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1.5" glass ball ornaments filled with pony bead "gumballs." My 3 & 4 year olds loved filling these up with a funnel.
This Specialized Stumpjumper was bought by my brother circa 1988 for £700-£800 and he then sold it to me when he wanted a touring bike. I never really liked the garish colours, which I later read were nicknamed "Miami Vice" by other owners. My brother took it to Spain once to do some trails and I rode it all over Cardiff while at university.
Despite its age it's still a fast, lightweight machine and great for chasing sheep along the roads here. ;-) Compared to other bikes in 1988 it had a good specification with Shimano Deore derailleur, shifters and brakes, Cro-Moly frame, other alloy bits, and uniquely today (but not so much at the time), Biopace chainrings which are slightly oval to promote smooth, efficient pedaling. Biopace is supposed to be easier on the knees than truly round chainrings, and I'm sure it's one of the reasons why I find this bike so responsive and a joy to ride still.
It's more a road or track bike these days as the tyres are semi-slick and not suitable for going offroad.
See the notes for bits that have been changed over the years.
Photo caption: "A typical large casting of 1928. This is a hub runner for S. Morgan Smith's power turbine installed in the Cherokee Dam."
Wheeling Mold and Foundry was organized by C. E. Blue and Associates on June 5, 1893. The company purchased a site on the Peninsula in the Fulton area of Wheeling in 1901 and expanded its operation. It was purchased by Continental Roll and Steel Foundry Co. (later Continental Foundry and Machine Company) in June of 1930, then became part of the Blaw-Knox Co. of Pittsburgh in November in 1955. TThe sale included the properties at the Peninsula and the factory in Warwood built in 1922.
The Warwood plant was closed in 1986 and the Wheeling plant in closed in December of 1993. The grounds of the factory were sold to the Park Corp. real estate company in April of 1994. Demolition of the peninsula site took place between 2003 and 2004.
- Image from "Sand & Chips at Continental," (Employee newsletter for the Continental Foundry and Machine Company), December 1953. Newsletter from the Vertical File collections of the Ohio County Public Library Archives.
➤ Learn more Wheeling Mold & Foundry/Continental Roll/Blaw Knox in Wheeling
➤ Visit the Library's Wheeling History website
The photos on the Ohio County Public Library's Flickr site may be freely used by non-commercial entities for educational and/or research purposes as long as credit is given to the "Ohio County Public Library Archives, Wheeling WV." These photos may not be reproduced in any format for profit or other presentation without the permission of the Ohio County Public Library.
➤ Contact the Ohio County Public Library to request permission for use or publication of materials.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Cotton Grading Complex in Lubbock, Texas on 14 September 2022. USDA photo by Rene Carranza
Banner newspaper.
Pokies are OK
Werribee Shire Council supports the introduction of poker machines into Victoria, in the hope that it will be beneficial to the finances of clubs.
Council made the decission in response to a questianaire from the Board of Inquiry into Poker Machines.
The questions asked were related to population, number of hotels, licenced clubs, etc, and if council had passed any resolutions in relation to poker machines.
Councilors were asked to submit personal views as well as a resolution of combined council.
Shire secretary, Mr John Kerr, told council that it could make comments on the terms of reference of inquiry, which were in relation to the likely social and economic affects on the introduction of poker machines.
Cr Ted Dowling felt the issue was most important in its effect on local clubs.
He said that everyone recognised the beneficial affect which poker machines had wrought on clubs in New South Wales, staging functions which were completely out of the reach of Victorian clubs.
As to the affects on individuals, Cr Dowling said he felt that each individual had control of own destiny in relation to the gambling aspect.
He said that clubs would have a greater scope for control than hotels because membership fee and the machines would not be freely available to the public.
Cr Dowling said he anticipated a cry about the affects of poker machines on homes, but he felt it was no greater than from any other form of gambling.
Cr Don Myers said he had nothing against women, but he felt they could get caught up in the continual quest for a jackpot.
He went on to say that he had heard there had been a fall-off in patronage in New South Wales.
"Anyway you can't win", he said "the Government will get 15-20% first," he pointed out.
"We have enough forms of gambling, already" Cr Myers claimed.
Crs Dowling and Menegazzo then moved that Council support the introduction of poker machines into Victoria.
Cr Julian Menegazzo said he lived in New South Wales for a number of years and people knew they could not win, however they put $5 or so in for a bit of fun.
He felt that Tattslotto was a bigger problem than poker machines.
Cr Menegazzo said he had seen people put hundreds of dollars into Tattslotto chasing the million-dollar prize.
Cr Glenn Clark said he opposed poker machines.
"Sure, there is good food and entertainment, and fun for those who have $5 to put into the machines, but I have seen the harm done to families by the machines," he said.
He felt the terms of reference had been framed in such a way as to justify the introduction of poker machines.
Cr Clark felt that the decision was one that councils should have to make. He did not feel qualified to speak on behalf of the 5000 people in South-West Riding, on that subject.
Cr Kevin Skehan said that he was certain that some people would be adversely affected by the introduction of poker machines, initially.
He pointed out that the same debate had raged about the introduction of 10 o'clock closing "when the doom and gloom meschants had forecast that we'd all be drunk every night".
"I support the proposal." he said, "it's essential to the development of the club industry and to tourism."
Cr Skehan said that busloads of Victorians went away for weekends to take in poker machines, which were not the prime reason, but merely the catalyst.
"What annoys me," Cr Skehan said, "is the sheer hypocrisy of it all. Poker machines are no different from people queing up at agencies for Tic Tac Toe or Instant Tatts".
"Many clubs and public places already had coin-in-the-slot machines which paid dividends in goods.
"It's ludicrous that in this countrywe have two sets of laws for areas separated by only 150 yards of water", Cr Skehan said.
Cr Hudson supported the poker machines, but only on a restricted basis - not in hotels. He added that clubs would be able to provide more community facilities thus lightening the load on local councils.
Cr John Gibbons said he felt there were more direct benefits from poker machines than from most other forms of gambling. "There is job creation in the machine manufacture, people have more social contact and clubs themselves employ more staff." he pointed out.
Cr Bruce Comben opposed poker machines saying that one only had to visit a club to see the affects on people. "And the club industry in New South Wales had more money than the government", he added.
Cr Ted Dowling said councillors could not sit up as moralists, but that individually they had a right to express their views. He felt they would be an advantage to Victoria. "football clubs have had to run two bob rafles for too long," he concluded.
Cr Pat Goodwin said she opposed poker machines because of the hardship she had seen caused to families.
The motion was carried 5-4 with Cr Southwick abstaining.
- Banner of 01 June 1983, p1.
Guns are scary, but, fortunately, they are merely machines. They can be disassembled, inspected, analyzed, tested... and understood. Understanding how something works usually makes them seem less scary.
So this is how it works:
1. When a round is fired, expanding gases from burning propellant travels behind the bullet, and some of it leaks into the gas port towards the end of the barrel
2. Gases enter the gas cylinder, and push back on the piston end of the operating rod
3. As the operating rod is pushed back by gases in the gas cylinder, it pushes the bolt back, which extracts the spent cartridge
4. When the oprod recedes, the operating rod spring, which is inside the operating rod, is compressed and exerts pressure in two directions. On the one end, it pushes against the follower rod, and on the other, it pushes against the operating rod, trying to move it back forward.
5. When the bolt moves further back, it begins to push back on the hammer. When the hammer recedes far enough, it is latched in place by the trigger
6. When the bolt is all the way back, the next bullet is pushed up by the follower (which in turn is pushed by the follower arm, then the follower rod, which as we saw in 4, is pushed by the operating rod spring).
7. The operating rod spring begins to push the operating rod forward. The bolt is pushed forward with it, and pushes the next round into the chamber
8. When the trigger is released, the hammer is pushed forward by a spring, strikes the firing pin in the bolt, which hits the primer in the base of the chambered cartridge. The propellant ignites, pushes the bullet down the barrel, and brings us back to step 1.
File name: 10_03_001466a
Binder label: Sewing Machines
Title: What are the wild waves saying dear? We'll certainly have a New Home. (front)
Created/Published: Bufford
Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 7 x 12 cm.
Genre: Advertising cards
Subject: Adults; Beaches; Boats; Sewing machines
Notes: Title from item. Retailer: C. P. Bell, 99 Main St., Nashua, N. H.
Statement of responsibility: New Home Sewing Machine Co.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.
3Q Machining - High Precision CNC Machining Services for Prototyping & Production of Custom Parts. 3Q Machining is top quality CNC Machining manufacturer factory in China for your custom precise plastic & metal machining parts from CAD drawings to final shipment, low MOQ with high-quality Products & Services & Innovations.
Geheimschreiber
Although the ENIGMA remains the best know German cryptographic machine of World War II, in the early 1940's the German military introduced several new cryptographic teletypewriters known under the name Geheimschreiber - sometimes translated as "private secretary", sometimes as "secret writer".
These machines offered on-line encryption and decryption, that is plain test could be typed directly into the machine, automatically converted to encrypted text, and sent directly to the transmitter. In addtion to security, these "secret writers" provided the Germans with the ability to encrypt large volumes of test at high speed.
Learning that the Germans had named an early version of these machines SWORDFISH, the British and Americans bestowed nicknames associated with fish on the machines and the communications links in which they were used. The two most famous are TUNNY and STURGEON.
Just as they developed the Bombe to assist decryption of ENIGMA , the British developed data processing to attack the fish family of machine ciphers. (I must add: This was a whale of a job!) This led to the construction of the COLOSSUS which British historian F. H. Hinsley is "justly claimed as a pioneer programmable electronic digital computer."
The 40 (SZ40) when first encountered in 1940 was nicknamed TUNNY by the British - after a fish better known to Americans as TUNA.
The Schlüsselzusatz SZ40, manufactured by the German firm Lorenz, was used by the German Army for high-level communications, generally between Army groups. It provided on-line encryption and decryption and was capable of handling large volumes f traffic at high speed. The TUNNY depended on wheels for encryption and decryption but unlike ENIGMA it did nut substitute letters but insted encrypted elements of the electrically generated Baudot code used in normal telegraphic transmissions.
Source: National Cryptologic Museum 13 February 2009 with some hyperlinks added
i09_0214 088
BT ArtBox project celebrating 25 years of Childline
ArtBox Title: Flower Box
Artist: greyworld
Location: Piccadilly Circus
Open-air art exhibition across London - Summer 2012
• BT marked 25th anniversary of ChildLine with launch of open-air art exhibition in London
• BT ArtBox project saw leading artists, designers and creatives transform full-size replicas of iconic Gilbert Scott–designed red telephone box into stunning artworks
• Throughout June and July 2012, BT ArtBoxes were on display in high-profile locations across the capital
• The National Portrait Gallery hosted a gala auction on July 18 where the ArtBoxes were auctioned to raise money for ChildLine
To celebrate the 25th anniversary of ChildLine, BT announced the launch of the BT ArtBox project – a new public art exhibition set to take over the capital Summer 2012.
Leading artists, designers and creatives from around the world were invited to apply their individual talents to re-style that much-loved icon of British design, the traditional red telephone box.
Each artist or designer took delivery of a full-size, fibre-glass replica of the Sir Giles Gilbert Scott-designed original K6 telephone kiosk, which was introduced in 1936 to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of the coronation of King George V.
Participating artists included 2002 Turner prize winner Keith Tyson, Romero Britto and Royal Academician Professor of Sculpture David Mach, along with fashion designers Giles Deacon and Zandra Rhodes.
The BT ArtBoxes were on display in high-profile locations around the capital between June 18 and July 16 before being auctioned off at a VIP Gala Auction at the National Portrait Gallery on July 18 to raise funds for BT’s long-time partner ChildLine.
Esther Rantzen OBE, founder of ChildLine and patron of the BT ArtBox project, said: “I’m thrilled that ChildLine’s 25th birthday is to be celebrated by such a unique and inspiring project as BT Artbox.
“The red phone box is a much loved symbol of British culture and I’m keen to see how the artists involved will create new masterpieces from such an iconic canvas. It’s fantastic that the proceeds from the sale of the boxes will raise vital funds to support the work of ChildLine, enabling us to help many more children and young people to get comfort, advice and protection when they need it most.”
Sandy Nairne, director of the National Portrait Gallery and patron of the BT ArtBox project, said: “The Gilbert Scott telephone box is a truly iconic British design, and I’m looking forwards to seeing how artists and designers transform the replica boxes into works of art on London’s streets.”
David Mach, said: “It’s great to be involved with the ArtBox Exhibition. I get to kill more than two birds with one stone...work with a great charity (hopefully make money for it) and a classic British design. I love all things Gilbert Scott. Anything that encourages us to get his design back on our streets does it for me”.
Suzi Williams, director of BT Group Marketing and Brand, said: “BT has a history of supporting British cultural initiatives and 2012 is no exception. What better way to celebrate ChildLine's 25th anniversary than transforming replicas of the classic red phone box into a public art exhibition that can be enjoyed by all in the build-up to the Games this summer."
Martine Ainsworth-Wells, London & Partners, Marketing and Communications director, said:
“London & Partners is excited to support BT ArtBox in the run up to London 2012. BT ArtBox will bring some of the UK’s finest artistic talents to London’s streets, adding a new creative dimension to the capital at such an important time in its history.”
Artists and creatives who were interested in designing an ArtBox visited btartbox.com for more information about how to get involved.
The BT ArtBox project was supported by the Mayor of London, Professor Malcolm Garrett RDI, London & Partners, The May Fair Hotel, Harvey Nichols, The Times and The Sunday Times and borough councils across the capital.
Images of Malcolm Garrett, Interaction Designer, Sandy Nairne, Director of the National Portrait Gallery, David Mach RA, Sculptor, Esther Rantzen, founder of ChildLine and Lauren O'Farrell, Artist at the launch of the BT ArtBox project at the St Pancras Renaissance Hotel, central London today are available at:
imagelibrary.btplc.com/assetbank-btplc/action/browseItems...
Top 10 facts about the K6 red phone box
1. Kiosk number 6 or “Jubilee Kiosk” commemorates the Silver Jubilee of the coronation of King George V.
2. Sir Giles Gilbert Scott also designed Liverpool’s Anglican Cathedral, Battersea Power Station and Bankside Power Station now Tate Modern.
3. More than 1,600 decommissioned red phone boxes, mostly K6s, have been sold to local communities for just a £1 under BT’s Adopt a Kiosk scheme. Uses include being fitted with lifesaving defibrillation machines, turned into art galleries and public libraries.
4. The K6 was the first kiosk installed nationwide and the standard kiosk across the UK until the introduction of the K8 in 1968.
5. The K6 kiosk is made from cast iron with a teak door. It is 8’3” tall (2.4 metres) and weighs three quarters of a ton (762 kilograms).
6. The K6 design was approved by the Post Office and the Royal Fine Arts Commission, which endorsed “Post Office red” as the standard colour.
7. Although Scott agreed to the use of “Post Office red” he was never a supporter of the colour and initially suggested the outside of the kiosk be painted silver and the inside greenish-blue. He strongly urged rural kiosks be painted dove-grey.
8. Two K6 kiosks were installed in France during 1995, for the 50th anniversary of the D-Day landings.
9. Several red K6’s have been transformed into combined payphones and cash machines.
10.There are 11,000 red phone boxes in use in the UK.
About ChildLine
ChildLine on 0800 1111 and www.childline.org.uk is the UK’s only free, 24-hour helpline for children in danger or distress. Trained volunteer counsellors comfort, advice and protect children and young people. ChildLine is a service within the NSPCC. In Scotland it is delivered by CHILDREN 1ST on behalf of the NSPCC. Calls to ChildLine on 0800 1111 are confidential, but if a child is in immediate danger the counsellor will let the caller know if they have to break confidentially and contact the emergency services to save the child’s life.
Every £20 raised could help ChildLine answer another five calls from children who dial our helpline. If you are worried about a child or would like to make a donation, please visit the NSPCC website www.nspcc.org.uk
SAINT-FECO is an engineering enterprise which is professional in the manufacture and supply the PVC and Aluminum window machines 。www.windowmachine-chn.com
Sewing machine cover, made using 'Beyond Measure' pattern by Bloom. Main fabric is Mikko by Surface Art, along with fabric by Saffron Craig and Kona solids (tomato, snow) and grey homespun.
theelvengarden.blogspot.com/2011/10/funky-ing-up-my-sewin...
An abandoned fax machine lies in the stairwell before the cleaners take it away for their children to play with.
Why does HDFC Bank still insist that I fax them my address, not email?
Roland CNC Machine
it wasn't working right so we openned it up to have a go at fixing it and it turned out to only need some dust cleared out from one of the supports. Now it has been milling for the last 24 hours.
I'm building a custom table for my sewing machine, and I had it out for measurements so I thought I'd snap a few photos of it.
When I first brought this out of the attic where it had sat for more than 50 years, I wasn't sure whether it was even in working condition. My newer Singer that I bought five years ago is completely unreliable and gave me constant headaches, so I gave up on it. Aside from being dusty, the machine is in pristine condition, so I oiled her up and she works like the day she was made. I did have to replace the plugs to safer, polarized ones, but that's really easy to do and costs about $10.
Turns out these machines were very popular during the 50's and 60's. Right after WWII, Singer's patents ran out, so Japanese companies began cloning them using those patents. This also means that Singer parts are 100% compatible with them. These are definitely workhorse machines, so if you ever stumble across one at a thrift store, buy it! This machine will sew through just about anything you throw at it. I've even made a few leather goods with it. There is a little bit of a learning curve involved, but anyone who knows about sewing will pick it up within a day or two.
The best part is being able to use something my great grandmother used all that time ago.
At Pevensey Castle
Pevensey Castle: a Saxon Shore fort, Norman defences, a medieval enclosure castle, and later associated remains
The monument includes Anderita Saxon Shore fort, traces of later, Norman defences, an enclosure castle, a 16th century gun emplacement and World War II defences situated on a low spur of sand and clay which now lies around 2km north west of the present East Sussex coastline at Pevensey. During the Roman and medieval periods the spur formed a peninsula projecting into a tidal lagoon and marshland, but coastal deposition and land reclamation have gradually built up the ground around it so that it is now completely land-locked. The roughly oval, north east-south west aligned Roman fort is the earliest of the structures which make up the monument and has been dated to the first half of the fourth century AD. Covering almost 4ha, the fort survives in the form of substantial ruins and buried remains. It is enclosed by a massive defensive wall with a flint and sandstone rubble core faced by coursed greensand and ironstone blocks, interspersed with red tile bonding courses. The whole is up to 3.7m thick and survives to a height of up to 8.1m. The wall was originally topped by a wall walk and parapet. Part excavation in 1906-8 showed that the wall was constructed on footings of rammed chalk and flints underpinned by oak piles and held together by a framework of wooden beams. Investigation of the internal face indicated that this was stepped upwards from a wide base so as to provide extra strength and support. Despite these precautions, a landslip on the south eastern side of the fort has resulted in the destruction of a c.180m length of the perimeter walls and, although fragments of the fallen masonry do survive, most have been removed over the years. Smaller sections of wall have also collapsed along the north western and eastern stretches. The defensive strength provided by the perimeter wall was enhanced by irregularly-spaced, externally projecting semicircular bastions with diameters of around 5m. There were originally at least 15 of these, of which 10 survive today. The fort was entered from its south western, landward approach by way of the main gateway. In front of this a protective ditch 5.5m wide was dug, and, although this became infilled over the years, a 40m stretch located towards its south eastern end has been recut and exposed. The ditch would have been spanned originally by a wooden bridge, although this no longer survives. The main gateway takes the form of a rectangular gatehouse set back between two solid semicircular bastions 8m apart. The 2.7m wide, originally arched entrance is flanked by two oblong guardrooms and the whole gateway structure projects beyond the inner face of the perimeter wall into the fort and is thought to have been originally two or even three storeys high. On the eastern side of the fort is a more simply designed subsidiary gateway, originally a 3m wide archway entrance, giving access to part of the adjacent Roman harbour, now overlain by Pevensey village. The extant archway is a modern reconstruction of the Norman rebuilding of the original entrance. Traces of a wooden causeway which led from it into the fort have been found during partial excavation. Midway along the north western stretch of perimeter wall is a now ruined postern c.2m wide, approached by a curved passage set within the wall. Part excavation between 1906-1908 indicated that the internal buildings which housed the garrison of up to 1,000 men, along with their livestock and supplies, were constructed of timber infilled with wattle and daub. A c.1m sq timber-lined Roman well was found in the south western sector of the fort, at the bottom of which were the remains of the wooden bucket with rope still attached. The well was found to have been filled with rubbish in Roman times and the presence of the bones of cattle, sheep, red deer, wild boar, wild birds, domestic dogs and cats, along with sea shells, gives some indication of the diet and lifestyle of the fort's original inhabitants. Anderita is thought to have been abandoned by its garrison by the latter half of the 4th century AD, and although little is known of its subsequent history until the 11th century, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records a massacre of Britons by the invading Saxons at the fort in AD 491. The Bayeux Tapestry states that William the Conquerer landed at Pevensey in 1066, and the Norman army are believed to have made use of the Roman fort as one of their first armed camps. The defences at Pevensey and the surrounding land were granted to King William's half-brother Robert, Count of Mortain. The medieval defences then went through at least 300 years of development, culminating in the construction of a stone built enclosure castle within the largely intact walls of the earlier Roman fort. It is thought that the first Norman defences took the form of a wooden palisade surrounded by a bank and ditch, and a c.40m length of partially infilled ditch up to 9m wide which survives across the north eastern sector of the earlier fort may indicate their original extent. Limited excavations in 1993-94 showed that the ground surface in the south eastern sector of the fort, in the vicinity of the later stone-built keep, was artificially raised some time before 1200, suggesting that a motte may also have been constructed. The original Roman gateways were rebuilt and a new ditch dug in front of the south western gate. Most of the Norman defences and interior wooden buildings will now survive in buried form beneath the later medieval castle, although herringbone-pattern repairs to the Roman masonry, by then serving as the outer bailey of the medieval defences, also date from this time. Around 1100 the defences were strengthened and the accommodation improved by the addition of a masonry keep in the south eastern sector of the earlier fort. The subject of a complex history of alteration, collapse and repair, the keep utilises part of the earlier, Roman perimeter wall and bastions. It takes the form of a rectangular block measuring c.16.8m by c.9m internally, reinforced by apsidal projections on all sides. Now surviving in ruined form up to first floor level, the keep originally took the form of a tall tower with an entrance on the first floor. A rectangular building measuring 7.6m by 6m was later constructed in the south eastern angle between the keep and the Roman wall. At around 1200 work began on the construction of a smaller, stone-built inner bailey in the south eastern sector of the earlier fort. An L-shaped ditch around 20m wide was dug to define the new enclosure, and this retains water in its northern arm. The material excavated from the ditch and from the destruction of the earlier bank was spread over much of the outer bailey to a depth of up to 1.5m. The ditch was recut during extensive renovations carried out during the early 20th century. The first structure to be built in this phase was the gatehouse to the south west which has an arched entrance between twin, semicircular external towers, now ruined. The basement chambers beneath each tower have ashlar-faced walls and barrel-vaulted ceilings, the southern chamber being entered by way of a newel staircase, the northern by a trapdoor. Both were used to house prisoners. Many subsequent alterations included the replacement, during the 15th century, of the wooden bridge over the outer ditch by a stone causeway. The originally embattled curtain wall enclosing the inner bailey was built within the ditch and inner berm around 1250. This survives almost to its full original height and is faced with coursed Greensand ashlar. Three semicircular external towers provided flanking cover from the narrow embrasures which pierce their walls. Each has a narrow staircase to a basement, a branch staircase off it into the ditch and a room and garderobe, or latrine, at ground floor level. Upper rooms were entered by way of the wall walk and were heated by fireplaces. The basement of the northernmost tower has two rib-vaulted bays, the keeled ribs resting on stiff-leaf corbels. The interior castle buildings continued to be built mainly of wood and these will survive in buried form, although the stone foundations of a chapel were exposed during partial excavation of the northern sector of the inner bailey. Around 20m south east of the chapel is a large stone-lined well at least 15.5m deep, and near this is a pile of medieval stone missile-balls, a selection of those recovered from the ditch. These were thrown from trebuchets during the four sieges of the castle. William, Count of Mortain forfeited Pevensey after an unsuccessful rebellion against Henry I in 1101 and the castle, which remained in the royal gift until the later Middle Ages, passed into the hands of the de Aquila family. The most famous siege took place in 1264-65 when the supporters of Henry III, fleeing from their defeat by the Barons at Lewes, took refuge in the castle. In 1372 the castle was given to John of Gaunt, and during his period of office was used to imprison James I, King of Scotland, who had been seized in 1406, and Joan, Queen of Navarre, accused of witchcraft by her stepson, Henry V. By 1300, the sea had gradually begun to recede from around the castle and its military importance declined as a result. Contemporary records show that the castle walls were constantly in need of expensive repair and by the end of the 14th century were not being properly maintained, although the roof leads were kept intact until the middle of the 15th century. By 1500 the castle had ceased to be inhabited and fell rapidly into decay. The threat of the Spanish Armada led to some renewed interest in the defensive value of the site, and a survey of 1587 records that the castle housed two demi-culverins, or heavy guns. These were sited on the contemporary, south east orientated, M-shaped earthen gun emplacement situated in the outer bailey around 90m north east of the main Roman gateway. This takes the form of a raised level platform c.20m long bounded on the seaward side by a slight bank c.0.4m high and around 3m wide. One of the cast iron guns, manufactured in the East Sussex Weald, is now housed within the inner bailey on a modern replica carriage. From the 17th century the castle passed through the hands of various private owners. Valued as a picturesque ruin during the 18th and 19th centuries, it features in many contemporary engravings and illustrations. In 1925 the Duke of Devonshire presented the monument to the state, and extensive repairs began with a view to opening the monument to the public. These were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, when the castle resumed its original military purpose of protecting the south coast. The castle was refortified in May 1940 as an observation and command post. It was continuously occupied by regular troops, including Canadian forces and the United States Army Air Corps, who used it as a radio direction centre, and by the Home Guard until 1944. The World War II defences include two pillboxes and three machine gun posts of concrete faced with rubble and flints, carefully concealed and camouflaged within the earlier Roman and medieval fabric. An internal tower was built just to the south of the Roman east gateway and a blockhouse housing anti-tank weapons was built in front of the main Roman gateway. The blockhouse no longer survives. Modifications carried out to the medieval mural towers included lining the interiors with brick and inserting wooden floors. In 1945 the monument was returned to peaceful use and is now in the guardianship of the Secretary of State and open to the public.
[Historic England]