background and drug checks.

 

Our local range covers most of East and West Coast or Florida going up North as far as Daytona. We dedicated our time and afford to provide you with the best service level possible. Our professional record speaks for itself. With knowledgeable sales stuff, strong, polite and honest movers and all necessary equipment, you can be sure that your belonging will be well taken care of. We will minimize the stress you may otherwise have to deal with while moving. Please give us a call today, or visit our website for a quick estimate.

The Volente Lake House was designed to minimize disturbance to the site while maximizing use of recycled material. The steel and glass house floats above salvaged concrete block walls & foundation of the existing house to connect with vistas of Lake Travis.

 

The new two story structure hovers lightly above supported by only four 8 inch diameter steel columns and a single concrete peir. The structure is tied back to the slope by a 80' long entry bridge.

 

The cheveron shaped geometry of the plan is designed to optimize views to the lake.

 

The bridge creates an axis which penetrate through the house and serves as a divider between private and public space. The axis culminate in a dramatic cantilevered jetty /lookout point toward the lake.

 

Circulation is organized around a central spiral stair in the three story open lobby space. A sculptor's mechanical lift is installaed at the top of the stairs for moving art work or furniture.

 

Bercy Chen Studio LP

www.bcarc.com

  

Dawn Henderson & Associates

2314 Irving Boulevard

Dallas, Texas 75207

Main Office: 214-905-9900

Fax: 214-905-9990

 

hendersoninteriors.com/index.html

 

With 19 years of high-end residential design experience and 14 years of multi-family experience, Dawn Henderson & Associates incorporates great designs with your specific market and needs. Our strategy combines having a passion for space planning and innovative thinking, when creating interiors that reflect our clients' goals. We create unexpected, unique design solutions and pay meticulous attention to detail.

  

At Dawn Henderson & Associates, our firm is comprised of skilled and knowledgeable senior-level designers and partners. The clients' bottom line is in the forefront of all our efforts. Our goal is for the Design to take the lead on projects while maintaining cost effectiveness. In summary, we design to maximize leasing and sales while minimizing costs. A more detailed list of the services we provide is available here.

 

We work diligently and effectively to make our client's vision become a reality. Our experience and background along with our staff of carefully selected craftsmen will take your project beyond expectation.

Stencil graffiti on a San Francisco, California sidewalk. Eric Schmidt is chairman of Google. This was a quote of his from 2012 regarding Google's efforts to minimize payment of global income taxes.

A group of Marine Iguanas on Isabella

 

Marine Iguana

The Marine Iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) is an iguana found only on the Galapagos Islands that has the ability, unique among modern lizards, to live and forage in the sea. It has spread to all the islands in the archipelago, and is sometimes called the Galapagos Marine Iguana. It mainly lives on the rocky Galapagos shore, but can also be spotted in marshes and mangrove beaches. On his visit to the islands, Charles Darwin was revolted by the animals' appearance, writing “The black Lava rocks on the beach are frequented by large (2-3 ft), disgusting clumsy Lizards. They are as black as the porous rocks over which they crawl & seek their prey from the Sea. I call them 'imps of darkness'. They assuredly well become the land they inhabit.” In fact, Amblyrhynchus cristatus is not always black; the young have a lighter coloured dorsal stripe, and some adult specimens are grey. The reason for the sombre tones is that the species must rapidly absorb heat to minimize the period of lethargy after emerging from the water. They feed almost exclusively on marine algae, expelling the excess salt from nasal glands while basking in the sun, and the coating of salt can make their faces appear white. In adult males, coloration varies with the season. Breeding-season adult males on the southern islands are the most colorful and will acquire reddish and teal-green colors, while on Santa Cruz they are brick red and black, and on Fernandina they are brick red and dull greenish. Another difference between the iguanas is size, which is different depending on the island the individual iguana inhabits. The iguanas living on the islands of Fernandina and Isabela (named for the famous rulers of Spain) are the largest found anywhere in the Galápagos. On the other end of the spectrum, the smallest iguanas are found on the island on Genovesa. Adult males are approximately 1.3 m long, females 0.6 m, males weigh up to 1.5 kg. On land, the marine iguana is rather a clumsy animal, but in the water it is a graceful swimmer, using its powerful tail to propel itself. As an exothermic animal, the marine iguana can spend only a limited time in the cold sea, where it dives for algae. However, by swimming only in the shallow waters around the island they are able to survive single dives of up to half an hour at depths of more than 15 m. After these dives, they return to their territory to bask in the sun and warm up again. When cold, the iguana is unable to move effectively, making them vulnerable to predation, so they become highly aggressive before heating up (since they are unable to run away they try to bite attackers in this state). During the breeding season, males become highly territorial. The males assemble large groups of females to mate with, and guard them against other male iguanas. However, at other times the species is only aggressive when cold. Marine iguanas have also been found to change their size to adapt to varying food conditions. During El Niño conditions when the algae that the iguanas feed on was scarce for a period of two years, some were found to decrease their length by as much as 20%. When food conditions returned to normal, the iguanas returned to their pre-famine size. It is speculated that the bones of the iguanas actually shorten as a shrinkage of connective tissue could only account for a 10% length change. Researchers theorize that land and marine iguanas evolved from a common ancestor since arriving on the islands from South America, presumably by driftwood. It is thought that the ancestral species inhabited a part of the volcanic archipelago that is now submerged. A second school of thought holds that the Marine iguana may have evolved from a now extinct family of seagoing reptiles. Its generic name, Amblyrhynchus, is a combination of two Greek words, Ambly- from Amblus meaning "blunt" and rhynchus meaning "snout". Its specific name is the Latin word cristatus meaning "crested," and refers to the low crest of spines along the animal's back. Amblyrhynchus is a monotypic genus in that Amblyrhynchus cristatus is the only species which belongs to it at this point in time. This species is completely protected under the laws of Ecuador. El Niño effects cause periodic declines in population, with high mortality, and the marine iguana is threatened by predation by exotic species. The total population size is unknown, but is, according to IUCN, at least 50,000, and estimates from the Charles Darwin Research Station are in the hundreds of thousands. The marine iguanas have not evolved to combat newer predators. Therefore, cats and dogs eat both the young iguanas and dogs will kill adults due to the iguanas' slow reflex times and tameness. Dogs are especially common around human settlements and can cause tremendous predation. Cats are also common in towns, but they also occur in numbers in remote areas where they take a toll on iguanas.

 

Isabella

Shaped like a sea horse, Isabela is the largest of the the islands in the Galapagos, more than 4 times larger than Santa Cruz the next largest. Isabela is 80 miles (100 km) in length and though it is remarkably beautiful it is not one of the most visited islands in the chain. Its visitor sites are far apart making them accessible only to faster boats or those with longer itineraries. One of the youngest islands, Isabela is located on the western edge of the archipelago near the Galapagos hot spot. At approximately 1 million years old, the island was formed by the merger of 6 shield volcanoes - Alcedo, Cerro Azul, Darwin, Ecuador, Sierra Negra and Wolf. Five of the six volcanoes are still active (the exception is Ecuador) making it one of the most volcanically active places on earth. Visitors cruising past Elizabeth Bay on the west coast can see evidence of this activity in the fumaroles rising from Volcan Chico on Sierra Negra. Two of Isabela's volcanoes lie directly on the equator - Ecuador and Volcan Wolf. Volcan Wolf is the youngest of Isabela's volcanoes and at 5,600ft (1707 m) the highest point in the Galapagos. Isabela is known for its geology, providing visitors with excellent examples of the geologic occurrences that have created the Galapagos Islands including uplifts at Urbina Bay and the Bolivar Channel, Tuft cones at Tagus Cove, and Pulmace on Alcedo. Isabela is also interesting for its flora and fauna. The young island does not follow the vegetation zones of the other islands. The relatively new lava fields and surrounding soils have not developed the sufficient nutrients required to support the varied life zones found on other islands. Another obvious difference occurs on Volcan Wolf and Cerro Azul, these volcanoes loft above the cloud cover and are arid on top. Isabela's rich animal, bird, and marine life is beyond compare. Isabela is home to more wild tortoises than all the other islands. Isabela's large size and notable topography created barriers for the slow moving tortoises; apparently the creatures were unable to cross lava flows and other obstacles, causing several different sub-species of tortoise to develop. Today tortoises roam free in the calderas of Alcedo, Wolf, Cerro Azul, Darwin and Sierra Negra. Alcedo Tortoises spend most of their life wallowing in the mud at the volcano crater. The mud offers moisture, insulation and protects their exposed flesh from mosquitoes, ticks and other insects. The giant tortoises have a mediocre heat control system requiring them to seek the coolness of the mud during the heat of the day and the extra insulation during the cool of the night. On the west coast of Isabela the nutrient rich Cromwell Current upwelling creating a feeding ground for fish, whales, dolphin and birds. These waters have long been known as the best place to see whales in the Galapagos. Some 16 species of whales have been identified in the area including humpbacks, sperms, sei, minkes and orcas. During the 19th century whalers hunted in these waters until the giant creatures were near extinction. The steep cliffs of Tagus Cove bare the names of many of the whaling ships and whalers which hunted in these waters. Birders will be delighted with the offerings of Isabela. Galapagos Penguins and flightless cormorants also feed from the Cromwell Current upwelling. These endemic birds nest along the coast of Isabela and neighboring Fernandina. The mangrove finch, Galapagos Hawk, brown pelican, pink flamingo and blue heron are among the birds who make their home on Isabela. A colorful part to any tour located on the western shore of Isabela, Punta Moreno is often the first or last stopping point on the island (depending on the direction the boat is heading). Punta Moreno is a place where the forces of the Galapagos have joined to create a work of art. The tour starts with a panga ride along the beautiful rocky shores where Galapagos penguins and shore birds are frequently seen. After a dry landing the path traverses through jagged black lava rock. As the swirling black lava flow gave way to form craters, crystal tide pools formed-some surrounded by mangroves. This is a magnet for small blue lagoons, pink flamingos, blue herons, and Bahama pintail ducks. Brown pelican can be seen nesting in the green leaves of the mangroves. You can walk to the edge of the lava to look straight down on these pools including the occasional green sea turtle, white-tipped shark and puffer fish. This idyllic setting has suffered from the presence of introduced species. Feral dogs in the area are known to attack sea Lions and marine iguanas.

 

Galapagos Islands

The Galápagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón; other Spanish names: Islas de Colón or Islas Galápagos) are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed around the equator in the Pacific Ocean, some 900 km west of Ecuador. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site: wildlife is its most notable feature. Because of the only very recent arrival of man the majority of the wildlife has no fear of humans and will allow visitors to walk right up them, often having to step over Iguanas or Sea Lions.The Galápagos islands and its surrounding waters are part of a province, a national park, and a biological marine reserve. The principal language on the islands is Spanish. The islands have a population of around 40,000, which is a 40-fold expansion in 50 years. The islands are geologically young and famed for their vast number of endemic species, which were studied by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. His observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Saturday, 8 June, 2013

8:30 –9:20 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE AND VIEWPOINTS

 

VIEWPOINT: CORPORATE RISK AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Presented by Zurich Insurance Group

Globally, governments have failed to reach an agreement on climate change. Traditional activist groups are putting pressure as never before on corporations to change their business practices. Public awareness of environmental harm is increasing, and consumers are using their buying power to boycott unsustainable goods and services. What are the implications as corporations look to more sustainable ways of operating? How can companies manage their risk and minimize their cost of adapting to climate change?

 

Discussion leaders:

Douglas Baker, Chairman and CEO, Ecolab

Samir Brikho, Chief Executive, AMEC

Xie Zhenhua, Vice Minister, National Development and Reform Commission

Zhang Yue, Chairman and CEO, Broad Group

 

Moderator: Brian Dumaine, Senior Editor-at-Large and Co-chair, 2013 Global Forum, Fortune

 

Photograph by Stefen Chow/Fortune Global Forum

Apnea sufferers are knowledgeable of the things that result whenever it goes untreated. The ideal procedure for combating the impact of apnea is learning whenever you can about them. You may minimize and even entirely eliminate your apnea symptoms if one makes consumption of helpful treatment advice such as that suggested below.

 

As a way to improve apnea, eliminate some undesirable habits through your life. The worst action you can take to give rise to apnea by drinking and smoking. Drinking can overly relax your respiratory system and may even cause difficulty in breathing. Smoking might cause swelling from the throat, that restricts the airway throughout sleep. You will see a lowering of apnea symptoms by quitting these habits.

 

Some people's apnea might be traced to morbid obesity. When you have apnea, so you are overweight, then try and shed a few of those excess weight. Carrying out a reasonable fat loss plan and getting some exercise is essential. Getting rid of white carbs for example white rice, pasta and sugar is a step that a great many people use to lose excess weight.

 

Explore corrective mouth pieces to help you with the apnea. Natural configuration of your respective jaw and airway passages can be conducive on the conditions linked to apnea. Corrective devices can increase your jaw alignment through the night and enhance your rest quality.

 

Don't underestimate the opportunity health consequences of apnea. If you feel you possess apnea, watch your doctor without delay. Upon having been diagnosed, your following step might be a sleep specialist, who may administer a sleeping test by using a small monitor to look for the extent of your respective condition.

 

When you sleep alone, identifying should you suffer from apnea can be difficult. To get evidence a health care provider can evaluate, record yourself sleeping throughout the night. The recording should likewise contain audio as a way to hear the noises that occur while you're sleeping.

 

Those with apnea agree the situation contributes to difficult living conditions daily. It's a great idea to perform your due diligence and learn all you could about apnea. Try your greatest for taking every one of the tips with this article seriously, and apply them whenever you can. www.themigdaldentalgroup.com/#!sleep-apnea/chpp

My efforts may be small but I try to minimize my human impact upon the natural world. I sanitize my laundry using Laundry Pure without using detergent to pollute the waters. I recycle everything I can. I reduce the use of all chemicals and encourge birds and wildlife to my yard. Small efforts, I know, but an effort none-the-less.