Capt. Michael Farinelli, Fox Troop commander assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, walks along a makeshift route while briefing his troop's movement during the unit's rehearsal of concept drill, held in preparation of the unit's support for Operation Atlantic Resolve in Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romania, Mar. 23, 2015. The purpose of the Operation Atlantic Resolve is to conduct multinational training as well as improving allied interoperability between U.S. and NATO forces. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Visitors from various nations visit the 4th Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade’s technical operations center during the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/releasesd)

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; and Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander, welcome Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) participants to South Korea, Mar. 17, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander; and Gen. Lee Sun-jin, Gen. Lee, Sun-Jin, Chairman of the Republic of Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff, attended the Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) welcome dinner in Seongnam, South Korea, Apr. 1, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

ITCs started as interoperability offices. In Germany, this meant building collaboration agreements to support development of a main battle tank. The MBT70 is the common ancestor of the M1 Abrams and the Leopard tanks, which have common components, such as the L44/M256 120 mm smoothbore cannon. (Images courtesy of the author)

Philippine Army M113 Armored Personnel Carriers prepare to participate in a dry-fire rehearsal for the upcoming combined arms live-fire exercise at Colonel Ernesto Rabina Air Base, Tarlac, Philippines, May 12, 2018, as part of Exercise Balikatan. The CALFEX is designed to demonstrate cooperation and interoperability between Philippine and U.S. forces as the two militaries continue their commitment to train and share information to improve their ability to coordinate a multilateral response to crisis. Exercise Balikatan, in its 34th iteration, is an annual U.S.-Philippine military training exercise focused on a variety of missions, including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, counterterrorism, and other combined military operations held from May 7 to May 18. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. David Beckstrom)

Soldiers from Company E, 2d Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces Regiment, Mississippi Army National Guard, prepare for sling load operations with a CH-47 Chinook helicopter assigned to Company B, 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment, Mississippi Army National Guard, during Southern Strike 2023 at Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center, April 20, 2023. Southern Strike 2023 promotes interoperability between special forces, conventional ground forces, and air assets in order to ensure the U.S. military stays relevant and ready to respond to a peer-to-peer, large-scale combat operation. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Taylor Cleveland)

ROCKHAMPTON, Queensland (July 13, 2011) U.S. Marines with Weapons Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, III Marine Expeditionary Force, based in Okinawa, Japan, conduct a weapons drill with Australian Defence Force Craftsman Carl Norling, left, and Pvts. James Newton, middle, and Peter Noble, right, all with 6th Aviation Regiment, on Camp Rocky in Rockhampton during Talisman Saber 2011. TS11 is a biennial combined training activity, designed to train Australian and U.S. forces in planning and conducting Combined Task Force operations to improve Australian Defense Force/U.S. combat readiness and interoperability. It reflects the closeness of the alliance and the strength and flexibility of the ongoing military-military relationship. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Jerome Reed/Released)

Members of Delta Company, 2nd Battalion, 156th Infantry Regiment, 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), Louisiana Army National Guard, play the role of an opposing force during Exercise Allied Spirit at 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 28, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,400 participants from seven NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Capt. Michael Green/Not Reviewed)

McEntire Joint National Guard Base, home of the South Carolina Air National Guard’s 169th Fighter Wing, co-hosts nighttime arming and refueling training during Exercise Agile Lion, Jan. 14, 2020. Multi-functional Airmen and F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets from the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., execute integrated combat turns during the exercise. This training simulates mobile command and control which enables joint interoperability. A C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft from the 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Ark., assists in the prepositioning of support personnel, equipment and fuel needed to support the fleet of F-15s participating in the exercise. (U.S. Air Force photo by Capt. Stephen Hudson, 169th Fighter Wing Public Affairs)

ITU HQ, Geneva, Switzerland, 2 August 2019

© ITU/E.Skvortsova

Slovenian soldiers of 3rd Company, 10th Regiment react to contact during a situational training exercise lane at Exercise Allied Spirit IV at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 25, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,400 participants from seven NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/released)

A British soldier belonging to the Coldstream Guard, checks his fellow soldier's security position as Romanian TR-85 Main Battle Tanks conduct tactical operations and maneuvers, while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration alongside Troopers assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

McEntire Joint National Guard Base, home of the South Carolina Air National Guard’s 169th Fighter Wing, co-hosts nighttime arming and refueling training during Exercise Agile Lion, Jan. 14, 2020. Multi-functional Airmen and F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets from the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., execute integrated combat turns during the exercise. This training simulates mobile command and control which enables joint interoperability. A C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft from the 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Ark., assists in the prepositioning of support personnel, equipment and fuel needed to support the fleet of F-15s participating in the exercise. (U.S. Air Force photo by Capt. Stephen Hudson, 169th Fighter Wing Public Affairs)

Troopers from the 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment and German National Guard Soldiers from the Regional Security and Support Company, Saxony conduct interoperability training on Range 11 in Oberlausitz, Germany June 2, 2016. This training was conducted during 2nd Cavalry Regiments "Dragoon Ride 2016" which focuses on acknowledging and strengthening the relationship between the United States and its NATO allies.(Photos by U.S. Army Spc. Sarah-Jane Guest)

U.S. Marines with Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 265 (Rein), 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, fire 20 millimeter rounds at a ground target while participating in a close air support mission during exercise Ssang Yong 2014 on April 1, 2014. Exercise Ssang Yong is conducted annually in the Republic of Korea (ROK) to enhance the interoperability of U.S. and ROK forces by performing a full spectrum of amphibious operations while showcasing sea-based power projection in the Pacific. (U.S. Marine Corps Photo by Lance Cpl. Katelyn Hunter/Released).

A-10C Thunderbolt II’s assigned to the 104th Fighter Squadron sit on the flightline after a training mission preparing for the start of Saber Strike at Amari Air Base, Estonia on June 2, 2013. The Maryland Air National Guard pilots will provide training and mentoring to the Estonian Air Force with their close air support aircraft. Saber Strike 2013 is a multinational exercise involving approximately 2,000 personnel from 14 countries and is designed to improve NATO interoperability and strengthen the relationships between military forces of the U.S., Estonia and other participating nations (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Capt. Joseph Winter)

An engineer noncommissioned officer from 10th Special Forces Group prepares a shape charge during Battle Group Poland’s live demolition training during Saber Strike 17 near Bemowo Piskie Training Area June 6. Saber Strike 17 is a U.S. Army Europe-led multinational combined forces exercise conducted annually to enhance the NATO alliance throughout the Baltic region and Poland. This year’s exercise includes integrated and synchronized deterrence-oriented training designed to improve interoperability and readiness of the 20 participating nations’ militaries. (U.S. Army Spc. Kevin Wang/Released)

Maj. Shaun Conlin (right), an operations officer assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry, speak to a British Soldier (left) belonging to the Coldstream Guard, during preparation for a multinational combined arms demonstration during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Christopher G. Cavoli (standing), commander of the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command (JMTC), gives an introductory briefing during the JMTC’s Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/releasesd)

Spc. Brittany Fetterman, assigned to the Tennessee National Guard's 269th Military Police Company, participates in a field training event, June 19, 2018, as part of Exercise Platinum Wolf. About 50 members of the unit participated in the two-week multinational peacekeeping exercise that brought 10 nations together to enhance military cooperation and interoperability at Serbia’s South Base and Borovac Training Area, June 11-22. (Ohio National Guard photo by Senior Master Sgt. Beth Holliker)

Local Czech Republic residents wave as they cheer on Troopers assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, while watching them participate in Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 13, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Soldiers of the Hungarian Defense Forces stood watch as Troopers assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, conducted a deliberate water crossing in their M1126 Stryker Combat Vehicles using a bypass bridging site during Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 17, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

McEntire Joint National Guard Base, home of the South Carolina Air National Guard’s 169th Fighter Wing, co-hosts nighttime arming and refueling training during Exercise Agile Lion, Jan. 14, 2020. Multi-functional Airmen and F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets from the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., execute integrated combat turns during the exercise. This training simulates mobile command and control which enables joint interoperability. A C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft from the 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Ark., assists in the prepositioning of support personnel, equipment and fuel needed to support the fleet of F-15s participating in the exercise. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Master Sgt. Edward Snyder, 169th Fighter Wing Public Affairs)

Maintainers with Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadron (VMFA) 224 prepare F/A-18D Hornets to take off at Chitose Air Base in Hokkaido, Japan, Jan. 14, 2016. VMFA (AW)-224, homebased at MCAS Beaufort, S.C., is temporarily based in Iwakuni on a unit deployment program and deployed to Northern Japan to participate in the Chitose Aviation Training Relocation Exercise Jan. 12-22. During the exercise, the squadron conducted dissimilar air combat training with and against the Japan Air Self-Defense Force to further support combined interoperability and Pacific theater security cooperation. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Jessica

Soldiers from Kuwait's 55th Battalion, 26th Brigade maneuver through the military operations in urban terrain training site clearing buildings and establishing security as part of Operation Desert Wall at Camp Buehring, Kuwait, Oct. 5. Operation Desert Wall was a partnership operation designed to enable interoperability between the Ghost Battalion and the Wall Brigade, inspire confidence in each other's capabilities, and posture both elements for combined operations in support of Operation Spartan Shield while supporting the units' training objectives. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick)

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; and Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander, welcome Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) participants to South Korea, Mar. 17, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander; and Gen. Lee Sun-jin, Gen. Lee, Sun-Jin, Chairman of the Republic of Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff, attended the Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) welcome dinner in Seongnam, South Korea, Apr. 1, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

Leaders assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, brief Troopers before preparing their M1126 Stryker Combat Vehicles to participate in Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 13, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Troopers assigned to Nemesis Troop, Field Artillery Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, whom directly supports 4th Squadron, operate their M1126 Stryker Combat Vehicles during Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 13, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

McEntire Joint National Guard Base, home of the South Carolina Air National Guard’s 169th Fighter Wing, co-hosts nighttime arming and refueling training during Exercise Agile Lion, Jan. 14, 2020. Multi-functional Airmen and F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets from the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., execute integrated combat turns during the exercise. This training simulates mobile command and control which enables joint interoperability. A C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft from the 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Ark., assists in the prepositioning of support personnel, equipment and fuel needed to support the fleet of F-15s participating in the exercise. (U.S. Air Force photo by Capt. Stephen Hudson, 169th Fighter Wing Public Affairs)

Capt. Colby Burkhart, commander of Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, wedges a plywood board in between two pickets to serve as a target prior to the start of a combined, joint live-fire accuracy screening test range May 10 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan as part of Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

Soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment "Ghost" and Kuwait's 55th Battalion, 26th Brigade "The Wall Brigade" practice mounting and dismounting a UH-60 Blackhawk at Camp Buehring, Kuwait, Oct. 4, as part of Operation Desert Wall. Operation Desert Wall was a partnership operation designed to enable interoperability between the Ghost Battalion and the Wall Brigade, inspire confidence in each other's capabilities, and posture both elements for combined operations in support of Operation Spartan Shield while supporting the units' training objectives. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick)

170807-N-KB401-080 THE MINCH, Scotland (Aug. 7, 2017) The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush (CVN 77), the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS Philippine Sea (CG 58), the Royal Navy Duke-class frigate HMS Westminster (F237), and the Royal Norwegian Navy frigate Helge Ingstad (F313) transit the Minch, Scotland, during exercise Saxon Warrior 2017, Aug. 7. Saxon Warrior is a United States and United Kingdom co-hosted carrier strike group exercise that demonstrates interoperability and capability to respond to crises and deter potential threats. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Michael B. Zingaro/Released)

Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

A British soldier belonging to the Coldstream Guard, checks his fellow soldiers positions as they conduct security operations while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration alongside Troopers assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment and Romanian Land Forces during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Staff Sergeant Shelby Slaughter stays focused as she maneuvers the boom into position on a KC-135 Stratotanker over the Arctic Circle, June 7th, 2023. The 101st ARW is taking part in Arctic Challenge Exercise 2023, a live fly exercise that serves to advance arctic security initiatives and enhance interoperability in the increasingly dynamic and contested region. (Photo by Master Sgt. Andrew Sinclair)

Pfc. Ty Zazueta (left,) a combat medic assigned to Weapons Troop, 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, shakes hands with a member of the Slovak Republic Armed Forces and thanks him after having fuel replaced in his unit's vehicle as the unit continues to conduct preventive maintenance, checks and services after arriving in the Slovak Republic during Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 15, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

A conventional bomb explodes after being dropped onto its target by a Romanian Mig 21 during the aerial maneuver portion of the Distinguished Visitors Day demonstration at Cincu Training Area, Romania, May 26, 2015. This event featured several different demonstrations of the multinational interoperability training taking place at the CTA between 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, the British Coldstream Guard, the Royal Canadian Regiment, Romanian Land Forces and the Portuguese Air Force, all in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Visitors from various nations attend an introductory briefing during the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/releasesd)

After walking about 3 kilometers through forests, Paratroopers of Company A, 1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade, made their way from the air assault infiltration location and tactically moved on foot through thick vegetation. Their objective was to conduct a deliberate attack on the military operations on an urban terrain site known as Haaslat Village at Hohenfels Training Area Aug. 28. Exercise Saber Junction 2014 includes participants from the U.S., NATO allies and European security partners, conducting unified land operations at the 7th Army's Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area. The exercise trains units in the simultaneous combination of offensive, defensive and stability operations while improving international interoperability, commitment to NATO and allied nations and strategic access to critical areas within the European Command's area of responsibility. More information about Saber Junction 2014 can be found at www.eur.army.mil/SaberJunction/ (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Christina M. Dion/Released)

Opposing force (from left to right) Soldiers Pvt. Anthony Rodriguez of Rancho Cucamonga, Calif., Spc. Brandon Koch of Sandusky, Ohio, and Spc. Trenton Harris of Dallas, Texas, move toward a mock village while Bulgarian forces advanced. As part of Exercise Saber Junction 14, Bulgarian soldiers attacked and cleared a village against opposing forces of 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment Soldiers Aug. 30 at Hohenfels Training Area. Exercise Saber Junction 2014 includes participants from the U.S., NATO allies and European security partners, conducting unified land operations at the 7th Army's Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area. The exercise trains units in the simultaneous combination of offensive, defensive and stability operations while improving international interoperability, commitment to NATO and allied nations and strategic access to critical areas within the European Command's area of responsibility. More information about Saber Junction 2014 can be found at www.eur.army.mil/SaberJunction/ (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Christina Dion/Released)

Visitors from various nations visit the 4th Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade’s technical operations center during the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/releasesd)

U.S. Army Soldiers of 4th Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade’s tactical operations center, give a brief to visitors from various nations attending the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Nathanael Mercado/ Released)

A pair of Romanian IAR-330 Puma Helicopters conduct combat hover manevers after participating in a dual helicopter attack during the aerial maneuver portion of the Distinguished Visitors Day demonstration at Cincu Training Area, Romania, May 26, 2015. This event featured several different demonstrations of the multinational interoperability training taking place at the CTA between 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, the British Coldstream Guard, the Royal Canadian Regiment, Romanian Land Forces and the Portuguese Air Force, all in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Spc. Cody Hutchcraft, a tracked vehicle mechanic assigned to 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division; changes a battery terminal in a Humvee during Exercise Eager Lion in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan May 8. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

170805-N-KB401-276 ATLANTIC OCEAN (Aug. 5, 2017) The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush (CVN 77) sails through the Atlantic Ocean during exercise Saxon Warrior 2017, Aug. 5. Saxon Warrior is a United States and United Kingdom co- hosted carrier strike group exercise that demonstrates interoperability and capability to respond to crises and deter potential threats. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Michael B. Zingaro/Released)

McEntire Joint National Guard Base, home of the South Carolina Air National Guard’s 169th Fighter Wing, co-hosts nighttime arming and refueling training during Exercise Agile Lion, Jan. 14, 2020. Multi-functional Airmen and F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets from the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., execute integrated combat turns during the exercise. This training simulates mobile command and control which enables joint interoperability. A C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft from the 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Ark., assists in the prepositioning of support personnel, equipment and fuel needed to support the fleet of F-15s participating in the exercise. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Master Sgt. Edward Snyder, 169th Fighter Wing Public Affairs)

Soldiers from Company E, 2d Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces Regiment, Mississippi Army National Guard, prepare for sling load operations with a CH-47 Chinook helicopter assigned to Company B, 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment, Mississippi Army National Guard, during Southern Strike 2023 at Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center, April 20, 2023. Southern Strike 2023 promotes interoperability between special forces, conventional ground forces, and air assets in order to ensure the U.S. military stays relevant and ready to respond to a peer-to-peer, large-scale combat operation. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Taylor Cleveland)

MUANG KOM, Kingdom of Thailand – A Marine with Company A, 1st Battalion, 4th Marine Regiment, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, launches an AT-4 as Marines lay down fire support during the bilateral combined arms live fire exercise Feb. 15 during Exercise Cobra Gold 2012. The training provided the opportunity for the Royal Thai and U.S. to implement techniques and procedures learned throughout the week including maneuvering under fire and conducting small arms, artillery and machine gun fire. Cobra Gold is an annual Royal Thai and U.S. co-hosted multinational exercise designed to advance security throughout the Asia-Pacific region and increase interoperability with participating nations. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Matheus J. Hernandez/Released)

McEntire Joint National Guard Base, home of the South Carolina Air National Guard’s 169th Fighter Wing, co-hosts nighttime arming and refueling training during Exercise Agile Lion, Jan. 14, 2020. Multi-functional Airmen and F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets from the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., execute integrated combat turns during the exercise. This training simulates mobile command and control which enables joint interoperability. A C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft from the 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Ark., assists in the prepositioning of support personnel, equipment and fuel needed to support the fleet of F-15s participating in the exercise. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Master Sgt. Edward Snyder, 169th Fighter Wing Public Affairs)

A Romanian IAR-99 Hawk drops a conventional bomb while conducting targeting attack maneuvers during the aerial display portion of the Distinguished Visitors Day demonstration at Cincu Training Area, Romania, May 26, 2015. This event featured several different demonstrations of the multinational interoperability training taking place at the CTA between 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, the British Coldstream Guard, the Royal Canadian Regiment, Romanian Land Forces and the Portuguese Air Force, all in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)