Troopers assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, begin to stage their M1126 Stryker Combat Vehicles in preparation for Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 13, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Troopers assigned to Nemesis Troop, Field Artillery Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, whom directly supports 4th Squadron, operate their M1126 Stryker Combat Vehicles during Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 13, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Sgt. Thomas Linville, a tank operator assigned to Outlaw Troop, 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, lays out different weapons belonging to his unit as they prepare to conduct for preventive maintenance, checks and services on their equipment before driving on to the Slovak Republic during the Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 14, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

1st Lt. Justin Williams (far right,) a signals officer (S6) assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavlry Regiment, briefs the communications portion of an operation order during the unit's rehearsal of concept drill, held in preparation of the unit's support for Operation Atlantic Resolve in Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romania, Mar. 23, 2015. The purpose of the Operation Atlantic Resolve is to conduct multinational training as well as improving allied interoperability between U.S. and NATO forces. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

PACIFIC OCEAN (May 29, 2021) Chief Aviation Boatswain’s Mate (Fuel) Julio Bejarano, from Hagerman, N.M., assigned to the forward-deployed amphibious assault ship USS America (LHA 6), teaches junior Sailors about flight deck operations with F-35B Lightning II fighter aircraft on the ship’s flight deck. America, lead ship of the America Amphibious Ready Group is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of operations to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Walter Estrada)

Troopers from the 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment and German National Guard Soldiers from the Regional Security and Support Company, Saxony conduct interoperability training on Range 11 in Oberlausitz, Germany June 2, 2016. This training was conducted during 2nd Cavalry Regiments "Dragoon Ride 2016" which focuses on acknowledging and strengthening the relationship between the United States and its NATO allies.

Parliamentary State Secretary of the German Federal Ministry of Transport Building and Urban Development Andreas Scheuer listens at the Valeo exhibition stand on Day 2 of the 2013 Summit.

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Paratroopers assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division, and the British 16 Air Assault Brigade receive their T-11 parachutes for an airborne operation at Holland Drop Zone on Fort Bragg, N.C., March 17, 2015. The jump certified the British Paratroopers to conduct a joint forcible entry operation for the Combined Joint Operational Access Exercise led by 2nd BCT in April. The CJOAX represents a major milestone in the Division’s interoperability program which seeks to create a seamless integration of a U.K. brigade into the Division and build operational compatibilities for multinational crisis response options. (82nd Airborne Division photo by Staff Sgt. Jason Hull/Released)

U.S. Ambassador to the Italian Republic and the Republic of San Marino, John Phillips (right), answers questions as U.S. Army Maj. Gen. William Gayler (center), deputy commanding general, U.S. Army Europe, watches during a press conference for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,400 participants from seven NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/released)

Sgt. Darrell Cabaluna, an infantryman assigned to Bravo Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment "Ghost," 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, bounds forward to a battle position after dismounting a UH-60 Blackhawk during hot and cold load training at Camp Buehring, Kuwait, Oct. 4, as part of Operation Desert Wall. Operation Desert Wall was a partnership operation designed to enable interoperability between the Ghost Battalion and the Wall Brigade, inspire confidence in each other's capabilities, and posture both elements for combined operations in support of Operation Spartan Shield while supporting the units' training objectives. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick)

MANILA, PHILIPPINES (July 14, 2021) - The Pacific Partnership 2021 team, led by Capt. Jesus Rodriguez, disembark the Spearhead-class expeditionary fast transport USNS City of Bismarck (T-EPF-9). City of Bismarck is serving as the mission platform for Pacific Partnership 21. Pacific Partnership, now in its 16th iteration, brings nations together to prepare during calm periods to effectively respond in times of crisis. Each year, the mission team works collectively with host and partner nations to enhance regional interoperability and disaster response capabilities, increase security and stability in the region, and foster new and enduring friendships in the Indo-Pacific. (U.S. Navy Photo by Chief Mass Communication Specialist Joseph R. Vincent/Released)

Lüfti Elvan, Minister of Transport, Maritime and Communication of Turkey during the Closed Ministerial Sessionat the Annual Summit of the International Transport Forum “Transport for a Changing World” on 22 May 2014 in Leipzig, Germany

ITF 2014, Leipzig

Command Sgt. Maj. Christopher Prosser, the senior enlisted advisor assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, walks towards his unit's makeshift motor pool as they begin to conduct preventive maintenance, checks and services on their vehicles and equipment after arriving in the Slovak Republic during the Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 15, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Navy Capt. Eric Johnson passed command of the Joint Interoperability Test Command to Navy Capt. Shawn Roberts in a ceremony with Navy bells and whistles and a little bit of Army flair at the Joint Interoperability Test Command headquarters on Fort Huachuca, July 19, 2018. Vice Admiral Nancy Norton, Director of the Defense Information Systems Agency and Commander of the Joint Force Headquarters-Department of Defense Information Network, was the presiding officer. (U.S. Army photo by Tanja Linton)

A U.S. Army Paratrooper assigned to Special Operations Command Europe exits the drop zone after jumping from a U.S. Air Force C-130 aircraft in Germany March 11, 2020. Monthly jumps at SOCEUR are designed to assess the readiness of paratroopers, maintain currency and to promote interoperability with participating allies and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Monique O’Neill)

Infantrymen assigned to Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division engage targets during a company-level combined arms live-fire exercise May 14 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan as part of Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

U.S. Soldiers with 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment react to contact during an assault in an urban environment at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Nathanael Mercado/ Released)

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; and Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander, welcome Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) participants to South Korea, Mar. 17, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander; and Gen. Lee Sun-jin, Gen. Lee, Sun-Jin, Chairman of the Republic of Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff, attended the Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) welcome dinner in Seongnam, South Korea, Apr. 1, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

A Battle Group Poland Romanian soldier fires his 5.45 mm automatic rifle during a small arms range conducted near the Bemowo Piskie Training Area during Saber Strike 17 June 6. Saber Strike 17 is a U.S. Army Europe-led multinational combined forces exercise conducted annually to enhance the NATO alliance throughout the Baltic region and Poland. This year’s exercise includes integrated and synchronized deterrence-oriented training designed to improve interoperability and readiness of the 20 participating nations’ militaries. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Jimmy Golden/ Released)

Local Czech Republic residents wave as they cheer on Troopers assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, while watching them participate in Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 13, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Troopers assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, begin to stage their M1126 Stryker Combat Vehicles in preparation for Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 13, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

This young Dutch soldier is responsible for providing the tanks with gas.

Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,000 participants from Canada, Hungary, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and United States. Allied Spirit is exercising tactical interoperability and testing secure communications within Alliance members.

(NATO Photo by Sgt. 1st Class Stefan Hass - DEUA)

Slovenia Army’s Cpl. Anze Komac remains calm during a simulated indirect fire and communicates on his radio for additional fire support during Exercise Allied Spirit at 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 25, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,400 participants from seven NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Eddie Siguenza/Not Reviewed)

Geetam Tiwari, MoUD Chair and Professor for Transport Planning, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India and José Viegas, Secretary General, International Transport Forum, in attendance at the Plenary: Sustainable Transport for All: Planning for Greener and More Inclusive Transport, taking place during the 2014 Annual Summit of the International Transport Forum “Transport for a Changing World” on 23 May 2014 in Leipzig, Germany.

130405-M-BA324-098

CLARK AIR BASE, Philippines – U.S. Marine pilots conduct familiarization flights over various locations in the Philippines April 5 in preparation for operations during exercise Balikatan 2013. Throughout the exercise Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 265, and other elements of 1st Marine Aircraft Wing will conduct various flight operations with the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The exercise, in its 29th iteration, is an annual bilateral training evolution aimed at ensuring interoperability of the Philippine and U.S. militaries during planning, contingency and humanitarian assistance operations. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by 1st Lt. Breck Archer/Released)

Staff Sgt. Levi Prewitt of Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division pounds pickets to secure a target while Capt. Colby Burkhart, commander of Co. A, 3-8 CAV, hold it in place prior to a combined, joint live-fire accuracy screening test range May 10 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan during Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

Troopers assigned to Ghost Troop, 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment along with Romanian soldiers assigned to Romanian Land Forces, conduct an after action review during the unit's platoon live-fire exercise at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 8, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to demonstrate unit capabilities to Romanian military counterparts during live-fire training in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Dutch soldiers dismount from an armored personnel carrier during exercise Allied Spirit I at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, Jan. 20, 2015. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,000 participants from Canada, Hungary, Netherlands, U.K. and the U.S. Allied Spirit is exercising tactical interoperability and testing secure communications among alliance members. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/released)

Pfc. Ty Zazueta (rear left,) a combat medic and Sgt. Xavier Bermudes (rear right,) a tank gunner, both assigned to Weapons Troop, 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, watch as a member of the Slovak Republic Armed Forces replaces fuel in their unit's vehicle as they continue to conduct preventive maintenance, checks and services after arriving in the Slovak Republic during Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 15, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

Visitors from various nations attend an introductory briefing during the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/releasesd)

Staff Sgt. Levi Prewitt of Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division uses a sledgehammer to pound a picket to secure a target in place prior to a combined, joint live-fire accuracy screening test range May 10 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan during Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

PACIFIC OCEAN (Aug. 14, 2021) Aviation Support Equipment Technician 2nd Class Antonia Cubio, from Fort Meyers, Florida, assigned to forward-deployed amphibious assault ship USS America (LHA 6), inspects the oil filter of a forklift in the ship’s vehicle storage area. America, flagship of the America Expeditionary Strike Group, along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Thomas B. Contant)

Troopers assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, begin to stage their vehicles and equipment as the prepare to conduct preventive maintenance, checks and services before driving the second leg of the Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 14, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

170808-N-KB401-001 ATLANTIC OCEAN (Aug. 8, 2017) An MH-60S Sea Hawk, attached to the "Tridents" of Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 9, lands on the flight deck of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush (CVN 77) during exercise Saxon Warrior 2017, Aug. 8. Saxon Warrior is a United States and United Kingdom co-hosted carrier strike group exercise that demonstrates interoperability and capability to respond to crises and deter potential threats. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Michael B. Zingaro/Released)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Visitors from various nations observe a training exercise during the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Distinguished Visitors Day for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. The Allied Spirit IV Exercise focuses on unified land operations and enhancing fires interoperability and integration of NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/releasesd)

1st Lt. Jacob Barrett, a scout platoon leader assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, briefs the reconnaissance portion of an operation order during the unit's rehearsal of concept drill, held in preparation of the unit's support for Operation Atlantic Resolve in Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romania, Mar. 23, 2015. The purpose of the Operation Atlantic Resolve is to conduct multinational training as well as improving allied interoperability between U.S. and NATO forces. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Stryker Combat Vehicles (top three,) belonging to 2nd Squadron 2nd Cavalry Regiment, conduct tactical maneuvers and operations in conjunction with Romanian TR-85 Main Battle Tanks (bottom three,) while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Two Troopers (left and right,) assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, talk with a British soldier (middle,) belonging to the ColdstreamGuard, as both units along with Romanian Land Forces, prepare for a multinational combined arms demonstration during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

A Marine assigned to 3rd Battalion, 6th Marines runs toward an objective at a squad live-fire May 11 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan as part of Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

A Polish Wolvarine Armoured Personnel Carrier deploys on to the battlefield during a live fire exercise on Exercise Steadfast Jazz at the Drawsko Pomorskie Training Area, Poland, on Nov. 6, 2013.

Exercise Steadfast Jazz 2013 is taking place from 1-9 November in a number of Alliance nations including the Baltic States and Poland. The purpose of the exercise is to train and test the NATO Response Force, a highly ready and technologically advanced multinational force made up of land, air, maritime and special forces components that the Alliance can deploy quickly wherever needed. The Steadfast series of exercises are part of NATO’s efforts to maintain connected and interoperable forces at a high-level of readiness.

(NATO photo/SSgt Ian Houlding GBR Army)

U.S. Army Maj. Gen. William Gayler (center), deputy commanding general, U.S. Army Europe, answers questions during a press conference for Exercise Allied Spirit IV at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 27, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,400 participants from seven NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/released)

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; and Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander, welcome Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) participants to South Korea, Mar. 17, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, United Nations Commander, Combined Forces Commander, and United States Forces Korea commander; Gen. Leem Ho Young, Combined Forces Command deputy commander; and Gen. Lee Sun-jin, Gen. Lee, Sun-Jin, Chairman of the Republic of Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff, attended the Pacific Amphibious Leaders Symposium (PALS) welcome dinner in Seongnam, South Korea, Apr. 1, 2017. PALS brings together senior leaders of allied and partner nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to focus on maritime/amphibious operations interoperability. PALS 2017 is being hosted by the ROK Marine Corps, and is the first iteration to be hosted outside of the United States. U.S. Army photo by SFC Sean K. Harp

ITCs started as interoperability offices. In Germany, this meant building collaboration agreements to support development of a main battle tank. The MBT70 is the common ancestor of the M1 Abrams and the Leopard tanks, which have common components, such as the L44/M256 120 mm smoothbore cannon. (Images courtesy of the author)

Philippine Army M113 Armored Personnel Carriers prepare to participate in a dry-fire rehearsal for the upcoming combined arms live-fire exercise at Colonel Ernesto Rabina Air Base, Tarlac, Philippines, May 12, 2018, as part of Exercise Balikatan. The CALFEX is designed to demonstrate cooperation and interoperability between Philippine and U.S. forces as the two militaries continue their commitment to train and share information to improve their ability to coordinate a multilateral response to crisis. Exercise Balikatan, in its 34th iteration, is an annual U.S.-Philippine military training exercise focused on a variety of missions, including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, counterterrorism, and other combined military operations held from May 7 to May 18. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. David Beckstrom)

Soldiers from Company E, 2d Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces Regiment, Mississippi Army National Guard, prepare for sling load operations with a CH-47 Chinook helicopter assigned to Company B, 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment, Mississippi Army National Guard, during Southern Strike 2023 at Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center, April 20, 2023. Southern Strike 2023 promotes interoperability between special forces, conventional ground forces, and air assets in order to ensure the U.S. military stays relevant and ready to respond to a peer-to-peer, large-scale combat operation. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Taylor Cleveland)