Microscopy
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A snow flake that landed on my glove.
Taken with my 4X Olympus Plan C infinity focus microscope lens (approximately 1cm frame width) two shots are focus-stacked here.
Will try again with more focus-stacking.
Trying to get better... Urania ripheus is extremely challenging!
Stack of 521 images, Nikon 60/0.7 ELWD 210/0 at 168mm extension.
A stack of 200 images of the wing scales of a butterfly at 40:1 magnification.
Lens: Nikon 40/0.5 ELWD 210/0
I wish everybody all the best for next year. May it be more peaceful than 2017...
Yet another color explosion :)
Nikon M Plan 100/0.75 SLWD 210/0. Stack of 408 images.
Object size 0.26 x 0.17mm
A first stack with my newly modified stacking machine. It uses now a NEMA-17 stepper motor instead of an extremly slow contineous drive, and so I've been able to eliminate vibrations to a large extend. This results in visibly better resolution compared to the former setup.
The stack width was 0.25µm and 218 images were required to cover the depth of the wing scales. Lens: Nikon BD Plan 60/0.7 ELWD 210/0
Stack of 511 images, taken with the Nikon BD Plan 60/0.7 ELWD 210/0. Magnification ratio = 48:1 (rel. to to the APS sensor size).
Object size 0.49 x 0.33mm.
Again a stack made with the Nikon M Plan 100/0,75 SLWD 210/0 at reduced extension. The stack is composed of 206 images.
80:1 is the magnification related to the sensor size. On the monitor you see it at approx 1100x maginfication related to its real size.
I've repeated we experiment with reduced extension, this time with Urania ripheus again. I wnated to see if I can queeze out a little bit more detail again. I think it worked well :)
This stack consistes of 793 images at 0.14µm step width.
Stack of 275 images, taken with the Nikon M Plan 100/0.75 SLWD 210/0 at 195mm extension.
Object size 0.252mm x 0.167mm
This is another remake of wingscales I had already presented last year. This time I used the 60/0.7 ELWD 210/0 at 168mm extentsion and could achieve a much better resolution. A stack of 371 images.
It seems that these wing scales are covered by a thin layer of wax.
48:1 is the magnification related to the sensor size. On the monitor you see it at approx 675x maginfication related to its real size.
Always the same wing, but another part of it, The contrast between the extremly reflective and bright wing scales and the almost black ones was very challenging.
Nikon BD Plan 60/0.7 ELWD 210/0; stack of 225 images.
Microscopy x200
Strongyloïdes stercoralis ou anguillule est le nom du nématode responsable d'une parasitose nommée anguillulose ou strongyloïdose ou strongyloidiase que l'on retrouve chez l'homme ou chez d'autres espèces animales.
L'anguillule (Strongyloïdes stercoralis) est un ver rond minuscule dont les femelles parthénogénétiques parasites, sont profondément fixées dans la muqueuse duodénale.
L'anguillule parasite de l'intestin est une minuscule femelle parthénogénétique strongyloïde, très mince et longue de 2 à 3 mm. D'autres formes adultes, mâles et femelles stercoraux existent seulement à l'état libre ; elles sont rhabditoïdes et atteignent 1 mm pour la femelle, un peu moins pour le mâle.
La femelle parthénogénétique vit profondément insérée dans la muqueuse duodéno-jéjunale. Non hématophage, elle pond, dans la muqueuse, des œufs ressemblant à ceux de l'ankylostome, mais longs de 50 µ seulement, morulés dès la ponte, et qui évoluent très vite sur place. Au départ des larves (rhabditoïdes) qui en sortent, 3 cycles évolutifs sont possibles :
un cycle indirect sexué (cycle long) : la larve, émise avec les selles, donne, dans le milieu extérieur, des adultes mâles et femelles dont la ponte aboutira à une nouvelle génération de larves rhabditoïdes, puis strongyloïdes et enfin strongyloïdes enkystées infectieuses libres ; chacune de ces dernières, agissant comme celle de l'ankylostome, infestera le sujet neuf par voie trans-cutanée et, après une migration organique semblable (circulation, cœur droit, poumon, trachée, œsophage), arrivera au duodénum où elle se transformera en femelle parthénogénétique parasite. Ce cycle, par sa phase sexuée stercorale, aboutit à une multiplication parasitaire non négligeable ;
un cycle direct parthénogénétique (cycle court) : trouvant des conditions moins favorables, la larve, émise comme la précédente, évolue directement, dans le milieu extérieur, pour donner la larve strongyloïde enkystée infectieuse libre. Infestation et évolution ultérieure se font comme dans le cycle indirect ;
un cycle hyper-infectieux endogène (cycle d'auto-infestation) : la larve issue de l'œuf parthénogénétique ne quitte pas la lumière intestinale ; elle évolue sur place jusqu'au stade de larve strongyloïde enkystée infectieuse qui, par voie transmuqueuse cette fois, suivra la même migration organique pour aboutir, dans le duodénum, à la femelle parthénogénétique.
Strongyloides stercoralis is a human pathogenic parasitic roundworm causing the disease strongyloidiasis. Its common name is threadworm. In the UK and Australia, however, the term threadworm can also refer to nematodes of the genus Enterobius, otherwise known as pinworms.
The Strongyloides stercoralis nematode can parasitize humans. The adult parasitic stage lives in tunnels in the mucosa of the small intestine. The genus Strongyloides contains 53 species, and S. stercoralis is the type species. S. stercoralis has been reported in other mammals, including cats and dogs. However, it seems that the species in dogs is typically not S. stercoralis, but the related species S. canis. Non-human primates are more commonly infected with S. fuelleborni and S. cebus, although S. stercoralis has been reported in captive primates. Other species of Strongyloides, naturally parasitic in humans, but with restricted distributions, are S. fuelleborni in central Africa and S. kellyi in Papua New Guinea.
Diatoms are a type of micro-algae. Over 100K different species exist within this group.
Here diatoms are seen at 250X by the Omax Microscope, a Christmas gift from Mary. It has opened yet another realm of photography for me! My goal is to use microscopy to create abstract images.
The camera is 14MP and zoom goes to 2500X, although with a compound microscope, 1000X is the reasonable limit for somewhat-in-focus images.
Stack of 314 images taken with the Nikon BD Plan 60/0.7 ELWD 210/0 at 195mm extension.
Object size 0.435mm x 0.289mm
An experiment with the Nikon BD Plan 60/0,7 ELWD 210/0:
I've reduced the extension from 210mm to 180mm. The focal length of this lens can be caluclated to be 3.5mm = 210mm : 60.
Hence 180mm : 3.5 = 51 time magnication (M). The effective aperture (keff) determines the resolution that can be obtained. It can be calculated as follows:
keff = M / 2*NA
Therefore in case of 60x magnification keff equals 42,9.
The numerical aperture however remains constant. Hence the lower magnification leads to a significant increase of the effective aperture and thus a higher resulition:
51/(2*0.7) = 36.7
There is however a big drawback: Less extension means also that the image circle of the lens decreases! Therefore I expected a higher resolved image center combined with weaker edges. Surprisingly, as you can see above, the image circle of the 06/0.7 is obviously sufficiently large to compensate for that! The sharpness extends all the way to the edges. :)
This time a stack from the inner side of the wing.
Stack of 330 images, taken with the Nikon M Plan 100/0,75 SLWD 210/0 at 190mm extension, responding to 90x magnification relative to the sensor size.
On the monitor you see it at approx. 1200x maginfication related to its real size.
This is a repetition of an experiment that I had already shown with Urania wing scales. However, these wing scales show much more micro details and therefore they are much better suited to see the difference in resolution.
This is a stack of 241 images. The lens was again the Nikon BD Plan 60/0.7 ELWD 210/0. However instead of using the nominal 210mm extension, I used only 168mm.
The resolution (in line pairs per mm) of any microskope objective is given by the formula 1/ (0.00055mm / (NA+NA)) = LP/mm (0.00055mm = 550nm is the wavelength of green light). It is independent of the maginfication and refers to the resolution at the target area and not to the projected image on the sensor.
At nominal maginfication of 60:1, the target area measures 1/60th of the sensor area. In the case of this Sony APS sensor the target size is 0.393mm x 0.263mm.
The resolution for a numerical aperture of 0.7 is:
1/ (0.00055mm / (0.7+0.7)) = 2545 LP/mm
This means that 1000 line pairs can be resolved on the target at 60 times magnification.
If I decrease the magnification from 60 to 48 times the target size gets bigger: 0.492mm x 0.329mm. The resolution stays the same 2545 LP/mm, but thanks to the bigger target size one can now resolve 1252 line pairs. This is a gain of 25% in resolution!
The image circle of the 60/0.7 ELWD is sufficiently large for a full frame sensor. Hence the reduction of the image circle due to the shorter extension is not really a problem. It is only reduced by 20% but it could be reduced by 50% before the corner of the APS sensor hits the border of the image circle.
Therefore a resolution drop off in the corners is not observered at this reduced magnification.
48:1 is the magnification related to the sensor size. On the monitor you see it at approx 675x maginfication related to its real size.
I tried something new -- it didn't work very well but I got a couple of sharp photos and I just couldn't bring myself to throw these out.
UPDATE! This image has placed in the Nikon Small World contest! Which place? Noone knows until October, but I'm hoping for a new microscope!
Microscopy X400
Schistosoma haematobium est un ver plat parasite, appartenant à l’embranchement des Plathelminthes (vers plats non segmentés), à la classe des Trématodes (appareil digestif avec cæcum), à l’ordre des Strigeatida (ventouses ventrale et buccale), à la famille des Schistosomatidés (cercaires libres) et enfin au genre Schistosoma, car l’hôte définitif est un mammifère. Schistosoma haematobium est un petit schistosome dont les femelles pondent leurs œufs dans les capillaires du plexus veineux péri-vésical déterminant la bilharziose vésicale, qui est décrit comme facteur de risque d'adénocarcinome de la vessie. 112 millions de personnes seraient infectées par ce ver à travers le monde, dont 80 millions sous sa forme morbide, causant 150 000 décès par an.
Il est responsable de la bilharziose sous sa forme urogénitale.
Schistosoma haematobium is an important digenetic trematode, and is found in Africa and the Middle East. It is a major agent of schistosomiasis; more specifically, it is associated with urinary schistosomiasis.
Adults are found in the venous plexuses around the urinary bladder and the released eggs travels to the wall of the urine bladder causing haematuria and fibrosis of the bladder. The bladder becomes calcified, and there is increased pressure on ureters and kidneys otherwise known as hydronephrosis. Inflammation of the genitals due to S. haematobium may contribute to the propagation of HIV. Studies have shown the relationship between S. haematobium infection and the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder