NEW RIVER, N.C. (July 9, 2019) A U.S. Marine Corps MV-22B and a Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) V-22 Osprey conduct aerial maneuvers at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina, July 9, 2019. Marines assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Training Squadron 204 and JGSDF soldiers conducted a confined area landing exercise as part of their integrated training, strengthening relations and interoperability between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Elias E. Pimentel III/Released)

Lt. Col. Theodore A. Johnson (right,) squadron commander assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment along with a leader belonging to the British Coldstream Guard (left,) salute as the Romanian Minister of Defense, Mircea Dusa (middle,) disembarks his flight on a Romanian IAR-330 Puma helicopter and arrives at a multinational combined arms demonstration during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Salitre 2014 is a Chilean-led exercise where a coalition of U.S., Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay air forces focus on increasing interoperability between these allied nations.

Slovenian soldiers of 3rd Company, 10th Regiment conduct a movement to contact lane during Exercise Allied Spirit IV at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 21, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,200 participants from six NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Markus Rauchenberger/released)

Slovenian soldiers of 3rd Company, 10th Regiment dismount their Valuk Light Armored Vehicle during a movement to contact lane at Exercise Allied Spirit IV at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 21, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,200 participants from six NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Markus Rauchenberger/released)

MANILA, Philippines (July 29, 2021) U.S. Navy Lt. Joshua Ruiz gives a lecture to Philippine Navy sailors during a Pacific Partnership 21 medical discussion. Pacific Partnership, now in its 16th iteration, brings nations together to prepare during calm periods to effectively respond in times of crisis. Each year, the mission team works collectively with host and partner nations to enhance regional interoperability and disaster response capabilities, increase security and stability in the region, and foster new and enduring friendships in the Indo-Pacific. (U.S. Navy Photo by Chief Mass Communication Specialist Joseph R. Vincent/Released)

Brig. Gen. Zoma Kongo, Director of Operations, Tanzania People's Defence Force (center), operates a controlling system of Training Support Activity Europe's Deployable Range Package, observed by Maj. Gen. Darryl A. Williams, Commanding General, U.S. Army Africa (USARAF) (right) and Maj. Gen. Salim Mustafa Kijuu, Commander of Land Forces, Tanzania People's Defence Force (left), during a visit at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, July 9, 2015 as part of a Command Sponsored Visit coordinated by USARAF on behalf of the U.S. Army. Command Sponsored Visits bring together senior land force commanders from nations around the world to discuss mutual security concerns and to increase interoperability. USARAF hosted the annual Gender Mainstreaming Seminar in Tanzania in May of this year and will conduct the African Land Forces Summit and the Eastern Accord 16 exercise in Tanzania next year. These visits help build partnerships over time and across echelons, the key concept behind USARAF's African Horizons strategy.

(U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Markus Rauchenberger/released)

A UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter assigned to 4-3 Assault Helicopter Battalion, prepares to land and deploy British soldiers belonging to the Coldstream Guard, before assaulting their objective while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration alongside Troopers assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment and Romanian Land Forces during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Soldiers assigned to the Hungarian Defense Forces conduct an aquatic assault during Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march conducted by Troopers assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Squadron Cavalry, starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 17, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Sgt. Tyler J. Fox spots targets down range in preparation of an unknown distance qualification range August 18 at Bradshaw Field Training Area, Northern Territory, Australia, during Exercise Koolendong 14. The range focused on increasing the scout sniper's long range precision firing capabilities. The Marines challenged themselves with the M40 A5, M110 SASS and the M107 SASR. The Marines are with Scout Sniper Platoon, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment and are currently deployed in part of the Marine Rotational Force Darwin. The rotational deployment of U.S. Marines affords an unprecedented combined training opportunity with our Australian allies, and improves interoperability with our forces. Fox, a Winamac, Indiana native, is a scout sniper and chief scout for the platoon. (Marine Corps Photo by Lance Cpl. Joey S. Holeman, Jr./ Released)

U.S. Army Paratroopers assigned to Special Operations Command Europe, prepare to board a U.S. Air Force C-130 aircraft during a combined U.S. and German monthly airborne jump, at Stuttgart Army Airfield, March 11, 2020. Monthly jumps at SOCEUR are designed to assess the readiness of paratroopers, maintain currency and to promote interoperability with participating allies and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Thomas Mort)

Soldiers with the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force fire a 120mm mortar system during Exercise Iron Fist 2014 aboard San Clemente Island, Calif., Feb. 14, 2014. Iron Fist is an amphibious exercise that brings together Marines and Sailors from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, other I Marine Expeditionary Force units, and soldiers from the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, to promote military interoperability and hone individual and small-unit skills through challenging, complex and realistic training. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Sgt. Jamean R. Berry/Released)

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After walking about 3 kilometers through forests, Paratroopers of Company A, 1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade, made their way from the air assault infiltration location and tactically moved on foot through thick vegetation. Their objective was to conduct a deliberate attack on the military operations on an urban terrain site known as Haaslat Village at Hohenfels Training Area Aug. 28. Exercise Saber Junction 2014 includes participants from the U.S., NATO allies and European security partners, conducting unified land operations at the 7th Army's Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area. The exercise trains units in the simultaneous combination of offensive, defensive and stability operations while improving international interoperability, commitment to NATO and allied nations and strategic access to critical areas within the European Command's area of responsibility. More information about Saber Junction 2014 can be found at www.eur.army.mil/SaberJunction/ (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Christina M. Dion/Released)

Capt. Ross Mitchell, commander of Bravo Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment "Ghost," 3rd Armored Brigade gives feedback on the conduct of the operation after the conclusion of Operation Desert Wall at Camp Buehring, Kuwait, Oct. 5. Operation Desert Wall was a partnership operation designed to enable interoperability between the Ghost Battalion and Kuwait's 55th Battalion, 26th Brigade "The Wall Brigade," inspire confidence in each other's capabilities, and posture both elements for combined operations in support of Operation Spartan Shield while supporting the units' training objectives. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick)

A U.S. Army Paratrooper assigned to Special Operations Command Europe exits the drop zone after jumping from a U.S. Air Force C-130 aircraft in Germany March 11, 2020. Monthly jumps at SOCEUR are designed to assess the readiness of paratroopers, maintain currency and to promote interoperability with participating allies and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Monique O’Neill)

Staff Sgt. Christian H. Nooney, a jumpmaster assigned to 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division, performs a jumpmaster personnel inspection of Bombadier Liam Smith, a paratrooper assigned to 16 Air Assault Brigade, for an airborne operation at Holland Drop Zone on Fort Bragg, North Carolina, March 17, 2015. The jump certified the British paratroopers to conduct a joint forcible entry operation for the Combined Joint Operational Access Exercise led by 2nd BCT in April. The CJOAX represents a major milestone in the Division’s interoperability program which seeks to create a seamless integration of a U.K. brigade into the Division and build operational compatibilities for multinational crisis response options. (82nd Airborne Division photo by Staff Sgt. Jason Hull/Released)

Malak Jehad Al Akiely, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Golden Wheat for Grain Trading, Jordan; Young Global Leader and Bashar Kilani, Regional Executive, Middle East, IBM Corporation, United Arab Emirates during the Session: Making Blockchain Interoperable at the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Centre during the World Economic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa, Jordan 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Faruk Pinjo

Spc. Gabrielle Horne (right,) a signal support specialist assigned to Regimental Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, Regimental Support Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, shows Soldiers from the German Signal Team, Reconnaissance Battalion, 12th Panzerbrigade, how to operate a AN/PRC-117F (C) Multiband Radio during a demonstration between allied partners at Rose Barracks, Germany, Apr. 13, 2016. Both, U.S. and German Troops, were conducting compatability tests using a NATO Key, which will link allied nations together via communications during Exercise Saber Strike '16. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Sarah-Jane Guest)

A Slovenian soldier of 3rd Company, 10th Regiment transmits a 9-line medical evacuation request during a situational training exercise lane at Exercise Allied Spirit IV at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 21, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,200 participants from six NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Markus Rauchenberger/released)

Battle Group Poland U.S. Soldiers conduct sling-load training with the M777 Howitzer near the Bemowo Piskie Training Area during Saber Strike 17 June 7. Saber Strike 17 is a U.S. Army Europe-led multinational combined forces exercise conducted annually to enhance the NATO alliance throughout the Baltic region and Poland. This year’s exercise includes integrated and synchronized deterrence-oriented training designed to improve interoperability and readiness of the 20 participating nations’ militaries. (U.S. Army photo by Charles Rosemond, Training Support Team Orzysz)

Philippine Marine Maj. Gen. Jimmy Larida, center, speaks with U.S. Marine Corps Brig. Gen. N.E. "Rick" Nelson, right, and Col. Mark Walter, left, during a training event where Service members from both nations executed high altitude low-opening and static line jumps from a MV-22B Osprey aircraft May 13, 2014 in Basa, Philippines during Balikatan 2014. In its 30th iteration, Balikatan is an annual bilateral exercise between the U.S. and the Republic of the Philippines and aims at building both nations interoperability during joint planning, contingency, humanitarian and disaster relief operations. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Abbey M. Perria/Released)

Maj. Gen. Salim Mustafa Kijuu, Commander of Land Forces, Tanzania People's Defence Force, familiarizes himself with the controls of a Virtual Battle Space console at the Joint Multinational Simulation Center during a visit at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, July 9, 2015 as part of a Command Sponsored Visit coordinated by USARAF on behalf of the U.S. Army. Command Sponsored Visits bring together senior land force commanders from nations around the world to discuss mutual security concerns and to increase interoperability. USARAF hosted the annual Gender Mainstreaming Seminar in Tanzania in May of this year and will conduct the African Land Forces Summit and the Eastern Accord 16 exercise in Tanzania next year. These visits help build partnerships over time and across echelons, the key concept behind USARAF's African Horizons strategy.

(U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Markus Rauchenberger/released)

Peter Ramsauer, Federal Minister of Transport, Building and Urban Development, Germany and Doris Leuthard, Federal Councillor, Federal Department of Environment and Transports, Switzerland respond to journalists after the Follow-up Zurich Process - Meeting of the Ministers of the Alpine Region during the 2012 Summit on “Seamless Transport: Making Connections” of the International Transport Forum at the OECD in Leipzig, Germany on 02 May 2012.

Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

Biodiversity Heritage Library for Europe – Interoperability of European biodiversity digital libraries

Melita Birthälmer, Boris Jacob

A serious barrier preventing the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of the United Nations is the lack of access to essential information on animals and plants. Much of this information can be found in scientific books and journals of the past centuries. Natural history museums and botanical gardens collectively hold the majority of the world’s published knowledge on the discovery and subsequent description of biological diversity up to the present, and the only way to access this knowledge is to visit a number of different, geographically dispersed, specialist libraries. This hinders fundamental research in the domain of biodiversity as it depends – more than any other natural science – upon historic literature. Since 2007, the Biodiversity Heritage Library has been systematically removing this fundamental barrier by making access to this literature easier via the Web. Managed by the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, the Biodiversity Heritage Library for Europe (BHL-Europe) started on 1 May 2009 within the framework of the EU program eContentplus. BHL-Europe will now further develop, expand, and enhance the Biodiversity Heritage Library by bringing together the extensive collections of biodiversity literature held in major European natural history, botanical, and research libraries.

BHL-Europe focuses on the interoperability of existing European digital libraries and repositories with the goal of providing open access to the wider public, scientists, and decision makers. It aims to implement technological solutions for search and retrieval and long-term sustainability of digitized content. BHL-Europe is designed as a best practices network, not focused on the task of digitization, which is within the competence of each content provider, but assisting in future scanning activities.

BHL-Europe will make biodiversity literature freely available on three online platforms: a multilingual BHL-Europe portal for search and retrieval, the Global Reference Index to Biodiversity (GRIB), and Europeana.

The technical architecture of BHL-Europe is based on the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) reference model and enables content ingestion, archival storage and delivery of content to users of already digitised content. A prototype of the multilingual BHL-Europe portal with sophisticated search tools will be available end of fall 2010.

The GRIB is built in cooperation with the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT) and will serve as a central index in the BHL-Europe infrastructure. The GRIB will be a bibliographic database including the library catalogues of BHL-Europe partners and will provide deduplication and scanning management functionalities. A prototype of the GRIB is working already and the final system is expected to be finished in spring 2011.

In addition to the BHL-Europe portal, biodiversity literature will be as well accessible through Europeana, the portal of the European Digital Library. Since June 2010, more than 82,000 books are currently accessible in Europeana, and this number will increase continuously while BHL-Europe is harvesting digital content from its content providers.

Making digital content of numerous biodiversity libraries from all over the world interoperable through the BHL-Europe portal will bring the vision of a global digital open access library for biodiversity literature to life.

A soldier with the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force reloads after hitting his target from the 300 yard-line while conducting scout sniper training during Exercise Iron Fist 2014 aboard Camp Pendleton, Calif., Jan. 31, 2014. Iron Fist is an amphibious exercise that brings together Marines and sailors from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, other I Marine Expeditionary Force units, and soldiers from the JGSDF, to promote military interoperability and hone individual and small-unit skills through challenging, complex and realistic training. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Emmanuel Ramos/Released)

A U.S. Soldier, assigned to Bravo Troop, Regimental Engineer Squadron, 2d Cavalry Regiment, climbs in a M105 DEUCE-Deployable Universal Combat Earthmover during Exercise Allied Spirit V at 7th Army Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Oct. 4, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes about 2,520 participants from eight NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach)

U.S. Soldiers, assigned to Bravo Troop, Regimental Engineer Squadron, 2d Cavalry Regiment, operate an integrated launcher of a truck-mounted Bridge Adapter Pallet during Exercise Allied Spirit V at 7th Army Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Oct. 4, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes about 2,520 participants from eight NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach)

Malak Jehad Al Akiely, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Golden Wheat for Grain Trading, Jordan; Young Global Leader and Bashar Kilani, Regional Executive, Middle East, IBM Corporation, United Arab Emirates during the Session: Making Blockchain Interoperable at the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Centre during the World Economic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa, Jordan 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Faruk Pinjo

A Latvian Army soldier briefs the multinational delegation of military and civilian leaders from countries participating in Exercise Allied Spirit VI at 7th Army Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, March 17, 2017. Exercise Allied Spirit includes about 2,770 participants from 12 NATO and Partner for Peace nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gerhard Seuffert)

A platoon of Georgian army BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles with the 4th Mechanized Brigade shoots pop-up targets during a combined arms live fire exercise led by 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, at Vaziani Training Area, Georgia, Aug. 12, 2018. The exercise was part of Noble Partner 18, a cooperatively-led exercise intended to support and enhance the readiness and interoperability of Georgia and other participating nations. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Kris Bonet)

A Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadron (VMFA) 224 F/A-18D Hornet parks at the Chitose Air Base apron in Hokkaido, Japan, Jan. 13, 2016. VMFA (AW)-224, homebased at MCAS Beaufort, S.C., is temporarily based in Iwakuni on a unit deployment program and deployed to Northern Japan to participate in the Chitose Aviation Training Relocation Exercise Jan. 12-22. During the exercise, the squadron conducted dissimilar air combat training with and against the Japan Air Self-Defense Force to further support combined interoperability and Pacific theater security cooperation. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Jessica Quezada/Released)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations gather at the Zambian Army Headquarters, Aug. 7, 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia for an opening ceremony to begin the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise. Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Inter-American Defense College Leadership Welcomes General Marcos Jaque Cereceda, Incoming Chief of Delegation of Chile to the IADC on Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C., Feb. 22, 202. During the visit, the guest conducted an office call with IADC Leadership, received an IADC brief, and concluded the visit with a tour of the campus with. (U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Mozer O. Da Cunha)

PORT MORESBY, Papua New Guinea (Feb. 22, 2016) - A total of 18 nations and more than 50 participants attended U.S. Pacific Command's (USPACOM) Multinational Communications Interoperability Program (MCIP) Planning Staff Workshop 1 (PSW1) in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, 22-26 Feb. 2016.

The workshop was co-hosted by the Papua New Guinea Defense Force (PNGDF) command, control, communications, and computers/cyber division and USPACOM. The PNGDF Commander, Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, Deputy Chief of Staff, plus Indonesia's and New Zealand's Defense Attaches, and Head of Australian Defense Staff (in PNG) all participated in activities at PSW1. (Courtesy photo from Papua New Guinea Defense Force Public Relations)

** Interested in following U.S. Pacific Command? Engage and connect with us at www.facebook.com/pacific.command and twitter.com/PacificCommand and www.pacom.mil/

170807-N-KB401-357 THE MINCH, Scotland (Aug. 7, 2017) The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush (CVN 77), the Royal Navy Duke-class frigate HMS Westminster (F237), and the Royal Norwegian Navy frigate Helge Ingstad (F313) transit the Minch, Scotland, during exercise Saxon Warrior 2017, Aug. 7. Saxon Warrior is a United States and United Kingdom co-hosted carrier strike group exercise that demonstrates interoperability and capability to respond to crises and deter potential threats. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Michael B. Zingaro/Released)

A U.S. Soldier, assigned to 173rd Airborne Brigade, shows an unmanned aviation vehicle to Hon. Raimonds Bergmanis, Latvian Minister of Defense, left, during Exercise Allied Spirit VI at 7th Army Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, March 17, 2017. Exercise Allied Spirit includes about 2,770 participants from 12 NATO and Partner for Peace nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gerhard Seuffert)

Spc. Cody Hutchcraft, a tracked vehicle mechanic assigned to 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division; changes a battery terminal in a Humvee during Exercise Eager Lion in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan May 8. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

MANILA, Philippines (July 29, 2021) U.S. Navy Lt.j.g. Ana Gonzalez gives a lecture to Philippine Navy sailors during a Pacific Partnership 21 medical discussion. Pacific Partnership, now in its 16th iteration, brings nations together to prepare during calm periods to effectively respond in times of crisis. Each year, the mission team works collectively with host and partner nations to enhance regional interoperability and disaster response capabilities, increase security and stability in the region, and foster new and enduring friendships in the Indo-Pacific. (U.S. Navy Photo by Chief Mass Communication Specialist Joseph R. Vincent/Released)

170808-N-OX430-015 ATLANTIC OCEAN (Aug. 8, 2017) The Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08) transits alongside the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush (CVN 77) during exercise Saxon Warrior 2017, Aug. 8. Saxon Warrior is a United States and United Kingdom co-hosted carrier strike group exercise that demonstrates interoperability and capability to respond to crises and deter potential threats. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Daniel Gaither/Released)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Lt. Col. Theodore A. Johnson (left,) a squadron commander assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, speaks to Maj. Shaun Conlin (right,) an operations officer (S3) assigned to 2nd Sqdn, 2nd CR, about certain points in an operation order during the unit's rehearsal of concept drill, held in preparation of the unit's support for Operation Atlantic Resolve in Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romania, Mar. 23, 2015. The purpose of the Operation Atlantic Resolve is to conduct multinational training as well as improving allied interoperability between U.S. and NATO forces. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Bashar Kilani, Regional Executive, Middle East, IBM Corporation, United Arab Emirates speaking during the Session: Making Blockchain Interoperable at the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Centre during the World Economic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa, Jordan 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Faruk Pinjo

A Romanian IAR-330 Puma Helicopter conducts airguard and security operations for two TR-85 Main Battle Tanks, while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration alongside Troopers assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, Romanian Land Forces and British soldiers belonging to the Coldstream Guard, during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

Staff Sgt. David Doolin with the 1st platoon of U.S. Army Europe's 541st Engineer Company, 54th Engineer Battalion, 18th Engineer Brigade, greets Spanish engineer soldiers on the first day of exercise Interdict 2012 in Spain, Oct. 27. The exercise hosted by the Spanish engineers was designed to foster and enhance interoperability and skills among engineer units practicing counter-improvised explosive device operations using a scenario that mirrored combat in Afghanistan. (Photo by Lt. Col. Wayne Marotto)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations gather at the Zambian Army Headquarters, Aug. 7, 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia for an opening ceremony to begin the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise. Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

A tank assigned to the Jordan Armed Forces engages a target at a combined joint live-fire accuracy screening test range May 10 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan during Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

Slovenian soldiers of 3rd Company, 10th Regiment maneuver Valuk Light Armored Vehicles during a movement to contact lane at Exercise Allied Spirit IV at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 21, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,200 participants from six NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Markus Rauchenberger/released)