I stopped in front of a nondescript booth, my attention drawn by an old clarinet resting in its frayed case. A long-put-aside memory from grade school flickered bravely in my head. "Do you play?" I turned toward a grey-haired woman with a pleasant smile, aging but (as I remind myself often these days) probably no older than I. "No, not really. Just in the 4th grade". We traded grade school clarinet memories, hers much better-formed than mine. Feeling comfortable now, I asked her what I'd been wanting to ask vendors all day - why was she here? She said that she was downsizing and keen on simplifying her life, and that she needed to get rid of things she had accumulated over the years.

Oh, the irony. Here was a flea market extravaganza, with over 800 vendors displaying wares for thousands of shoppers over three days, all there to buy this same “stuff” and take it home, adding it to their lives - bottles and buckets, knick-knacks, yard art, old croquet sets and family photos of someone else's family. Acres and acres of stuff. I watched a woman buy a 60's-vintage plastic alarm clock, saying to her husband, "My mom and dad had this exact alarm clock next to their bed!" What was she going to do with that clock?

Of course, I'm supposed to be culling this year. After 6 hours shopping and observing, I bought nothing except for lunch. All I brought home were photos. Like a moth drawn to a flame, though, I'm sure I'll return next year.

Storm Clouds over Mono Lake. This pano tends to minimize the size of these huge thunderheads. They were really spectacular

when i minimize the window size the only words that shown up on the left-side only the “me'

Dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis, South Llano River State Park, Texas. Vignetting is to minimize background clutter.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Heinkel He 70 Blitz (Lightning) was designed in the early 1930s to serve as a mailplane for Deutsche Luft Hansa in response to a request for an aircraft faster than the Lockheed Vega and Orion (as used by Swissair) for use on short routes.

However, the fast technical development in the late Forties and the advent of the jet age rendered the SAS’ He 70 floatplane fleet quickly obsolete and they were retired in 1953.

General characteristics:

Crew: 2 (pilot, navigator/radio operator) plus up to 6 passengers

Length: 11.70 m (38 ft 4⅔ in)

Wingspan: 14.80 m (48 ft 6⅔.75 in)

Height: 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in)

Wing area: 36.50 m² (392.9 sq ft)

Empty weight: 2,360 kg (5,203 lb)

Loaded weight: 3,386 kg (7,450 lb)

Max. takeoff weight: 3,500 kg (7,700 lb)

Powerplant:

1× SNECMA 14R supercharged 14 cylinder radial engine with 1,190 kW (1,590 hp) for take-off

Performance:

Maximum speed: 320 km/h (177 knots, 200 mph) at sea level

Cruise speed: 260 km/h (144 knots, 162 mph)

Range: 2,100 km (1,135 nmi, 1,305 mi)

Service ceiling: 5,300 m (17,390 ft)

Climb to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 3 min

Climb to 4,000 m (13,125 ft): 18 min

The kit and its assembly:

A straightforward idea for the “Flying Boat, Seaplane and Amphibian” Group Build at whatifmodelers.com in late 2017. This civilian transport aircraft originally started as a military aircraft (even though this one might materialize later, too). The decision to change the topic fell when I came across a Ju 52/3m sheet (Italeri) in my decal box which features an SAS machine. After some legwork I found that these machines were still in use in the Fifties, and so, why not add a smaller aircraft on floats to the post-WWII SAS fleet for remote regions, e. g. for postal service? The He 70 appeared like a plausible candidate, and from this concept the model evolved.

Kit basis is the Matchbox He 70, and the floats come from the KP Letov S.328, a popular donor source since you find this kit quite often and with a small price tag. The floats are still a little ‘petites’ for the He 70, and their "track" is rather narrow. But the combo works, since the He 70 is a very sleek aircraft.

The floats’ assembly needed some serious PSR, though, and mounting them to the wobbly struts was challenging in itself. They were outfitted with mooring anchors, new rudders (one OOB piece got lost, they are very fragile and wobbly) and walking planks.

The aircraft model is a Revell re-boxing of the Matchbox He 70, and the kit is a PITA. Gone are the days when I thought that a Matchbox kit was simple, but would go together well. Here, nothing really fits, PSR everywhere, this thing SUCKS. Be warned!

Since the small windows do not allow much view inside, the interior was kept at a minimum detail level. The original IP side windows were omitted, because they are thick and blurry, and they were later replaced/filled with ClearFix. The cockpit canopy is OOB, but it is so small (and thick, too) that only the pilot's head can be seen – or better: guessed. Since there’s surprisingly little space under the canopy, I could not mount an 1:72 figure and rather used a generic 1:87 (H0 scale) sitting figure.

The machine was built with the radial engine option (IMHO a plausible option for the original military operator and also more suitable for operations in the Far North), but the primitive OOB "engine plate" was replaced by a deeper and much better detailed resin piece found in the scrap box (IIRC, left over from a converted ArtModel Polikarpov I-185). It fits snuggly into the OOB front end, even though the ring cover needed some tuning. The propeller is new, too (from a Hobby Boss Fw 190A/F, IIRC), mated with a new axis.

In order to adapt the He 70 to the new floats the original landing gear openings were closed (thankfully, the kit comes with dedicated covers) and blended into the lower wing surface with putty. In order to give the floats a good hold to the fuselage, small round adapters (actually rings cut from a 3mm styrene tube) were glued to the lower hull. Not the most elegant solution, but a pragmatic way to bridge some gaps and lay a good foundation.

In order to add stability to the aircraft with the additional draggy floats, I mounted a ventral fin under the rear fuselage, under the fin.

Another detail: due to the floats, the crew and potential passengers would need boarding ladders, and I used the He 115 as a benchmark. I knew that I have some PE ladders somewhere, but could not find them... So I had to improvise and converted IP window frames from a H0 scale American industrial building into boarding aids. Looks better than most OOB solutions!

Towards the finish line, a HO scale pilot figure added to the cockpit (it's tight and the canopy so thick that I could not fit an 1:72 pilot inside!) and the canopy stuck into place with white glue.

Painting and markings:

I kept this aspect very simple, and used the livery of a post-WW2 Ju 52/3m as benchmark: uniform silver, but apparently not in NMF – but this could also be corroded aluminum. Or is it a silver paint coat against corrosion? The only contrast were black engine covers, and the airline markings.

In order to achieve the silver paint look I tried an experiment: a basic overall coat with acrylic paint from a rattle can, a Duplicolor tone called "Weissaluminium" - which, on the reference sample, rather looks like a greyish paint than a true NMF; at first I was skeptical about the mica particles' size when the paint was still fresh, but once dry the coat looked very good and even, and more like a bare NMF than expected. On top of that, some panel shading with Polished Aluminum Metallizer was added, but only lightly.

In order to add some more "color" I decided to paint the underwater parts of the floats in black. Not a good idea – at least with the Tamiya tape I used for a clean demarcation line... Painting went fine, but when I removed the tape wide sections of the alu paint came off with them. Hmpf.

Anyway, I will try to use the damage creatively and not sand it off or overpaint the damage with silver - I'll rather use a grey primer, as if some real world damage would have been repaired. After all, it's a kind of bush aircraft.

Then the black cowling was added, and I started with the decals, which had to be improvised. For the civil registration code on the wings I used large USAF 45° characters (from a Colorado Decals sheet) – chosing those letters which do not show the typical font, rather simple forms.

For the fuselage markings I used leftover material from an 1:144 SAS Caravelle from Mistercraft. These are a little modern for the aircraft’s intended timeframe, but the characteristic blue cheatline with the dragon boat head at the nose was already present on early post-war SAS aircraft, so this detail is more or less O.K., and with the trim in place the aircraft looks very elegant. The “Scandinavian” line also comes from the Caravelle – it should be complemented by “Airlines System” in smaller front, but this was not available, and the line alone was already so big and long that it covers literally the whole cabin.

However, the problem with these decals was that the cheatlines featured the triangular Caravelle windows, so that I had to paint them over manually (with Humbrol 104, which is a good match, though). Some more decals, like the country emblems on the fuselage, come from an Italeri SAS Ju 52/3m, or the OOB sheet. The cabin doors were simulated with single 0.5mm decal strips in black.

Finally the kit was sealed with semi-matt acrylic varnish (Italeri), the windows were created with Humbrol ClearFix (instead of the OOB styrene pieces) and almost no other weathering was done. In a final step, the floats were mounted under the fuselage and a wire antenna added.

Not a spectacular whif, but an elegant one, despite (or thanks to?) the relatively simple civil scheme. The Letov S.328 floats are IMHO a good match in size and volume, but somehow I think the floats’ track with is a little too narrow? Anyway, I stuck with it, and the resulting He 70 floatplane does not look bad at all.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Heinkel He 70 Blitz (Lightning) was designed in the early 1930s to serve as a mailplane for Deutsche Luft Hansa in response to a request for an aircraft faster than the Lockheed Vega and Orion (as used by Swissair) for use on short routes.

However, the fast technical development in the late Forties and the advent of the jet age rendered the SAS’ He 70 floatplane fleet quickly obsolete and they were retired in 1953.

General characteristics:

Crew: 2 (pilot, navigator/radio operator) plus up to 6 passengers

Length: 11.70 m (38 ft 4⅔ in)

Wingspan: 14.80 m (48 ft 6⅔.75 in)

Height: 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in)

Wing area: 36.50 m² (392.9 sq ft)

Empty weight: 2,360 kg (5,203 lb)

Loaded weight: 3,386 kg (7,450 lb)

Max. takeoff weight: 3,500 kg (7,700 lb)

Powerplant:

1× SNECMA 14R supercharged 14 cylinder radial engine with 1,190 kW (1,590 hp) for take-off

Performance:

Maximum speed: 320 km/h (177 knots, 200 mph) at sea level

Cruise speed: 260 km/h (144 knots, 162 mph)

Range: 2,100 km (1,135 nmi, 1,305 mi)

Service ceiling: 5,300 m (17,390 ft)

Climb to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 3 min

Climb to 4,000 m (13,125 ft): 18 min

The kit and its assembly:

A straightforward idea for the “Flying Boat, Seaplane and Amphibian” Group Build at whatifmodelers.com in late 2017. This civilian transport aircraft originally started as a military aircraft (even though this one might materialize later, too). The decision to change the topic fell when I came across a Ju 52/3m sheet (Italeri) in my decal box which features an SAS machine. After some legwork I found that these machines were still in use in the Fifties, and so, why not add a smaller aircraft on floats to the post-WWII SAS fleet for remote regions, e. g. for postal service? The He 70 appeared like a plausible candidate, and from this concept the model evolved.

Kit basis is the Matchbox He 70, and the floats come from the KP Letov S.328, a popular donor source since you find this kit quite often and with a small price tag. The floats are still a little ‘petites’ for the He 70, and their "track" is rather narrow. But the combo works, since the He 70 is a very sleek aircraft.

The floats’ assembly needed some serious PSR, though, and mounting them to the wobbly struts was challenging in itself. They were outfitted with mooring anchors, new rudders (one OOB piece got lost, they are very fragile and wobbly) and walking planks.

The aircraft model is a Revell re-boxing of the Matchbox He 70, and the kit is a PITA. Gone are the days when I thought that a Matchbox kit was simple, but would go together well. Here, nothing really fits, PSR everywhere, this thing SUCKS. Be warned!

Since the small windows do not allow much view inside, the interior was kept at a minimum detail level. The original IP side windows were omitted, because they are thick and blurry, and they were later replaced/filled with ClearFix. The cockpit canopy is OOB, but it is so small (and thick, too) that only the pilot's head can be seen – or better: guessed. Since there’s surprisingly little space under the canopy, I could not mount an 1:72 figure and rather used a generic 1:87 (H0 scale) sitting figure.

The machine was built with the radial engine option (IMHO a plausible option for the original military operator and also more suitable for operations in the Far North), but the primitive OOB "engine plate" was replaced by a deeper and much better detailed resin piece found in the scrap box (IIRC, left over from a converted ArtModel Polikarpov I-185). It fits snuggly into the OOB front end, even though the ring cover needed some tuning. The propeller is new, too (from a Hobby Boss Fw 190A/F, IIRC), mated with a new axis.

In order to adapt the He 70 to the new floats the original landing gear openings were closed (thankfully, the kit comes with dedicated covers) and blended into the lower wing surface with putty. In order to give the floats a good hold to the fuselage, small round adapters (actually rings cut from a 3mm styrene tube) were glued to the lower hull. Not the most elegant solution, but a pragmatic way to bridge some gaps and lay a good foundation.

In order to add stability to the aircraft with the additional draggy floats, I mounted a ventral fin under the rear fuselage, under the fin.

Another detail: due to the floats, the crew and potential passengers would need boarding ladders, and I used the He 115 as a benchmark. I knew that I have some PE ladders somewhere, but could not find them... So I had to improvise and converted IP window frames from a H0 scale American industrial building into boarding aids. Looks better than most OOB solutions!

Towards the finish line, a HO scale pilot figure added to the cockpit (it's tight and the canopy so thick that I could not fit an 1:72 pilot inside!) and the canopy stuck into place with white glue.

Painting and markings:

I kept this aspect very simple, and used the livery of a post-WW2 Ju 52/3m as benchmark: uniform silver, but apparently not in NMF – but this could also be corroded aluminum. Or is it a silver paint coat against corrosion? The only contrast were black engine covers, and the airline markings.

In order to achieve the silver paint look I tried an experiment: a basic overall coat with acrylic paint from a rattle can, a Duplicolor tone called "Weissaluminium" - which, on the reference sample, rather looks like a greyish paint than a true NMF; at first I was skeptical about the mica particles' size when the paint was still fresh, but once dry the coat looked very good and even, and more like a bare NMF than expected. On top of that, some panel shading with Polished Aluminum Metallizer was added, but only lightly.

In order to add some more "color" I decided to paint the underwater parts of the floats in black. Not a good idea – at least with the Tamiya tape I used for a clean demarcation line... Painting went fine, but when I removed the tape wide sections of the alu paint came off with them. Hmpf.

Anyway, I will try to use the damage creatively and not sand it off or overpaint the damage with silver - I'll rather use a grey primer, as if some real world damage would have been repaired. After all, it's a kind of bush aircraft.

Then the black cowling was added, and I started with the decals, which had to be improvised. For the civil registration code on the wings I used large USAF 45° characters (from a Colorado Decals sheet) – chosing those letters which do not show the typical font, rather simple forms.

For the fuselage markings I used leftover material from an 1:144 SAS Caravelle from Mistercraft. These are a little modern for the aircraft’s intended timeframe, but the characteristic blue cheatline with the dragon boat head at the nose was already present on early post-war SAS aircraft, so this detail is more or less O.K., and with the trim in place the aircraft looks very elegant. The “Scandinavian” line also comes from the Caravelle – it should be complemented by “Airlines System” in smaller front, but this was not available, and the line alone was already so big and long that it covers literally the whole cabin.

However, the problem with these decals was that the cheatlines featured the triangular Caravelle windows, so that I had to paint them over manually (with Humbrol 104, which is a good match, though). Some more decals, like the country emblems on the fuselage, come from an Italeri SAS Ju 52/3m, or the OOB sheet. The cabin doors were simulated with single 0.5mm decal strips in black.

Finally the kit was sealed with semi-matt acrylic varnish (Italeri), the windows were created with Humbrol ClearFix (instead of the OOB styrene pieces) and almost no other weathering was done. In a final step, the floats were mounted under the fuselage and a wire antenna added.

Not a spectacular whif, but an elegant one, despite (or thanks to?) the relatively simple civil scheme. The Letov S.328 floats are IMHO a good match in size and volume, but somehow I think the floats’ track with is a little too narrow? Anyway, I stuck with it, and the resulting He 70 floatplane does not look bad at all.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Heinkel He 70 Blitz (Lightning) was designed in the early 1930s to serve as a mailplane for Deutsche Luft Hansa in response to a request for an aircraft faster than the Lockheed Vega and Orion (as used by Swissair) for use on short routes.

However, the fast technical development in the late Forties and the advent of the jet age rendered the SAS’ He 70 floatplane fleet quickly obsolete and they were retired in 1953.

General characteristics:

Crew: 2 (pilot, navigator/radio operator) plus up to 6 passengers

Length: 11.70 m (38 ft 4⅔ in)

Wingspan: 14.80 m (48 ft 6⅔.75 in)

Height: 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in)

Wing area: 36.50 m² (392.9 sq ft)

Empty weight: 2,360 kg (5,203 lb)

Loaded weight: 3,386 kg (7,450 lb)

Max. takeoff weight: 3,500 kg (7,700 lb)

Powerplant:

1× SNECMA 14R supercharged 14 cylinder radial engine with 1,190 kW (1,590 hp) for take-off

Performance:

Maximum speed: 320 km/h (177 knots, 200 mph) at sea level

Cruise speed: 260 km/h (144 knots, 162 mph)

Range: 2,100 km (1,135 nmi, 1,305 mi)

Service ceiling: 5,300 m (17,390 ft)

Climb to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 3 min

Climb to 4,000 m (13,125 ft): 18 min

The kit and its assembly:

A straightforward idea for the “Flying Boat, Seaplane and Amphibian” Group Build at whatifmodelers.com in late 2017. This civilian transport aircraft originally started as a military aircraft (even though this one might materialize later, too). The decision to change the topic fell when I came across a Ju 52/3m sheet (Italeri) in my decal box which features an SAS machine. After some legwork I found that these machines were still in use in the Fifties, and so, why not add a smaller aircraft on floats to the post-WWII SAS fleet for remote regions, e. g. for postal service? The He 70 appeared like a plausible candidate, and from this concept the model evolved.

Kit basis is the Matchbox He 70, and the floats come from the KP Letov S.328, a popular donor source since you find this kit quite often and with a small price tag. The floats are still a little ‘petites’ for the He 70, and their "track" is rather narrow. But the combo works, since the He 70 is a very sleek aircraft.

The floats’ assembly needed some serious PSR, though, and mounting them to the wobbly struts was challenging in itself. They were outfitted with mooring anchors, new rudders (one OOB piece got lost, they are very fragile and wobbly) and walking planks.

The aircraft model is a Revell re-boxing of the Matchbox He 70, and the kit is a PITA. Gone are the days when I thought that a Matchbox kit was simple, but would go together well. Here, nothing really fits, PSR everywhere, this thing SUCKS. Be warned!

Since the small windows do not allow much view inside, the interior was kept at a minimum detail level. The original IP side windows were omitted, because they are thick and blurry, and they were later replaced/filled with ClearFix. The cockpit canopy is OOB, but it is so small (and thick, too) that only the pilot's head can be seen – or better: guessed. Since there’s surprisingly little space under the canopy, I could not mount an 1:72 figure and rather used a generic 1:87 (H0 scale) sitting figure.

The machine was built with the radial engine option (IMHO a plausible option for the original military operator and also more suitable for operations in the Far North), but the primitive OOB "engine plate" was replaced by a deeper and much better detailed resin piece found in the scrap box (IIRC, left over from a converted ArtModel Polikarpov I-185). It fits snuggly into the OOB front end, even though the ring cover needed some tuning. The propeller is new, too (from a Hobby Boss Fw 190A/F, IIRC), mated with a new axis.

In order to adapt the He 70 to the new floats the original landing gear openings were closed (thankfully, the kit comes with dedicated covers) and blended into the lower wing surface with putty. In order to give the floats a good hold to the fuselage, small round adapters (actually rings cut from a 3mm styrene tube) were glued to the lower hull. Not the most elegant solution, but a pragmatic way to bridge some gaps and lay a good foundation.

In order to add stability to the aircraft with the additional draggy floats, I mounted a ventral fin under the rear fuselage, under the fin.

Another detail: due to the floats, the crew and potential passengers would need boarding ladders, and I used the He 115 as a benchmark. I knew that I have some PE ladders somewhere, but could not find them... So I had to improvise and converted IP window frames from a H0 scale American industrial building into boarding aids. Looks better than most OOB solutions!

Towards the finish line, a HO scale pilot figure added to the cockpit (it's tight and the canopy so thick that I could not fit an 1:72 pilot inside!) and the canopy stuck into place with white glue.

Painting and markings:

I kept this aspect very simple, and used the livery of a post-WW2 Ju 52/3m as benchmark: uniform silver, but apparently not in NMF – but this could also be corroded aluminum. Or is it a silver paint coat against corrosion? The only contrast were black engine covers, and the airline markings.

In order to achieve the silver paint look I tried an experiment: a basic overall coat with acrylic paint from a rattle can, a Duplicolor tone called "Weissaluminium" - which, on the reference sample, rather looks like a greyish paint than a true NMF; at first I was skeptical about the mica particles' size when the paint was still fresh, but once dry the coat looked very good and even, and more like a bare NMF than expected. On top of that, some panel shading with Polished Aluminum Metallizer was added, but only lightly.

In order to add some more "color" I decided to paint the underwater parts of the floats in black. Not a good idea – at least with the Tamiya tape I used for a clean demarcation line... Painting went fine, but when I removed the tape wide sections of the alu paint came off with them. Hmpf.

Anyway, I will try to use the damage creatively and not sand it off or overpaint the damage with silver - I'll rather use a grey primer, as if some real world damage would have been repaired. After all, it's a kind of bush aircraft.

Then the black cowling was added, and I started with the decals, which had to be improvised. For the civil registration code on the wings I used large USAF 45° characters (from a Colorado Decals sheet) – chosing those letters which do not show the typical font, rather simple forms.

For the fuselage markings I used leftover material from an 1:144 SAS Caravelle from Mistercraft. These are a little modern for the aircraft’s intended timeframe, but the characteristic blue cheatline with the dragon boat head at the nose was already present on early post-war SAS aircraft, so this detail is more or less O.K., and with the trim in place the aircraft looks very elegant. The “Scandinavian” line also comes from the Caravelle – it should be complemented by “Airlines System” in smaller front, but this was not available, and the line alone was already so big and long that it covers literally the whole cabin.

However, the problem with these decals was that the cheatlines featured the triangular Caravelle windows, so that I had to paint them over manually (with Humbrol 104, which is a good match, though). Some more decals, like the country emblems on the fuselage, come from an Italeri SAS Ju 52/3m, or the OOB sheet. The cabin doors were simulated with single 0.5mm decal strips in black.

Finally the kit was sealed with semi-matt acrylic varnish (Italeri), the windows were created with Humbrol ClearFix (instead of the OOB styrene pieces) and almost no other weathering was done. In a final step, the floats were mounted under the fuselage and a wire antenna added.

Not a spectacular whif, but an elegant one, despite (or thanks to?) the relatively simple civil scheme. The Letov S.328 floats are IMHO a good match in size and volume, but somehow I think the floats’ track with is a little too narrow? Anyway, I stuck with it, and the resulting He 70 floatplane does not look bad at all.

Even before the Korean War broke out in 1950, the US Air Force had been planning for a jet-powered replacement of the B-26 Marauder and A-26 Invader. Korea only exacerbated the need for a new aircraft, and the USAF issued a requirement for a new tactical bomber in late 1950, with the stipulation that it had to be based on an existing design to minimize production delays. Three American designs were considered—the North American AJ-1 Savage and B-45 Tornado, and the completely new Martin XB-51. So pressing was the need that the USAF included, in a rare move, foreign aircraft as well—a modified Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck, and the English Electric Canberra B.2. The Canberra, to the surprise of everyone involved, won the competition easily. The USAF did have misgivings about the design, especially the fact that the bombardier sat behind the cockpit, completely enclosed in the fuselage, but its performance was what won the competition: the Canberra had been designed to replace the deHavilland Mosquito and had the speed and maneuverability to match.

The problem was, English Electric was a small startup company and could barely supply the British Royal Air Force with its Canberras, let alone the much larger USAF. To solve the problem, Martin Aircraft was awarded a contract to build the Canberra as the B-57.

Though the initial batch of B-57As were basically identical to the Canberra B.2, aside from upgraded engines and the deletion of the navigator station, the B-57B was to be fundamentally different and more in line of what the USAF intended. The B-57B had a completely redesigned forward fuselage, eliminating the clear navigator nose and wide side-by-side seating of the Canberra B.2, and replacing it with tandem seating, with the now-combined bombardier/navigator sitting behind the pilot. The Canberra B.2 had been unarmed, but the B-57B could either carry eight machine guns or four 20mm cannon in an underfuselage tray. The internal bomb bay of the Canberra was replaced with a rotary-type developed for the XB-51, which would rotate to expose the bomb load on the target run, enhancing the aerodynamics of the aircraft. USAF B-57Bs entered service in June 1954, replacing the A-26 in the night attack role.

Soon after it entered service, however, the USAF began to question its new bomber’s capabilities. The Canberra had been fast enough when it was designed in the late 1940s, but technology had moved so quickly that it was now vulnerable to surface-to-air missiles. With this in mind, the USAF resolved to replace the B-57 in tactical bomber units with F-100 Super Sabres and delete the entire night interdiction role.

Vietnam was to give the Canberra a temporary stay in retirement. Though it could be a tough aircraft to fly, it was a stable platform, and in the comparatively low threat skies of South Vietnam, its slow speed was more of a help than a detriment. It could carry a heavy bombload, and it was accurate; B-57s were especially deadly over the Ho Chi Minh Trail against enemy trucks. This accuracy made it a welcome sight to troops in contact, but as Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops increased their antiaircraft capabilities, B-57s began to take heavier losses. Over half the Canberras sent to Vietnam would be shot down. A number were developed into special operations aircraft, such as the RB-57E Patricia Lynn and B-57G Tropic Moon III. The Royal Australian Air Force also flew their own British-version Canberras over Vietnam.

Vietnam would be the B-57's swan song. The survivors were converted to electronic warfare training EB-57s, and these lasted in service until 1983. A few massively modified WB-57Fs atmospheric research aircraft remain in service with NASA.

A somewhat rare B-57 variant, 53-3851 was built as a B-57C trainer in 1954, joining the USAF's 38th Tactical Bomber Group at Laon, France. It would then spend some time as a conversion trainer for both RB-57 and U-2 crews, namely with the 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Phalsbourg, France and the 4080th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Laughlin AFB, Texas. In 1962, it was converted to a WB-57C trainer for the WB-57Fs of the 9th Weather Reconnaissance Wing at McClellan AFB, California, was retired in 1972, and scrapped in 1979.

Given the weather conditions and the presence of so many other 9th WRW aircraft in this batch of slides, this picture was likely taken at McClellan, sometime in the late 1960s.

(Disclaimer: I found this picture among other photos in my dad’s slides. I’m not sure who took them; some of them may be his. If any of these pictures are yours or you know who took them, let me know and I will remove them from Flickr, unless I have permission to let them remain. These photos are historical artifacts, in many cases of aircraft long since gone to the scrapyard, so I feel they deserve to be shared to the public at large—to honor the men and women who flew and maintained them.)

In 1939, 18.7 million Germans lived in the expulsion territories in 1944, 1945, 1946 and later they were expelled, abducted, murdered or have been lost. 12 million reached the rest of the closed German people's land. They came from these their home countries and territories:

1939 lebten 18,7 Millionen Deutsche in den Vertreibungsgebieten 1944, 1945, 1946 und später wurden sie vertrieben, verschleppt, ermordet oder sind verschollen. 12 Millionen erreichten den Rest des geschlossenen deutschen Volksbodens. Sie kamen aus diesen ihren Heimatländern und -landschaften:

Terms and numbers as keys to understanding

Refugees, displaced persons, expellees, new citizens: these were frequently used as synonyms after the Second World War. When it comes to escape and expulsion, words sometimes convey a reduction or suggest harmlessness. Who spoke of "East refugees", often wanted to minimize the affected, degrading. So-called "wild expulsions" took place in the months of May, June and July 1945, in the formerly German territories in the newly formed as a national territory Poland - or in Bohemia and Moravia, the Sudeten German areas of today's Czech Republic. No one had a choice.

The compulsory resettlement - it is quite possible to speak of deportation in many cases - was carried out by state-organized transports. Only later did common names prevail over the displaced, or expellees. After the expulsion measures, migratory movements after 1950 are generally referred to as "resettlement". Since the 1980s, with the relocation of remaining Germans from Poland, Bulgaria or Romania they spoke of "late repatriates".

The term "refugees" was ex officio transferred to the political refugees from the former Soviet occupation zone (the later GDR), who had to leave their residence deliberately or had to leave to go to the West (today this is used synonymously for "civil-war refugees") "or asylum-seeking" refugees"). Where political reasons did not exist, they spoke after the Second World War of immigrants or resettlers. The word expulsion was eradicated very quickly in the 1949 GDR from the public language use. The displaced people living there - after all, some 4 million people came to the former Soviet occupation zone between 1945 and 1949 - were called, for purely political reasons, "resettlers": which in the end was to suggest "the harmlessness" of losing their home, identity and possessions (Helmut Rössler 2002, 7).

A special feature are the so-called "displaced persons" (DP), of which the Allies spoke after the war in 1945. These are the abducted foreign workers and forced laborers from the formerly occupied states, many of whom have remained in Germany for many months, estimated at up to 5.7 million people (Mathias Beer 2011, 10). Responsible for the DPs were the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, and later the International Refugee Organization.

However, the words "flight and expulsion" have developed over the years in the German language into a standing phrase. This does not immediately reveal the breadth and complexity of the complex theme. According to Mathias Beer, "flight and expulsion" is the epitome of the numerically largest part of European "forced migration" at the end of the Second World War; The words are a major factor in the fact that the twentieth century was given the stamp of a "century of refugees" (Mathias Beer 2011, 13). The words stand for the "displacement" of more than 12 million German Reich citizens and members of German minorities from East Central and Southeastern Europe at the end of the Second World War and the first years following the end of the war accompanied by a high degree of violence, arbitrariness and coercion. Due to violence, poor provision, exhaustion, the exposed to the weather and the generally confused war and post-war conditions were estimated to several hundred thousand people already on the escape route killed.

It is important for the classification, first and foremost also to be clear with terms about what had happened in those years. The "forced migration" caused many dislocations. The Federal Expellee Law passed in 1952 and in subsequent years and the Equalisation of Burdens Act in West Germany were based on firm definitions of terms.

The "naked" figures also impressively confirm what had happened in the post-war years: as mentioned elsewhere, more than 12 million people from the former German eastern territories and the southeast European settlement areas lost their homeland between 1944 and 1951 through flight, expulsion and deportation, of these, around 8 million people came to the American and English occupation zones, and later to the southern French-occupied areas. About 4 million people came to the Soviet-occupied zone, from which the GDR emerged in 1949.

(Graphic!)

www.landeskunde-baden-wuerttemberg.de/fileadmin/_processe...

Begriffe und Zahlen als Schlüssel zum Verständnis

Flüchtlinge, Vertriebene, Heimatvertriebene, Neubürger: das waren nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg häufig als Synonym verwendete Begriffe. Beim Thema Flucht und Vertreibung vermitteln Worte mitunter Herabsetzung oder suggerieren Harmlosigkeit. Wer von „Ostflüchtlingen“ redete, wollte oftmals die Betroffenen herabsetzen, herabwürdigen. So genannte „Wilde Vertreibungen“ fanden in den Monaten Mai, Juni und Juli 1945 statt, in den ehemals deutschen Gebieten im neu als Staatsgebiet gefassten Polen – oder in Böhmen und Mähren, den Sudetendeutschen Gebieten der heutigen Tschechei. Eine Wahl hatte keiner der Betroffenen.

Die zwangsweise erfolgte Aussiedlung – man kann durchaus auch in vielen Fällen von Deportation sprechen –, erfolgte durch staatlich organisierte Transporte. Erst später setzten sich gängige Bezeichnungen von den Vertriebenen, oder Heimatvertriebenen, durch. Nach den Vertreibungsmaßnahmen werden im Allgemeinen die nach 1950 erfolgten Migrationsbewegungen als „Aussiedlung“ bezeichnet. Seit den 1980-er Jahren, mit der Übersiedlung von verbliebenen Deutschen aus Polen, Bulgarien oder Rumänien sprach man von „Spätaussiedlern“.

Der Begriff „Flüchtlinge“ wurde von Amts wegen auf die politischen Flüchtlinge aus der einstigen sowjetischen Besatzungszone (der späteren DDR) übertragen, die ihren Wohnsitz bewusst verließen oder verlassen mussten, um in den Westen zu gehen (heute wird das synonym verwendet für „Bürgerkriegs-Flüchtlinge“, oder asylsuchende „Flüchtlinge“). Wo politische Gründe nicht vorlagen, sprach man nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg von Zuwanderern oder Übersiedlern. Das Wort Vertreibung wurde in der 1949 gegründeten DDR sehr schnell aus dem öffentlichen Sprachgebrauch getilgt. Die dort lebenden Vertriebenen – immerhin rund 4 Millionen Menschen kam zwischen 1945 und 1949 in die ehemalige sowjetische Besatzungszone – wurden, aus rein politischen Gründen, „Umsiedler“ genannt: was im Endeffekt „die Harmlosigkeit“ des Verlusts von Heimat, Identität und Besitz suggerieren sollte (Helmut Rössler 2002, 7).

Eine Besonderheit sind die so genannten „Displaced persons“ (DP), von denen die Alliierten nach Kriegsende 1945 sprachen. Das sind die, oft noch über viele Monate hinweg in Deutschland verbliebenen, verschleppten ausländischen Arbeitskräfte und Zwangsarbeiter aus den einst besetzten Staaten: geschätzt bis zu 5,7 Millionen Menschen (Mathias Beer 2011, 10). Zuständig für die DPs waren die „United Nations Relief und Rehabilitation Administration“, und später die „International Refugee Organisation“.

Die Worte „Flucht und Vertreibung“ haben sich jedoch im Verlauf der Jahre in der deutschen Sprache zu einer stehenden Wendung entwickelt. Das lässt nicht auf Anhieb die Breite und die Vielschichtigkeit des komplexen Themas erkennen. Laut Mathias Beer gilt „Flucht und Vertreibung“ als der Inbegriff des zahlenmäßig größten Teils der europäischen „Zwangsmigration“ am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs; die Worte haben wesentlich Anteil daran, dass das 20.Jahrhundert den Stempel eines „Jahrhunderts der Flüchtlinge“ aufgedrückt bekam (Mathias Beer 2011, 13). Die Worte stehen für die von einem hohen Maß an Gewalt, Willkür und Zwang begleitete „Verschiebung“ von mehr als 12 Millionen deutschen Reichsbürgern und Angehörigen deutscher Minderheiten aus Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs und den ersten Folgejahren nach Kriegsende. Aufgrund von Gewalt, schlechter Versorgung, Entkräftung, dem ausgesetzt sein der Witterung und der allgemein wirren Kriegs- und Nachkriegsverhältnisse kamen dabei nach Schätzungen mehrere Hunderttausend Menschen bereits auf dem Fluchtweg ums Leben.

Es ist wichtig für die Einordnung, sich zuallererst auch mit Begriffen darüber klar zu werden, was in diesen Jahren geschehen war. Die „Zwangswanderung“ zog viele Verwerfungen nach sich. Auch das 1952 und in Folgejahren erlassene Bundesvertriebenengesetz und das Lastenausgleichsgesetz in Westdeutschland ging von festen Begriffsdefinitionen aus.

Eindrucksvoll bestätigen auch die „nackten“ Zahlen, was in den Nachkriegsjahren geschehen war: wie an anderer Stelle schon erwähnt, verloren zwischen 1944 und 1951 durch Flucht, Vertreibung und Verschleppung mehr als 12 Millionen Menschen aus den ehemaligen deutschen Ostgebieten und den südosteuropäischen Siedlungsgebieten ihre Heimat. Davon kamen rund 8 Millionen Menschen in die amerikanische und die englische Besatzungszone, erst später auch in die südlich gelegenen französisch besetzten Bereiche. Etwa 4 Millionen Menschen kamen in die sowjetisch besetzte Zone, aus der 1949 die DDR entstand.

www.landeskunde-baden-wuerttemberg.de/fluechtlinge_vertri...

Ejection seat from the supersonic SR-71. The seat is of the variant designated C-2, which was used in the very early A-12 and SR-71 Blackbirds and is the only SR-71 ejection seat in private hands worldwide. First, a bit of history about this fantastic aircraft. The SR-71 is part of the family of aircraft known as the “Blackbirds,” which are stealth aircraft that were designed and produced by Lockheed’s Skunk Works and include the A-12 used by the CIA (13 made), the YF-12 interceptor used by the USAF (3 made), the M-21 used to launch a reconnaissance drone (2 made) and the SR-71, the USAF long range reconnaissance aircraft (32 made). In the late 1950s, the Soviet Union had protested overflights by subsonic American U-2 spy planes. In response, Lockheed's Skunk Works had developed the A-12 spy plane for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency; and in 1960 was awarded a contract to build 12 of these aircraft. The single seat A-12 featured a stealth design to minimize its radar cross-section, and was supersonic to overcome the weakness of the U-2’s vulnerability to surface to air missile attack. At the same time that Skunk Works was developing the A-12, the USAF was seeking a replacement for the F-106 Delta Dart. Skunk Works' Kelly Johnson proposed to the USAF a version of the A-12 called the AF-12. The USAF ordered three AF-12s in mid-1960 and these aircraft were the seventh through ninth A-12’s made. The Air Force version was longer and heavier than the CIA version of the A-12. Its fuselage was lengthened for additional fuel capacity to increase range and the cockpit was modified to add a second crew member to operate the fire control radar. The aircraft's nose was modified to accommodate the Hughes AN/ASG-18 fire-control radar originally developed for the XF-108; this modification changed the aircraft's aerodynamics enough to require ventral fins to be mounted under the fuselage and engine nacelles to maintain stability. Finally, four bays previously used to house the A-12's reconnaissance equipment were converted to carry Hughes AIM-47 Falcon (GAR-9) missiles and one bay was used for fire control equipment. The new USAF A-12 was designated the YF-12A interceptor, the first of which flew on August 7, 1963. After testing the three AF-12’s and realizing the potential of the A-12 design, in December 1962 the Air Force ordered a long-range strategic reconnaissance version of the A-12, which was designated the R-12 by Lockheed. Capable of flying at speeds over Mach 3.2 with a ceiling at 85,000 feet (and it still holds the record since 1976 as the fastest airplane ever built), it could evade missile attack by simply accelerating. Like the YF-12, the R-12’s fuselage was lengthened beyond the original A-12 configuration for additional fuel capacity to increase range, its cockpit included a second seat and the chines were reshaped. The aircraft’s reconnaissance equipment included signals intelligence sensors, a side-looking radar and a photo camera. Facing political pressure and claims that the U.S. was falling behind the Soviet Union in the research and development of new weapons systems, then-president Lyndon Johnson decided to publicly announce the YF-12A (which had served as cover for the still-secret A-12) and the Air Force reconnaissance model R-12. Air Force Chief of Staff General Curtis LeMay preferred the designation “SR (Strategic Reconnaissance”) for the new USAF aircraft and wanted the R-12 to be named SR-71. He lobbied to modify Johnson's speech to change the aircraft’s name to SR-71 and he was successful. This public announcement of the formerly secret program and the change to the aircraft’s designation came as a shock to Skunk Works and to Air Force personnel involved in the program. But the change to the aircraft’s designation was perceived as an order from the Commander-in-Chief; and accordingly, Skunk Works began reprinting over 29,000 blueprints for aircraft, retitled as "SR-71". Costing $33 million each, the first SR-71 entered service in 1966. Made primarily from titanium acquired from the USSR (Lockheed used subterfuge to prevent the Soviet government from knowing what the titanium was to be used for), the aircraft were painted a dark blue (almost black) to increase the transference of heat from the interior of the aircraft (the plane’s fuel was a heat sink for avionics cooling) and as camouflage against the night sky. The SR-71 was unofficially named the Blackbird, after BLACK SHIELD, the name for the A-12 missions in Vietnam and Southeast Asia based out of Okinawa Japan; and was also called the Habu by its crews, referring to an Okinawan species of pit viper. In 1968 the Blackbird program was cancelled and on February 5, 1968 Lockheed was ordered to destroy all the tooling for the A-12, YF-12, and SR-71 aircraft. But the SR-71 continued in service until 1990, by which time the Blackbird family of aircraft had completed 17,300 total sorties flown, 53,490 total flight hours and 11,675 hours of flight time at Mach 3. The SR-71 flew for 17 straight years (1972-1989) without a loss of plane or crew. Twelve of the 32 aircraft that were built were destroyed in accidents, though none were lost to enemy action. The aircraft was officially retired in 1990, but the lack of other resources to accomplish the reconnaissance needed by the US military prompted the Congress in 1994 to approve funds to bring three of these aircraft back out of retirement. They served the USAF until 1999 when the aircraft was finally retired for the last time. Although an aircraft manufacturer is responsible for ejection seat development as part of designing and building aircraft under government contracts, it is often sub-contracted to other companies that were more experienced in the industry. In the case of the SR-71, Lockheed turned to Stanley Aviation Corp. for the development of the ejection seat. Stanley had previously developed the B seat for the F 104 and the C-1 seat. Visually, the C-2 was very similar to the C-1, with a few notable differences. The foot rests were changed to remove the sides, and hinged to the bottom front edge of the seat bucket. Another quickly identifiable visual difference is the shape of the ejection pull handle, which was triangular on the C-1 where the C-2 used a 'D' shape (flat side down). This was done to give better grip from the pilot's hands and it would reduce the tendency to pull to one side if only one hand was used to initiate ejection. The automatic lap belt was also changed to a newer model. The parachute (BA-18 and -22) system of the C-2 included a lanyard activated timer mechanism to give some time for the seat to be clear prior to parachute deployment. The headrest was beefed up a little and a canopy breaker was attached to it. These features allowed for the foot retracts to work more reliably, the handle to be grabbed easier, and if the canopy failed to jettison, to eject through the glass. The other major change was of course to the XM10 rocket catapult for upward ejection. The C-2 style seat was ultimately replaced in 1967 / 1968 with the later SR-1 variant, which was designated the “RQ201”. Some of the noticeable differences between the SR-1 and the C-2 variants include the omission of the leg guards and arm restraint nets on the SR-1 which were used on the C-2, the secondary ejection handle has been relocated to the left side for the SR-1, the double-d ring is replaced with a single loop d-ring on the SR-1 and the seat bucket and headrest are shaped differently.

Methodical examination of part numbers on this seat by the consignor of this item, coupled with his extensive research and communication with experts and pilots of the SR-71, have identified this seat as belonging to an SR-71. This identification is supported by part numbers on various components beginning with A prefix (parts used on all variants of the Blackbird family except D-21) and 4A (denotes parts used on SR-71A and SR-71B) and Q (denotes parts used in the cockpit and life support systems for the aircraft). . In addition, some of the parts bear the unique aircraft inspection stamp used by Lockheed ADP and some are dated 1965 / 1966. Examples of the part numbers found on this seat can be seen in photos accompanying this lot, as follows: Photo 175-7: Part number 4AQ345 RING MOUNT INSTALLATION - MANUAL CUTTER plate found behind Manual Spur release handle on right side of head rest Photo175_8: Part numbers AQ149-11B Support, Headrest, Ejection Seat with Lockheed ADP Inspection Stamp, AQ338 EXTENSION TUBE, "D" RING, EJECTOR SEAT, AQ301-3 A "D" Ring Bracket Cover Assembly Serial Number and AQ149-8 Support, Headrest, Ejection Seat with Lockheed ADP Inspection Stamp Photo 175_9: parts stamped with Lockheed Skunkworks inspection stamps denoting “Functional Test” and dated 1965 and 1966 respectively. This seat is in overall very good condition and does not bear evidence of having been ejected. This is an incredibly rare aviation artifact in museum quality condition.

The art of war or the tools of Collateral Damage

Any weapon that has triggers, buttons, LCD screens, joysticks, levers, switches, pedals or any other form of ‘human delegates to machine to kill human’ mode of operation is a weapon to be used mostly against civilians.

For the 1000 comments I received that rime with ‘terrorists hiding between civilians’, and regardless of the interpretation of the intentions of the people pulling the triggers, all modern weaponry are fundamentally designed to kill civilians, not soldiers! It’s with much hypocrisy that countries, defense contractors and armies say that they are out there to minimize civilian casualty, for they have never been able to! Battles are never confined to a field in the desert, they are always fought over and/or to control civilian areas!

With the smallest automatic weapon, one man can shoot 40 bullets in few minutes, 40 bullets can potentially kill 40 men. If each solider can potentially kill 40 men, then an army equipped with the smallest weapons can potentially kill 40 times its size! Those weapons have an ‘intrinsic’ potential allowing them to always extend their reach beyond the opponents ‘protected’ army and to extort a much higher cost from the more ‘vulnerable’ civilians!

The Math of modern warfare and weapons is freaky, and regardless of the declared intentions, these little geeky marvels with fancy names (and smart adjectives), auto-manage, every time, to claim back their role as mass civilian exterminators! And this always happens despite the sour, the sorry and the apologetic... All of them!

At the end, Soldiers are the only collateral damage in wars! The rest is the real intended damage…

Dissuasive arms and preemptive wars

The race for those increasingly more lethal weapons is always made while convincing the masses with the hypocritical alibi of strategic balance, dissuasion and strategic peace! In reality it is only a mater of postponing a conflict until you get a much bigger stick!

From the womb of dissuasion, mad-strategists (scarier than mad-scientists) who think straight out of their butts have been preaching the ‘benefits’ and ‘moral correctness’ of preemptive strikes. BS on the side, this is only fostered by their arrogant belief that having a much, much, much longer stick (that happens to work by pushing buttons nowadays) can neutralize a potentially, potential, potentialicious threat. As for verifying whether the potential for the threat would concretize! Why bother?! ‘If you have the strategic dissuasive advantage, don’t sleep on it! Use it!’, it’s cheaper than verifying anything… and it’s boring to wait anyway! Not to forget that, at some point, they also need a ‘when and where’ to test the XXX Billion dollars in offense (defense for them) technology invested every year and to generate new demand! (…And what country boasts about its huge defense industry despite its little size?)

One of the dimensions of the latest war over Lebanon was, also, a pre-emptive strike to neutralize the elusive potential of Iran waging war against Israel and using the ridiculously long stick of the Israeli air force against Hizbollah bases. Needless to say, that once again, the collateral damage on the armed Hizbollah soldiers was low, while the real and painful damage was only imposed on civilians and their infrastructure.

My ‘last war related post’ wish list

When I wrote my first anti-war posting, I didn’t suspect the aggression would last that long nor I thought that I would transform my photo stream into an open anti-war blog.

As the circle of violence expanded, my anger and my pessimism grew with it. The latest events since the 2nd Intifada and the Iraq invasion were not good indicators that such adventures in our region and especially under the current worldwide power imbalance could be mastered at all.

Having the Neo-Cons in charge in the US, a mayor in charge in Tel-Aviv, another mayor in Tehran, weak and visibly resigned (to an un-dead peace) Arab governments and a weak “false” majority in charge in Lebanon were not at all reassuring factors.

I was fearing for the worst, I’m still somehow holding my breath and hoping that things would fall into place until all Israeli soldiers are out of Lebanon and the Lebanese army (and UN forces) take control of the south... But before I can breath a sigh of relief, I will also be crossing my fingers all the long it takes to:

- Israel stopping its regular aggressions into Lebanese territorial airspace and waters

- Lebanese prisoners in Israel (and newly abducted) being swapped against the abducted Israeli soldiers

- Israel refraining from any new -rash- actions such as the ones preached in the last defeat speech of its mayor, for under these conditions Hizbollah will not disarm!

- Lebanese democracy growing stronger as the dynamic forces of the country claim again the power from the current corrupted corruptors and their associates the lords of darkness and civil war

- Hizbollah and Palestinian camps disarm peacefully and a Lebanese national defense force is allowed to rise to the height of the threats and to constitute a stabilizing factor

And my extended wish list

But things being connected the way they are in our regional village, I figured, I will need to keep crossing my fingers even longer! For, as dreamy as the previous wishes are, their concretization will not -unfortunately- be enough to end our plight! We also would need in a not so distant future for:

- Zionism discovering that it made a historical mistake in assessment for the past 100 years and apologizing to its Arab and Jewish victims alike (could be a silent apology even, a thought would suffice maybe!)

- Zionism and Israel denouncing territorial expansion and accepting Israel into the pre-1967 borders (while curbing their drive for negotiatory acrobatics as it has been the case since Madrid accords)

- A Palestinian state under equitable terms is hatched (illegal settlements unsettled etc.)

- A just solution is offered for the Palestinian refugees, duly compensating them for their 60 years predicament and allowing them to -at least- optionally exercise the right of return to their motherland

- The US pulls out gracefully from a ‘civil-war free’ Iraq

- The Middle-East becomes WMD free (…and maybe the rest of the world could follow the next day)

- The clash of civilizations is remembered as a reference to a ‘McDonalds shops fight Falafel joints over market share’ type of situation or to the Olympic Games.

And other wishes too… such as the NeoCons in Washington renouncing to their pipe dreams and scheming and starting to comprehend that the real world is more intricate than what their ‘war games’ and ‘probabilities’ can show them. And while those games can be, nevertheless, a good form of entertainment to the expensive ‘Think tanks’ and ‘strategic consultants’, those people shouldn’t be encouraged to Think anymore that they can apply them to the rest of us each now and then.

I guess whoever is still reading up to here gets the point of why I’m pessimistic, for maybe the 1st bunch of wishes are realizable with lots of good luck but the 2nd are only wishful wishes in the current state of affairs… And meanwhile, the strategic luminaries are still thinking ‘Maybe the stick needs to grow longer’ before the next strike!

Yet there is stuff to feel good about

Flickr has given me the opportunity to meet lots of nice talented photographers, but this time and with this latest wave of war blogging, it gave me the opportunity to dramatically widen my circle. It was heart warming to read all the people from around the world that supported and defended Lebanon (and Palestine) and understood to a great degree the essence of the conflict. I am particularly thankful to the Israelis that did it (and all Israelis who left comments).

Maybe awareness and rising public opinion to the real issues are the magic cure! Maybe this last unique worldwide phenomenon in the history of Arab-Israeli conflict was what contributed into accelerating this happy ending (regardless of its fragility). Despite the sad and hefty toll, seeing the displaced go back to their villages so fast was in itself the most comforting scene!

The more the world public opinion gains insight into the roots and realities of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the more power is taken away from the scheming schemers and given to the real courageous peace builders on both sides of the divide... And that is not a wish this time but the duty for all!

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This anti-war poem was sent to me by a good friend. The text, written by an Israeli poet (Chanoch Levin), is very beautiful and eloquent. I already posted one of his poems earlier. Using his strong words again, was the best way for me to end this series.

Chess Game

Where is my child, my child where has he gone?

A black pawn is striking a white pawn.

Will not return my dad, my dad will not come home.

A white pawn is striking a black pawn.

Mourning in the rooms, and the garden is serene,

The king is playing with his queen.

My child will never wake, he shall sleep forevermore.

A black pawn is striking a white pawn.

My dad is in the dark, and will never see the sun.

A white pawn is striking a black pawn.

Mourning in the rooms, and the garden is serene,

The king is playing with his queen.

My child who's in my lap, now he's in a cloud.

A black pawn is striking a white pawn.

My dad's warm heart, now his heart is cold.

A white pawn is striking a black pawn.

Mourning in the rooms, and the garden is serene,

The king is playing with his queen.

Where is my child, my child where has he gone?

Fell down both black and white pawns.

Will not return my dad, my dad will not come home.

And there are no white or black pawns.

Mourning in the rooms, and the garden is serene;

On empty board remain just king and queen.

Chanoch Levin, 1968

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Heinkel He 70 Blitz (Lightning) was designed in the early 1930s to serve as a mailplane for Deutsche Luft Hansa in response to a request for an aircraft faster than the Lockheed Vega and Orion (as used by Swissair) for use on short routes.

However, the fast technical development in the late Forties and the advent of the jet age rendered the SAS’ He 70 floatplane fleet quickly obsolete and they were retired in 1953.

General characteristics:

Crew: 2 (pilot, navigator/radio operator) plus up to 6 passengers

Length: 11.70 m (38 ft 4⅔ in)

Wingspan: 14.80 m (48 ft 6⅔.75 in)

Height: 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in)

Wing area: 36.50 m² (392.9 sq ft)

Empty weight: 2,360 kg (5,203 lb)

Loaded weight: 3,386 kg (7,450 lb)

Max. takeoff weight: 3,500 kg (7,700 lb)

Powerplant:

1× SNECMA 14R supercharged 14 cylinder radial engine with 1,190 kW (1,590 hp) for take-off

Performance:

Maximum speed: 320 km/h (177 knots, 200 mph) at sea level

Cruise speed: 260 km/h (144 knots, 162 mph)

Range: 2,100 km (1,135 nmi, 1,305 mi)

Service ceiling: 5,300 m (17,390 ft)

Climb to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 3 min

Climb to 4,000 m (13,125 ft): 18 min

The kit and its assembly:

A straightforward idea for the “Flying Boat, Seaplane and Amphibian” Group Build at whatifmodelers.com in late 2017. This civilian transport aircraft originally started as a military aircraft (even though this one might materialize later, too). The decision to change the topic fell when I came across a Ju 52/3m sheet (Italeri) in my decal box which features an SAS machine. After some legwork I found that these machines were still in use in the Fifties, and so, why not add a smaller aircraft on floats to the post-WWII SAS fleet for remote regions, e. g. for postal service? The He 70 appeared like a plausible candidate, and from this concept the model evolved.

Kit basis is the Matchbox He 70, and the floats come from the KP Letov S.328, a popular donor source since you find this kit quite often and with a small price tag. The floats are still a little ‘petites’ for the He 70, and their "track" is rather narrow. But the combo works, since the He 70 is a very sleek aircraft.

The floats’ assembly needed some serious PSR, though, and mounting them to the wobbly struts was challenging in itself. They were outfitted with mooring anchors, new rudders (one OOB piece got lost, they are very fragile and wobbly) and walking planks.

The aircraft model is a Revell re-boxing of the Matchbox He 70, and the kit is a PITA. Gone are the days when I thought that a Matchbox kit was simple, but would go together well. Here, nothing really fits, PSR everywhere, this thing SUCKS. Be warned!

Since the small windows do not allow much view inside, the interior was kept at a minimum detail level. The original IP side windows were omitted, because they are thick and blurry, and they were later replaced/filled with ClearFix. The cockpit canopy is OOB, but it is so small (and thick, too) that only the pilot's head can be seen – or better: guessed. Since there’s surprisingly little space under the canopy, I could not mount an 1:72 figure and rather used a generic 1:87 (H0 scale) sitting figure.

The machine was built with the radial engine option (IMHO a plausible option for the original military operator and also more suitable for operations in the Far North), but the primitive OOB "engine plate" was replaced by a deeper and much better detailed resin piece found in the scrap box (IIRC, left over from a converted ArtModel Polikarpov I-185). It fits snuggly into the OOB front end, even though the ring cover needed some tuning. The propeller is new, too (from a Hobby Boss Fw 190A/F, IIRC), mated with a new axis.

In order to adapt the He 70 to the new floats the original landing gear openings were closed (thankfully, the kit comes with dedicated covers) and blended into the lower wing surface with putty. In order to give the floats a good hold to the fuselage, small round adapters (actually rings cut from a 3mm styrene tube) were glued to the lower hull. Not the most elegant solution, but a pragmatic way to bridge some gaps and lay a good foundation.

In order to add stability to the aircraft with the additional draggy floats, I mounted a ventral fin under the rear fuselage, under the fin.

Another detail: due to the floats, the crew and potential passengers would need boarding ladders, and I used the He 115 as a benchmark. I knew that I have some PE ladders somewhere, but could not find them... So I had to improvise and converted IP window frames from a H0 scale American industrial building into boarding aids. Looks better than most OOB solutions!

Towards the finish line, a HO scale pilot figure added to the cockpit (it's tight and the canopy so thick that I could not fit an 1:72 pilot inside!) and the canopy stuck into place with white glue.

Painting and markings:

I kept this aspect very simple, and used the livery of a post-WW2 Ju 52/3m as benchmark: uniform silver, but apparently not in NMF – but this could also be corroded aluminum. Or is it a silver paint coat against corrosion? The only contrast were black engine covers, and the airline markings.

In order to achieve the silver paint look I tried an experiment: a basic overall coat with acrylic paint from a rattle can, a Duplicolor tone called "Weissaluminium" - which, on the reference sample, rather looks like a greyish paint than a true NMF; at first I was skeptical about the mica particles' size when the paint was still fresh, but once dry the coat looked very good and even, and more like a bare NMF than expected. On top of that, some panel shading with Polished Aluminum Metallizer was added, but only lightly.

In order to add some more "color" I decided to paint the underwater parts of the floats in black. Not a good idea – at least with the Tamiya tape I used for a clean demarcation line... Painting went fine, but when I removed the tape wide sections of the alu paint came off with them. Hmpf.

Anyway, I will try to use the damage creatively and not sand it off or overpaint the damage with silver - I'll rather use a grey primer, as if some real world damage would have been repaired. After all, it's a kind of bush aircraft.

Then the black cowling was added, and I started with the decals, which had to be improvised. For the civil registration code on the wings I used large USAF 45° characters (from a Colorado Decals sheet) – chosing those letters which do not show the typical font, rather simple forms.

For the fuselage markings I used leftover material from an 1:144 SAS Caravelle from Mistercraft. These are a little modern for the aircraft’s intended timeframe, but the characteristic blue cheatline with the dragon boat head at the nose was already present on early post-war SAS aircraft, so this detail is more or less O.K., and with the trim in place the aircraft looks very elegant. The “Scandinavian” line also comes from the Caravelle – it should be complemented by “Airlines System” in smaller front, but this was not available, and the line alone was already so big and long that it covers literally the whole cabin.

However, the problem with these decals was that the cheatlines featured the triangular Caravelle windows, so that I had to paint them over manually (with Humbrol 104, which is a good match, though). Some more decals, like the country emblems on the fuselage, come from an Italeri SAS Ju 52/3m, or the OOB sheet. The cabin doors were simulated with single 0.5mm decal strips in black.

Finally the kit was sealed with semi-matt acrylic varnish (Italeri), the windows were created with Humbrol ClearFix (instead of the OOB styrene pieces) and almost no other weathering was done. In a final step, the floats were mounted under the fuselage and a wire antenna added.

Not a spectacular whif, but an elegant one, despite (or thanks to?) the relatively simple civil scheme. The Letov S.328 floats are IMHO a good match in size and volume, but somehow I think the floats’ track with is a little too narrow? Anyway, I stuck with it, and the resulting He 70 floatplane does not look bad at all.

Protected / Separated bicycle lane on Dunsmuir Street, downtown Vancouver, Canada.

A few things to note here:

(a) the bus stop area has a large buffer zone to minimize bike/pedestrian conflicts during bus loading and unloading; and

(b) the bike route is raised to the level of the sidewalk at the stop, so that passengers don't have to negotiate multiple curbs.

20 WAYS OBAMACARE WILL TAKE AWAY YOUR FREEDOMS

**and this is just the TIP of the ICEBERG!

1. You are young and don’t want health insurance? You are starting a small business and need to minimize expenses, and one way to do it is to forego health insurance? Tough. You have to pay $750 annually for the “privilege.” (Section 1501)

2. You are young and healthy and want to pay for insurance that reflects that status? Tough. You’ll have to pay for premiums that cover not only you, but also the guy who smokes three packs a day, drink a gallon of whiskey, eats chicken fat off the floor. That’s because insurance companies will no longer be able to underwrite on the basis of a person’s health status. (Section 2701).

3. You would like to pay less premiums by buying insurance with lifetime or annual limits on coverage? Tough. Health insurers will no longer be able offer such policies, even if that is what customers prefer. (Section 2711).

4. Think you’d like a policy that is cheaper because it doesn’t cover preventive care or requires cost-sharing for such care? Tough. Health insurers will no longer be able to offer policies that do not cover preventive services or offer them with cost-sharing, even if that’s what the customer wants. (Section 2712).

5. You are an employer and you would like to offer coverage that doesn’t allow your employers’ slacker children to stay on the policy until age 26? Tough. (Section 2714).

6. You must buy a policy that covers ambulatory patient services, emergency services, hospitalization, maternity and newborn care, mental health and substance use disorder services, including behavioral health treatment; prescription drugs; rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices; laboratory services; preventive and wellness services; chronic disease management; and pediatric services, including oral and vision care.

You’re a single guy without children? Tough, your policy must cover pediatric services.

You’re a woman who can’t have children? Tough, your policy must cover maternity services. You’re a teetotaler? Tough, your policy must cover substance abuse treatment. (Add your own violation of personal freedom here.) (Section 1302).

7. Do you want a plan with lots of cost-sharing and low premiums? Well, the best you can do is a “Bronze plan,” which has benefits that provide benefits that are actuarially equivalent to 60% of the full actuarial value of the benefits provided under the plan. Anything lower than that, tough. (Section 1302 (d) (1) (A))

8. You are an employer in the small-group insurance market and you’d like to offer policies with deductibles higher than $2,000 for individuals and $4,000 for families? Tough. (Section 1302 (c) (2) (A).

9. If you are a large employer (defined as at least 101 employees) and you do not want to provide health insurance to your employee, then you will pay a $750 fine per employee (It could be $2,000 to $3,000 under the reconciliation changes). Think you know how to better spend that money? Tough. (Section 1513).

10. You are an employer who offers health flexible spending arrangements and your employees want to deduct more than $2,500 from their salaries for it? Sorry, can’t do that. (Section 9005 (i)).

11. If you are a physician and you don’t want the government looking over your shoulder? Tough. The Secretary of Health and Human Services is authorized to use your claims data to issue you reports that measure the resources you use, provide information on the quality of care you provide, and compare the resources you use to those used by other physicians. Of course, this will all be just for informational purposes. It’s not like the government will ever use it to intervene in your practice and patients’ care. Of course not. (Section 3003 (i))

12. If you are a physician and you want to own your own hospital, you must be an owner and have a “Medicare provider agreement” by Feb. 1, 2010. (Dec. 31, 2010 in the reconciliation changes.) If you didn’t have those by then, you are out of luck. (Section 6001 (i) (1) (A))

13. If you are a physician owner and you want to expand your hospital? Well, you can’t (Section 6001 (i) (1) (B). Unless, it is located in a country where, over the last five years, population growth has been 150% of what it has been in the state (Section 6601 (i) (3) ( E)). And then you cannot increase your capacity by more than 200% (Section 6001 (i) (3) (C)).

14. You are a health insurer and you want to raise premiums to meet costs? Well, if that increase is deemed “unreasonable” by the Secretary of Health and Human Services it will be subject to review and can be denied. (Section 1003)

15. The government will extract a fee of $2.3 billion annually from the pharmaceutical industry. If you are a pharmaceutical company what you will pay depends on the ratio of the number of brand-name drugs you sell to the total number of brand-name drugs sold in the U.S. So, if you sell 10% of the brand-name drugs in the U.S., what you pay will be 10% multiplied by $2.3 billion, or $230,000,000. (Under reconciliation, it starts at $2.55 billion, jumps to $3 billion in 2012, then to $3.5 billion in 2017 and $4.2 billion in 2018, before settling at $2.8 billion in 2019 (Section 1404)). Think you, as a pharmaceutical executive, know how to better use that money, say for research and development? Tough. (Section 9008 (b)).

16. The government will extract a fee of $2 billion annually from medical device makers. If you are a medical device maker what you will pay depends on your share of medical device sales in the U.S. So, if you sell 10% of the medical devices in the U.S., what you pay will be 10% multiplied by $2 billion, or $200,000,000. Think you, as a medical device maker, know how to better use that money, say for R&D? Tough. (Section 9009 (b)).

The reconciliation package turns that into a 2.9% excise tax for medical device makers. Think you, as a medical device maker, know how to better use that money, say for research and development? Tough. (Section 1405).

17. The government will extract a fee of $6.7 billion annually from insurance companies. If you are an insurer, what you will pay depends on your share of net premiums plus 200% of your administrative costs. So, if your net premiums and administrative costs are equal to 10% of the total, you will pay 10% of $6.7 billion, or $670,000,000. In the reconciliation bill, the fee will start at $8 billion in 2014, $11.3 billion in 2015, $1.9 billion in 2017, and $14.3 billion in 2018 (Section 1406).Think you, as an insurance executive, know how to better spend that money? Tough.(Section 9010 (b) (1) (A and B).)

18. If an insurance company board or its stockholders think the CEO is worth more than $500,000 in deferred compensation? Tough.(Section 9014).

19. You will have to pay an additional 0.5% payroll tax on any dollar you make over $250,000 if you file a joint return and $200,000 if you file an individual return. What? You think you know how to spend the money you earned better than the government? Tough. (Section 9015).

That amount will rise to a 3.8% tax if reconciliation passes. It will also apply to investment income, estates, and trusts. You think you know how to spend the money you earned better than the government? Like you need to ask. (Section 1402).

20. If you go for cosmetic surgery, you will pay an additional 5% tax on the cost of the procedure. Think you know how to spend that money you earned better than the government? Tough. (Section 9017).

TIMELINE

2010 - Coverage

Subsidies begin for small businesses to provide coverage to employees.

Insurance companies barred from denying coverage to children with pre-existing illness.

Children permitted to stay on their parents’ insurance policies until their 26th birthday.

2011 – Coverage and Taxes/Fees

Set up long-term care program in which people pay premiums into system for at least five years and then become eligible for support payments if they need assistance in daily living.

Drug makers face annual fee of $2.5 billion (rises in subsequent years).

2013 – Coverage and Taxes/Fees

New Medicare taxes on individuals earning more than $200,000 a year and couples filing jointly earning more than $250,000 a year. Tax on wages rises to 2.35% from 1.45%. New 3.8% tax on unearned income such as dividends and interest.

Excise tax of 2.9% imposed on sale of medical devices.

2014 – Coverage and Taxes/Fees and Cost Control

Create exchanges where people without employer coverage, as well as small businesses, can shop for health coverage. Insurance companies barred from denying coverage to anyone with pre-existing illness.

Requirement begins for most people to have health insurance. Subsidies begin for lower and middle-income people. People at 133% of federal poverty level pay maximum of 3% of income for coverage. People 400% of poverty level pay up to 9.5% of income. (Poverty level currently is about $22,000 for a family of four.)

Medicaid, the federal-state program for the poor, expands to all Americans with income up to 133% of federal poverty level.

Subsidies for small businesses to provide coverage increases. Businesses with 10 or fewer employees and average annual wages of less than $25,000 receive tax credit of up to 50% of employer’s contribution. Tax credits phase out for larger businesses.

Independent Medicare board must begin to submit recommendations to curb Medicare spending, if the costs are rising faster than inflation.

2016 – Taxes/Fees

Penalty for those who don’t carry coverage rises to 2.5% of taxable income or $695, whichever is greater.

2017 – Coverage

Businesses with more than 100 employees can buy coverage on insurance exchanges, if state permits it.

2018 – Taxes/Fees

Excise tax of 40% imposed on health plans valued at more than $10,200 for individual coverage and $27,500 for family coverage.

My Portfolio and Photography Services

(Click the photo to see it large, you know you want to :)

The plan was to visit Carrizo Plain on April 2-3 for some wildflower shooting. But it wasn't clear how good the bloom was, and I was feeling broke, and a number of other lame things, so I ended up not going. Then Jeff Sullivan started posting up some killer shots from Carrizo that same weekend and I was really really kicking myself for not making the trip.

So this past weekend, flush with a little extra cash from teaching a seascape photography workshop, I decided nothing was going to stop me from getting down there. And boy was that the right decision. I arrived in Carrizo Saturday afternoon under a sky full of gorgeous cumulous clouds, and though I had heard the flowers were nothing special this year, the vast carpets of tidy tips still blew me away.

I spent the next 20 hours chasing the flowers, getting chased by rain, getting stuck on muddy backroads, and generally having an awesome time.

-----------------------------------

Tech Notes on this Photo

-----------------------------------

Nikon D300s

Tokina 12-24 f/4 at 12mm on a crop sensor

ISO320 - to help speed up my shutter (didn't want to go much higher than this in order to prevent noise from entering the photo)

f/16 - I needed some extreme DOF here, as my camera was probably only 10 inches out of the flowers. This is a single shot; no focus-blending here. Gotta love UWA lenses for their amazing DOF!

1/25 sec - a relatively quick shutter (compared to shooting seascapes that is) in order to freeze the flowers in place. This photo was taken during a brief period of extreme calm when the flowers were barely moving.

Lee 2-stop soft GND filter

Post-Processing

----------------------

In Raw Converter (Nikon Capture NX2)

- Processed single raw file twice: once for majority of image, and once at +0.3ev to brighten flowers in the mid-ground which had been overly-darkened by my GND filter

- Global contrast for added pop

- Local brightness and contrast adjustments in the clouds to make them pop a bit

In Photoshop:

- Noise reduction via Neat Image

- Selective sharpening of flowers only

- Hand blend of two tifs to brighten mid-ground

- Minor curves adjustment to further brighten midground

Thanks for your visits!

~Josh

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Heinkel He 70 Blitz (Lightning) was designed in the early 1930s to serve as a mailplane for Deutsche Luft Hansa in response to a request for an aircraft faster than the Lockheed Vega and Orion (as used by Swissair) for use on short routes.

However, the fast technical development in the late Forties and the advent of the jet age rendered the SAS’ He 70 floatplane fleet quickly obsolete and they were retired in 1953.

General characteristics:

Crew: 2 (pilot, navigator/radio operator) plus up to 6 passengers

Length: 11.70 m (38 ft 4⅔ in)

Wingspan: 14.80 m (48 ft 6⅔.75 in)

Height: 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in)

Wing area: 36.50 m² (392.9 sq ft)

Empty weight: 2,360 kg (5,203 lb)

Loaded weight: 3,386 kg (7,450 lb)

Max. takeoff weight: 3,500 kg (7,700 lb)

Powerplant:

1× SNECMA 14R supercharged 14 cylinder radial engine with 1,190 kW (1,590 hp) for take-off

Performance:

Maximum speed: 320 km/h (177 knots, 200 mph) at sea level

Cruise speed: 260 km/h (144 knots, 162 mph)

Range: 2,100 km (1,135 nmi, 1,305 mi)

Service ceiling: 5,300 m (17,390 ft)

Climb to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 3 min

Climb to 4,000 m (13,125 ft): 18 min

The kit and its assembly:

A straightforward idea for the “Flying Boat, Seaplane and Amphibian” Group Build at whatifmodelers.com in late 2017. This civilian transport aircraft originally started as a military aircraft (even though this one might materialize later, too). The decision to change the topic fell when I came across a Ju 52/3m sheet (Italeri) in my decal box which features an SAS machine. After some legwork I found that these machines were still in use in the Fifties, and so, why not add a smaller aircraft on floats to the post-WWII SAS fleet for remote regions, e. g. for postal service? The He 70 appeared like a plausible candidate, and from this concept the model evolved.

Kit basis is the Matchbox He 70, and the floats come from the KP Letov S.328, a popular donor source since you find this kit quite often and with a small price tag. The floats are still a little ‘petites’ for the He 70, and their "track" is rather narrow. But the combo works, since the He 70 is a very sleek aircraft.

The floats’ assembly needed some serious PSR, though, and mounting them to the wobbly struts was challenging in itself. They were outfitted with mooring anchors, new rudders (one OOB piece got lost, they are very fragile and wobbly) and walking planks.

The aircraft model is a Revell re-boxing of the Matchbox He 70, and the kit is a PITA. Gone are the days when I thought that a Matchbox kit was simple, but would go together well. Here, nothing really fits, PSR everywhere, this thing SUCKS. Be warned!

Since the small windows do not allow much view inside, the interior was kept at a minimum detail level. The original IP side windows were omitted, because they are thick and blurry, and they were later replaced/filled with ClearFix. The cockpit canopy is OOB, but it is so small (and thick, too) that only the pilot's head can be seen – or better: guessed. Since there’s surprisingly little space under the canopy, I could not mount an 1:72 figure and rather used a generic 1:87 (H0 scale) sitting figure.

The machine was built with the radial engine option (IMHO a plausible option for the original military operator and also more suitable for operations in the Far North), but the primitive OOB "engine plate" was replaced by a deeper and much better detailed resin piece found in the scrap box (IIRC, left over from a converted ArtModel Polikarpov I-185). It fits snuggly into the OOB front end, even though the ring cover needed some tuning. The propeller is new, too (from a Hobby Boss Fw 190A/F, IIRC), mated with a new axis.

In order to adapt the He 70 to the new floats the original landing gear openings were closed (thankfully, the kit comes with dedicated covers) and blended into the lower wing surface with putty. In order to give the floats a good hold to the fuselage, small round adapters (actually rings cut from a 3mm styrene tube) were glued to the lower hull. Not the most elegant solution, but a pragmatic way to bridge some gaps and lay a good foundation.

In order to add stability to the aircraft with the additional draggy floats, I mounted a ventral fin under the rear fuselage, under the fin.

Another detail: due to the floats, the crew and potential passengers would need boarding ladders, and I used the He 115 as a benchmark. I knew that I have some PE ladders somewhere, but could not find them... So I had to improvise and converted IP window frames from a H0 scale American industrial building into boarding aids. Looks better than most OOB solutions!

Towards the finish line, a HO scale pilot figure added to the cockpit (it's tight and the canopy so thick that I could not fit an 1:72 pilot inside!) and the canopy stuck into place with white glue.

Painting and markings:

I kept this aspect very simple, and used the livery of a post-WW2 Ju 52/3m as benchmark: uniform silver, but apparently not in NMF – but this could also be corroded aluminum. Or is it a silver paint coat against corrosion? The only contrast were black engine covers, and the airline markings.

In order to achieve the silver paint look I tried an experiment: a basic overall coat with acrylic paint from a rattle can, a Duplicolor tone called "Weissaluminium" - which, on the reference sample, rather looks like a greyish paint than a true NMF; at first I was skeptical about the mica particles' size when the paint was still fresh, but once dry the coat looked very good and even, and more like a bare NMF than expected. On top of that, some panel shading with Polished Aluminum Metallizer was added, but only lightly.

In order to add some more "color" I decided to paint the underwater parts of the floats in black. Not a good idea – at least with the Tamiya tape I used for a clean demarcation line... Painting went fine, but when I removed the tape wide sections of the alu paint came off with them. Hmpf.

Anyway, I will try to use the damage creatively and not sand it off or overpaint the damage with silver - I'll rather use a grey primer, as if some real world damage would have been repaired. After all, it's a kind of bush aircraft.

Then the black cowling was added, and I started with the decals, which had to be improvised. For the civil registration code on the wings I used large USAF 45° characters (from a Colorado Decals sheet) – chosing those letters which do not show the typical font, rather simple forms.

For the fuselage markings I used leftover material from an 1:144 SAS Caravelle from Mistercraft. These are a little modern for the aircraft’s intended timeframe, but the characteristic blue cheatline with the dragon boat head at the nose was already present on early post-war SAS aircraft, so this detail is more or less O.K., and with the trim in place the aircraft looks very elegant. The “Scandinavian” line also comes from the Caravelle – it should be complemented by “Airlines System” in smaller front, but this was not available, and the line alone was already so big and long that it covers literally the whole cabin.

However, the problem with these decals was that the cheatlines featured the triangular Caravelle windows, so that I had to paint them over manually (with Humbrol 104, which is a good match, though). Some more decals, like the country emblems on the fuselage, come from an Italeri SAS Ju 52/3m, or the OOB sheet. The cabin doors were simulated with single 0.5mm decal strips in black.

Finally the kit was sealed with semi-matt acrylic varnish (Italeri), the windows were created with Humbrol ClearFix (instead of the OOB styrene pieces) and almost no other weathering was done. In a final step, the floats were mounted under the fuselage and a wire antenna added.

Not a spectacular whif, but an elegant one, despite (or thanks to?) the relatively simple civil scheme. The Letov S.328 floats are IMHO a good match in size and volume, but somehow I think the floats’ track with is a little too narrow? Anyway, I stuck with it, and the resulting He 70 floatplane does not look bad at all.

A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. The two surviving species of camel are the dromedary, or one-humped camel (C. dromedarius), which inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa; and the bactrian, or two-humped camel (C. bactrianus), which inhabits Central Asia. Both species have been domesticated; they provide milk, meat, hair for textiles or goods such as felted pouches, and are working animals with tasks ranging from human transport to bearing loads.

The term "camel" is derived via Latin and Greek (camelus and κάμηλος kamēlos respectively) from Hebrew or Phoenician gāmāl.

"Camel" is also used more broadly to describe any of the six camel-like mammals in the family Camelidae: the two true camels and the four New World camelids: the llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña of South America.

BIOLOGY

The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years. A full-grown adult camel stands 1.85 m at the shoulder and 2.15 m at the hump. Camels can run at up to 65 km/h in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km/h. Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg.

The male dromedary camel has in its throat an organ called a dulla, a large, inflatable sac he extrudes from his mouth when in rut to assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of its mouth. Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground, with the male mounting from behind. The male usually ejaculates three or four times within a single mating session. Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position.

ECOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ADAPTIONS

Camels do not directly store water in their humps as was once commonly believed. The humps are actually reservoirs of fatty tissue: concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes the insulating effect fat would have if distributed over the rest of their bodies, helping camels survive in hot climates. When this tissue is metabolized, it yields more than one gram of water for every gram of fat processed. This fat metabolization, while releasing energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs during respiration (as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a net decrease in water.

Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of water. Unlike other mammals, their red blood cells are oval rather than circular in shape. This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration and makes them better at withstanding high osmotic variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water: a 600 kg camel can drink 200 L of water in three minutes.

Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature and water consumption that would kill most other animals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C at dawn and steadily increases to 40 °C by sunset, before they cool off at night again. Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals; to assist this, camels have a rete mirabile, a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which utilizes countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain. Camels rarely sweat, even when ambient temperatures reach 49 °C Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat; the heat of vaporization therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand losing 25% of their body weight to sweating, whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12–14% dehydration before cardiac failure results from circulatory disturbance.

When the camel exhales, water vapor becomes trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water. Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies' hydrated state without the need for drinking.

The camels' thick coats insulate them from the intense heat radiated from desert sand; a shorn camel must sweat 50% more to avoid overheating. During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color, reflecting light as well as helping avoid sunburn. The camel's long legs help by keeping its body farther from the ground, which can heat up to 70 °C. Dromedaries have a pad of thick tissue over the sternum called the pedestal. When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position, the pedestal raises the body from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the body.

Camels' mouths have a thick leathery lining, allowing them to chew thorny desert plants. Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with nostrils that can close, form a barrier against sand. If sand gets lodged in their eyes, they can dislodge it using their transparent third eyelid. The camels' gait and widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand.

The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water. Camel urine comes out as a thick syrup, and camel feces are so dry that they do not require drying when the Bedouins use them to fuel fires.

Camels' immune system differs from those of other mammals. Normally, the Y-shaped antibody molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y. Camels, in addition to these, also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains, a trait that makes them smaller and more durable. These "heavy-chain-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are thought to have developed 50 million years ago, after camelids split from ruminants and pigs.

GENETICS

The karyotypes of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups, but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached. A 2007 study flow sorted camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found that the karyotime consisted of one metacentric, three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes. The Y is a small metacentric chromosome, while the X is a large metacentric chromosome.The hybrid camel, a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation 4–12 cm deep that divides the front from the back. The hybrid is 2.15 m at the shoulder and 2.32 m tall at the hump. It weighs an average of 650 kg and can carry around 400 to 450 kg, which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can. According to molecular data, the New World and Old World camelids diverged 11 million years ago. In spite of this, these species can still hybridize and produce fertile offspring. The cama is a camel–llama hybrid bred by scientists who wanted to see how closely related the parent species were. Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections. The cama has ears halfway between the length of camel and llama ears, no hump, longer legs than the llama, and partially cloven hooves. According to cama breeder Lulu Skidmore, cama have "the fleece of the llamas" and "the strength and patience of the camel". Like the mule, camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.

EVOLUTION

The earliest known camel, called Protylopus, lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago (during the Eocene). It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is now South Dakota. By 35 million years ago, the Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas. The hoofed Stenomylus, which walked on the tips of its toes, also existed around this time, and the long-necked Aepycamelus evolved in the Miocene.

The direct ancestor of all modern camels, Procamelus, existed in the upper Miocone and lower Pliocene. Around 3–5 million years ago, the North American Camelidae spread to South America via the Isthmus of Panama, where they gave rise to guanacos and related animals, and to Asia via the Bering land bridge. Surprising finds of fossil Paracamelus on Ellesmere Island beginning in 2006 in the high Canadian Arctic indicate the dromedary is descended from a larger, boreal browser whose hump may have evolved as an adaptation in a cold climate. This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet tall.

The last camel native to North America was Camelops hesternus, which vanished along with horses, short-faced bears, mammoths and mastodons, ground sloths, sabertooth cats, and many other megafauna, coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia.

DOMESTICATION

Most camels surviving today are domesticated. Along with many other megafauna in North America, the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of Native Americans from Asia into North America, 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. The only wild camels left are the Bactrian camels of the Gobi Desert.

Like the horse, before their extinction in their native land, camels spread across the Bering land bridge, moving the opposite direction from the Asian immigration to America, to survive in the Old World and eventually be domesticated and spread globally by humans.

Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans in Somalia and southern Arabia, around 3,000 BC, the Bactrian in central Asia around 2,500 BC, as at Shar-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City), Iran.

Discussions concerning camel domestication in Mesopotamia are often related to mentions of camels in the Hebrew Bible. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J for instance mentions that "In accord with patriarchal traditions, cylinder seals from Middle Bronze Age Mesopotamia showed riders seated upon camels."

Martin Heide's 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that the bactrian camel was domesticated by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of the Zagros Mountains, then moving into Mesopotamia, and suggests that mentions of camels "in the patriarchal narratives may refer, at least in some places, to the Bactrian camel." while noting that the camel is not mentioned in relationship to Canaan.

Recent excavations in the Timna Valley by Lidar Sapir-Hen and Erez Ben-Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones found in Israel or even outside the Arabian peninsula, dating to around 930 BCE. This garnered considerable media coverage as it was described as evidence that the stories of Abraham, Joseph, Jacob and Esau were written after this time.

The existence of camels in Mesopotamia but not in Israel is not a new idea. According to an article in Time Magazine, the historian Richard Bulliet wrote in his 1975 book "The Camel and the Wheel" that "the occasional mention of camels in patriarchal narratives does not mean that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that period." The archaeologist William F. Albright writing even earlier saw camels in the Bible as an anachronism. The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph notes that "The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to the southern Levant signifies a crucial juncture in the history of the region; it substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112-116; Jasmin 2005). This, together with the depiction of camels in the Patriarchal narrative, has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (e.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558-584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early Iron Age (not before the 12th century BCE)" and concludes that "Current data from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of radiocarbon dates. The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century BCE and most probably during this time. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region - attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I - raises the possibility that the two were connected, and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade."

MILITARY USES

By at least 1200 BC, the first camel saddles had appeared, and Bactrian camels could be ridden. The first saddle was positioned to the back of the camel, and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick. However, between 500–100 BC, Bactrian camels attained military use. New saddles, which were inflexible and bent, were put over the humps and divided the rider's weight over the animal. In the seventh century BC, the military Arabian saddle appeared, which improved the saddle design again slightly.

Camel cavalries have been used in wars throughout Africa, the Middle East, and into modern-day Border Security Force of India (though as of July 2012, the BSF has planned the replacement of camels with ATVs). The first use of camel cavalries was in the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC. Armies have also used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules.

In the East Roman Empire, the Romans used auxiliary forces known as dromedarii, whom they recruited in desert provinces. The camels were used mostly in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close ranges (horses are afraid of the camels' scent), a quality famously employed by the Achaemenid Persians when fighting Lydia in the Battle of Thymbra.

19th and 20th CENTURIES

The United States Army established the U.S. Camel Corps, which was stationed in California in the late 19th century. One may still see stables at the Benicia Arsenal in Benicia, California, where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum. Though the experimental use of camels was seen as a success (John B. Floyd, Secretary of War in 1858, recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels), the outbreak of the American Civil War saw the end of the Camel Corps: Texas became part of the Confederacy, and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert.

France created a méhariste camel corps in 1912 as part of the Armée d'Afrique in the Sahara in order to exercise greater control over the camel-riding Tuareg and Arab insurgents, as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed. The camel-mounted units remained in service until the end of French rule over Algeria in 1962.

In 1916, the British created the Imperial Camel Corps. It was originally used to fight the Senussi, but was later used in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I. The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert, though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on foot. After July 1918, the Corps began to become run down, receiving no new reinforcements, and was formally disbanded in 1919.

In World War I, the British Army also created the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps, which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels. The Corps supported British war operations in Sinai, Palestine, and Syria by transporting supplies to the troops.

The Somaliland Camel Corps was created by colonial authorities in British Somaliland in 1912; it was disbanded in 1944.

Bactrian camels were used by Romanian forces during World War II in the Caucasian region.

The Bikaner Camel Corps of British India fought alongside the British Indian Army in World Wars I and II.

The Tropas Nómadas (Nomad Troops) were an auxiliary regiment of Sahrawi tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara (today Western Sahara). Operational from the 1930s until the end of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975, the Tropas Nómadas were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers. The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback.

FOOD USES

DAIRY

Camel milk is a staple food of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a meal in and of itself; a nomad can live on only camel milk for almost a month. Camel milk is rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, and immunoglobulins; compared to cow's milk, it is lower in fat and lactose, and higher in potassium, iron, and vitamin C. Bedouins believe the curative powers of camel milk are enhanced if the camel's diet consists of certain desert plants. Camel milk can readily be made into a drinkable yogurt, as well as butter or cheese, though the yields for cheese tend to be low.

Camel milk cannot be made into butter by the traditional churning method. It can be made if it is soured first, churned, and a clarifying agent is then added. Until recently, camel milk could not be made into camel cheese because rennet was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the collection of curds. Developing less wasteful uses of the milk, the FAO commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires, who was able to produce curdling by the addition of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet. The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest, even for the lactose intolerant. The sale of camel cheese is limited owing to the small output of the few dairies producing camel cheese and the absence of camel cheese in local (West African) markets. Cheese imports from countries that traditionally breed camels are difficult to obtain due to restrictions on dairy imports from these regions.

Additionally, camel milk has been made into ice cream in a Netherlands camel farm.

MEAT

A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male dromedary carcass can weigh 300–400 kg, while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg. The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and 350 kg. The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts, and the hump is considered a delicacy. The hump contains "white and sickly fat", which can be used to make the khli (preserved meat) of mutton, beef, or camel. Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers.

Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel.[31] Camel meat is still eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is available in Alice Springs.

A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details cases of human bubonic plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver.

RELIGION

ISLAM

Camel meat is halal for Muslims. However, according to some Islamic schools of thought, a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it. Consequently, these schools hold that Muslims must perform wudhu (ablution) before the next time they pray after eating camel meat.

Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider it haraam for a Muslim to perform salat in places where camels lie, as it is said to be a dwelling place of shaytan.

According to Suni ahadith collected by Bukhari and Muslim, Muhammad ordered a certain group of people to drink camel milk and urine as a medicine. However, according to Abū Ḥanīfa, the drinking of camel urine, while not forbidden (ḥaram), is disliked (makrūh) in Islam.

Camel urine is sold as traditional medicine in shops in Saudi Arabia. The Sunni scholar Muhammad Al-Munajjid's IslamQA.info recommends camel urine as beneficial to curing certain diseases and to human health and cited Ahadith and scientific studies as justification. King Abdulaziz University researcher Dr. Faten Abdel-Rajman Khorshid has claimed that cancer and other diseases could be treated with camel urine as recommended by the Prophet. The United Arab Emirates "Arab Science and Technology Foundation" reported that cancer could be treated with camel urine. Camel urine was also prescribed as a treatment by Zaghloul El-Naggar, a religious scholar. Camel urine is the only urine which is permitted to be drunk according to the Hanbali madhhab of Sunni Islam. The World Health Organization said that camel urine consumption may be a factor in the spread of the MERS virus in Saudi Arabia. The Gulf Times writer Ahmad al-Sayyed wrote that various afflictions are dealt with camel urine by people. Dandruff, scalp ailments, hair, sores, and wounds were recommended to be treated with camel urine by Ibn Sina. Arab American University Professor of Cell Biology and Immunology Bashar Saad (PhD) along with Omar Said (PhD) wrote that medicinal use of camel urine is approved of and promoted by Islam since it was recommended by the prophet. A test on mice found that cytotoxic effects similar to cyclophosphamide were induced on bone marrow by camel urine. Besides for consumption as a medicinal drink, camel urine is believed to help treat hair. Bites from insects were warded off with camel urine, which also served as a shampoo. Camel urine is also used to help treat asthma, infections, treat hair, sores, hair growth and boost libido.

Several Sunni Ahadith mention drinking camel urine. Some Shia criticized Wahhabis for camel urine treatment. Shia scholars also recommend the medicinal use of camel urine. Shia Hadith on Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reported that shortness of breath (asthma) was treated with camel urine. Shia Marja Ayatollah Sistani said that for medicinal purposes only, sheep, cow, and camel urine can be drunk.

JUDAISM

According to Jewish tradition, camel meat and milk are not kosher. Camels possess only one of the two kosher criteria; although they chew their cud, they do not possess cloven hooves:

Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that only chew the cud, or of them that only part the hoof: the camel, because he cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you.

— Leviticus 11:4

DISTRIBUTION ANDNUMBERS

There are around 14 million camels alive as of 2010, with 90% being dromedaries. Dromedaries alive today are domesticated animals (mostly living in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, Maghreb, Middle East and South Asia). The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world, where the dromedaries constitute an important part of local nomadic life. They provide nomadic people in Somalia (which has the largest camel herd in the world) and Ethiopia with milk, food, and transportation.

The Bactrian camel is, as of 2010, reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals, most of which are domesticated. The only truly wild Bactrian camels, of which there are less than one thousand, are thought to inhabit the Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia.

The largest population of feral camels is in Australia. There are around 700,000 feral dromedary camels in central parts of Australia, descended from those introduced as a method of transport in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This population is growing about 8% per year. Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in part because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers.

A small population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians, wandered through Southwest United States after having been imported in the 1800s as part of the U.S. Camel Corps experiment. When the project ended, they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released. Twenty-five U.S. camels were bought and imported to Canada during the Cariboo Gold Rush.

WIKIPEDIA

Lucky bamboo growing in a clear glass vase. Taken using strobes at 80 degrees from both sides to minimize reflections. White balance is a little cooler than neutral.

A truck sprays water on the crawler way to help minimize dust as the space shuttle Atlantis (STS-135), atop of the Mobile Launch Platform (MLP), rolls out of High Bay 3 in the Vehicle Assembly Building to Launch Pad 39a for its final flight, Tuesday evening, May 31, 2011, at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla. The 3.4-mile trek, known as "rollout," will take about seven hours to complete. Atlantis will carry the Raffaello multipurpose logistics module to deliver supplies, logistics and spare parts to the International Space Station. The launch of STS-135 is targeted for July 8. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)

...Go the feet of the four-legged creatures, on the crunchy, firm and (seemingly) uncrushable snow.

Perhaps this is why I prefer my crazy heels--in order to minimize my footprint. (After all, women's size 11 leave a rather large track.)

A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. The two surviving species of camel are the dromedary, or one-humped camel (C. dromedarius), which inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa; and the bactrian, or two-humped camel (C. bactrianus), which inhabits Central Asia. Both species have been domesticated; they provide milk, meat, hair for textiles or goods such as felted pouches, and are working animals with tasks ranging from human transport to bearing loads.

The term "camel" is derived via Latin and Greek (camelus and κάμηλος kamēlos respectively) from Hebrew or Phoenician gāmāl.

"Camel" is also used more broadly to describe any of the six camel-like mammals in the family Camelidae: the two true camels and the four New World camelids: the llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña of South America.

BIOLOGY

The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years. A full-grown adult camel stands 1.85 m at the shoulder and 2.15 m at the hump. Camels can run at up to 65 km/h in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km/h. Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg.

The male dromedary camel has in its throat an organ called a dulla, a large, inflatable sac he extrudes from his mouth when in rut to assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of its mouth. Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground, with the male mounting from behind. The male usually ejaculates three or four times within a single mating session. Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position.

ECOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ADAPTIONS

Camels do not directly store water in their humps as was once commonly believed. The humps are actually reservoirs of fatty tissue: concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes the insulating effect fat would have if distributed over the rest of their bodies, helping camels survive in hot climates. When this tissue is metabolized, it yields more than one gram of water for every gram of fat processed. This fat metabolization, while releasing energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs during respiration (as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a net decrease in water.

Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of water. Unlike other mammals, their red blood cells are oval rather than circular in shape. This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration and makes them better at withstanding high osmotic variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water: a 600 kg camel can drink 200 L of water in three minutes.

Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature and water consumption that would kill most other animals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C at dawn and steadily increases to 40 °C by sunset, before they cool off at night again. Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals; to assist this, camels have a rete mirabile, a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which utilizes countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain. Camels rarely sweat, even when ambient temperatures reach 49 °C Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat; the heat of vaporization therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand losing 25% of their body weight to sweating, whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12–14% dehydration before cardiac failure results from circulatory disturbance.

When the camel exhales, water vapor becomes trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water. Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies' hydrated state without the need for drinking.

The camels' thick coats insulate them from the intense heat radiated from desert sand; a shorn camel must sweat 50% more to avoid overheating. During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color, reflecting light as well as helping avoid sunburn. The camel's long legs help by keeping its body farther from the ground, which can heat up to 70 °C. Dromedaries have a pad of thick tissue over the sternum called the pedestal. When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position, the pedestal raises the body from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the body.

Camels' mouths have a thick leathery lining, allowing them to chew thorny desert plants. Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with nostrils that can close, form a barrier against sand. If sand gets lodged in their eyes, they can dislodge it using their transparent third eyelid. The camels' gait and widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand.

The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water. Camel urine comes out as a thick syrup, and camel feces are so dry that they do not require drying when the Bedouins use them to fuel fires.

Camels' immune system differs from those of other mammals. Normally, the Y-shaped antibody molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y. Camels, in addition to these, also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains, a trait that makes them smaller and more durable. These "heavy-chain-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are thought to have developed 50 million years ago, after camelids split from ruminants and pigs.

GENETICS

The karyotypes of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups, but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached. A 2007 study flow sorted camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found that the karyotime consisted of one metacentric, three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes. The Y is a small metacentric chromosome, while the X is a large metacentric chromosome.The hybrid camel, a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation 4–12 cm deep that divides the front from the back. The hybrid is 2.15 m at the shoulder and 2.32 m tall at the hump. It weighs an average of 650 kg and can carry around 400 to 450 kg, which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can. According to molecular data, the New World and Old World camelids diverged 11 million years ago. In spite of this, these species can still hybridize and produce fertile offspring. The cama is a camel–llama hybrid bred by scientists who wanted to see how closely related the parent species were. Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections. The cama has ears halfway between the length of camel and llama ears, no hump, longer legs than the llama, and partially cloven hooves. According to cama breeder Lulu Skidmore, cama have "the fleece of the llamas" and "the strength and patience of the camel". Like the mule, camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.

EVOLUTION

The earliest known camel, called Protylopus, lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago (during the Eocene). It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is now South Dakota. By 35 million years ago, the Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas. The hoofed Stenomylus, which walked on the tips of its toes, also existed around this time, and the long-necked Aepycamelus evolved in the Miocene.

The direct ancestor of all modern camels, Procamelus, existed in the upper Miocone and lower Pliocene. Around 3–5 million years ago, the North American Camelidae spread to South America via the Isthmus of Panama, where they gave rise to guanacos and related animals, and to Asia via the Bering land bridge. Surprising finds of fossil Paracamelus on Ellesmere Island beginning in 2006 in the high Canadian Arctic indicate the dromedary is descended from a larger, boreal browser whose hump may have evolved as an adaptation in a cold climate. This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet tall.

The last camel native to North America was Camelops hesternus, which vanished along with horses, short-faced bears, mammoths and mastodons, ground sloths, sabertooth cats, and many other megafauna, coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia.

DOMESTICATION

Most camels surviving today are domesticated. Along with many other megafauna in North America, the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of Native Americans from Asia into North America, 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. The only wild camels left are the Bactrian camels of the Gobi Desert.

Like the horse, before their extinction in their native land, camels spread across the Bering land bridge, moving the opposite direction from the Asian immigration to America, to survive in the Old World and eventually be domesticated and spread globally by humans.

Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans in Somalia and southern Arabia, around 3,000 BC, the Bactrian in central Asia around 2,500 BC, as at Shar-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City), Iran.

Discussions concerning camel domestication in Mesopotamia are often related to mentions of camels in the Hebrew Bible. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J for instance mentions that "In accord with patriarchal traditions, cylinder seals from Middle Bronze Age Mesopotamia showed riders seated upon camels."

Martin Heide's 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that the bactrian camel was domesticated by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of the Zagros Mountains, then moving into Mesopotamia, and suggests that mentions of camels "in the patriarchal narratives may refer, at least in some places, to the Bactrian camel." while noting that the camel is not mentioned in relationship to Canaan.

Recent excavations in the Timna Valley by Lidar Sapir-Hen and Erez Ben-Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones found in Israel or even outside the Arabian peninsula, dating to around 930 BCE. This garnered considerable media coverage as it was described as evidence that the stories of Abraham, Joseph, Jacob and Esau were written after this time.

The existence of camels in Mesopotamia but not in Israel is not a new idea. According to an article in Time Magazine, the historian Richard Bulliet wrote in his 1975 book "The Camel and the Wheel" that "the occasional mention of camels in patriarchal narratives does not mean that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that period." The archaeologist William F. Albright writing even earlier saw camels in the Bible as an anachronism. The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph notes that "The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to the southern Levant signifies a crucial juncture in the history of the region; it substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112-116; Jasmin 2005). This, together with the depiction of camels in the Patriarchal narrative, has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (e.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558-584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early Iron Age (not before the 12th century BCE)" and concludes that "Current data from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of radiocarbon dates. The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century BCE and most probably during this time. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region - attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I - raises the possibility that the two were connected, and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade."

MILITARY USES

By at least 1200 BC, the first camel saddles had appeared, and Bactrian camels could be ridden. The first saddle was positioned to the back of the camel, and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick. However, between 500–100 BC, Bactrian camels attained military use. New saddles, which were inflexible and bent, were put over the humps and divided the rider's weight over the animal. In the seventh century BC, the military Arabian saddle appeared, which improved the saddle design again slightly.

Camel cavalries have been used in wars throughout Africa, the Middle East, and into modern-day Border Security Force of India (though as of July 2012, the BSF has planned the replacement of camels with ATVs). The first use of camel cavalries was in the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC. Armies have also used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules.

In the East Roman Empire, the Romans used auxiliary forces known as dromedarii, whom they recruited in desert provinces. The camels were used mostly in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close ranges (horses are afraid of the camels' scent), a quality famously employed by the Achaemenid Persians when fighting Lydia in the Battle of Thymbra.

19th and 20th CENTURIES

The United States Army established the U.S. Camel Corps, which was stationed in California in the late 19th century. One may still see stables at the Benicia Arsenal in Benicia, California, where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum. Though the experimental use of camels was seen as a success (John B. Floyd, Secretary of War in 1858, recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels), the outbreak of the American Civil War saw the end of the Camel Corps: Texas became part of the Confederacy, and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert.

France created a méhariste camel corps in 1912 as part of the Armée d'Afrique in the Sahara in order to exercise greater control over the camel-riding Tuareg and Arab insurgents, as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed. The camel-mounted units remained in service until the end of French rule over Algeria in 1962.

In 1916, the British created the Imperial Camel Corps. It was originally used to fight the Senussi, but was later used in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I. The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert, though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on foot. After July 1918, the Corps began to become run down, receiving no new reinforcements, and was formally disbanded in 1919.

In World War I, the British Army also created the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps, which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels. The Corps supported British war operations in Sinai, Palestine, and Syria by transporting supplies to the troops.

The Somaliland Camel Corps was created by colonial authorities in British Somaliland in 1912; it was disbanded in 1944.

Bactrian camels were used by Romanian forces during World War II in the Caucasian region.

The Bikaner Camel Corps of British India fought alongside the British Indian Army in World Wars I and II.

The Tropas Nómadas (Nomad Troops) were an auxiliary regiment of Sahrawi tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara (today Western Sahara). Operational from the 1930s until the end of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975, the Tropas Nómadas were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers. The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback.

FOOD USES

DAIRY

Camel milk is a staple food of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a meal in and of itself; a nomad can live on only camel milk for almost a month. Camel milk is rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, and immunoglobulins; compared to cow's milk, it is lower in fat and lactose, and higher in potassium, iron, and vitamin C. Bedouins believe the curative powers of camel milk are enhanced if the camel's diet consists of certain desert plants. Camel milk can readily be made into a drinkable yogurt, as well as butter or cheese, though the yields for cheese tend to be low.

Camel milk cannot be made into butter by the traditional churning method. It can be made if it is soured first, churned, and a clarifying agent is then added. Until recently, camel milk could not be made into camel cheese because rennet was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the collection of curds. Developing less wasteful uses of the milk, the FAO commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires, who was able to produce curdling by the addition of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet. The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest, even for the lactose intolerant. The sale of camel cheese is limited owing to the small output of the few dairies producing camel cheese and the absence of camel cheese in local (West African) markets. Cheese imports from countries that traditionally breed camels are difficult to obtain due to restrictions on dairy imports from these regions.

Additionally, camel milk has been made into ice cream in a Netherlands camel farm.

MEAT

A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male dromedary carcass can weigh 300–400 kg, while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg. The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and 350 kg. The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts, and the hump is considered a delicacy. The hump contains "white and sickly fat", which can be used to make the khli (preserved meat) of mutton, beef, or camel. Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers.

Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel.[31] Camel meat is still eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is available in Alice Springs.

A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details cases of human bubonic plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver.

RELIGION

ISLAM

Camel meat is halal for Muslims. However, according to some Islamic schools of thought, a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it. Consequently, these schools hold that Muslims must perform wudhu (ablution) before the next time they pray after eating camel meat.

Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider it haraam for a Muslim to perform salat in places where camels lie, as it is said to be a dwelling place of shaytan.

According to Suni ahadith collected by Bukhari and Muslim, Muhammad ordered a certain group of people to drink camel milk and urine as a medicine. However, according to Abū Ḥanīfa, the drinking of camel urine, while not forbidden (ḥaram), is disliked (makrūh) in Islam.

Camel urine is sold as traditional medicine in shops in Saudi Arabia. The Sunni scholar Muhammad Al-Munajjid's IslamQA.info recommends camel urine as beneficial to curing certain diseases and to human health and cited Ahadith and scientific studies as justification. King Abdulaziz University researcher Dr. Faten Abdel-Rajman Khorshid has claimed that cancer and other diseases could be treated with camel urine as recommended by the Prophet. The United Arab Emirates "Arab Science and Technology Foundation" reported that cancer could be treated with camel urine. Camel urine was also prescribed as a treatment by Zaghloul El-Naggar, a religious scholar. Camel urine is the only urine which is permitted to be drunk according to the Hanbali madhhab of Sunni Islam. The World Health Organization said that camel urine consumption may be a factor in the spread of the MERS virus in Saudi Arabia. The Gulf Times writer Ahmad al-Sayyed wrote that various afflictions are dealt with camel urine by people. Dandruff, scalp ailments, hair, sores, and wounds were recommended to be treated with camel urine by Ibn Sina. Arab American University Professor of Cell Biology and Immunology Bashar Saad (PhD) along with Omar Said (PhD) wrote that medicinal use of camel urine is approved of and promoted by Islam since it was recommended by the prophet. A test on mice found that cytotoxic effects similar to cyclophosphamide were induced on bone marrow by camel urine. Besides for consumption as a medicinal drink, camel urine is believed to help treat hair. Bites from insects were warded off with camel urine, which also served as a shampoo. Camel urine is also used to help treat asthma, infections, treat hair, sores, hair growth and boost libido.

Several Sunni Ahadith mention drinking camel urine. Some Shia criticized Wahhabis for camel urine treatment. Shia scholars also recommend the medicinal use of camel urine. Shia Hadith on Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reported that shortness of breath (asthma) was treated with camel urine. Shia Marja Ayatollah Sistani said that for medicinal purposes only, sheep, cow, and camel urine can be drunk.

JUDAISM

According to Jewish tradition, camel meat and milk are not kosher. Camels possess only one of the two kosher criteria; although they chew their cud, they do not possess cloven hooves:

Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that only chew the cud, or of them that only part the hoof: the camel, because he cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you.

— Leviticus 11:4

DISTRIBUTION ANDNUMBERS

There are around 14 million camels alive as of 2010, with 90% being dromedaries. Dromedaries alive today are domesticated animals (mostly living in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, Maghreb, Middle East and South Asia). The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world, where the dromedaries constitute an important part of local nomadic life. They provide nomadic people in Somalia (which has the largest camel herd in the world) and Ethiopia with milk, food, and transportation.

The Bactrian camel is, as of 2010, reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals, most of which are domesticated. The only truly wild Bactrian camels, of which there are less than one thousand, are thought to inhabit the Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia.

The largest population of feral camels is in Australia. There are around 700,000 feral dromedary camels in central parts of Australia, descended from those introduced as a method of transport in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This population is growing about 8% per year. Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in part because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers.

A small population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians, wandered through Southwest United States after having been imported in the 1800s as part of the U.S. Camel Corps experiment. When the project ended, they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released. Twenty-five U.S. camels were bought and imported to Canada during the Cariboo Gold Rush.

WIKIPEDIA

Thorens TD124II/SME3012/Denon DL103> RCA step up>JE Labs preamp > Radiotron SE2A3 > Altec 755Es in 2cf cabs + Altec 32B/Renkus-Heinz 1800

A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. The two surviving species of camel are the dromedary, or one-humped camel (C. dromedarius), which inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa; and the bactrian, or two-humped camel (C. bactrianus), which inhabits Central Asia. Both species have been domesticated; they provide milk, meat, hair for textiles or goods such as felted pouches, and are working animals with tasks ranging from human transport to bearing loads.

The term "camel" is derived via Latin and Greek (camelus and κάμηλος kamēlos respectively) from Hebrew or Phoenician gāmāl.

"Camel" is also used more broadly to describe any of the six camel-like mammals in the family Camelidae: the two true camels and the four New World camelids: the llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña of South America.

BIOLOGY

The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years. A full-grown adult camel stands 1.85 m at the shoulder and 2.15 m at the hump. Camels can run at up to 65 km/h in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km/h. Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg.

The male dromedary camel has in its throat an organ called a dulla, a large, inflatable sac he extrudes from his mouth when in rut to assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of its mouth. Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground, with the male mounting from behind. The male usually ejaculates three or four times within a single mating session. Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position.

ECOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ADAPTIONS

Camels do not directly store water in their humps as was once commonly believed. The humps are actually reservoirs of fatty tissue: concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes the insulating effect fat would have if distributed over the rest of their bodies, helping camels survive in hot climates. When this tissue is metabolized, it yields more than one gram of water for every gram of fat processed. This fat metabolization, while releasing energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs during respiration (as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a net decrease in water.

Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of water. Unlike other mammals, their red blood cells are oval rather than circular in shape. This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration and makes them better at withstanding high osmotic variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water: a 600 kg camel can drink 200 L of water in three minutes.

Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature and water consumption that would kill most other animals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C at dawn and steadily increases to 40 °C by sunset, before they cool off at night again. Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals; to assist this, camels have a rete mirabile, a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which utilizes countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain. Camels rarely sweat, even when ambient temperatures reach 49 °C Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat; the heat of vaporization therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand losing 25% of their body weight to sweating, whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12–14% dehydration before cardiac failure results from circulatory disturbance.

When the camel exhales, water vapor becomes trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water. Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies' hydrated state without the need for drinking.

The camels' thick coats insulate them from the intense heat radiated from desert sand; a shorn camel must sweat 50% more to avoid overheating. During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color, reflecting light as well as helping avoid sunburn. The camel's long legs help by keeping its body farther from the ground, which can heat up to 70 °C. Dromedaries have a pad of thick tissue over the sternum called the pedestal. When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position, the pedestal raises the body from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the body.

Camels' mouths have a thick leathery lining, allowing them to chew thorny desert plants. Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with nostrils that can close, form a barrier against sand. If sand gets lodged in their eyes, they can dislodge it using their transparent third eyelid. The camels' gait and widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand.

The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water. Camel urine comes out as a thick syrup, and camel feces are so dry that they do not require drying when the Bedouins use them to fuel fires.

Camels' immune system differs from those of other mammals. Normally, the Y-shaped antibody molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y. Camels, in addition to these, also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains, a trait that makes them smaller and more durable. These "heavy-chain-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are thought to have developed 50 million years ago, after camelids split from ruminants and pigs.

GENETICS

The karyotypes of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups, but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached. A 2007 study flow sorted camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found that the karyotime consisted of one metacentric, three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes. The Y is a small metacentric chromosome, while the X is a large metacentric chromosome.The hybrid camel, a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation 4–12 cm deep that divides the front from the back. The hybrid is 2.15 m at the shoulder and 2.32 m tall at the hump. It weighs an average of 650 kg and can carry around 400 to 450 kg, which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can. According to molecular data, the New World and Old World camelids diverged 11 million years ago. In spite of this, these species can still hybridize and produce fertile offspring. The cama is a camel–llama hybrid bred by scientists who wanted to see how closely related the parent species were. Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections. The cama has ears halfway between the length of camel and llama ears, no hump, longer legs than the llama, and partially cloven hooves. According to cama breeder Lulu Skidmore, cama have "the fleece of the llamas" and "the strength and patience of the camel". Like the mule, camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.

EVOLUTION

The earliest known camel, called Protylopus, lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago (during the Eocene). It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is now South Dakota. By 35 million years ago, the Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas. The hoofed Stenomylus, which walked on the tips of its toes, also existed around this time, and the long-necked Aepycamelus evolved in the Miocene.

The direct ancestor of all modern camels, Procamelus, existed in the upper Miocone and lower Pliocene. Around 3–5 million years ago, the North American Camelidae spread to South America via the Isthmus of Panama, where they gave rise to guanacos and related animals, and to Asia via the Bering land bridge. Surprising finds of fossil Paracamelus on Ellesmere Island beginning in 2006 in the high Canadian Arctic indicate the dromedary is descended from a larger, boreal browser whose hump may have evolved as an adaptation in a cold climate. This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet tall.

The last camel native to North America was Camelops hesternus, which vanished along with horses, short-faced bears, mammoths and mastodons, ground sloths, sabertooth cats, and many other megafauna, coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia.

DOMESTICATION

Most camels surviving today are domesticated. Along with many other megafauna in North America, the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of Native Americans from Asia into North America, 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. The only wild camels left are the Bactrian camels of the Gobi Desert.

Like the horse, before their extinction in their native land, camels spread across the Bering land bridge, moving the opposite direction from the Asian immigration to America, to survive in the Old World and eventually be domesticated and spread globally by humans.

Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans in Somalia and southern Arabia, around 3,000 BC, the Bactrian in central Asia around 2,500 BC, as at Shar-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City), Iran.

Discussions concerning camel domestication in Mesopotamia are often related to mentions of camels in the Hebrew Bible. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J for instance mentions that "In accord with patriarchal traditions, cylinder seals from Middle Bronze Age Mesopotamia showed riders seated upon camels."

Martin Heide's 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that the bactrian camel was domesticated by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of the Zagros Mountains, then moving into Mesopotamia, and suggests that mentions of camels "in the patriarchal narratives may refer, at least in some places, to the Bactrian camel." while noting that the camel is not mentioned in relationship to Canaan.

Recent excavations in the Timna Valley by Lidar Sapir-Hen and Erez Ben-Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones found in Israel or even outside the Arabian peninsula, dating to around 930 BCE. This garnered considerable media coverage as it was described as evidence that the stories of Abraham, Joseph, Jacob and Esau were written after this time.

The existence of camels in Mesopotamia but not in Israel is not a new idea. According to an article in Time Magazine, the historian Richard Bulliet wrote in his 1975 book "The Camel and the Wheel" that "the occasional mention of camels in patriarchal narratives does not mean that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that period." The archaeologist William F. Albright writing even earlier saw camels in the Bible as an anachronism. The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph notes that "The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to the southern Levant signifies a crucial juncture in the history of the region; it substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112-116; Jasmin 2005). This, together with the depiction of camels in the Patriarchal narrative, has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (e.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558-584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early Iron Age (not before the 12th century BCE)" and concludes that "Current data from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of radiocarbon dates. The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century BCE and most probably during this time. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region - attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I - raises the possibility that the two were connected, and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade."

MILITARY USES

By at least 1200 BC, the first camel saddles had appeared, and Bactrian camels could be ridden. The first saddle was positioned to the back of the camel, and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick. However, between 500–100 BC, Bactrian camels attained military use. New saddles, which were inflexible and bent, were put over the humps and divided the rider's weight over the animal. In the seventh century BC, the military Arabian saddle appeared, which improved the saddle design again slightly.

Camel cavalries have been used in wars throughout Africa, the Middle East, and into modern-day Border Security Force of India (though as of July 2012, the BSF has planned the replacement of camels with ATVs). The first use of camel cavalries was in the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC. Armies have also used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules.

In the East Roman Empire, the Romans used auxiliary forces known as dromedarii, whom they recruited in desert provinces. The camels were used mostly in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close ranges (horses are afraid of the camels' scent), a quality famously employed by the Achaemenid Persians when fighting Lydia in the Battle of Thymbra.

19th and 20th CENTURIES

The United States Army established the U.S. Camel Corps, which was stationed in California in the late 19th century. One may still see stables at the Benicia Arsenal in Benicia, California, where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum. Though the experimental use of camels was seen as a success (John B. Floyd, Secretary of War in 1858, recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels), the outbreak of the American Civil War saw the end of the Camel Corps: Texas became part of the Confederacy, and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert.

France created a méhariste camel corps in 1912 as part of the Armée d'Afrique in the Sahara in order to exercise greater control over the camel-riding Tuareg and Arab insurgents, as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed. The camel-mounted units remained in service until the end of French rule over Algeria in 1962.

In 1916, the British created the Imperial Camel Corps. It was originally used to fight the Senussi, but was later used in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I. The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert, though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on foot. After July 1918, the Corps began to become run down, receiving no new reinforcements, and was formally disbanded in 1919.

In World War I, the British Army also created the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps, which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels. The Corps supported British war operations in Sinai, Palestine, and Syria by transporting supplies to the troops.

The Somaliland Camel Corps was created by colonial authorities in British Somaliland in 1912; it was disbanded in 1944.

Bactrian camels were used by Romanian forces during World War II in the Caucasian region.

The Bikaner Camel Corps of British India fought alongside the British Indian Army in World Wars I and II.

The Tropas Nómadas (Nomad Troops) were an auxiliary regiment of Sahrawi tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara (today Western Sahara). Operational from the 1930s until the end of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975, the Tropas Nómadas were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers. The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback.

FOOD USES

DAIRY

Camel milk is a staple food of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a meal in and of itself; a nomad can live on only camel milk for almost a month. Camel milk is rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, and immunoglobulins; compared to cow's milk, it is lower in fat and lactose, and higher in potassium, iron, and vitamin C. Bedouins believe the curative powers of camel milk are enhanced if the camel's diet consists of certain desert plants. Camel milk can readily be made into a drinkable yogurt, as well as butter or cheese, though the yields for cheese tend to be low.

Camel milk cannot be made into butter by the traditional churning method. It can be made if it is soured first, churned, and a clarifying agent is then added. Until recently, camel milk could not be made into camel cheese because rennet was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the collection of curds. Developing less wasteful uses of the milk, the FAO commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires, who was able to produce curdling by the addition of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet. The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest, even for the lactose intolerant. The sale of camel cheese is limited owing to the small output of the few dairies producing camel cheese and the absence of camel cheese in local (West African) markets. Cheese imports from countries that traditionally breed camels are difficult to obtain due to restrictions on dairy imports from these regions.

Additionally, camel milk has been made into ice cream in a Netherlands camel farm.

MEAT

A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male dromedary carcass can weigh 300–400 kg, while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg. The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and 350 kg. The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts, and the hump is considered a delicacy. The hump contains "white and sickly fat", which can be used to make the khli (preserved meat) of mutton, beef, or camel. Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers.

Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel.[31] Camel meat is still eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is available in Alice Springs.

A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details cases of human bubonic plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver.

RELIGION

ISLAM

Camel meat is halal for Muslims. However, according to some Islamic schools of thought, a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it. Consequently, these schools hold that Muslims must perform wudhu (ablution) before the next time they pray after eating camel meat.

Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider it haraam for a Muslim to perform salat in places where camels lie, as it is said to be a dwelling place of shaytan.

According to Suni ahadith collected by Bukhari and Muslim, Muhammad ordered a certain group of people to drink camel milk and urine as a medicine. However, according to Abū Ḥanīfa, the drinking of camel urine, while not forbidden (ḥaram), is disliked (makrūh) in Islam.

Camel urine is sold as traditional medicine in shops in Saudi Arabia. The Sunni scholar Muhammad Al-Munajjid's IslamQA.info recommends camel urine as beneficial to curing certain diseases and to human health and cited Ahadith and scientific studies as justification. King Abdulaziz University researcher Dr. Faten Abdel-Rajman Khorshid has claimed that cancer and other diseases could be treated with camel urine as recommended by the Prophet. The United Arab Emirates "Arab Science and Technology Foundation" reported that cancer could be treated with camel urine. Camel urine was also prescribed as a treatment by Zaghloul El-Naggar, a religious scholar. Camel urine is the only urine which is permitted to be drunk according to the Hanbali madhhab of Sunni Islam. The World Health Organization said that camel urine consumption may be a factor in the spread of the MERS virus in Saudi Arabia. The Gulf Times writer Ahmad al-Sayyed wrote that various afflictions are dealt with camel urine by people. Dandruff, scalp ailments, hair, sores, and wounds were recommended to be treated with camel urine by Ibn Sina. Arab American University Professor of Cell Biology and Immunology Bashar Saad (PhD) along with Omar Said (PhD) wrote that medicinal use of camel urine is approved of and promoted by Islam since it was recommended by the prophet. A test on mice found that cytotoxic effects similar to cyclophosphamide were induced on bone marrow by camel urine. Besides for consumption as a medicinal drink, camel urine is believed to help treat hair. Bites from insects were warded off with camel urine, which also served as a shampoo. Camel urine is also used to help treat asthma, infections, treat hair, sores, hair growth and boost libido.

Several Sunni Ahadith mention drinking camel urine. Some Shia criticized Wahhabis for camel urine treatment. Shia scholars also recommend the medicinal use of camel urine. Shia Hadith on Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reported that shortness of breath (asthma) was treated with camel urine. Shia Marja Ayatollah Sistani said that for medicinal purposes only, sheep, cow, and camel urine can be drunk.

JUDAISM

According to Jewish tradition, camel meat and milk are not kosher. Camels possess only one of the two kosher criteria; although they chew their cud, they do not possess cloven hooves:

Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that only chew the cud, or of them that only part the hoof: the camel, because he cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you.

— Leviticus 11:4

DISTRIBUTION ANDNUMBERS

There are around 14 million camels alive as of 2010, with 90% being dromedaries. Dromedaries alive today are domesticated animals (mostly living in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, Maghreb, Middle East and South Asia). The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world, where the dromedaries constitute an important part of local nomadic life. They provide nomadic people in Somalia (which has the largest camel herd in the world) and Ethiopia with milk, food, and transportation.

The Bactrian camel is, as of 2010, reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals, most of which are domesticated. The only truly wild Bactrian camels, of which there are less than one thousand, are thought to inhabit the Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia.

The largest population of feral camels is in Australia. There are around 700,000 feral dromedary camels in central parts of Australia, descended from those introduced as a method of transport in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This population is growing about 8% per year. Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in part because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers.

A small population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians, wandered through Southwest United States after having been imported in the 1800s as part of the U.S. Camel Corps experiment. When the project ended, they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released. Twenty-five U.S. camels were bought and imported to Canada during the Cariboo Gold Rush.

WIKIPEDIA

Picture 1-2- completed the annual cleaning of the layout, moved back all figs, vehicles and ships- I also installed a new air cleaning machine in order to minimize dust in the room (Picture 2- right top corner 😊), it does a GREAT job in addition to the ‘old’ one

Picture 3-4- the farm diorama was moved next to the hangar and will be extended in 2021, also cleaned up and organized all sets for the amusement park display

Picture 5- the winter diorama got more baseplates as well, placed my latest winter MOD’s on the display, more updates coming next year

Picture 6- I finally decided to keep the airport terminal on this particular display table, Ninjago City display coming in 2021 in the background, using the previously completed buildings, sets and all accessories were organized and cleaned

Picture 7-8- display areas were cleaned up, I decided to put my latest Endor MOC to a frequent place

Picture 9- the area I will work on next in my city, will add a school MOC (48x48) and complete the access to the square, river walkway and two bridges

Picture 10- I will say good bye to the red couch spring 2021 and a new display table will be added to the room hosting the long waited medieval diorama (8x5 standard baseplates)

Beside all that I cleaned and re-organized all of my drawers and the entire spare part collection....additional led lights will be installed next week and building will also start soon 😊

Picture 1-2- completed the annual cleaning of the layout, moved back all figs, vehicles and ships- I also installed a new air cleaning machine in order to minimize dust in the room (Picture 2- right top corner 😊), it does a GREAT job in addition to the ‘old’ one

Picture 3-4- the farm diorama was moved next to the hangar and will be extended in 2021, also cleaned up and organized all sets for the amusement park display

Picture 5- the winter diorama got more baseplates as well, placed my latest winter MOD’s on the display, more updates coming next year

Picture 6- I finally decided to keep the airport terminal on this particular display table, Ninjago City display coming in 2021 in the background, using the previously completed buildings, sets and all accessories were organized and cleaned

Picture 7-8- display areas were cleaned up, I decided to put my latest Endor MOC to a frequent place

Picture 9- the area I will work on next in my city, will add a school MOC (48x48) and complete the access to the square, river walkway and two bridges

Picture 10- I will say good bye to the red couch spring 2021 and a new display table will be added to the room hosting the long waited medieval diorama (8x5 standard baseplates)

Beside all that I cleaned and re-organized all of my drawers and the entire spare part collection....additional led lights will be installed next week and building will also start soon 😊

A shot from about 6 weeks ago. The Monessen Mini Mall is finally being torn down after part of its wall had collapsed in the last couple years.

www.monvalleyphotoworks.com

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Picture 1-2- completed the annual cleaning of the layout, moved back all figs, vehicles and ships- I also installed a new air cleaning machine in order to minimize dust in the room (Picture 2- right top corner 😊), it does a GREAT job in addition to the ‘old’ one

Picture 3-4- the farm diorama was moved next to the hangar and will be extended in 2021, also cleaned up and organized all sets for the amusement park display

Picture 5- the winter diorama got more baseplates as well, placed my latest winter MOD’s on the display, more updates coming next year

Picture 6- I finally decided to keep the airport terminal on this particular display table, Ninjago City display coming in 2021 in the background, using the previously completed buildings, sets and all accessories were organized and cleaned

Picture 7-8- display areas were cleaned up, I decided to put my latest Endor MOC to a frequent place

Picture 9- the area I will work on next in my city, will add a school MOC (48x48) and complete the access to the square, river walkway and two bridges

Picture 10- I will say good bye to the red couch spring 2021 and a new display table will be added to the room hosting the long waited medieval diorama (8x5 standard baseplates)

Beside all that I cleaned and re-organized all of my drawers and the entire spare part collection....additional led lights will be installed next week and building will also start soon 😊

Just right for summer – the new Sirpa dress in 4 bright patterns.

Maitreya Lara + Petite / Altamura / Belleza Freya + Isis / eBODY Curvy / Legacy + Perky / Slink Hourglass / Tonic Curvy + Fine + Minimizer

This and other new items at Pauliina’s store ARC OF LIGHT (149,211,22)

or Marketplace marketplace.secondlife.com/p/Sirpa-dress-by-PAULIINA/2255...

Her gut is too sensitive for the raw bones that seem to keep so many dogs' teeth sparkling white, so we do the next best thing, brushing with an enzymatic toothpaste. She HATES the brushing, but she loves the flavor and comes running when she hears the container opening.

LONDON (Reuters) - Trebling cigarette duty globally could minimize smoking by a next and stop 200-million premature deaths this century from lung cancer along with other disorders, scientists mentioned on Thursday.It is for certain significantly more than only a mindset through when you quit

www.ourhealthblog.com/effects-of-stop-smoking/

This portrait of a miner was done underground at the depth of 400 meters in the oldest gold mine in the world - Berezovskaya Shakhta. Miner distracted from his work and delivered to the appointed location. item posing was minimized.

Captured 23 April 2022, ~22:00 hrs ET, Springfield, VA, USA. Bortle 8 skies, Celestron 8 inch SCT at f/6.3 (eff. fl 1290mm), Orion Atlas AZ/EQ-G Pro mount. QHY 294M Pro camera @ -10C, bin 1, exposure 60 seconds, gain 2100, live stack of 10 subframes, no calibration frames subtracted. Baader Luminance filter.

Clouds: partly cloudy

Seeing: avg

Transparency: avg

Moon phase: quarter

FOV: 21 x 18 arcmin.

Resolution: 0.6 arcsec/pixel.

Orientation: Up is South.

Appearance: Splendid face-on spiral galaxy interacting with companion galaxy NGC 5195.

Note: Unguided test image with mono camera and filter wheel. Cropped toward center of frame to minimize coma/focus issue from excess backfocus distance (working on fix).

From Wikipedia:

The Whirlpool Galaxy, also known as Messier 51a, M51a, and NGC 5194, is an interacting grand-design spiral galaxy with a Seyfert 2 active galactic nucleus. It lies in the constellation Canes Venatici, and was the first galaxy to be classified as a spiral galaxy. Its distance is 31 million light-years away from Earth.

The galaxy and its companion, NGC 5195, are easily observed by amateur astronomers, and the two galaxies may be seen with binoculars. The Whirlpool Galaxy has been extensively observed by professional astronomers, who study it to understand galaxy structure (particularly structure associated with the spiral arms) and galaxy interactions.

What later became known as the Whirlpool Galaxy was discovered on October 13, 1773, by Charles Messier. Its companion galaxy, NGC 5195, was discovered in 1781 by Pierre Méchain, although it was not known whether it was interacting or merely another galaxy passing at a distance. In 1845, William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, employing a 72-inch (1.8 m) reflecting telescope at Birr Castle, Ireland, found that the Whirlpool possessed a spiral structure, the first "nebula" to be known to have one. These "spiral nebulae" were not recognized as galaxies until Edwin Hubble was able to observe Cepheid variables in some of these spiral nebulae, which provided evidence that they were so far away that they must be entirely separate galaxies.

The advent of radio astronomy and subsequent radio images of M51 unequivocally demonstrated that the Whirlpool and its companion galaxy are indeed interacting. Sometimes the designation M51 is used to refer to the pair of galaxies, in which case the individual galaxies may be referred to as M51a (NGC 5194) and M51b (NGC 5195).

In January 2005 the Hubble Heritage Project constructed a 11,477 × 7,965-pixel composite image of M51 using Hubble's ACS instrument. The image highlights the galaxy's spiral arms, and shows detail into some of the structures inside the arms.

The Whirlpool Galaxy lies 28 million light-years from Earth and has an estimated diameter of 76,000 light-years. Overall the galaxy is about 43% the size of the Milky Way. Its mass is estimated to be 160 billion solar masses, or around 10.3% of the mass of Milky Way Galaxy.

A black hole, once thought to be surrounded by a ring of dust, but now believed to be partially occluded by dust instead, exists at the heart of the spiral. A pair of ionization cones extend from the active galactic nucleus.

The pronounced spiral structure of the Whirlpool Galaxy is believed to be the result of the close interaction between it and its companion galaxy NGC 5195, which may have passed through the main disk of M51 about 500 to 600 million years ago. In this proposed scenario, NGC 5195 came from behind M51 through the disk towards the observer and made another disk crossing as recently as 50 to 100 million years ago until it is where we observe it to be now, slightly behind M51.

The central region of M51 appears to be undergoing a period of enhanced star formation. The present efficiency of star formation, defined as the ratio of mass of new stars to the mass of star-forming gas, is only ~1%, quite comparable to the global value for the Milky Way and other galaxies. It is estimated that the current high rate of star formation can last no more than another 100 million years or so.

Three supernovae have been observed in the Whirlpool Galaxy:

--In 1994, SN 1994I was observed in the Whirlpool Galaxy. It was classified as type Ic, indicating that its progenitor star was very massive and had already shed much of its mass, and its brightness peaked at apparent magnitude 12.91.

--In June 2005 the type II supernova SN 2005cs was observed in the Whirlpool Galaxy, peaking at apparent magnitude 14.

--On 31 May 2011 a type II supernova was detected in the Whirlpool Galaxy, peaking at magnitude 12.1. This supernova, designated SN 2011dh, showed a spectrum much bluer than average, with P Cygni profiles, which indicate rapidly expanding material, in its hydrogen-Balmer lines. The progenitor was probably a yellow supergiant and not a red or blue supergiant, which are thought to be the most common supernova progenitors.

On 22 January 2019, a supernova impostor, designated AT2019abn, was discovered in Messier 51. The transient was later identified as a luminous red nova. The progenitor star was detected in archival Spitzer Space Telescope infrared images. No object could be seen at the position of the transient in archival Hubble images, indicating that the progenitor star was heavily obstructed by interstellar dust. 2019abn peaked at magnitude 17.

In September 2020, the detection by the Chandra X-ray Observatory of a candidate exoplanet, named M51-ULS-1b, orbiting the high-mass X-ray binary M51-ULS-1 in this galaxy was announced. If confirmed, it would be the first known instance of an extragalactic planet, a planet outside the Milky Way Galaxy. The planet candidate was detected by eclipses of the X-ray source (XRS), which consists of a stellar remnant (either a neutron star or a black hole) and a massive star, likely a B-type supergiant. The planet would be slightly smaller than Saturn and orbit at a distance of some tens of astronomical units.

NGC 5195 (also known as Messier 51b or M51b) is a dwarf galaxy that is interacting with the Whirlpool Galaxy (also known as M51a or NGC 5194). Both galaxies are located approximately 25 million light-years away in the constellation Canes Venatici. Together, the two galaxies are one of the most widely studied interacting galaxy pairs.

The Whirlpool Galaxy is the brightest galaxy in the M51 Group, a small group of galaxies that also includes M63 (the Sunflower Galaxy). This small group may actually be a subclump at the southeast end of a large, elongated group that includes the M101 Group and the NGC 5866 Group, although most group identification methods and catalogs identify the three groups as separate entities.

In 1939, 18.7 million Germans lived in the expulsion territories in 1944, 1945, 1946 and later they were expelled, abducted, murdered or have been lost. 12 million reached the rest of the closed German people's land. They came from these their home countries and territories:

1939 lebten 18,7 Millionen Deutsche in den Vertreibungsgebieten 1944, 1945, 1946 und später wurden sie vertrieben, verschleppt, ermordet oder sind verschollen. 12 Millionen erreichten den Rest des geschlossenen deutschen Volksbodens. Sie kamen aus diesen ihren Heimatländern und -landschaften:

Terms and numbers as keys to understanding

Refugees, displaced persons, expellees, new citizens: these were frequently used as synonyms after the Second World War. When it comes to escape and expulsion, words sometimes convey a reduction or suggest harmlessness. Who spoke of "East refugees", often wanted to minimize the affected, degrading. So-called "wild expulsions" took place in the months of May, June and July 1945, in the formerly German territories in the newly formed as a national territory Poland - or in Bohemia and Moravia, the Sudeten German areas of today's Czech Republic. No one had a choice.

The compulsory resettlement - it is quite possible to speak of deportation in many cases - was carried out by state-organized transports. Only later did common names prevail over the displaced, or expellees. After the expulsion measures, migratory movements after 1950 are generally referred to as "resettlement". Since the 1980s, with the relocation of remaining Germans from Poland, Bulgaria or Romania they spoke of "late repatriates".

The term "refugees" was ex officio transferred to the political refugees from the former Soviet occupation zone (the later GDR), who had to leave their residence deliberately or had to leave to go to the West (today this is used synonymously for "civil-war refugees") "or asylum-seeking" refugees"). Where political reasons did not exist, they spoke after the Second World War of immigrants or resettlers. The word expulsion was eradicated very quickly in the 1949 GDR from the public language use. The displaced people living there - after all, some 4 million people came to the former Soviet occupation zone between 1945 and 1949 - were called, for purely political reasons, "resettlers": which in the end was to suggest "the harmlessness" of losing their home, identity and possessions (Helmut Rössler 2002, 7).

A special feature are the so-called "displaced persons" (DP), of which the Allies spoke after the war in 1945. These are the abducted foreign workers and forced laborers from the formerly occupied states, many of whom have remained in Germany for many months, estimated at up to 5.7 million people (Mathias Beer 2011, 10). Responsible for the DPs were the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, and later the International Refugee Organization.

However, the words "flight and expulsion" have developed over the years in the German language into a standing phrase. This does not immediately reveal the breadth and complexity of the complex theme. According to Mathias Beer, "flight and expulsion" is the epitome of the numerically largest part of European "forced migration" at the end of the Second World War; The words are a major factor in the fact that the twentieth century was given the stamp of a "century of refugees" (Mathias Beer 2011, 13). The words stand for the "displacement" of more than 12 million German Reich citizens and members of German minorities from East Central and Southeastern Europe at the end of the Second World War and the first years following the end of the war accompanied by a high degree of violence, arbitrariness and coercion. Due to violence, poor provision, exhaustion, the exposed to the weather and the generally confused war and post-war conditions were estimated to several hundred thousand people already on the escape route killed.

It is important for the classification, first and foremost also to be clear with terms about what had happened in those years. The "forced migration" caused many dislocations. The Federal Expellee Law passed in 1952 and in subsequent years and the Equalisation of Burdens Act in West Germany were based on firm definitions of terms.

The "naked" figures also impressively confirm what had happened in the post-war years: as mentioned elsewhere, more than 12 million people from the former German eastern territories and the southeast European settlement areas lost their homeland between 1944 and 1951 through flight, expulsion and deportation, of these, around 8 million people came to the American and English occupation zones, and later to the southern French-occupied areas. About 4 million people came to the Soviet-occupied zone, from which the GDR emerged in 1949.

(Graphic!)

www.landeskunde-baden-wuerttemberg.de/fileadmin/_processe...

Begriffe und Zahlen als Schlüssel zum Verständnis

Flüchtlinge, Vertriebene, Heimatvertriebene, Neubürger: das waren nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg häufig als Synonym verwendete Begriffe. Beim Thema Flucht und Vertreibung vermitteln Worte mitunter Herabsetzung oder suggerieren Harmlosigkeit. Wer von „Ostflüchtlingen“ redete, wollte oftmals die Betroffenen herabsetzen, herabwürdigen. So genannte „Wilde Vertreibungen“ fanden in den Monaten Mai, Juni und Juli 1945 statt, in den ehemals deutschen Gebieten im neu als Staatsgebiet gefassten Polen – oder in Böhmen und Mähren, den Sudetendeutschen Gebieten der heutigen Tschechei. Eine Wahl hatte keiner der Betroffenen.

Die zwangsweise erfolgte Aussiedlung – man kann durchaus auch in vielen Fällen von Deportation sprechen –, erfolgte durch staatlich organisierte Transporte. Erst später setzten sich gängige Bezeichnungen von den Vertriebenen, oder Heimatvertriebenen, durch. Nach den Vertreibungsmaßnahmen werden im Allgemeinen die nach 1950 erfolgten Migrationsbewegungen als „Aussiedlung“ bezeichnet. Seit den 1980-er Jahren, mit der Übersiedlung von verbliebenen Deutschen aus Polen, Bulgarien oder Rumänien sprach man von „Spätaussiedlern“.

Der Begriff „Flüchtlinge“ wurde von Amts wegen auf die politischen Flüchtlinge aus der einstigen sowjetischen Besatzungszone (der späteren DDR) übertragen, die ihren Wohnsitz bewusst verließen oder verlassen mussten, um in den Westen zu gehen (heute wird das synonym verwendet für „Bürgerkriegs-Flüchtlinge“, oder asylsuchende „Flüchtlinge“). Wo politische Gründe nicht vorlagen, sprach man nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg von Zuwanderern oder Übersiedlern. Das Wort Vertreibung wurde in der 1949 gegründeten DDR sehr schnell aus dem öffentlichen Sprachgebrauch getilgt. Die dort lebenden Vertriebenen – immerhin rund 4 Millionen Menschen kam zwischen 1945 und 1949 in die ehemalige sowjetische Besatzungszone – wurden, aus rein politischen Gründen, „Umsiedler“ genannt: was im Endeffekt „die Harmlosigkeit“ des Verlusts von Heimat, Identität und Besitz suggerieren sollte (Helmut Rössler 2002, 7).

Eine Besonderheit sind die so genannten „Displaced persons“ (DP), von denen die Alliierten nach Kriegsende 1945 sprachen. Das sind die, oft noch über viele Monate hinweg in Deutschland verbliebenen, verschleppten ausländischen Arbeitskräfte und Zwangsarbeiter aus den einst besetzten Staaten: geschätzt bis zu 5,7 Millionen Menschen (Mathias Beer 2011, 10). Zuständig für die DPs waren die „United Nations Relief und Rehabilitation Administration“, und später die „International Refugee Organisation“.

Die Worte „Flucht und Vertreibung“ haben sich jedoch im Verlauf der Jahre in der deutschen Sprache zu einer stehenden Wendung entwickelt. Das lässt nicht auf Anhieb die Breite und die Vielschichtigkeit des komplexen Themas erkennen. Laut Mathias Beer gilt „Flucht und Vertreibung“ als der Inbegriff des zahlenmäßig größten Teils der europäischen „Zwangsmigration“ am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs; die Worte haben wesentlich Anteil daran, dass das 20.Jahrhundert den Stempel eines „Jahrhunderts der Flüchtlinge“ aufgedrückt bekam (Mathias Beer 2011, 13). Die Worte stehen für die von einem hohen Maß an Gewalt, Willkür und Zwang begleitete „Verschiebung“ von mehr als 12 Millionen deutschen Reichsbürgern und Angehörigen deutscher Minderheiten aus Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs und den ersten Folgejahren nach Kriegsende. Aufgrund von Gewalt, schlechter Versorgung, Entkräftung, dem ausgesetzt sein der Witterung und der allgemein wirren Kriegs- und Nachkriegsverhältnisse kamen dabei nach Schätzungen mehrere Hunderttausend Menschen bereits auf dem Fluchtweg ums Leben.

Es ist wichtig für die Einordnung, sich zuallererst auch mit Begriffen darüber klar zu werden, was in diesen Jahren geschehen war. Die „Zwangswanderung“ zog viele Verwerfungen nach sich. Auch das 1952 und in Folgejahren erlassene Bundesvertriebenengesetz und das Lastenausgleichsgesetz in Westdeutschland ging von festen Begriffsdefinitionen aus.

Eindrucksvoll bestätigen auch die „nackten“ Zahlen, was in den Nachkriegsjahren geschehen war: wie an anderer Stelle schon erwähnt, verloren zwischen 1944 und 1951 durch Flucht, Vertreibung und Verschleppung mehr als 12 Millionen Menschen aus den ehemaligen deutschen Ostgebieten und den südosteuropäischen Siedlungsgebieten ihre Heimat. Davon kamen rund 8 Millionen Menschen in die amerikanische und die englische Besatzungszone, erst später auch in die südlich gelegenen französisch besetzten Bereiche. Etwa 4 Millionen Menschen kamen in die sowjetisch besetzte Zone, aus der 1949 die DDR entstand.

www.landeskunde-baden-wuerttemberg.de/fluechtlinge_vertri...

New release from PAULIINA:

Tiila – Loose fitting crop top with rose pattern (4 colours via HUD)

14 sized included: Altamura / Belleza Freya + Isis / eBODY Classic + Curvy / Legacy + Perky / Maitreya Lara + Petite / Slink Hourglass + Physique / Tonic Curvy + Fine + Minimizer

This and other new items at Pauliina’s store ARC OF LIGHT (149,211,22) or Marketplace

This and other new items at Pauliina’s store ARC OF LIGHT (149,211,22) or Marketplace marketplace.secondlife.com/p/Tiila-crop-top-by-PAULIINA/2...

BNSF SD70ACe. I just thought I'd own the 70ACe's a little more and I'm swimming in orange because of the Daylight so...

45 long and 6 wide with Talltim trucks.

Prototype

(Software on screen minimized and paper blurred for IP protection reasons.)

Will blog about my productivity, paper, and standing "desks" later.

Thoughts: sitacuisses.blogspot.com

Mini-thoughts: josecamoessilva.tumblr.com

Micro-thoughts: twitter.com/josecamoessilva

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Su-18 was the final evolutionary step in the long journey of the Su-7 fighter bomber. Seeking to improve low-speed and take-off/landing performance of the Su-7B fighter-bomber, in 1963 the Sukhoi OKB with input from TsAGI created a variable-sweep wing technology demonstrator. The Su-7IG (internal designation S-22I, NATO designation "Fitter-B"), converted from a production Su-7BM, had fixed inner portions of the wing with movable outer segments which could be swept to 28°, 45°, or 62°.

Only about 120 Su-18s were produced until 1990, and in a move to eliminate single engine strike aircraft from its inventory the Russian Air Force already retired its last Su-17M4 along with its fleet of MiG-23/27s in 1998, while the Su-18 in Naval Aviation service soldiered on until 2000. Some countries like Peru and Indonesia showed interest in these aircraft, but all were destroyed in the course of the bilateral START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) treaty.

General characteristics:

Crew: 1

Length: 19.02 m (62 ft 5 in)

Wingspan:

Spread: 13.68 m (44 ft 11 in)

Swept: 10.02 m (32 ft 10 in)

Height: 5.12 m (16 ft 10 in)

Wing area: 38.5 m² (415 ft²) spread, 34.5 m² (370 ft²) swept

Empty weight: 12,160 kg(12.2t) (26,810 lb)

Loaded weight: 16,400 kg(16.5t) (36,155 lb)

Fuel capacity: 3,770 kg (8,310 lb)

Powerplant:

1× Soyuz R-79F-100 turbofan, rated at 99 kN (22.275 lbf) dry thrust and 130 kN (29.250 lbf) with afterburner

Performance:

Maximum speed:

1.400 km/h (755 knots, 870 mph) at sea level, 1,860 km/h (1,005 knots, 1,156 mph, Mach 1.7) at altitude

Range:

1,150 km (620 nmi, 715 mi) combat range in hi-lo-hi attack with 2.000 kg (4.409 lb) warload; ferry range: 2.300 km (1.240 nmi, 1.430 mi)

Service ceiling: 14,200 m (46,590 ft)

Rate of climb: 230 m/s (45,275 ft/min)

Wing loading: 443 kg/m² (90.77 lb/ft²

Thrust/weight: 0.68

G-force limit: 7

Airframe lifespan: 2,000 flying hours, 20 years

Armament:

2 × 30 mm GSh-30-1 cannons, 150 RPG in the lower forward fuselage

Up to 4000 kg (8,820 lb) on ten hardpoints (three under the fixed portion of each wing, four on the fuselage sides), including Kh-23 (AS-7 'Kerry'), Kh-25 (AS-10 'Karen'), Kh-29 (AS-14 'Kedge'), Kh-31A & P (AS-17 ‘Krypton) anti-shipping/anti-radiation missiles and Kh-58 (AS-11 'Kilter') guided missiles, as well as electro-optical and laser-guided bombs, free-fall bombs, rocket pods, cluster bombs, SPPU-22-01 cannon pods with traversable barrels, ECM pods, napalm tanks, and nuclear weapons.

The kit and its assembly:

This whif creation was triggered by a discussion at whatifmodelers.com, circling around an updated/improved Su-17/22. I remembered a photoshop creation of a Su-17 with side air intakes (from an A-4) and a nose radome (probably from an F-14) in USAF-markings – a potential way to go, even though the graphic design had some flaws like the subsonic air intake design or the guns’ position right in front of the intakes. Well, “Let’s tackle that, and do it better”, and the Su-18 is my interpretation of that idea.

The kit the Su-17M4 from Smer, a kit that has nice proportions and good detail, but nothing really fits together – expect lots of putty work! From that basis only few things were actually changed or added:

• Nose intake replaced by a F-15 radome

• Side air intakes with splitter plates come from a PM Model Su-15

• The following ducts are a halved part from an Art Model Bv 155 underwing radiator

• A new seat had to be used in the cockpit

• Main wheels from a Me 262 replace the OOB parts

• New twin front wheel which retracts backwards now

• For the anti-shipping role, a pair of Kh-31 missiles and the launch rails from an ICM weapon set

My biggest concern were the air intakes and the wide ducts, since these had to be blended into the round Su-17 fuselage. For the intakes, the wing roots were cut open and the Su-15 parts inserted. The Bv 155 parts were a lucky find, as they matched perfectly in size and shape – otherwise I had had to sculpt the ducts from 2c Putty. The arrangement still looks a little brutal, but the side intakes look plausible.

The nose radome posed little problems, even though I worried for a long time that the nose section could look too bulbous for the rest of the aircraft. But finally, when the stabilizers were in place, everything looked more balanced than expected.

Changing the front wheel from the original, forward-retracting single-wheel arrangement to a rearward-retracting twin wheel creation also helped selling the new proportions.

Painting and markings:

Very early I had the idea to keep the Su-18 in Soviet/Russian service, but it should feature an unusual, yet plausible paint scheme. The Soviet/Russian Navy actually used the Su-17, but only in tactical camouflage, with green and brown upper surfaces and light blue undersides. While browsing for alternatives I came across the Su-24 (also flown by the Navy regiments), and their typical light grey/white livery was what perfectly fit my story for the aircraft.

Said and done, the model was painted in Humbrol 167 (RAF Barley Grey) from above and painted with the rattle can in a vintage VW car tone called “Grauweiß”, a very dull white. Later, panels were emphasized through dry-brushing (Humbrol 127 and 130), plus a light black ink wash and more overall dry-brushing with light grey tones. Also, some panels were painted all over the fuselage, as well as an overpainted Red Star on the fin which was replaced by a Russian Flag decal – a common experimental practice in the early 90ies, but the idea did not catch on.

Speaking of decals, these mostly come from the very complete Smer decal sheet. Personal additions are only the flags on the fin and the Russian Navy emblem on the nose.

The cockpit was painted in typical psychedelic cockpit interior turquoise, while the landing gear and the wells were painted in blue-grey (Humbrol 87); the wheel discs were kept in bright green (Humbrol 2) – a nice contrast to the rest.

The drop tanks were painted in Aluminum, for some overall contrast, and the Kh-31 missiles according to real-life pics; the launch rails were painted in Russian Underside Blue, again for variety and contrast.

While the finish of the model is far from perfect, I am satisfied with the convincing result. You could certainly place this aircraft in line with other, typical Suchoj types like the Su-7, -15, -17 and -24, and it would not look out of place! A highly effective whif, IMHO. ^^

Picture 1-2- completed the annual cleaning of the layout, moved back all figs, vehicles and ships- I also installed a new air cleaning machine in order to minimize dust in the room (Picture 2- right top corner 😊), it does a GREAT job in addition to the ‘old’ one

Picture 3-4- the farm diorama was moved next to the hangar and will be extended in 2021, also cleaned up and organized all sets for the amusement park display

Picture 5- the winter diorama got more baseplates as well, placed my latest winter MOD’s on the display, more updates coming next year

Picture 6- I finally decided to keep the airport terminal on this particular display table, Ninjago City display coming in 2021 in the background, using the previously completed buildings, sets and all accessories were organized and cleaned

Picture 7-8- display areas were cleaned up, I decided to put my latest Endor MOC to a frequent place

Picture 9- the area I will work on next in my city, will add a school MOC (48x48) and complete the access to the square, river walkway and two bridges

Picture 10- I will say good bye to the red couch spring 2021 and a new display table will be added to the room hosting the long waited medieval diorama (8x5 standard baseplates)

Beside all that I cleaned and re-organized all of my drawers and the entire spare part collection....additional led lights will be installed next week and building will also start soon 😊

Advantages of Uncontested Divorces

An uncontested divorce offers couples several advantages:

It is an inexpensive option that enables you to minimize expenses. While you should still consider hiring an attorney to review the process with you and explain the long-term ramifications, your legal fees should be minimal.

It is one of the faster ways to get a divorce. When a divorce becomes a long, drawn-out affair, it's almost certainly because the couples are unable to reach a settlement agreement. Assuming you and your spouse are in agreement on the terms of your divorce, an uncontested divorce can happen pretty quickly. Remember, however, that you'll still have to make sure you meet your state's residency and legal separation requirements.

It allows you to keep private many of the details of your divorce. The divorce agreement you file with the court will become part of the public record, but negotiations you have outside of court can remain private. In contrast, divorcing couples who spend a lot of time arguing in court will find that their testimony, motions and documents filed with the court all become part of the public record.

Disadvantages of Uncontested Divorce

Uncontested divorce is not for every couple. In general, an uncontested divorce doesn't work well for couples that are unable to talk to and negotiate with one another. If there's been violence or abuse--where one partner is more dominant than the other--there is a risk that the more dominant partner will take advantage of the less powerful partner. These are all reasons why you want to hire a divorce lawyer to review your agreements before filing for divorce. A lawyer will be able to tell you if you're getting an unfair deal.

Other Easy Divorce Options

If your state has a long waiting period before granting a divorce, consider whether you can get divorced in another jurisdiction. Certain states, such as Nevada, have short residency periods. You may also consider getting divorced in another country, provided that your divorce will be recognized in the United States..An uncontested divorce is one where neither spouse objects to the divorce, and the court does not need to decide issues related to children, property division or alimony payments. Uncontested divorces are extremely popular among divorcing couples, because they are usually an easy divorce option.

Don't be fooled, however, by companies that advertise easy, do-it-yourself divorces. While these services may save you money in the short run, you may not find that the process offers an easy divorce or a fast divorce. In the long run, you may cost yourself time and money if you make mistakes or give your spouse too much in the divorce settlement.

FAST DIVORCE:

The fee for this divorce is $1500.00. This divorce requires that both parties be in agreement and willing to sign all forms. It also requires that one party must travel to the US Territory of Guam, and Island paradise in the South Pacific, and stay for 7 days. The divorce will become final in 1 to 2 days after the 7-day stay is completed. The cost of travel and lodging is separate and not included in the fee. This divorce is valid and recognized in the US and world-wide.

Guam, a part of the United States , is the vacation paradise of the Pacific. It’s fabulous golf courses, magnificent climate, and scuba diving second to none in the world, make it the most popular vacation destination for most of the Orient. And the fact that the US dollar is the currency, the language is English, and the people are Americans make it the perfect place to vacation, to rest and relax, or to go for a quick divorce. In as little as a 10 -14 days you can be divorced, have your divorce decree in your hands, and even be remarried to the new partner in your life if you wish.

FAST ANNULMENT:

The advantage of an annulment as opposed to a divorce is that once you attain an annulment your status will be that you were never married (or at least not married to your present spouse) and you will be able to legally state you are single and have never been married.

i realllly want to like this pancake lens to minimize bulk for travel

I minimized Piece-by-Number's Coffee Cup design to create this little 4½" paper-pieced block. Find out more here.

Ah yes, it is so easy to be wicked! Human nature, on the other hand, is pretty good at minimizing the nature of sin without realizing that life is not a matter of balancing up good deeds against bad deeds- starting from a position of flat neutrality. The human race as a whole is already in a state of rebellion. On this road of life, we are not faced with a fork in the road ahead of us - and a choice between the good way and the bad way! The bible teaches that we are, all of us, already on the wrong road, For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23). For example picture us on a really busy motorway, in desperate need of an exit ramp, in which we can find safety.

The record of the bible is that of God providing - at great and painful cost - that very escape route that we need. It is an exit clearly marked with signposts to help us leave our hell bound course. The signposts include prophets, sacrificial foresight, Bible, churches, preachers, Christian books and videos. They are all pointing to the one way provided by the cross. If people are to miss the salvation provided by the death of Jesus, they will have to go past all that! God has done everything necessary to bring us to Himself, and to safety!

We are all shallow in our thinking about sin if we equate it only with a number of individual sinful acts. Our real situation as fallen beings is that every moment we live and breathe, we are in a state of rebellion against God. We are an offense to Him, unfit to spend eternity in His presence - unless something is done to deal with our offenses and to bring us safely to salvation!

The wonderful good news is that this has happened. God has opened up an escape route through the saving death of Christ- and we need no longer to be an offense to Him- for Christ has borne that offense in His own suffering love, as a substitute in our place.

For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him (2 Corinthians 5:21).

Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: … (Galatians 3:13). It is a free gift of His love.

Naturally, this is not automatic. God inhabits eternity! The question is do we want to spend it with Him? It would obviously be quite illogical for someone to expect to have everything to do with Christ in the next life, when they have completely ignored Him in this life!

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Center Healthy and balanced Diet Idea

Weight control and regular physical exercise are actually vital for maintaining your heart in shape-- yet the food items you eat might matter equally very much. A heart-healthy nutrition can lower your threat of heart problem or stroke by 80 %. By recognizing which foods items together with the techniques of cooking are actually healthiest for your center, you might be actually capable to prevent or handle cardiovascular disease and hypertension, and take higher management over the top quality as well as length of your lifestyle.

In This Write-up:.

You can easily protect against cardiovascular disease.

Minimize out filled and also trans fats.

Choose foods items that decrease cholesterol levels.

Avoid salt and also processed foods.

Rekindle residence food preparation.

Focus on high-fiber foods items.

Control section measurements-- and also your weight.

Print this! Ordinary Text SizeLarger Content SizeLargest Words Measurements.

You can easily go through measures to avoid center illness.

Heart problem might be actually the leading great of guys and also ladies, however that doesn't imply you can not defend on your own. Aside from exercise, being actually careful pertaining to just what you consume-- as well as just what you do not eat-- can assist you reduced blood cholesterol, control blood tension and blood glucose degrees, together with the sustain a healthy mass. If you've presently been actually recognized using heart problem or perhaps have high cholesterol levels or blood stress, a heart-smart diet plan can aid you much better take care of these disorders, lowering your hazard for heart attack.

Improving your eating plan is a significant action towards avoiding cardiovascular disease, however you may sense uncertain where to start. Enjoy an appearance at the large photo: your total consuming designs are more vital compared to consuming over one-on-one foods. No single food items could make you amazingly healthy and balanced, therefore your goal could be to combine a selection of well-balanced foods items cooked in healthy and balanced techniques in to your nutrition, together with the create these routines your new lifestyle.

Consume Far more.

Consume Much less.

Well-balanced fatty tissues: raw nuts, tawny oil, fish oils, flax seeds, or perhaps avocados.

Trans fatty tissues from somewhat hydrogenated or deep-fried foods; filled fatty tissues through whole-fat dairy products or reddish meat.

Nutrients: vibrant fruits as well as vegetables-- fresh or perhaps frozen, well prepared without butter.

Packaged foods of any kind, primarily those extreme in salt.

Nutrient: grains, breadstuffs, and also pasta created from whole pellets or vegetables.

White or even egg cell breads, granola-type cereals, fine-tuned pastas or even rice.

Omega 3 together with the protein: fish together with the seafood, poultry.

Reddish food, bacon, sausage, seared chicken.

Calcium mineral together with the healthy protein: Egg whites, egg cell replacements, skim or perhaps 1 % milk, nonfat or perhaps low-fat cheeses or even yogurt.

Egg cell yolk sacs, whole or 2 percent milk, entire milk goods like cheese or natural yogurt.

Heart healthy and balanced diet regimen tips: Reduce saturated and trans fats.

Of all the achievable improvements you could make to your eating plan, confining saturated fatty tissues and removing trans fatty tissues entirely is actually perhaps the best significant. Both kinds of fatty tissue raise your LDL, or perhaps "bad" blood cholesterol degree, which can raise your hazard for cardiovascular disease and stroke. The good news is, there are actually several techniques to regulate how very much filled and also trans fatty tissues you consume. Try to keep these causes in mind since you create and prepare meals options-- and also find out tips on how to avoid all of them.

Reduce the volume of strong fatty tissues like butter, margarine, or reducing you incorporate to food items when food preparation or serving. You can additionally restrict strong fatty tissue by trimming down fatty tissue off your meat or even selecting leaner proteins.

Swap out high-fat meals for their lower-fat counterparts. Top your baked potato, for example, using salsa or perhaps low-fat yogurt somewhat compared to butter, or utilize low-sugar fruit array on your toast rather of margarine.

Be actually label-savvy. Inspect food items marks on any sort of prepared foods. Many snacks, perhaps even those labeled "minimized fat," might be actually made along with oils containing trans fatty tissues. One clue that a food gets some trans fatty tissue is the expression "somewhat hydrogenated." As well as appear for hidden fat; refried beans might include lard, or perhaps breakfast cereals could possess substantial volumes of fat.

Replace your practices. The most effective method to steer clear of filled or trans fats is actually to modify your way of living strategies. Rather than flakes, snack on fruit or vegetables. Difficulty your own self to prepare along with a limited amount of butter. At restaurants, ask that dressings or even dressings be applied the side-- or ended altogether.

Not all fats misbehave for your heart.

While filled and trans fats are actually obstructions to a healthy soul, unsaturated fats are actually essential permanently health. You simply need to recognize the difference. "Great" fats consist of:.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids. Greasy fish like fish, trout, or even herring together with the flax seed, canola oil, and also walnuts all contain polyunsaturated fats that are crucial for the physical body.

Omega 6 Fatty Acids. Vegetable oils, soy nuts, together with the several sorts of seeds all contain healthy fatty tissues.

Monounsaturated fatty tissues. Almonds, cashews, peanuts, pecans, as well as butters made because of these nuts, in addition to avocadoes, are all wonderful origins of "excellent" fatty tissue.

Heart well-balanced diet plan pointers: Decide on foods items that decrease cholesterol.

Unwell cholesterol levels boost your danger for heart problem, so always keeping yours reduced is crucial to a healthier core. Your eating plan is main to managing your cholesterol. Some meals can in fact lower your cholesterol levels, while others simply create matters worse.

Foods having high levels of saturated fats or trans fats-- such as spud chips together with the packaged cookies-- can easily increase your cholesterol levels a lot a lot more drastically compared to blood cholesterol- having foods such since eggs. Filled fat together with the trans fat each rise LDL ("poor") blood cholesterol.

Pick meals rich in unsaturated fatty tissues, fiber, and healthy protein. The best foods for reducing cholesterol levels are actually slow cooked oatmeal, fish, walnuts (and additional nuts), olive oil, as well as foods fortified along with sterols or even stanols-- materials located in plants that assist block the absorption of cholesterol.

Bear in mind that labels could be deceiving. Browsing meals tags could frequently be actually complexed because packaged foods with marks like "cholesterol levels free" or even "reasonable cholesterol" typically aren't always heart-healthy; they might perhaps even have cholesterol that's heart-risky. Stick to nitty-gritties whenever achievable: fruit, veggies, nuts, and lean healthy proteins.

Reducing your cholesterol along with fish or perhaps fish oil supplements.

By incorporating fish like or herring to your diet regimen two times a full week, you could substantially reduce your blood cholesterol, together with the thereby your threat for cardiovascular system attack. Fish contain omega-3 fatty acids, which operate like superheroes, performing great acts for your heart-- and your entire body.

Cardiovascular system well-balanced diet regimen ideas: Stay away from salt and processed foods items.

Minimizing the salt in your food is a big component of a heart-healthy diet. The American Cardiovascular system Organization highly recommends no even more than concerning a teaspoon of salt a time for a grownup.

Lessen tinned or procedured foods. Much of the sodium you consume comes through tinned or processed foods items like soups or frozen suppers-- also chicken or even various meats usually have actually sodium incorporated during the course of processing. Consuming fresh foods, trying to find unsalted foods, and also making your personal soups or even soups could greatly lessen your sodium intake.

Chef at house, utilizing seasonings for flavor. Make usage of the a lot of tasty choices to salt.

Substitute lowered salt models, or even sodium alternatives. Choose your dressings as well as packaged foods carefully, searching for meals tagged sodium free of cost, reduced salt, or even saltless. Better yet, make use of wholesome ingredients and also prepare without salt.

The SPRINKLE eating plan for decreasing blood tension.

The Dietary Approaches to Quit Hypertension, or even DASH diet regimen, is actually a particularly fashioned eating program to help you lower your blood pressure, which is actually a major root cause of hypertension and also stroke. To learn far more, download the pamphlet through the National Heart, Breathing, and Blood Principle discovered in the Funds as well as References section beneath.

Cardiovascular system healthy and balanced diet regimen suggestions: Revive home food preparation.

It's very challenging to eat right for your heart when you're eating out a great deal, purchasing in, or consuming microwave dinners and also other procedured foods. Fortunately is that you could learn to create quick, core meals in your home. This's much easier and much less taxing than you might think.

Heart-healthy grocery store buying and also keeping.

Developing a heart-friendly nutrition begins along with equipping your fridge along with healthy and balanced together with the obtainable foods items. Prep a list before you go to the outlet or even agriculturalist's market, together with the leave a little precious time after your vacation to establish on your own game success during the full week.

Check out marks.

While scanning the aisles of a supermarket in the UNITED STATE, search for foods items featuring the American Soul Association's heart-check scar to find heart-healthy foods. This company logo signifies that the food items has actually been accredited to fulfill the United states Soul Association's criteria for saturated fatty tissue together with the blood cholesterol. In Australia, seek the Center Foundation Tick.

American Center Affiliation.

United states Center Affiliation.

Australian Soul Groundwork.

Australian Soul Foundation.

Make well-balanced substitutions. Decide on substitutions like 1 % or even shaved milk rather of entire milk, limp margarine for butter, and also lean foods like chick together with the fish in area of ribs or area food. These replacements can easily conserve you a whole day's well worth of saturated fat.

Make foods items ready-to-eat. You are actually even more probably to remain heart-healthy when you make healthy meals simple to get hold of throughout your swamped week. When you come residence through grocery buying, cut up vegetables and also fruits and save all of them in the refrigerator, ready for the upcoming food or perhaps when you are seeking a ready-to-eat treat.

Usage your refrigerator. Make healthy and balanced consuming simpler by cold heart-healthy meals in various sections. Freeze fruits for example, bananas, grapes, as well as orange slices to make all of them more fun to eat for little ones. Beware using part dimensions: the highly recommended providing of prepared food is regarding the size of a deck of cards, while an offering of noodles needs to be actually regarding the dimension of a ball.

Heart-healthy food preparation recommendations.

Healthy and balanced Recipes Could Save Funds.

When you prep and prepare meals in your home, you get far better management over the dietary content and also the overall healthfulness of the meals you eat. An extrad bonus offer: you can easily additionally save funds.

Produce a public library of heart-healthy dishes. Stockpile on heart-healthy recipe books and also formulas for food preparation concepts. The web is actually complete of food blogs together with the websites alloted to well-balanced cooking methods as well as formulas, as well as a community library may be an excellent origin for recipe books.

Use heart-healthy cooking methods. Equally as vital as deciding on healthy meals at the food store is actually how you cook those foods items into healthy foods. Make use of low-fat procedures: you can easily cook, broil, microwave, roast, heavy steam, poach, softly rouse fry, or even sauté-- utilizing a percentage of veggie or even tawny oil, minimized salt broth, together with the spices.

Prepare merely twice a week and also make food for the entire week. When you're cooking healthful foods, produce extra assistings. Store since meals in multiple-use vessels-- or straight on plates-- for uncomplicated reheating and ready-to-eat food the rest of the full week. Cooking well-balanced food ahead through this is maybe the best convenient, money-saving, and also heart-saving approach accessible.

Heart well-balanced eating plan tips: Concentrate on high-fiber foods items.

A diet regimen high in fiber can reduce "poor" cholesterol and also give nutrients that can assist guard from heart disease. Through filling out on entire grains, veggies, as well as fruits, you can easily establish most of the nutrient you'll require, which indicates you'll also be reducing your danger of cardiovascular disease.

Choose entire grains.

Processed or perhaps procedured foods are actually lesser in nutrient information, therefore create whole grains an integral aspect of your diet regimen. There are several straightforward techniques to add whole grains to your foods.

Breakfast more efficiently. For breakfast pick a high-fiber breakfast grain-- one along with 5 or even more grams of nutrient each offering. Or incorporate a handful of tablespoons of unrefined wheat or grain bran to your beloved grain.

Attempt a brand-new grain. Tryout along with wild rice, wild rice, barley, whole-wheat noodles, and also bulgur. These alternatives are greater in fiber than their additional mainstream counterparts-- together with the you could discover you love their preferences.

Majority your baking. When baking in the house, alternative whole-grain flour for fifty percent or even all of the white flour, given that whole-grain flour is heavier than white colored flour. In yeast breadstuffs, use a little bit far more yeast or even let the dough growth longer. Try including crushed wheat bran grain or even unrefined grain bran to buns, cakes, together with the desserts.

Extra flaxseed. Flaxseeds are actually minor brownish seeds that are high in fiber and also omega-3 fatty acids, which may lower your absolute blood cholesterol. You may grind the seeds in a coffee mill or mixer and stir a tsp of all of them in to yogurt, applesauce, or perhaps in demand cereal.

Eat a variety of vegetables and fruits.

Many vegetables together with the fruits are reduced in gram calories as well as higher in fiber, making all of them center healthy. You can easily utilize several of the observing methods to create consuming fruits together with the veggies aspect of your diet daily.

Try to keep fruit and veggies at your fingertips. Cleaning as well as slashed fruit and veggies and also place them in your refrigerator for healthy and also speedy snacks. Select recipes that feature these high-fiber elements, like veggie stir-fries or fruit salad.

Integrate veggies into your food preparation. Include pre-cut fresh or even frozen veggies to sauces and also soups. Mix cut frosted broccoli into prepared pastas sauce or even toss fresh infant carrots into mishmashes.

Consume more peas, beans, together with the lentils. Extra renal grains to prerecorded soup or even a green salad.

Make snacks count. Wholesome as well as dried fruit, raw vegetables, and also whole-grain crackers are all excellent ways to incorporate fiber at snack precious time. A random handful of nuts is additionally a well-balanced, high-fiber treat.

Center healthy diet recommendations: Control section size-- and your mass.

Gaining or perhaps bring excess weight means that your heart ought to work harder, and this commonly leads to high blood stress-- a significant source of center illness. Reaching a healthy body mass is actually vital to lowering your hazard of heart disease.

Understand serving dimensions. An offering dimension is actually a particular amount of food, specified by typical measurements like mugs, ounces, or perhaps pieces-- as well as a well-balanced offering dimension could be actually a lot more compact compared to you're made use of to. The encouraged offering size for noodles is 1/2 cup, while an offering of meat, chick, or even fish is actually 2 to 3 ozs (57-85 grams). Judging providing dimension is actually a found out skill-set, therefore you might must make use of gauging cups, spoons, as well as a food items size to assist.

Eyeball this. The moment you have a far better concept of exactly what an offering must be, you may predict your portion. You can easily make use of popular things for recommendation; as an example, an offering of pasta ought to be regarding the dimension of a ball (a little smaller than a cricket ball), while an offering of meat, fish, or chick has to do with the size as well as density of a deck of playing cards.

Be cautious of dining establishment portions. Portions provided in restaurants are commonly greater than anyone necessities. Crack an entrée with your eating buddy, or perhaps have half your meal home for tomorrow's lunch.

No solitary food may make you like magic healthy, therefore your target may be to incorporate a variety of healthy and balanced foods cooked in well-balanced means in to your diet regimen, and create these practices your fresh lifestyle.

The best meals for lowering blood cholesterol are oat meal, fish, pines (and also additional nuts), tawny oil, and meals reinforced along with sterols or stanols-- compounds located in flowers that help obstruct the absorption of blood cholesterol.

Browsing food items labels may often be actually complicated because packaged meals along with labels like "blood cholesterol free of charge" or perhaps "reasonable cholesterol levels" may not be automatically heart-healthy; they might perhaps even consist of cholesterol levels that is actually heart-risky. While browsing the alleys of a grocery shop in the U.S., appeal for foods items presenting the United states Soul Organization's heart-check scar to detect heart-healthy meals. Only as important since picking healthy and balanced foods items at the grocery store is just how you prepare those foods items into well-balanced meals.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Su-18 was the final evolutionary step in the long journey of the Su-7 fighter bomber. Seeking to improve low-speed and take-off/landing performance of the Su-7B fighter-bomber, in 1963 the Sukhoi OKB with input from TsAGI created a variable-sweep wing technology demonstrator. The Su-7IG (internal designation S-22I, NATO designation "Fitter-B"), converted from a production Su-7BM, had fixed inner portions of the wing with movable outer segments which could be swept to 28°, 45°, or 62°.

Only about 120 Su-18s were produced until 1990, and in a move to eliminate single engine strike aircraft from its inventory the Russian Air Force already retired its last Su-17M4 along with its fleet of MiG-23/27s in 1998, while the Su-18 in Naval Aviation service soldiered on until 2000. Some countries like Peru and Indonesia showed interest in these aircraft, but all were destroyed in the course of the bilateral START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) treaty.

General characteristics:

Crew: 1

Length: 19.02 m (62 ft 5 in)

Wingspan:

Spread: 13.68 m (44 ft 11 in)

Swept: 10.02 m (32 ft 10 in)

Height: 5.12 m (16 ft 10 in)

Wing area: 38.5 m² (415 ft²) spread, 34.5 m² (370 ft²) swept

Empty weight: 12,160 kg(12.2t) (26,810 lb)

Loaded weight: 16,400 kg(16.5t) (36,155 lb)

Fuel capacity: 3,770 kg (8,310 lb)

Powerplant:

1× Soyuz R-79F-100 turbofan, rated at 99 kN (22.275 lbf) dry thrust and 130 kN (29.250 lbf) with afterburner

Performance:

Maximum speed:

1.400 km/h (755 knots, 870 mph) at sea level, 1,860 km/h (1,005 knots, 1,156 mph, Mach 1.7) at altitude

Range:

1,150 km (620 nmi, 715 mi) combat range in hi-lo-hi attack with 2.000 kg (4.409 lb) warload; ferry range: 2.300 km (1.240 nmi, 1.430 mi)

Service ceiling: 14,200 m (46,590 ft)

Rate of climb: 230 m/s (45,275 ft/min)

Wing loading: 443 kg/m² (90.77 lb/ft²

Thrust/weight: 0.68

G-force limit: 7

Airframe lifespan: 2,000 flying hours, 20 years

Armament:

2 × 30 mm GSh-30-1 cannons, 150 RPG in the lower forward fuselage

Up to 4000 kg (8,820 lb) on ten hardpoints (three under the fixed portion of each wing, four on the fuselage sides), including Kh-23 (AS-7 'Kerry'), Kh-25 (AS-10 'Karen'), Kh-29 (AS-14 'Kedge'), Kh-31A & P (AS-17 ‘Krypton) anti-shipping/anti-radiation missiles and Kh-58 (AS-11 'Kilter') guided missiles, as well as electro-optical and laser-guided bombs, free-fall bombs, rocket pods, cluster bombs, SPPU-22-01 cannon pods with traversable barrels, ECM pods, napalm tanks, and nuclear weapons.

The kit and its assembly:

This whif creation was triggered by a discussion at whatifmodelers.com, circling around an updated/improved Su-17/22. I remembered a photoshop creation of a Su-17 with side air intakes (from an A-4) and a nose radome (probably from an F-14) in USAF-markings – a potential way to go, even though the graphic design had some flaws like the subsonic air intake design or the guns’ position right in front of the intakes. Well, “Let’s tackle that, and do it better”, and the Su-18 is my interpretation of that idea.

The kit the Su-17M4 from Smer, a kit that has nice proportions and good detail, but nothing really fits together – expect lots of putty work! From that basis only few things were actually changed or added:

• Nose intake replaced by a F-15 radome

• Side air intakes with splitter plates come from a PM Model Su-15

• The following ducts are a halved part from an Art Model Bv 155 underwing radiator

• A new seat had to be used in the cockpit

• Main wheels from a Me 262 replace the OOB parts

• New twin front wheel which retracts backwards now

• For the anti-shipping role, a pair of Kh-31 missiles and the launch rails from an ICM weapon set

My biggest concern were the air intakes and the wide ducts, since these had to be blended into the round Su-17 fuselage. For the intakes, the wing roots were cut open and the Su-15 parts inserted. The Bv 155 parts were a lucky find, as they matched perfectly in size and shape – otherwise I had had to sculpt the ducts from 2c Putty. The arrangement still looks a little brutal, but the side intakes look plausible.

The nose radome posed little problems, even though I worried for a long time that the nose section could look too bulbous for the rest of the aircraft. But finally, when the stabilizers were in place, everything looked more balanced than expected.

Changing the front wheel from the original, forward-retracting single-wheel arrangement to a rearward-retracting twin wheel creation also helped selling the new proportions.

Painting and markings:

Very early I had the idea to keep the Su-18 in Soviet/Russian service, but it should feature an unusual, yet plausible paint scheme. The Soviet/Russian Navy actually used the Su-17, but only in tactical camouflage, with green and brown upper surfaces and light blue undersides. While browsing for alternatives I came across the Su-24 (also flown by the Navy regiments), and their typical light grey/white livery was what perfectly fit my story for the aircraft.

Said and done, the model was painted in Humbrol 167 (RAF Barley Grey) from above and painted with the rattle can in a vintage VW car tone called “Grauweiß”, a very dull white. Later, panels were emphasized through dry-brushing (Humbrol 127 and 130), plus a light black ink wash and more overall dry-brushing with light grey tones. Also, some panels were painted all over the fuselage, as well as an overpainted Red Star on the fin which was replaced by a Russian Flag decal – a common experimental practice in the early 90ies, but the idea did not catch on.

Speaking of decals, these mostly come from the very complete Smer decal sheet. Personal additions are only the flags on the fin and the Russian Navy emblem on the nose.

The cockpit was painted in typical psychedelic cockpit interior turquoise, while the landing gear and the wells were painted in blue-grey (Humbrol 87); the wheel discs were kept in bright green (Humbrol 2) – a nice contrast to the rest.

The drop tanks were painted in Aluminum, for some overall contrast, and the Kh-31 missiles according to real-life pics; the launch rails were painted in Russian Underside Blue, again for variety and contrast.

While the finish of the model is far from perfect, I am satisfied with the convincing result. You could certainly place this aircraft in line with other, typical Suchoj types like the Su-7, -15, -17 and -24, and it would not look out of place! A highly effective whif, IMHO. ^^

The Hawthorn hedge seen in the median was designed both as a crash protection feature, and to minimize the effect of on-coming headlights. Hedges were ultimately found to be unsuitable for use as any form of barrier in the central reservation, particularly due to the effect on growth arising from winter gritting operations. In view of the liabilities of the Highway Authority for the maintenance of the motorway boundary fencing, doubts were expressed at the suitability of hedges for this purpose.

The explosive growth of traffic, which occurred within a short period after opening, demonstrated the need for all future motorways to be constructed with dual three-lane carriageways at the outset, unless there are very strong reasons to the contrary.

The carraigeway has since been widened to four lanes in each direction. The twin chimneys and cooling towers of Courtaulds Red Scar works no longer grace the skyline.

The first section of the motorway, and the first motorway in the country, the Preston by-pass, was built by Tarmac Construction and opened by the then Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 5 December 1958.

A brochure was produced for the opening ceremony and can be read Here

This much stronger wing attachment mechanism will minimize droopage, and provides a better fit for both open and closed wing configurations. However, this change required some serious redesign of the ships frame, and much rework is needed for the the lower wings (which now need to be connected completely 180 degrees (upside down) from before...)

...Starting to feel the pressure! It's crunch time!!!

*Poor quality iPhone photo (sorry)

A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. The two surviving species of camel are the dromedary, or one-humped camel (C. dromedarius), which inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa; and the bactrian, or two-humped camel (C. bactrianus), which inhabits Central Asia. Both species have been domesticated; they provide milk, meat, hair for textiles or goods such as felted pouches, and are working animals with tasks ranging from human transport to bearing loads.

The term "camel" is derived via Latin and Greek (camelus and κάμηλος kamēlos respectively) from Hebrew or Phoenician gāmāl.

"Camel" is also used more broadly to describe any of the six camel-like mammals in the family Camelidae: the two true camels and the four New World camelids: the llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña of South America.

BIOLOGY

The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years. A full-grown adult camel stands 1.85 m at the shoulder and 2.15 m at the hump. Camels can run at up to 65 km/h in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km/h. Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg.

The male dromedary camel has in its throat an organ called a dulla, a large, inflatable sac he extrudes from his mouth when in rut to assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of its mouth. Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground, with the male mounting from behind. The male usually ejaculates three or four times within a single mating session. Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position.

ECOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ADAPTIONS

Camels do not directly store water in their humps as was once commonly believed. The humps are actually reservoirs of fatty tissue: concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes the insulating effect fat would have if distributed over the rest of their bodies, helping camels survive in hot climates. When this tissue is metabolized, it yields more than one gram of water for every gram of fat processed. This fat metabolization, while releasing energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs during respiration (as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a net decrease in water.

Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of water. Unlike other mammals, their red blood cells are oval rather than circular in shape. This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration and makes them better at withstanding high osmotic variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water: a 600 kg camel can drink 200 L of water in three minutes.

Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature and water consumption that would kill most other animals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C at dawn and steadily increases to 40 °C by sunset, before they cool off at night again. Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals; to assist this, camels have a rete mirabile, a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which utilizes countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain. Camels rarely sweat, even when ambient temperatures reach 49 °C Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat; the heat of vaporization therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand losing 25% of their body weight to sweating, whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12–14% dehydration before cardiac failure results from circulatory disturbance.

When the camel exhales, water vapor becomes trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water. Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies' hydrated state without the need for drinking.

The camels' thick coats insulate them from the intense heat radiated from desert sand; a shorn camel must sweat 50% more to avoid overheating. During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color, reflecting light as well as helping avoid sunburn. The camel's long legs help by keeping its body farther from the ground, which can heat up to 70 °C. Dromedaries have a pad of thick tissue over the sternum called the pedestal. When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position, the pedestal raises the body from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the body.

Camels' mouths have a thick leathery lining, allowing them to chew thorny desert plants. Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with nostrils that can close, form a barrier against sand. If sand gets lodged in their eyes, they can dislodge it using their transparent third eyelid. The camels' gait and widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand.

The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water. Camel urine comes out as a thick syrup, and camel feces are so dry that they do not require drying when the Bedouins use them to fuel fires.

Camels' immune system differs from those of other mammals. Normally, the Y-shaped antibody molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y. Camels, in addition to these, also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains, a trait that makes them smaller and more durable. These "heavy-chain-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are thought to have developed 50 million years ago, after camelids split from ruminants and pigs.

GENETICS

The karyotypes of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups, but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached. A 2007 study flow sorted camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found that the karyotime consisted of one metacentric, three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes. The Y is a small metacentric chromosome, while the X is a large metacentric chromosome.The hybrid camel, a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation 4–12 cm deep that divides the front from the back. The hybrid is 2.15 m at the shoulder and 2.32 m tall at the hump. It weighs an average of 650 kg and can carry around 400 to 450 kg, which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can. According to molecular data, the New World and Old World camelids diverged 11 million years ago. In spite of this, these species can still hybridize and produce fertile offspring. The cama is a camel–llama hybrid bred by scientists who wanted to see how closely related the parent species were. Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections. The cama has ears halfway between the length of camel and llama ears, no hump, longer legs than the llama, and partially cloven hooves. According to cama breeder Lulu Skidmore, cama have "the fleece of the llamas" and "the strength and patience of the camel". Like the mule, camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.

EVOLUTION

The earliest known camel, called Protylopus, lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago (during the Eocene). It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is now South Dakota. By 35 million years ago, the Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas. The hoofed Stenomylus, which walked on the tips of its toes, also existed around this time, and the long-necked Aepycamelus evolved in the Miocene.

The direct ancestor of all modern camels, Procamelus, existed in the upper Miocone and lower Pliocene. Around 3–5 million years ago, the North American Camelidae spread to South America via the Isthmus of Panama, where they gave rise to guanacos and related animals, and to Asia via the Bering land bridge. Surprising finds of fossil Paracamelus on Ellesmere Island beginning in 2006 in the high Canadian Arctic indicate the dromedary is descended from a larger, boreal browser whose hump may have evolved as an adaptation in a cold climate. This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet tall.

The last camel native to North America was Camelops hesternus, which vanished along with horses, short-faced bears, mammoths and mastodons, ground sloths, sabertooth cats, and many other megafauna, coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia.

DOMESTICATION

Most camels surviving today are domesticated. Along with many other megafauna in North America, the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of Native Americans from Asia into North America, 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. The only wild camels left are the Bactrian camels of the Gobi Desert.

Like the horse, before their extinction in their native land, camels spread across the Bering land bridge, moving the opposite direction from the Asian immigration to America, to survive in the Old World and eventually be domesticated and spread globally by humans.

Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans in Somalia and southern Arabia, around 3,000 BC, the Bactrian in central Asia around 2,500 BC, as at Shar-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City), Iran.

Discussions concerning camel domestication in Mesopotamia are often related to mentions of camels in the Hebrew Bible. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J for instance mentions that "In accord with patriarchal traditions, cylinder seals from Middle Bronze Age Mesopotamia showed riders seated upon camels."

Martin Heide's 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that the bactrian camel was domesticated by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of the Zagros Mountains, then moving into Mesopotamia, and suggests that mentions of camels "in the patriarchal narratives may refer, at least in some places, to the Bactrian camel." while noting that the camel is not mentioned in relationship to Canaan.

Recent excavations in the Timna Valley by Lidar Sapir-Hen and Erez Ben-Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones found in Israel or even outside the Arabian peninsula, dating to around 930 BCE. This garnered considerable media coverage as it was described as evidence that the stories of Abraham, Joseph, Jacob and Esau were written after this time.

The existence of camels in Mesopotamia but not in Israel is not a new idea. According to an article in Time Magazine, the historian Richard Bulliet wrote in his 1975 book "The Camel and the Wheel" that "the occasional mention of camels in patriarchal narratives does not mean that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that period." The archaeologist William F. Albright writing even earlier saw camels in the Bible as an anachronism. The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph notes that "The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to the southern Levant signifies a crucial juncture in the history of the region; it substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112-116; Jasmin 2005). This, together with the depiction of camels in the Patriarchal narrative, has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (e.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558-584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early Iron Age (not before the 12th century BCE)" and concludes that "Current data from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of radiocarbon dates. The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century BCE and most probably during this time. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region - attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I - raises the possibility that the two were connected, and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade."

MILITARY USES

By at least 1200 BC, the first camel saddles had appeared, and Bactrian camels could be ridden. The first saddle was positioned to the back of the camel, and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick. However, between 500–100 BC, Bactrian camels attained military use. New saddles, which were inflexible and bent, were put over the humps and divided the rider's weight over the animal. In the seventh century BC, the military Arabian saddle appeared, which improved the saddle design again slightly.

Camel cavalries have been used in wars throughout Africa, the Middle East, and into modern-day Border Security Force of India (though as of July 2012, the BSF has planned the replacement of camels with ATVs). The first use of camel cavalries was in the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC. Armies have also used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules.

In the East Roman Empire, the Romans used auxiliary forces known as dromedarii, whom they recruited in desert provinces. The camels were used mostly in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close ranges (horses are afraid of the camels' scent), a quality famously employed by the Achaemenid Persians when fighting Lydia in the Battle of Thymbra.

19th and 20th CENTURIES

The United States Army established the U.S. Camel Corps, which was stationed in California in the late 19th century. One may still see stables at the Benicia Arsenal in Benicia, California, where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum. Though the experimental use of camels was seen as a success (John B. Floyd, Secretary of War in 1858, recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels), the outbreak of the American Civil War saw the end of the Camel Corps: Texas became part of the Confederacy, and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert.

France created a méhariste camel corps in 1912 as part of the Armée d'Afrique in the Sahara in order to exercise greater control over the camel-riding Tuareg and Arab insurgents, as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed. The camel-mounted units remained in service until the end of French rule over Algeria in 1962.

In 1916, the British created the Imperial Camel Corps. It was originally used to fight the Senussi, but was later used in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I. The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert, though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on foot. After July 1918, the Corps began to become run down, receiving no new reinforcements, and was formally disbanded in 1919.

In World War I, the British Army also created the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps, which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels. The Corps supported British war operations in Sinai, Palestine, and Syria by transporting supplies to the troops.

The Somaliland Camel Corps was created by colonial authorities in British Somaliland in 1912; it was disbanded in 1944.

Bactrian camels were used by Romanian forces during World War II in the Caucasian region.

The Bikaner Camel Corps of British India fought alongside the British Indian Army in World Wars I and II.

The Tropas Nómadas (Nomad Troops) were an auxiliary regiment of Sahrawi tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara (today Western Sahara). Operational from the 1930s until the end of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975, the Tropas Nómadas were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers. The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback.

FOOD USES

DAIRY

Camel milk is a staple food of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a meal in and of itself; a nomad can live on only camel milk for almost a month. Camel milk is rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, and immunoglobulins; compared to cow's milk, it is lower in fat and lactose, and higher in potassium, iron, and vitamin C. Bedouins believe the curative powers of camel milk are enhanced if the camel's diet consists of certain desert plants. Camel milk can readily be made into a drinkable yogurt, as well as butter or cheese, though the yields for cheese tend to be low.

Camel milk cannot be made into butter by the traditional churning method. It can be made if it is soured first, churned, and a clarifying agent is then added. Until recently, camel milk could not be made into camel cheese because rennet was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the collection of curds. Developing less wasteful uses of the milk, the FAO commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires, who was able to produce curdling by the addition of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet. The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest, even for the lactose intolerant. The sale of camel cheese is limited owing to the small output of the few dairies producing camel cheese and the absence of camel cheese in local (West African) markets. Cheese imports from countries that traditionally breed camels are difficult to obtain due to restrictions on dairy imports from these regions.

Additionally, camel milk has been made into ice cream in a Netherlands camel farm.

MEAT

A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male dromedary carcass can weigh 300–400 kg, while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg. The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and 350 kg. The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts, and the hump is considered a delicacy. The hump contains "white and sickly fat", which can be used to make the khli (preserved meat) of mutton, beef, or camel. Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers.

Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel.[31] Camel meat is still eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is available in Alice Springs.

A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details cases of human bubonic plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver.

RELIGION

ISLAM

Camel meat is halal for Muslims. However, according to some Islamic schools of thought, a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it. Consequently, these schools hold that Muslims must perform wudhu (ablution) before the next time they pray after eating camel meat.

Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider it haraam for a Muslim to perform salat in places where camels lie, as it is said to be a dwelling place of shaytan.

According to Suni ahadith collected by Bukhari and Muslim, Muhammad ordered a certain group of people to drink camel milk and urine as a medicine. However, according to Abū Ḥanīfa, the drinking of camel urine, while not forbidden (ḥaram), is disliked (makrūh) in Islam.

Camel urine is sold as traditional medicine in shops in Saudi Arabia. The Sunni scholar Muhammad Al-Munajjid's IslamQA.info recommends camel urine as beneficial to curing certain diseases and to human health and cited Ahadith and scientific studies as justification. King Abdulaziz University researcher Dr. Faten Abdel-Rajman Khorshid has claimed that cancer and other diseases could be treated with camel urine as recommended by the Prophet. The United Arab Emirates "Arab Science and Technology Foundation" reported that cancer could be treated with camel urine. Camel urine was also prescribed as a treatment by Zaghloul El-Naggar, a religious scholar. Camel urine is the only urine which is permitted to be drunk according to the Hanbali madhhab of Sunni Islam. The World Health Organization said that camel urine consumption may be a factor in the spread of the MERS virus in Saudi Arabia. The Gulf Times writer Ahmad al-Sayyed wrote that various afflictions are dealt with camel urine by people. Dandruff, scalp ailments, hair, sores, and wounds were recommended to be treated with camel urine by Ibn Sina. Arab American University Professor of Cell Biology and Immunology Bashar Saad (PhD) along with Omar Said (PhD) wrote that medicinal use of camel urine is approved of and promoted by Islam since it was recommended by the prophet. A test on mice found that cytotoxic effects similar to cyclophosphamide were induced on bone marrow by camel urine. Besides for consumption as a medicinal drink, camel urine is believed to help treat hair. Bites from insects were warded off with camel urine, which also served as a shampoo. Camel urine is also used to help treat asthma, infections, treat hair, sores, hair growth and boost libido.

Several Sunni Ahadith mention drinking camel urine. Some Shia criticized Wahhabis for camel urine treatment. Shia scholars also recommend the medicinal use of camel urine. Shia Hadith on Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reported that shortness of breath (asthma) was treated with camel urine. Shia Marja Ayatollah Sistani said that for medicinal purposes only, sheep, cow, and camel urine can be drunk.

JUDAISM

According to Jewish tradition, camel meat and milk are not kosher. Camels possess only one of the two kosher criteria; although they chew their cud, they do not possess cloven hooves:

Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that only chew the cud, or of them that only part the hoof: the camel, because he cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you.

— Leviticus 11:4

DISTRIBUTION ANDNUMBERS

There are around 14 million camels alive as of 2010, with 90% being dromedaries. Dromedaries alive today are domesticated animals (mostly living in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, Maghreb, Middle East and South Asia). The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world, where the dromedaries constitute an important part of local nomadic life. They provide nomadic people in Somalia (which has the largest camel herd in the world) and Ethiopia with milk, food, and transportation.

The Bactrian camel is, as of 2010, reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals, most of which are domesticated. The only truly wild Bactrian camels, of which there are less than one thousand, are thought to inhabit the Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia.

The largest population of feral camels is in Australia. There are around 700,000 feral dromedary camels in central parts of Australia, descended from those introduced as a method of transport in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This population is growing about 8% per year. Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in part because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers.

A small population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians, wandered through Southwest United States after having been imported in the 1800s as part of the U.S. Camel Corps experiment. When the project ended, they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released. Twenty-five U.S. camels were bought and imported to Canada during the Cariboo Gold Rush.

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