Staff Sgt. Levi Prewitt of Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division pounds pickets to secure a target while Capt. Colby Burkhart, commander of Co. A, 3-8 CAV, hold it in place prior to a combined, joint live-fire accuracy screening test range May 10 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan during Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

Dutch soldiers dismount from an armored personnel carrier during exercise Allied Spirit I at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, Jan. 20, 2015. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,000 participants from Canada, Hungary, Netherlands, U.K. and the U.S. Allied Spirit is exercising tactical interoperability and testing secure communications among alliance members. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/released)

160607-N-PF515-001 BERGA, Sweden (June 7, 2016) Sailors attached to Explosive Ordnance Disposal Group Two and Commander, Task Group 68’s Expeditionary Mine Countermeasures Company, review bottom imagery from an unmanned underwater vehicle searching for explosive ordnance and mine-shaped objects during BALTOPS 2016, June 7. BALTOPS is an annual recurring multinational exercise designed to improve interoperability, enhance flexibility, and demonstrate the resolve of allied and partner nations to defend the Baltic region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class America A. Henry/Released)

Pfc. Ty Zazueta (rear left,) a combat medic and Sgt. Xavier Bermudes (rear right,) a tank gunner, both assigned to Weapons Troop, 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, watch as a member of the Slovak Republic Armed Forces replaces fuel in their unit's vehicle as they continue to conduct preventive maintenance, checks and services after arriving in the Slovak Republic during Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 15, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

NEWPORT, RI – The U.S. Naval War College (NWC) holds a pinning ceremony for international students June 11, 2023 hosted at Salve Regina University’s Ochre Court. The ceremony, presided over by NWC President Rear Admiral Shoshana Chatfield, saw more than one hundred students from seventy-three countries recognized for their achievements while assigned to NWC. The students were part of the various international programs of study offered by NWC including: Naval Command College (NCC), Naval Staff College (NSC), or the Maritime Security and Governance Staff Course (MSGSC). Established in 1884, NWC informs today’s decision-makers and educates tomorrow’s leaders by providing educational experiences and learning opportunities that develop their ability to anticipate and prepare strategically for the future, strengthen the foundations of peace, and create a decisive warfighting advantage. (U.S. Navy photo by Brett Dodge/Released)

ITU session on ICTs and Conformance & Interoperability (C&I)

©ITU/E.Skvortsova

Visitors from various nations attend an introductory briefing during the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/releasesd)

Staff Sgt. Levi Prewitt of Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division uses a sledgehammer to pound a picket to secure a target in place prior to a combined, joint live-fire accuracy screening test range May 10 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan during Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

PACIFIC OCEAN (Aug. 14, 2021) Aviation Support Equipment Technician 2nd Class Antonia Cubio, from Fort Meyers, Florida, assigned to forward-deployed amphibious assault ship USS America (LHA 6), inspects the oil filter of a forklift in the ship’s vehicle storage area. America, flagship of the America Expeditionary Strike Group, along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Thomas B. Contant)

Troopers assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, begin to stage their vehicles and equipment as the prepare to conduct preventive maintenance, checks and services before driving the second leg of the Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 14, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Visitors from various nations observe a training exercise during the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/releasesd)

1st Lt. Jacob Barrett, a scout platoon leader assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, briefs the reconnaissance portion of an operation order during the unit's rehearsal of concept drill, held in preparation of the unit's support for Operation Atlantic Resolve in Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romania, Mar. 23, 2015. The purpose of the Operation Atlantic Resolve is to conduct multinational training as well as improving allied interoperability between U.S. and NATO forces. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Stryker Combat Vehicles (top three,) belonging to 2nd Squadron 2nd Cavalry Regiment, conduct tactical maneuvers and operations in conjunction with Romanian TR-85 Main Battle Tanks (bottom three,) while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Two Troopers (left and right,) assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, talk with a British soldier (middle,) belonging to the ColdstreamGuard, as both units along with Romanian Land Forces, prepare for a multinational combined arms demonstration during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Attendees at the 2017 Pacific Air Chiefs Symposium pose for a group photo in the Courtyard of Heroes at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, Sept. 26, 2017. Pacific Air Forces senior leaders kicked off the event, marking the largest number of air chiefs gathering from across the Indo-Asia-Pacific for dialogue. The symposium is intended to increase cooperation with our allies and partners. (U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Kamaile Casillas)

Stephen Perkins, ITF Head of Research taking part in conversation with Gordon Wilmsmeier, Economic Affairs Officer from ECLAC, at the Presidency Reception hosted by the French Minister, taking place during the 2014 Summit on "Transport for a Changing World" of the International Transport Forum in Leipzig, Germany, on May 21.

A Marine assigned to 3rd Battalion, 6th Marines runs toward an objective at a squad live-fire May 11 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan as part of Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

A Polish Wolvarine Armoured Personnel Carrier deploys on to the battlefield during a live fire exercise on Exercise Steadfast Jazz at the Drawsko Pomorskie Training Area, Poland, on Nov. 6, 2013.

Exercise Steadfast Jazz 2013 is taking place from 1-9 November in a number of Alliance nations including the Baltic States and Poland. The purpose of the exercise is to train and test the NATO Response Force, a highly ready and technologically advanced multinational force made up of land, air, maritime and special forces components that the Alliance can deploy quickly wherever needed. The Steadfast series of exercises are part of NATO’s efforts to maintain connected and interoperable forces at a high-level of readiness.

(NATO photo/SSgt Ian Houlding GBR Army)

U.S. Army Maj. Gen. William Gayler (center), deputy commanding general, U.S. Army Europe, answers questions during a press conference for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,400 participants from seven NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/released)

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; and Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander, welcome Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) participants to South Korea, Mar. 17, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander; and Gen. Lee Sun-jin, Gen. Lee, Sun-Jin, Chairman of the Republic of Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff, attended the Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) welcome dinner in Seongnam, South Korea, Apr. 1, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

ITCs started as interoperability offices. In Germany, this meant building collaboration agreements to support development of a main battle tank. The MBT70 is the common ancestor of the M1 Abrams and the Leopard tanks, which have common components, such as the L44/M256 120 mm smoothbore cannon. (Images courtesy of the author)

Philippine Army M113 Armored Personnel Carriers prepare to participate in a dry-fire rehearsal for the upcoming combined arms live-fire exercise at Colonel Ernesto Rabina Air Base, Tarlac, Philippines, May 12, 2018, as part of Exercise Balikatan. The CALFEX is designed to demonstrate cooperation and interoperability between Philippine and U.S. forces as the two militaries continue their commitment to train and share information to improve their ability to coordinate a multilateral response to crisis. Exercise Balikatan, in its 34th iteration, is an annual U.S.-Philippine military training exercise focused on a variety of missions, including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, counterterrorism, and other combined military operations held from May 7 to May 18. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. David Beckstrom)

Soldiers from Company E, 2d Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces Regiment, Mississippi Army National Guard, prepare for sling load operations with a CH-47 Chinook helicopter assigned to Company B, 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment, Mississippi Army National Guard, during Southern Strike 2023 at Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center, April 20, 2023. Southern Strike 2023 promotes interoperability between special forces, conventional ground forces, and air assets in order to ensure the U.S. military stays relevant and ready to respond to a peer-to-peer, large-scale combat operation. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Taylor Cleveland)

ROCKHAMPTON, Queensland (July 13, 2011) U.S. Marines with Weapons Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, III Marine Expeditionary Force, based in Okinawa, Japan, conduct a weapons drill with Australian Defence Force Craftsman Carl Norling, left, and Pvts. James Newton, middle, and Peter Noble, right, all with 6th Aviation Regiment, on Camp Rocky in Rockhampton during Talisman Saber 2011. TS11 is a biennial combined training activity, designed to train Australian and U.S. forces in planning and conducting Combined Task Force operations to improve Australian Defense Force/U.S. combat readiness and interoperability. It reflects the closeness of the alliance and the strength and flexibility of the ongoing military-military relationship. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Jerome Reed/Released)

Members of Delta Company, 2nd Battalion, 156th Infantry Regiment, 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), Louisiana Army National Guard, play the role of an opposing force during Exercise Allied Spirit at 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 28, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,400 participants from seven NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Capt. Michael Green/Not Reviewed)

Slovenian soldiers of 3rd Company, 10th Regiment react to contact during a situational training exercise lane at Exercise Allied Spirit IV at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 25, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,400 participants from seven NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/released)

Pfc. Mikel Chamen, an infantryman from San Diego, California, assigned to Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, engages a target with an M___ Javelin at a company-level combined arms live-fire exercise May 14 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan as part of Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

A British soldier belonging to the Coldstream Guard, checks his fellow soldier's security position as Romanian TR-85 Main Battle Tanks conduct tactical operations and maneuvers, while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration alongside Troopers assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

170805-N-KB401-569 ATLANTIC OCEAN (Aug. 5, 2017) Two MH-60R Sea Hawks, attached to the "Spartans" of Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron (HSM) 70, approach the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush (CVN 77) as it sails through the Atlantic Ocean during exercise Saxon Warrior 2017, Aug. 5. Saxon Warrior is a United States and United Kingdom co-hosted carrier strike group exercise that demonstrates interoperability and capability to respond to crises and deter potential threats. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Michael B. Zingaro/Released)

McEntire Joint National Guard Base, home of the South Carolina Air National Guard’s 169th Fighter Wing, co-hosts nighttime arming and refueling training during Exercise Agile Lion, Jan. 14, 2020. Multi-functional Airmen and F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets from the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., execute integrated combat turns during the exercise. This training simulates mobile command and control which enables joint interoperability. A C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft from the 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Ark., assists in the prepositioning of support personnel, equipment and fuel needed to support the fleet of F-15s participating in the exercise. (U.S. Air Force photo by Capt. Stephen Hudson, 169th Fighter Wing Public Affairs)

Troopers from the 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment and German National Guard Soldiers from the Regional Security and Support Company, Saxony conduct interoperability training on Range 11 in Oberlausitz, Germany June 2, 2016. This training was conducted during 2nd Cavalry Regiments "Dragoon Ride 2016" which focuses on acknowledging and strengthening the relationship between the United States and its NATO allies.(Photos by U.S. Army Spc. Sarah-Jane Guest)

U.S. Marines with Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 265 (Rein), 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, fire 20 millimeter rounds at a ground target while participating in a close air support mission during exercise Ssang Yong 2014 on April 1, 2014. Exercise Ssang Yong is conducted annually in the Republic of Korea (ROK) to enhance the interoperability of U.S. and ROK forces by performing a full spectrum of amphibious operations while showcasing sea-based power projection in the Pacific. (U.S. Marine Corps Photo by Lance Cpl. Katelyn Hunter/Released).

An engineer noncommissioned officer from 10th Special Forces Group prepares a shape charge during Battle Group Poland’s live demolition training during Saber Strike 17 near Bemowo Piskie Training Area June 6. Saber Strike 17 is a U.S. Army Europe-led multinational combined forces exercise conducted annually to enhance the NATO alliance throughout the Baltic region and Poland. This year’s exercise includes integrated and synchronized deterrence-oriented training designed to improve interoperability and readiness of the 20 participating nations’ militaries. (U.S. Army Spc. Kevin Wang/Released)

Maj. Shaun Conlin (right), an operations officer assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry, speak to a British Soldier (left) belonging to the Coldstream Guard, during preparation for a multinational combined arms demonstration during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Christopher G. Cavoli (standing), commander of the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command (JMTC), gives an introductory briefing during the JMTC’s Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/releasesd)

Local Czech Republic residents wave as they cheer on Troopers assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, while watching them participate in Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 13, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Maintainers with Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadron (VMFA) 224 prepare F/A-18D Hornets to take off at Chitose Air Base in Hokkaido, Japan, Jan. 14, 2016. VMFA (AW)-224, homebased at MCAS Beaufort, S.C., is temporarily based in Iwakuni on a unit deployment program and deployed to Northern Japan to participate in the Chitose Aviation Training Relocation Exercise Jan. 12-22. During the exercise, the squadron conducted dissimilar air combat training with and against the Japan Air Self-Defense Force to further support combined interoperability and Pacific theater security cooperation. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Jessica

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; and Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander, welcome Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) participants to South Korea, Mar. 17, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander; and Gen. Lee Sun-jin, Gen. Lee, Sun-Jin, Chairman of the Republic of Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff, attended the Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) welcome dinner in Seongnam, South Korea, Apr. 1, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

Troopers assigned to Nemesis Troop, Field Artillery Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, whom directly supports 4th Squadron, operate their M1126 Stryker Combat Vehicles during Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 13, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

McEntire Joint National Guard Base, home of the South Carolina Air National Guard’s 169th Fighter Wing, co-hosts nighttime arming and refueling training during Exercise Agile Lion, Jan. 14, 2020. Multi-functional Airmen and F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets from the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., execute integrated combat turns during the exercise. This training simulates mobile command and control which enables joint interoperability. A C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft from the 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Ark., assists in the prepositioning of support personnel, equipment and fuel needed to support the fleet of F-15s participating in the exercise. (U.S. Air Force photo by Capt. Stephen Hudson, 169th Fighter Wing Public Affairs)

Capt. Colby Burkhart, commander of Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, wedges a plywood board in between two pickets to serve as a target prior to the start of a combined, joint live-fire accuracy screening test range May 10 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan as part of Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

Netherlands Ministry of Infrastructure Director-General for Mobility and Transport Lidewijde Ongering (right) at the Presidency Reception hosted by the Norwegian Minister at New Town Hall, Leipzig, during the International Transport Forum’s 2013 Summit on “Funding Transport” in Leipzig, Germany on 22 May 2013

160611-N-YM856-073 UTO, Sweden (June 11, 2016) A Swedish Marine with 1st Marine Regiment performs reconnaissance during the tactical exercise phase of BALTOPS 2016. BALTOPS is an annual recurring multinational exercise designed to improve interoperability, enhance flexibility, and demonstrate the resolve of allied and partner nations to defend the Baltic region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Brittney Cannady/Released)

A British soldier belonging to the Coldstream Guard, checks his fellow soldiers positions as they conduct security operations while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration alongside Troopers assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment and Romanian Land Forces during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Staff Sergeant Shelby Slaughter stays focused as she maneuvers the boom into position on a KC-135 Stratotanker over the Arctic Circle, June 7th, 2023. The 101st ARW is taking part in Arctic Challenge Exercise 2023, a live fly exercise that serves to advance arctic security initiatives and enhance interoperability in the increasingly dynamic and contested region. (Photo by Master Sgt. Andrew Sinclair)

Pfc. Ty Zazueta (left,) a combat medic assigned to Weapons Troop, 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, shakes hands with a member of the Slovak Republic Armed Forces and thanks him after having fuel replaced in his unit's vehicle as the unit continues to conduct preventive maintenance, checks and services after arriving in the Slovak Republic during Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 15, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Visitors from various nations attend an introductory briefing during the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/releasesd)